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Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells

  • Chen Xi , Liu Yuanyuan , Zhao Dongshuang , Fan Ziwei , Cao Shuang , Chen Jianguang and Zhang Chengyi EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: September 25, 2019
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 17 Issue 1

Abstract

In this research, we investigated possible anti-inflammatory roles of Prunus tomentosa Thunb Total Flavones (PTTTF) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. PTTTF (4μg/ml and 40μg/ml) was applied to RAW264.7 cells induced with 1μg/ml LPS to test the impact of these flavones on neutrophil phagocytosis in vitro. Levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and two pro-inflammatory interleukin cytokines (i.e. IL-6 and IL-1β) in the supernatant fraction were tested via Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Expression of cyclooxygenases COX-1 and COX-2 was detected via RT-PCR. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) content was determined with a spectrophotometric assay (Micromethod). The results revealed that PTTTF at doses higher than 4μg/ml reduces the content of IL-6, IL-1β and PGE2 (P < 0.05), and elevates the activity of SOD in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells significantly (P < 0.05). PTTTF at 40μg/ml showed no significant effect on the expression of COX-1(P>0.05) but resulted in a significant inhibition of COX-2 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells (P<0.05). In summary, PTTTF had a substantial potential anti-inflammatory effect through the alteration of the synthesis of some cytokines and other mediators of the process of inflammation. Novelty statement - Prunus tomentosa Thunb Total Flavones (PTTTF) have known roles in the treatment of diabetes, but here we show that they are also potential anti-inflammatory agents. Our results show that PTTTF exhibited anti-inflammatory effects through altering the synthesis of some cytokines and other mediators of the inflammatory process.

Keywords: Prunus tomentosa Thunb Total Flavones (PTTTF); RAW264.7 cells; inflammation

1 Introduction

Prunus tomentosa Thunb is the fruit of the Rosaceae cherry, which grows in the northeast regions of China. The flowering season of Prunus tomentosa Thunb occurs during April and May, and the fruiting period is June through September. The plant is mainly characterized as heliophilous and longevous, and it has superior cold- and drought-resistance and is particularly shade enduring. The fruit itself contains polysaccharides, amino acids, vitamins and flavones. Flavone, a natural substance that exists commonly in plants, has antioxidant, antitumor, antibacterial and antiviral effects.

Inflammation is a very common and important basic pathological process; inflammation is a significant complication of traumatic infection and many common diseases, and multiple important diseases of various organs (such as furuncle, carbuncle, pneumonia, hepatitis, nephritis, etc.) are inflammatory diseases. Inflammation is a defensive response of living tissue and the vascular system to injury. In a previous study, we showed that PTTTF had a significant therapeutic effect on frostbite of rabbits’ ears. In particular, PTTTF inhibited expression of MMP-9 in frostbitten tissues and IL-1β in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which led to relief of frostbite-related inflammation [1, 2, 3]. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones remains unclear.

Studies have shown that inflammation is an excessive immune response, and it is well known that macrophages and leukocytes are critical components of the immune response [4]. Macrophages that are induced by LPS can produce iNOS, PGs and other inflammatory factors [5, 6] and activate a series of signal transduction pathways, including MAPK and NF-κB pathways [7, 8], thereby participating in a series of immune responses in vivo. IL-1β is a proinflammatory cytokine, mainly mediating the inflammatory hyperalgesia in inflammatory pain [9]. In addition, expression of IL-1β is an early sign of inflammation, and it can induce inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and IL-8 [10]. IL-6 is a multifunctional factor related to the regulation of inflammation, and a certain low concentration of IL-6 is expressed constitutively in the body to maintain normal physiological functions [11]. IL-6 is generated in a variety of cells such as macrophages, vascular endothelial cells and some T lymphocytes [12], promoting the differentiation and maturation of B lymphocytes, enhancing the cytotoxic activity of NK cells against pathogenic complexes, inducing the differentiation and maturation of bone marrow derived cells and increasing the toxic activity of neutrophils in the blood, to cause inflammation.

Multiple other molecules are central to the inflammation response. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a natural scavenger of oxygen free radicals in the body and one of the main enzymes that defends the body from free radical injury. It is characterized by its unique structure and wide distribution, and, together with catalase or glutathione peroxidase, can completely scavenge some harmful substances such as O2- and H2O2 [13]. Arachidonic acid (AA) is an essential ω-6polyunsaturated fatty acid [14]. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is synthesized through a complex pathway, including the key enzyme in PGE2 synthesis, cyclooxygenase (COX) [15]. COX is divided into two subtypes COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is widely distributed in various tissues, and the expression of COX-1 is similar in normal and inflammatory tissues because the prostaglandins (PGs) synthesized by COX-1 are related to maintenance and normal physiological actions. By comparison with COX-1, COX-2 is an inducible enzyme that expressed in greater quantities when cells are stimulated during inflammation. COX-2 can rapidly respond to a series of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines. Upon biological, physical or chemical stimulation, COX-2 expression can be induced significantly, and the enzyme rapidly metabolizes AA to produce prostaglandins, such as PGE2, PGF2, PGD2 and thromboxane (TXA2), which have important effects in inflammatory responses [16, 17].

The significance of inflammation in disease progression means that clinical modulators of the molecules involved in the response can be important therapeutic agents. In this study, mouse RAW264.7 cells were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish an inflammatory cell model, and the effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones (PTTTF) on LPS-induced RAW264.7 cell was investigated, in order to offer a theoretical basis for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs from Prunus tomentosa Thunb. RAW264.7 is induced by Abelson mouse leukemia virus in BALB/c mice. After tumor formation, the cell lines obtained from mouse ascites mononuclear macrophages were collected. This cell line was used because it is a commonly utilized cell line in microbiological and immunological studies due to its strong adhesion and phagocytosis of antigens [18].

2 Materials and Methods

2.1 Materials and instruments

2.1.1 Reagents

RAW264.7 cells were provided by College of Pharmacy, Jilin University. RPMI 1640 medium was bought from Hyaline Company (USA). Standard fetal calf serum was the product of Tianjin Chaoyang Co. Ltd (China). PBS, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), thiazolyl blue (MTT) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were purchased from Sigma Company (USA). PGE2, IL-6, IL-1β Elisa kits were purchased from Ding Guo reagent company (China). Dexamethasone acetate was purchased from China Food and Drug Inspection Institute. PTTTF was prepared in Central Pharmacy Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Beihai University.

2.1.2 Instruments

Instrumentation included a type 680 microplate reader (BIO-RAD, USA), a Mastercycler gradient 5331 PCR cycler (Eppendorf, German), GelDox XR+ gel imaging analysis system (BIO-RAD, USA), a 5810R multifunction centrifuge (Eppendorf, German); and a SW-CJ-2G super clean bench (Suzhou Purification Equipment Co. Ltd, China).

2.2 Methods

2.2.1 Isolation and purification of PTTTF

Two-hundred grams of dried Prunus tomentosa Thunb were broken into pieces, and the broken Prunus tomentosa Thunb was extracted with 95% ethanol (v/v) at a material-liquid ratio of 1:8 and a total volume of 1600ml. The slurry was reflux-extracted for 2h, and the process was repeated three times. The three samples were pooled and filtered. The filtrate was dried by rotary evaporation to obtain the extract. The extract was dissolved in distilled water and passed through a macroporous adsorption resin chromatographic column. Following a 24 incubation, the column was eluted with five column volumes of 40%, 60%, and 80% aqueous methanol, respectively. The eluted solutions were mixed and dried in a vacuum and low temperature system to obtain 0.403% PTTTF.

2.2.2 Toxic effects of PTTTF on RAW264.7 cells

Logarithmic phase cells were processed into a cell suspension at a concentration adjusted to 4 × 105 cells/ml with RPMI 1640 culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and 200 μl of the cell solution was added into each well of a 96-well plate. The cells were cultured at 37℃ in a 5% CO2 incubator for 4h. In addition to the normal control group in which no drug was administered, PTTTF at final concentrations of 0.2μg/ml, 2μg/ml, 20μg/ml, 40μg/ml, 50μg/ml, 100μg/ml, 150μg/ml and 200μg/ml was added into appropriate wells in triplicate. The vehicle for the PTTTF is Dimethyl Sulphoxide (DMSO). After treatment, the cells were cultured at 37℃ for 24h, then 20μl of 5 mg/mL MTT was added into each well. After an additional 4h incubation at 37℃ and 5% CO2, the medium was discarded, 100μL DMSO was added into each well, the plate was shaken for 10min, and the OD490 values were determined.

2.2.3 Effect of PTTTF on the phagocytosis of RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS

Phagocytosis was measured essentially as described. Briefly, logarithmic phase cells were resuspended at 4 × 105 cells/ml in RPMI 1640 containing 10% FBS and seeded in 96-well plates. The plates were placed in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37℃ for 24h, and then the supernatants were discarded. RPMI 1640 culture medium (200mL) with or without 10% fetal bovine serum was added into experimental and control group wells, respectively. LPS at a final concentration of 1μg/ml was added into each well in the LPS control group, PTTTF at the final concentrations of 0.4μg/ml, 4μg/ml and 40μg/ml or 2μM dexamethasone acetate were added to some wells. All conditions were set up in triplicate. The cells were incubated at 37℃ in a 5% CO2 incubator for 4h, then the supernatants were discarded, and 100μl of 0.072% neutral red was added into each well. After a 30 min incubation at 37℃ and 5% CO2, the neutral red was discarded, and the plates were washed three times with preheated PBS and then dried by gentle shaking. Cell lysis buffer (200μL; glacial acetic acid: ethanol 1:1) was added to each well. The plates were left standing at 4℃ overnight, and OD values of the cell lysates were measured at 570 nm by a microplate reader.

2.2.4 Effect of PTTTF on the activity of SOD in LPS induced RAW264.7 cells

Logarithmic phase cells were prepared into a cell suspension at a concentration of 4 × 105 cells/ml with RPMI 1640 containing 10% FBS. One milliliter of this suspension was then seeded into wells of 6-well culture plates, and the plates were incubated at 37℃ in a 5% CO2 incubator for 24h. Then, PTTTF was added to certain wells at final concentrations of 0.4μg/ml, 4μg/ml and 40μg/ml, and dexamethasone (2μM) was added to others. After a 4h incubation, LPS was added into each well at a final concentration of 1μg/ml, the cells were continuously cultured at 37℃ and 5% CO2 for 24h, and then the cells were broken with an ultrasonic disruption instrument (power: 200W, ultrasonic breaking time: for 3S, interval: 10s, which was repeated 30 times). The broken cell suspension was centrifuged at 8000rpm/min and 4℃ for 10min to obtain the supernatant, and the activity of SOD in the supernatant was measured according to the kit instructions (SOD Mouse Micromethod, NanJing JianCheng).

2.2.5 Effect of PTTTF on the content of IL-6 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells

Logarithmic phase cells were resuspended at 4 × 105 cells/ml in RPMI 1640 containing 10% FBS and seeded in 96-well plates, then inoculated in 96-well culture plates, 200μL in each well, and incubated at 37℃ and 5% CO2 for 24h. The cells were treated with PTTTF, dexamethasone acetate, and LPS as above and then incubated for an additional 24 hours. The IL-6 content was determined according to kit instructions (IL-6 Mouse ELISA Kit, ThermoFisher).

2.2.6 Effect of PTTTF on the content of IL-1β in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells

The logarithmic phase cells were prepared into a cell solution at a concentration adjusted to 4×105 cells/ml with RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% FBS, then inoculated in 96-well culture plates, 200μL in each well, and incubated at 37℃ in a 5% CO2 incubator for 24h, in which the final concentrations of PTTTF were 0.4μg/ml, 4μg/ml and 40μg/ml in PTTTF groups, respectively, and the final concentration of dexamethasone acetate was 0.869 g/ml (2μM) in dexamethasone group; after the drug intervention for 4h, LPS was added into each well at a final concentration of 1μg/ml, and the cells were continuously incubated at 37℃ in a 5% CO2 incubator for 24h. The content of IL-1β was detected according to kit instructions (IL-6 Mouse ELISA Kit, ThermoFisher).

2.2.7 Effect of PTTTF on the content of PGE2 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells

The logarithmic phase cells were prepared into a cell solution at a concentration adjusted to 4×105 cells/ml with RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% FBS, then inoculated in 96-well culture plates, 200μL in each well, and incubated at 37℃ in a 5% CO2 incubator for 24h, in which the final concentrations of PTTTF were 0.4μg/ml, 4μg/ml and 40μg/ml in PTTTF groups, respectively, and the final concentration of dexamethasone acetate was 0.869 g/ml (2μM) in dexamethasone group; after the drug intervention for 4h, LPS was added into each well at a final concentration of 1μg/ml, and the cells were continuously incubated at 37℃ in a 5% CO2 incubator for 24h. The content of PGE2 was detected according to kit instructions (IL-6 Mouse ELISA Kit, ThermoFisher).

2.2.8 Effect of PTTTF on the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells by RT-PCR

The logarithmic phase cells were prepared into a cell solution at a concentration adjusted to 4×105 cells/ml with RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% FBS, then inoculated in 96-well culture plates, 200μL in each well, and incubated at 37℃ in a 5% CO2 incubator for 24h, in which the final concentrations of PTTTF were 0.4μg/ml, 4μg/ml and 40μg/ml in PTTTF groups, respectively, and the final concentration of dexamethasone acetate was 0.869 g/ml (2μM) in dexamethasone group; after the drug intervention for 4h, LPS was added into each well at a final concentration of 1μg/ml, the cells were continuously incubated at 37℃ in a 5% CO2 incubator for 24h, and then the total RNA was extracted by a one-step method. The content of the total RNA extracted was determined with a nucleic acid/protein analyzer, and then the total RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA according to kit instructions for the amplification of cDNA.

The sequences of primers used in RT-PCR are as follows: GAPDH -- 5’-GAGGGGCCATCCACAGTCTTC-3’ and 5’-CAT-CACCATCTTCCAGGAGCG-3’; the COX-1 -- 5’-CACTCGCCT-CATCCTTATAG-3’ and 5’-AGTTCACCAGCATAGAAGT-3’; COX-2 -- 5’-CCATTGACCAGAGCAGAG-3’ and 5’-CCAGTATT-GAGGAGAACAGAT-3’.

The GAPDH amplification conditions were 28 cycles of 94℃ for 30s, 55℃ for 30s and 72℃ for 45s, COX-1 amplification conditions were 30 cycles of 94℃ for 30s, 59℃ for 30s and 72℃ for 45s, and COX-2 amplification conditions were 30 cycles of 94℃ for 30s, 58℃ for 30s and 72℃ for 45s. The amplified target genes were electrophoresed on a 2% agarose gel for 1h, and the results were observed and analyzed by a gel imaging analysis system.

2.3 Statistical Analysis

The data were presented as means ± standard deviation (x¯±s).The significance of differences between the experimental group and control group were compared with t-tests. Significant differences between the groups were analyzed by one-way variance.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results

3.1 Toxic effects of PTTTF on RAW264.7 cells

After cells were treated with PTTTF for 24h, there was no significant difference in the cytotoxicity of PTTTF between the normal control cells and PTTTF-treated cells when the concentration of PTTTF was less than 40μg/ml (P > 0.05), indicating that PTTTF had no obvious cytotoxic effect on RAW264.7 cells when its concentration was lower than 40μg/ml (Table 1), so for further pharmacodynamic experiments, PTTTF was used at concentrations of 0.4μg/ml, 4μg/ml, and 40μg/ml.

Table 1

Toxic effects of PTTTF on RAW264.7 cells.

GroupOD
Control0.9405±0.0385
PTTTF0.2mg/l0.9328±0.0402
PTTTF2mg/l0,9401±0.0514
PTTTF20mg/l0,9501±0.1597
PTTTF40mg/l0.9323±0.0436
PTTTF50mg/l0.6631±0.0563**
PTTTF100mg/l0.3721±0.1239***

  1. *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001, compared with LPS group

3.2 Effect of PTTTF on the phagocytosis of LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells

Compared with the control group, the phagocytosis of LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells treated with 4μg/ml PTTTF was significantly decreased (P<0.01) and that of the cells treated with 40μg/ml PTTTF was more significantly decreased (P<0.001), showing a concentration-dependence, indicating that PTTTF inhibits the phagocytosis of LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells (Table 2).

Table 2

Effect of PTTTF on the phagocytosis of LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells (n=3).

GroupOD
Control0.8328±0.089
LPS1μg/ml0.9328±0.0402
DEX0.4083±0.1152**
LPS+PTTTF0.4mg/l0.4798±0.0632
PTTTF4mg/l0.4183±0.0726**
PTTTF40mg/l0.2915±0.0776***

  1. *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001, compared with LPS group

3.3 Effect of PTTTF on the activity of SOD in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells

Compared with that in the LPS group, the SOD activity was significantly increased in 4μg/ml and 40μg/ml PTTTF groups (P<0.01, P<0.001), in a concentration-dependent manner (Table 3).

Table 3

Effect of PTTTF on the activity of SOD in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells (n=3).

Groupthe activity of SOD
Control7.375±0.545
LPS1μg/ml1.644±0.219
DEX4.126±0.0256**
LPS+PTTTF0.4mg/l2.158±0.5996
PTTTF4mg/l3.47±0.5273**
PTTTF40mg/l7.029±0.749***

  1. *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001, compared with LPS group

3.4 Effect of PTTTF on the content of IL-6 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells

Compared with that in LPS group, the IL-6 content in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells was significantly reduced in the PTTTF-treated cells, and the IL-6 content was further decreased with increasing PTTTF concentrations (P<0.05 at 0.4μg/ml PTTTF, P<0.01 at 4μg/ml PTTTF, P<0.001 at 40μg/ml PTTTF) (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Effect of PTTTF on the content of IL-6 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells (n=3).*: P < 0.05, **: P < 0.01, ***: P < 0.001, compared with LPS group.
Figure 1

Effect of PTTTF on the content of IL-6 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells (n=3).

*: P < 0.05, **: P < 0.01, ***: P < 0.001, compared with LPS group.

3.5 Effect of PTTTF on the content of IL-1β in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells

Compared with LPS group, PTTTF treatment correlated with decreased IL-1β in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, and the content of IL-1β was significantly decreased in the cells treated with 0.4μg/ml PTTTF (P<0.05), more significantly decreased in the cells treated with 4μg/ml PTTTF (P<0.01) and further decreased in the cells treated with 40μg/ml PTTTF (P<0.001) (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Effect of PTTTF on the content of IL-1β in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells (n=3).*: P < 0.05, **: P < 0.01, ***: P < 0.001, compared with LPS group.
Figure 2

Effect of PTTTF on the content of IL-1β in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells (n=3).

*: P < 0.05, **: P < 0.01, ***: P < 0.001, compared with LPS group.

3.6 Effect of PTTTF on the content of PGE2 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells

Compared with the LPS group, PTTTF treatment correlated with a decreased content of PGE2 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, and the content of PGE2 was significantly decreased in the cells treated with 0.4μg/ml PTTTF (P<0.05), more significantly decreased in the cells treated with 4μg/ml PTTTF (P<0.01) and further decreased in the cells treated with 40μg/ml PTTTF (P<0.001) (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Effect of PTTTF on the content of PGE2 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells (n=3)*: P < 0.05, **: P < 0.01, ***: P < 0.001, compared with LPS group.
Figure 3

Effect of PTTTF on the content of PGE2 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells (n=3)

*: P < 0.05, **: P < 0.01, ***: P < 0.001, compared with LPS group.

3.7 Effect of PTTTF on the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells

Compared with that in the LPS model group, the expression of COX-1 was not significantly different, but that of COX-2 was significantly inhibited in PTTTF groups, and the expression of COX-2 was gradually reduced with the increase of PTTTF concentrations, showing a concentration-dependence (Figure 4).

Figure 4 Effects of PTTTF on the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells by RT-PCR.1: normal cells; 2: LPS; 3: 0.4μg/ml PTTTF; 4: 4μg/ml PTTTF; 5: 40μg/ml PTTTF.
Figure 4

Effects of PTTTF on the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells by RT-PCR.

1: normal cells; 2: LPS; 3: 0.4μg/ml PTTTF; 4: 4μg/ml PTTTF; 5: 40μg/ml PTTTF.

4 Discussion

Inflammation is an immune defense response of the body to the stimulation or injury caused by some biological factors, physical and chemical factors in tissues containing the vascular system. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the main component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and can induce immune cells to synthesize and release various cytokines and inflammatory mediators in vivo.

RAW264.7 cells are mouse mononuclear macrophage leukemia cells and can participate in non-specific and specific immune responses [19]. Phagocytosis is the main function of macrophages, and macrophages can swallow and digest cell debris or pathogens and activate other immunocytes to stimulate a protective reaction. In addition, macrophages participate in the three stages of inflammations -- namely tissue injury, vascular response and cell proliferation -- and play an important role in normal physiological processes and pathological processes of the body [20, 21]. Macrophages are the important regulatory cells in inflammatory responses [22]. The neutrophil phagocytosis test of macrophages in this study demonstrated that PTTTF could inhibit the phagocytosis of LPS-induced macrophages, thereby inhibiting the excessive non-specific immune response to protect the body from the damage caused by changes in the external environment.

In this study, IL-6 and IL-1β contents in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the results showed that the content of IL-6 and IL-1β in the cells was significantly reduced after the administration of PTTTF (P<0.01), in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 1 and Figure 2). SOD, as the representative of endogenous oxygen free radical scavengers, can reduce the organ and tissue damage caused by inflammation, with a strong anti-inflammatory effect, so that its activity may reflect the endogenous ability to scavenge oxygen free radicals to a certain extent. The experimental results showed that PTTTF treatment increases the activity of SOD in the cells in a dose-dependent manner (Table 3).

It was found in this study that PTTTF could significantly reduce the content of PGE2 (Figure 3). The RT-PCR study showed that PTTTF significantly inhibited the expression of COX-2, while the expression of COX-1 was almost completely unaffected (Figure 4). It can be inferred that PTTTF can selectively inhibit COX-2 to reduce the synthesis of PGE2, thus inhibiting the inflammatory response. The results suggest that PTTTF may induce less adverse reactions in the gastrointestinal tract, blood and kidney when it exerts its effective anti-inflammatory effect.

In our previous experiments, we found PTTTF has an anti-freeze effect [1] . This paper is based on the goal of exploring the anti-inflammatory mechanism of PTTTF, because cherry is a natural food, and there is little research exploring the anti-inflammatory impact. It is clear that we need further research, but the above experiments add important information. In conclusion, PTTTF can alleviate the damage caused by excessive nonspecific immunity to the body by inhibiting the phagocytosis of LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, regulate inflammation by reducing the secretion of IL-6, have a protective effect on the injury of tissues and cells caused by immune inflammatory reactions by enhancing the activity of SOD and scavenging oxygen free radicals in vivo to exert its anti-lipid peroxidation, and reduce the adverse reactions induced by the traditional anti-inflammatory drugs by selectively inhibiting the expression of COX-2 while it exerts its anti-inflammatory effect. PTTTF may intervene in the regulation of inflammation through multiple pathways, producing a strong anti-inflammatory effect, and be a selective COX-2 inhibitor that can overcome the adverse effects induced by the traditional anti-inflammatory drugs, which may be of great significance for the development of natural anti-inflammatory drugs. We will examine other scenario of inflammation related pathways including study on iNOS, NF-κB, NF-κB and IκBα degradation pattern, MAPKs signaling molecules in the future.

Acknowledgements

The first author acknowledges a financial grant from Beihua University, Jilin, China

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-07-31
Accepted: 2018-09-30
Published Online: 2019-09-25

© 2019 Chen Xi et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Research on correlation of compositions with oestrogenic activity of Cistanche based on LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology
  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
  4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive features of Bryonia alba L.: As a possible alternative in treating rheumatism
  5. High efficiency liposome fusion induced by reducing undesired membrane peptides interaction
  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
  8. Development of a validated spectrofluorimetric method for assay of sotalol hydrochloride in tablets and human plasma: application for stability-indicating studies
  9. Topological Indices of Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugates’ Molecular Structure in Cancer Treatment
  10. Thermodynamic properties of the bubble growth process in a pool boiling of water-ethanol mixture two-component system
  11. Critical Roles of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Apoptosis and Autophagy of Astrocytes Induced by Methamphetamine
  12. Characteristics of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of Soil Moisture under Different Land Use in Dry Hot Valley of Yuanmou
  13. Specific, highly sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method for quantification of daclatasvir in HCV human plasma patients and in tablets dosage form
  14. Chromium-modified cobalt molybdenum nitrides as catalysts for ammonia synthesis
  15. Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells treated with ginsenoside Rh2 regulate the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo
  16. Identification of Powdery Mildew Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Resistance Genes in Selected Wheat Varieties and Development of Multiplex PCR
  17. Computational Analysis of new Degree-based descriptors of oxide networks
  18. The Use Of Chemical Composition And Additives To Classify Petrol And Diesel Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry And Chemometric Analysis: A Uk Study
  19. Minimal Energy Tree with 4 Branched Vertices
  20. Jatropha seed oil derived poly(esteramide-urethane)/ fumed silica nanocomposite coatings for corrosion protection
  21. Calculating topological indices of certain OTIS interconnection networks
  22. Energy storage analysis of R125 in UIO-66 and MOF-5 nanoparticles: A molecular simulation study
  23. Velvet Antler compounds targeting major cell signaling pathways in osteosarcoma - a new insight into mediating the process of invasion and metastasis in OS
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  26. A proposed image-based detection of methamidophos pesticide using peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence system
  27. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
  29. Chemical pretreatments of Trapa bispinosa's peel (TBP) biosorbent to enhance adsorption capacity for Pb(ll)
  30. Dynamic Changes in MMP1 and TIMP1 in the Antifibrotic Process of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Rats with Liver Fibrosis
  31. The Optimization and Production of Ginkgolide B Lipid Microemulsion
  32. Photodynamic Therapy Enhanced the Antitumor Effects of Berberine on HeLa Cells
  33. Chiral and Achiral Enantiomeric Separation of (±)-Alprenolol
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  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
  38. miRNA-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in prolactinomas
  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
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  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0076
Keywords for this article
Prunus tomentosa Thunb Total Flavones (PTTTF); RAW264.7 cells; inflammation
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Research on correlation of compositions with oestrogenic activity of Cistanche based on LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology
  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
  4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive features of Bryonia alba L.: As a possible alternative in treating rheumatism
  5. High efficiency liposome fusion induced by reducing undesired membrane peptides interaction
  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
  8. Development of a validated spectrofluorimetric method for assay of sotalol hydrochloride in tablets and human plasma: application for stability-indicating studies
  9. Topological Indices of Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugates’ Molecular Structure in Cancer Treatment
  10. Thermodynamic properties of the bubble growth process in a pool boiling of water-ethanol mixture two-component system
  11. Critical Roles of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Apoptosis and Autophagy of Astrocytes Induced by Methamphetamine
  12. Characteristics of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of Soil Moisture under Different Land Use in Dry Hot Valley of Yuanmou
  13. Specific, highly sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method for quantification of daclatasvir in HCV human plasma patients and in tablets dosage form
  14. Chromium-modified cobalt molybdenum nitrides as catalysts for ammonia synthesis
  15. Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells treated with ginsenoside Rh2 regulate the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo
  16. Identification of Powdery Mildew Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Resistance Genes in Selected Wheat Varieties and Development of Multiplex PCR
  17. Computational Analysis of new Degree-based descriptors of oxide networks
  18. The Use Of Chemical Composition And Additives To Classify Petrol And Diesel Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry And Chemometric Analysis: A Uk Study
  19. Minimal Energy Tree with 4 Branched Vertices
  20. Jatropha seed oil derived poly(esteramide-urethane)/ fumed silica nanocomposite coatings for corrosion protection
  21. Calculating topological indices of certain OTIS interconnection networks
  22. Energy storage analysis of R125 in UIO-66 and MOF-5 nanoparticles: A molecular simulation study
  23. Velvet Antler compounds targeting major cell signaling pathways in osteosarcoma - a new insight into mediating the process of invasion and metastasis in OS
  24. Effects of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract, Capping Agents, on the Synthesis of Pure And Cu Doped ZnO-Nanoparticles: A Green Approach and Microbial Activity
  25. Aqueous Micro-hydration of Na+(H2O)n=1-7 Clusters: DFT Study
  26. A proposed image-based detection of methamidophos pesticide using peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence system
  27. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
  29. Chemical pretreatments of Trapa bispinosa's peel (TBP) biosorbent to enhance adsorption capacity for Pb(ll)
  30. Dynamic Changes in MMP1 and TIMP1 in the Antifibrotic Process of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Rats with Liver Fibrosis
  31. The Optimization and Production of Ginkgolide B Lipid Microemulsion
  32. Photodynamic Therapy Enhanced the Antitumor Effects of Berberine on HeLa Cells
  33. Chiral and Achiral Enantiomeric Separation of (±)-Alprenolol
  34. Correlation of Water Fluoride with Body Fluids, Dental Fluorosis and FT4, FT3 –TSH Disruption among Children in an Endemic Fluorosis area in Pakistan
  35. A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
  38. miRNA-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in prolactinomas
  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
  41. Preparation and spectroscopic studies of Fe(II), Ru(II), Pd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base containing terephthalaldehyde and their transfer hydrogenation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction
  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
  50. Preparation of ternary ZnO/Ag/cellulose and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation property on phenol and benzene in VOCs
  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
  52. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 2-methylthio-pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines
  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
  54. Molecular Properties of Symmetrical Networks Using Topological Polynomials
  55. Synthesis of Co3O4 Nano Aggregates by Co-precipitation Method and its Catalytic and Fuel Additive Applications
  56. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antiprotoscolices potential of ethanol extracts of selected plants species against Echinococcus granulosus: In-vitro study
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  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
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  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
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  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
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  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
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