Home Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
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Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass

  • Alfa Akustia Widati EMAIL logo , Nuryono Nuryono EMAIL logo and Indriana Kartini
Published/Copyright: September 25, 2019
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 17 Issue 1

Abstract

This research work presents the design of a mixture of SiO2/TiO2 that increases the surface roughness and hydrophobicity of methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) coated glass. The deposition of SiO2, TiO2, and MTMS were conducted using a layer by layer dip coating technique. The SiO2/TiO2 coating was derived from complete hydrolysis of tetraethylorthsilicate and titanium tetraisopropoxide. In order to evaluate and compare the performance of SiO2/TiO2/MTMS coated glass, the SiO2/SiO2/MTMS and TiO2/TiO2/MTMS were also fabricated. SiO2/TiO2/MTMS samples displayed the highest water contact angle. The topography of surfaces showed that SiO2/TiO2/MTMS exposed higher surface roughness with micro-nanoscale structures. The sequence of SiO2 and TiO2 influenced the water contact angle and the stability of the coatings. SiO2/TiO2/MTMS produced higher contact angle and stability than TiO2/SiO2/MTMS.

Keywords: SiO2/TiO2; MTMS; surface roughness; stable; hydrophobic glass

1 Introduction

The degree of water repellency depends on the surface energy and surface roughness. Several studies reported that surface roughness is a key factor for creating hydrophobic surfaces. Surface roughness can be increased by etching, chemical grafting, and the sol–gel process [1, 2]. The sol–gel process is a wet chemical technique, also referred to as chemical solution deposition, which produces particles that are dispersed and aggregated on the surfaces. The clustered particles subsequently afford a highly hierarchical rough surface. Air bubbles are trapped in the grooves between aggregated particles which makes it difficult for water droplets to penetrate the gaps between the surfaces. Hence, surfaces with high roughness tend to follow heterogeneous wetting as the water easily rolls off from the surfaces [3].

The water contact angle depends on the surface roughness, which can be explained by two models: Cassie–Baxter and Wenzel models. Wenzel proposed a model in which water droplets penetrate into surface cavities, while Cassie–Baxter proposed a model in which water in the surface cavities is entrapped in air. Both these models explain the effect of the surface roughness on the water contact angle [2, 3, 4]. The correlation between the contact angle and surface roughness based on the Wenzel and Cassie–Baxter models is shown in equations 1 and 2, respectively.

(1)cos θw=r cos θ
(2)cos θCB=f1 cos θ−f2

where cos θw and cos θCB are the Wenzel and Cassie–Baxter contact angles respectively. r is the roughness factor, which is defined as the ratio of the actual area of the rough surface to the geometric projected area. f1 and f2 are the fractions of the surface occupied by solid/liquid and air /liquid respectively. cos θ is the contact angle of the flat surface.

Various metal oxides, such as SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, and ZnO, were reportedly used to produce a rough surface [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. SiO2 and TiO2 are typically used to modify the surface roughness. Currently, several studies reported the effect of dual size on the surface roughness [10, 11]. However, only few studies reported the effect of a bimetallic oxide, especially SiO2 and TiO2, on wettability. The combination of crystalline/amorphous SiO2 and crystalline TiO2 was reported to enhance the photocatalytic performance of coatings [12, 13, 14]. Moreover, crystalline TiO2 is not suitable to prepare hydrophobic surfaces. Under light conditions, crystalline TiO2 absorbs UV irradiation from sunlight and performs photocatalysis. During photocatalysis, the photocatalyst TiO2 produces hydrophilic hydroxyl groups which decrease the surface hydrophobicity [15].

Ramirez-Garcia et al. reported the use of amorphous SiO2 and amorphous TiO2 on surface coatings [16]. The SiO2/TiO2 layer enhances the durability and adhesion of coatings. Nevertheless, limited studies reported the effects of SiO2/TiO2 on the hydrophobicity of coatings. In this study, the effects of amorphous SiO2 and amorphous TiO2 on the hydrophobicity of coated glasses were comprehensively investigated. For this purpose, SiO2 and TiO2 were prepared by a sol–gel method using tetraethylorthosilicate and titanium isopropoxide as the precursors and ethanol as the solvent. MTMS was used as a hydrophobic agent to lower the surface energy. SiO2, TiO2, and MTMS were deposited on glass by the layer-by-layer dip-coating technique. For comparison, SiO2/SiO2/MTMS and TiO2/TiO2/MTMS layers were also fabricated. In addition, the effect of the sequences SiO2/TiO2/MTMS and TiO2/SiO2/MTMS was investigated. By this design, data regarding the effect of the SiO2 and TiO2 layers on coated glasses were obtained.

2 Methods

2.1 Materials

Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS, 99%) and ethanol (EtOH, 99%) were supplied by Merck. Titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP, 97%), methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS, 95%), and hydrochloric acid (HCl, were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. All chemicals were used as received without any further purification. Glass slides (38 x 12 x 1 mm) were used as substrates.

2.2 Preparation of SiO2, TiO2, and MTMS Sols

In this experiment, SiO2, TiO2, and MTMS sols were prepared in different containers. SiO2 sol was prepared from the hydrolysis of TEOS in ethanol and HCl. An acidic solution was prepared by mixing 0.2 mL of 0.1 M HCl into 8 mL of ethanol. Then, 3.35 mL of TEOS (15 mmol) was added to the acidic alcohol solution. The sol was stirred for 1.5 hours at 60°C. Then 2 mL of concentrated HCl (37%) was added into the sol under vigorous stirring. The total volume of sol was adjusted with ethanol until a volume of 20 mL was reached. Using a similar procedure, 15 mmol of TiO2 sol was prepared by adding 4.44 mL of TTIP in acidic alcohol solution. A 2 mmol MTMS sol was made by mixing 0.28 mL of MTMS into the acidic alcohol solution.

2.3 Coating Preparation

Prior to film deposition, the glass was cleaned in ethanol using an ultrasonic bath for 30 minutes. The film was obtained by the layer-by-layer dip coating of the sols on the glass substrate at a withdrawal rate of 3 cm/min.

Firstly, the cleaned glass substrates were immersed in the SiO2 sol for 1 minute and withdrawn at a rate of 3 cm/min. Secondly, the treated glasses were dried at room temperature for 10 minutes and subsequently at 70°C for 30 minutes. Then the TiO2 sol was deposited on SiO2- coated glasses. Finally, the as-obtained SiO2/TiO2-coated glass was immersed into the MTMS sol to fabricate SiO2/TiO2/MTMS-coated glasses. At each deposition step of TiO2 and MTMS, a procedure similar to that described above for the preparation of SiO2-coated glasses was employed. To investigate the effects of SiO2 and TiO2, SiO2/SiO2/MTMS and TiO2/TiO2/MTMS were also prepared. Table 1 summarizes the three coating designs.

Table 1

The composition and schematic design of SiO2 and TiO2 layer on MTMS coated glass.

SampleFirst (bottom) layerSecond (middle) layerThird (top) layerIllustration of coatings
SSM15 mmol of SiO215 mmol of TiO22 mmol of MTMS
TTM15 mmol of TiO215 mmol of SiO22 mmol of MTMS
STM15 mmol of SiO215 mmol of TiO22 mmol of MTMS

To examine the effect of the layer sequence, two films (SiO2/TiO2/MTMS and TiO2/SiO2/MTMS) were fabricated. The films were different with respect to the positions of SiO2 and TiO2 as the bottom or middle layer. SiO2/TiO2/MTMS-coated glass was prepared by the procedure discussed in the previous paragraph. The amounts of SiO2, TiO2, and MTMS were 75, 30, and 2 mmol, respectively. Moreover, TiO2/SiO2/MTMS-coated glass was prepared by the immersion of the cleaned glasses into the TiO2 sol as the first (bottom) layer. After 1 minute, the coated glasses were withdrawn at 3 cm/min. The coatings were cured under ambient conditions and then at 70°C for 30 minutes. Next, TiO2-coated glasses were immersed into the SiO2 sol. The top layer of MTMS was introduced by the deposition of MTMS on the TiO2/SiO2-coated glass making the TiO2/SiO2/MTMS. Table 2 summarizes the coating illustration of SiO2/TiO2/MTMS and TiO2/SiO2/MTMS.

Table 2

The coating illustration of SiO2/TiO2/MTMS (STM) and TiO2/SiO2/MTMS (TMS).

SampleFirst (bottom) layerSecond (middle) layerThird (top) layerStatic water contact angle (°)Illustration of coatings
STMSiO2TiO2MTMS115.56±1.01°
TSMTiO2SiO2MTMS95.62±1.96°

2.4 Characterizations

TiO2 diffractogram was measured by XRD Pan Analytical using Cu Kα radiation as the X ray source. Surface roughness was determined by AFM N8 Neos Bruker. The water contact angle of samples was measured by ImageJ software.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 The Crystallinity of SiO2 and TiO2

Prior to analysis the sol was heated at 70°C, ground into a powder, and then was ready to use in XRD analysis. Heating the sol at 70°C did not change the crystallinity of the SiO2 and TiO2. Figure 1 shows the diffractogram of the prepared TiO2 and SiO2. The diffractogram of SiO2 displayed a broad peak at 15-35° which is related to amorphous SiO2 [17]. The XRD pattern of TiO2 also revealed the amorphous phase. Under light or dark conditions, amorphous TiO2 kept the same water contact angle. This is because amorphous TiO2 does not exhibit the photocatalytic process which produces the hydrophilic OH groups. Previous research also reported that amorphous SiO2-TiO2 increased the adhesion of coatings compared to crystalline SiO2-TiO2 [12].

Figure 1 The diffractogram of prepared TiO2 and SiO2.
Figure 1

The diffractogram of prepared TiO2 and SiO2.

3.2 The Role of SiO2 and TiO2 Layer on the Coated Glass

The role of SiO2 and TiO2 on the coating was investigated by comparingthe water contact angles of three samples: (i) SiO2 in the first and second layers (SSM), (ii) TiO2 in the first and second layers (TTM), and (iii) SiO2 in the first layer, followed by TiO2 in the second layer (STM). All these samples were coated with MTMS as the third (top layer). To examine the effects of SiO2 and TiO2 on coatings, it is crucial that their amounts are the same. In this study, the amount of SiO2 and TiO2 was 0.015 mol. The estimated contact angles of SSM, TTM, and STM were 81.94 ± 0.50°, 80.94 ± 1.04°, and 93.75 ± 1.27°, respectively (Fig. 2). The STM sample was more hydrophobic than SSM and TTM. The higher contact angle value corresponded to the increased roughness of glass surfaces. The deposition of dual particles, i.e., SiO2 and TiO2, considerably affects the surface roughness which was confirmed by AFM measurements.

Figure 2 The water contact angle of SSM, TTM, and STM samples.
Figure 2

The water contact angle of SSM, TTM, and STM samples.

Figure 3 showed the AFM images of SSM, STM, and TTM. The surface roughness values for SSM, TTM, and STM were 67.7, 7.13, and 115 nm, respectively. The topography of STM exhibited higher roughness than the others. This result was supported by the estimated contact angle values. Surfaces with high roughness exhibit increased hydrophobicity. Notably, the different surface roughness values for SSM and TTM did not affect the water contact angles of the coated glasses.

Figure 3 The AFM images of (a) SSM, (b) TTM, and (c) STM samples.
Figure 3

The AFM images of (a) SSM, (b) TTM, and (c) STM samples.

The topography of the SSM images revealed the dispersion of large-sized silica particles on the surfaces. Furthermore, even though SSM exhibited high roughness, pores (wide distance) between these larger particles were clearly visible. When the water droplets reach the surface, there is a high probability that the water droplets penetrate into the large pores, thereby contributing to homogenous wetting [18]. Air was not trapped in the grooves; hence, water can easily penetrate into the surfaces. This result was supported by the estimated contact angles.

In contrast, TTM exhibited a lower roughness than STM, possibly related to the difference in the particle sizes between TiO2 and SiO2. The particle size of TiO2 was less than that of SiO2 under similar preparation conditions [19]. A uniform TTM surface without clear TiO2 particle clusters was observed, affording smooth surfaces.

Table 3 summarized the height surface of samples based on two-dimensional AFM images. From the data obtained from the height curve, the roughness heights of SSM and TTM were 60–140 and 2–18 nm, respectively. The STM sample exhibited a roughness height in the range of 10–120 nm. According to the range of the roughness height, the STM sample exhibited a higher hierarchical roughness than SSM and TTM, revealing that the SiO2 and TiO2 layers exhibit a hierarchical structure with nano-micro roughness. The different sizes of SiO2 and TiO2 particles led to the production of micro-nanoscale surfaces. The data revealed that the combination of SiO2 and TiO2 exhibits a synergistic effect to create rougher surfaces.

Table 3

The roughness parameter of SiO2/SiO2/MTMS (SSM), TiO2/TiO2/MTMS (TTM), and SiO2/TiO2/MTMS (STM) coated glasses by AFM measurements.

SampleHeight of surface (nm)rms (nm)
SSM60-14067.7
TTM2-187.13
STM10-120115

3.3 The influence of coating sequence on wettability and stability coatings

The two types of coating, STM and TSM, were investigated. Figure 4 showed the water contact angles of STM and TSM. TSM-coated glass exhibited a lower hydrophobicity than STM. STM and TSM exhibited different types of chemical bonding. Si–O– [Si] chemical bonds were present between STM and glass, while Si–O–[Ti] chemical bonds were present between TSM and glass. The bond energies of Si–O–[Si] and Si–O–[Ti] were 421 and 366.7 kJ/mol, respectively [20]. Hence, the chemical bond of Si–O–[Si] is stronger than that of Si–O–[Ti]. Previous work has shown that these materials are known to exhibit stability due to high bond energies.

Figure 4 The image of water droplet on (a) STM and (b) TMS coated glass.
Figure 4

The image of water droplet on (a) STM and (b) TMS coated glass.

Figure 5 showed the change in the water contact angles of STM and TSM after outdoor exposure for 2 weeks. TSM exhibited lower stability than STM. From the first week, the water contact angle of TSM decreased, related to the lower bond strength of TSM on glass than STM. For outdoor applications, hydrophobic coatings need to survive under moist conditions. The presence of hydroxyl groups on the coatings can adsorb moisture from the atmosphere, thereby decreasing the water contact angle [21].

Figure 5 The water contact angle of STM and TMS coated glass under outdoor exposure.
Figure 5

The water contact angle of STM and TMS coated glass under outdoor exposure.

4 Conclusions

The rougher surface of methyltrimethoxysilane-coated glasses was developed using bimodal particles, i.e., SiO2 and TiO2. Effects of SiO2 and TiO2 were examined by contact angle measurements and surface topography.

The deposition of SiO2 and TiO2 on the MTMS-coated glass (SiO2/TiO2/MTMS) led to the high surface roughness; hence, it increases the hydrophobicity of coatings. When the layer sequence was changed to TiO2/SiO2/MTMS, the water contact angle and stability of the coated glass decreased. In addition, SiO2/TiO2/MTMS maintained its hydrophobicity even after treatment under outdoor exposure. For future research, it is imperative to examine the effect of SiO2/TiO2 on the adhesion of coatings and mechanical properties as these are key factors for industrial applications.

Acknowledgment

The authors thank for financial support from Ministry or Research, Technology and Higher Education, Indonesia through PDD Grant of Universitas Airlangga No. 122/SP2H/PTNBH/DRPM/2018. We also grateful to the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga for the use of laboratory facilities

  1. Conflict of interest

    Conflicts of interest: There are no conflicts to declare.

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Received: 2018-11-27
Accepted: 2019-04-08
Published Online: 2019-09-25

© 2019 Alfa Akustia Widati, Nuryono Nuryono, Indriana Kartini, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0087
Keywords for this article
SiO2/TiO2; MTMS; surface roughness; stable; hydrophobic glass
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Articles in the same Issue

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  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
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  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
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  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
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