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Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C

  • Arianit A. Reka EMAIL logo , Blagoj Pavlovski , Egzon Ademi , Ahmed Jashari , Blazo Boev , Ivan Boev and Petre Makreski
Published/Copyright: December 31, 2019
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 17 Issue 1

Abstract

Trepel is the local name for a mixture of diatomaceous earth and clay minerals. It represents a greyish, soft, very light, weakly cemented, fine biogenetic sedimentary rock. The studied material is taken from the vicinity of Bitola city (Republic of Macedonia). Here, trepel was treated up to three temperature intervals (800, 1000 and 1200C) for a period of 1 hour. The X-ray powder diffraction results indicate the presence of both an amorphous phase and the following crystalline phases: quartz, feldspars (plagioclase), mica (muscovite) and chlorites. The results of SEM analysis revealed skeletons of alga Diatomeae with nano-pores. By thermal treatment of the samples, a gradual change in color as well as higher bulk density and compressive strength was observed. The increase of the temperature, in addition, affected the mineralogical composition and increased the presence of the amorphous phase (aluminasilicate glassy phase). SEM results of the thermally investigated samples depicted morphological changes expressed by shrinkage of the pore diameters in comparison to the initial material. The major and minor constituents were established by chemical analysis revealing the following chemical composition of raw trepel: SiO2 (63.65 wt%), Al2O3 (11.76 wt%), Fe2O3 (5.93 wt%), MnO (0.13 wt%), TiO2 (0.63 wt%), CaO (1.42 wt%), MgO (2.22 wt%), P2O5 (0.11 wt%), K2O (1.63 wt%), Na2O (0.92 wt%), LOI (11.50 wt%).

Keywords: Trepel; diatomaceous earth; clay minerals; characterization; thermal treatment

1 Introduction

Republic of Macedonia is rich in inorganic materials with a wide spectrum of potential use and application [1, 2, 3, 4]. Trepel, found in the vicinity of the Bitola power plant, takes a special place amongst non-metallic materials because it represents a mixture of diatomite and clay minerals [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. It represents a biogenetic rock; grayish, soft, very light, weakly cemented, finely opal sedimentary rock [9]. The results from the physical-chemical and mineralogical-petrographic characterization show that this non-metallic raw material can be used as the basic component in the production of light insulating construction materials, thermal insulators, lightweight construction materials, for the synthesis of zeolites [15], purification of industrial waters [16], in the cement industry (as pozzolanic material) [17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24] as pesticide holder, as well as for improving the physical and chemical characteristics of certain soils.

According to the physical-chemical and mechanical properties, trepel is similar to diatomite relying to the compressive strength in natural state, porosity, water absorption, and specific density. Trepel contains clay minerals (muscovite, chlorites and plagioclase) and its diverse chemical composition makes it an appropriate substance for the production of porous construction and adsorbent material.

The economic effect of using trepel is based on its fine microstructure and presence of amorphous phase. These properties makes the material highly reactive and utilized as raw product, instead of its treatment as a waste. Therefore, it is used for the production of ceramics at relatively lower temperatures compared to

the classical ceramic raw materials (quartz, feldspars and clay minerals). In addition starting at 1000°C, a mullite is formed as by-product which does not occur when other classical ceramic raw materials are utilized, adding high mechanical properties (compressive strength) of the obtained products.

During the usage of trepel as a basic material in the industry for production of ceramic materials, of great importance are the mineralogical changes that occur within trepel during the thermal treatment (i.e. during the sintering process). Due to this fact, the subject of this research paper is the effect of the thermal treatment of trepel in the temperature interval from 800-1200˚C.

2 Materials And Methods

The raw material (locally known as trepel), was taken from the Bitola region, Republic of Macedonia.

The chemical composition of raw trepel was determined with the classical silicate analysis. Crude trepel was melted in a mixture of carbonates, whereas the percentages of various oxides present in the material are determined with complexometric titration. The alkali metal oxides (Na2O and K2O) were determined with a flame photometry. The determination of the trace elements was performed with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS, Agilent 7500cx).

For the purpose of the thermal investigations, raw trepel was first crushed and ball-milled for a period of 2.5 h. After a powdering procedure of trepel, 5% of distilled water was added. Then, the mixture was placed in a hermetically closed desiccator for 24 h to achieve the distribution of an even moisture level throughout the mixture. The samples were prepared as cylindrical forms with a diameter of 20 mm and an height of 10 mm under pressure from 2 MPa. Samples were sintered at three temperatures: 800, 1000 and 1200°C for a period of 60 min. The sintered trepel samples were subjected to compression testing by using an hydraulic press (Automax 5 – Controls). A minimum of three samples were tested under the same conditions. Upon testing, the material was characterized by physicо-mechanical methods. The mineralogical composition was further analysed by XRPD. For each temperature interval, three samples were tested.

The mineralogical characterization of trepel was carried out by an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), thermal analysis (TGA/DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and infrared spectroscopy (IR).

XRPD analysis was performed on Rigaku Ultima IV X-ray diffractometer equipped with D/teX high-speed 1-dimenzional detector using CuKα radiation (λ = 1.54178 Å) in 2θ range from 5 to 60°. The accelerating voltage and the current power were set to 40 kV and 40 mA, respectively.

DTA/TGA analyses of trepel were performed in an air environment with Stanton Redcroft apparatus, under the following experimental conditions: temperature range from 20–1200°C; speed of heating set to 10°C/min; sample mass of 13.577 mg, using ceramic pot as a material carrier.

Scanning electron microscopy VEGA3 LMU coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (INCA Energy 250 Microanalysis System) was used to quantitative analyze the material. The accelerating voltage of the SE detector was set to 20 kV.

The Perkin-Elmer FTIR system 2000 interferometer was engaged to record the IR spectra in 4000–500 cm–1 range using the KBr pellet method. The pellets were prepared by pressing a mixture of the sample and of dried KBr (sample: KBr approximately 1:200), at 10 tons cm−2.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results And Discussion

3.1 Physical-mechanical properties of trepel

From the physical-mechanical point of view, the examined trepel subject of this research represents a sedimentary rock (of biogenetic origin) with grayish to grayish-white color, soft (1-2 by Mohs) and very light, with fine to superfine grained structure, porous, shell-like etc. The bulk density of trepel is 0.60 – 0.68 g/cm3, the density is 2.41 g/cm3, while the compressive strength in natural state (raw) is 3.45 MPa. The physical-mechanical characteristics of trepel are shown below (Table 1 and Figure 1).

Figure 1 Natural (crude) trepel from Bitola region.
Figure 1

Natural (crude) trepel from Bitola region.

Table 1

Physical mechanical properties of raw trepel.

Bulk density (g/cm3)0.60–0.68
Water absorption (%)75–81 %
Open porosity (%)50–60 %
Total porosity (%)67–71%
Density (g/cm3)2.41 g/cm3
Compressive strength3.45 MPa

3.2 Chemical analysis of raw trepel

The chemical composition of trepel (shown on Table 2) is determined with the classical chemical silicate analysis. Crude trepel was melted in a mixture of carbonates, whereas the percentages of various oxides present in the material were determined with complexometric titration. The alkali metal oxides (Na2O and K2O) were determined with a flame photometry. The determination of the trace elements was performed with ICP-MS. The loss of ignition (LOI), is determined while heating raw trepel at 1000 ˚C for a period of 1 hour was 11.5%. The results obtained from the chemical composition of trepel indicate that the analyzed material represents an acidic rock with prevailing percentage of SiO2 (63.65%) and substantial content of Al2O3 and Fe2O3 (11.76% and 5.93). In table 2 and table 3 is shown the chemical composition of oxides and trace elements.

Table 2

Chemical composition of trepel.

OxidesMass %
SiO263.65
Al2O311.76
Fe2O35.93
MnO0.13
TiO20.63
CaO1.49
MgO2.22
P2O50.11
K2O1.63
Na2O0.92
LOI11.50
Total99.99
Table 3

Trace elements determined in the naturally occurring trepel.

Trace elementContent/ppm
Cu113
Cr111.2
Ni40.7
Co22.7
Zn3.59
V112.8
Pb10.3
Cd0.060
As5.9
Se3.2
Tl0.97
Bi0.57
Ba459.6
Rb114.2
Sr166.6
Cs4.2
Th9.6
U7.7
Mo1.6
Sn2.8
Sb0.2
Pd0.6
Ag2.5
Ga16.6
Ge1.0
Li32.73
Be2.6
B<10

3.3 X-ray powder diffraction analysis of raw trepel

XRPD pattern of trepel (Figure 2) mainly depicts crystalline behavior with a small presence of amorphous matter. The crystalline phases are mainly represented by silica (quartz peaks at 20.89°, 26.67°, 39.50°, 50.15°, 59.59°), feldspars (plagioclase peaks at 13.89°, 18.84°, 23.58°, 24.32°, 24.66°, 27.82°, 27.95°, 30.24°, 30.52°), mica (muscovite maxima at 8.91°, 17.85°, 19.76°, 26.90°, 29.89°, 31.85°, 34.51°, 38.19°, 42.15°, 45.59°, 45.94°, 52.54°, 55.53°) and chlorites (peaks at 6.26°, 12.53°, 18.84°, 25.20°, 25.53°, 27.82°, 31.28°, 37.41°, 37.65°, 39.50°, 45.59°, 45.94°).

Figure 2 XRPD analysis of raw trepel (Q: quartz, M: muscovite, C: chlorite, P: plagioclase).
Figure 2

XRPD analysis of raw trepel (Q: quartz, M: muscovite, C: chlorite, P: plagioclase).

3.4 Infrared spectral analysis of raw trepel

The IR spectrum of raw trepel (Figure 3) exhibits an absorption band at 797 cm-1 attributed to the bending vibrations of Si-O-Si framework, whereas the band at 1061 cm-1 is a result of the stretching vibrations of Si-O-Al units. The band at 1644 cm-1 is due to bending vibrations from the absorbed water, whereas the band at 3625 cm-1 is due to the stretching vibration of the absorbed water molecules [2]. The bands at 469.9 cm-1, 529 cm-1 and 695 cm-1 are due to the presence of feldspars in the sample. The bands at 797 cm-1 and 1080 cm-1 are due to the presence of quartz [25, 26].

Figure 3 IR spectrum of raw trepel.
Figure 3

IR spectrum of raw trepel.

3.5 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of raw trepel

The results from the SEM of raw trepel are shown in Figures 4 and 5. The SEM images provide sufficient evidence of the biogenetic nature of the raw material. Various fragments and/or complete skeletal forms of diatoms algae (either in the form of sunflower disks or extended tubes) contain disk or oblong shapes and range from 15 to 60 μm. The observed variations in the shape most likely occur from the clay component in the raw material. SEM morphology of trepel does not indicate preserved form of the diatom frustules.

Figure 4 SEM pictures of raw trepel composed of various microrelics of biogenetic origin with various forms (globular or tubes) with many pores ranging from 350 – 650 nm.
Figure 4

SEM pictures of raw trepel composed of various microrelics of biogenetic origin with various forms (globular or tubes) with many pores ranging from 350 – 650 nm.

Figure 5 SEM-EDX spectrum of raw trepel.
Figure 5

SEM-EDX spectrum of raw trepel.

The EDX spectrum enabled to quantitatively determine the chemical composition. The element weight percentage (C: 4.69%, O: 40.48%, F: 0.77%, Na: 0.69%, Mg: 1.17%, Al: 7.09%, Si: 34.41%, K: 2.30%, Ca: 1.38%, Ti: 0.63%, Fe: 6.38%) confirmed the mixture of diatomaceous earth with the clay minerals.

3.6 Thermal examinations of raw trepel

The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the differential thermal analysis (DTA) of the analyzed sample of trepel is shown in Figure 6. The DTA curve shows a wide endothermic peak with a minimal value of 180°C. This peak is a result of separation of the rough water bonded with the clay minerals and opal component. At the same curve evident is the presence of two exothermic peaks with maximum values of 323°C and 454°C which are result of the burning of organic matter present in trepel.

Figure 6 DTA/TGA of raw trepel.
Figure 6

DTA/TGA of raw trepel.

Based on the TGA curve, it is evidence of mass loss during the heating process. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the analysed trepel indicates weight loss in three temperature intervals (Figure 6). The first temperature interval ranges between room temperature and 100°C resulting in 2.9% mass loss, attributed to the free water present in the sample. The second temperature interval occurs between 108°C and 600°C with mass loss of 9.55%. This temperature interval is attributed to dehydroxylation of the clay component (muscovite and chlorite) as well as the burning of the present organic matter present in the raw material. The third temperature interval occurs at temperatures higher than 600°C. There, thermogravimetric curves continually show lower intensity of mass loss (1%) ascribed to the dehydration process of the opal component.

3.7 X-ray powder diffraction analysis of thermally treated trepel samples

Results of the XRPD analysis of the thermally-induced trepel at 800°C, 1000°C and 1200°C (Figure 7b–2d) demonstrated crystalline behavior with a small amount of amorphous phase. The crystalline phase is represented mainly by quartz, muscovite, feldspars and chlorites. However, the increase of the temperature expanded the amount of the amorphous phase in the sample. The appearance of the complex positioned “bump” between 15 and 28° (2θ) is attributed to the transformation of the crystalline mass into aluminosilicate glass. During the thermal treatment of trepel, a slight decrease of the quartz phase was monitored (at 1200°C), but formation of two new phases was evidenced – mullite (maxima at 16.33°, 25.86°, 26.19°, 33.29°, 35.07°, 40.65°, 40.98°, 42.40°, 54.33°) and tridymite (maxima at 20.80°, 21.63°, 24.23°, 32.65°, 35.71°, 44.30°).

Figure 7 XRPD analysis of raw trepel (a), and thermally treated sample for a period of 1 hour at 800˚C for a period of 1 hour, (b) at 1000˚C for a period of 1 hour, (c) and at 1200˚C for a period of 1 hour (d).
Figure 7

XRPD analysis of raw trepel (a), and thermally treated sample for a period of 1 hour at 800˚C for a period of 1 hour, (b) at 1000˚C for a period of 1 hour, (c) and at 1200˚C for a period of 1 hour (d).

3.8 Shrinkage of the samples after compressing and heat treatment

Physico-mechanical features of the thermally treated samples (Figure 8) indicate gradual change in colour from ochre to black as the temperature increases, accompanied by a gradual increase of the bulk density and abrupt rise of the compressive strength (Table 4). In addition, a diameter of the pellets as well as the mass of the samples decreased with ramping the temperature to 800, 1000 and 1200°C. The shrinkage of the diameter ranges from 0.8% at 800°C to 8.7% at 1200°C

Figure 8 Shrinkage and the obvious change in color of cylinders of trepel sintered at 800, 1000 and 1200°C for a period of 60 min.
Figure 8

Shrinkage and the obvious change in color of cylinders of trepel sintered at 800, 1000 and 1200°C for a period of 60 min.

Table 4

Physical-mechanical properties of cylinders of raw trepel compared to the sintered samples at 800, 1000 and 1200°C for a period of 60 min.

Temperature (˚C)Bulk density (g/cm3)Compressive strength (MPa)Mass (g)Diameter (mm)Shrinkage (%)
8000.814.402.2519.840.80
10000.9414.942.1719.253.75
12001.3032.482.1118.268.70

The thermal treatment of the samples shows evidence of mineralogical composition changes and amorphous fraction increase.

3.9 SEM of thermally treated trepel

The SEM results of the SE micrographs of the thermally treated samples provided important knowledge (Figure 9) in regards to the morphological changes occurring during the sintering process. Namely, the pores of the various skeletal forms were reduced from the 350– 650 nm to 150–250 nm that is particularly important that can be exploited for the further use and application of the raw material as a filtration source.

Figure 9 SEM of thermally treated sample.
Figure 9

SEM of thermally treated sample.

4 Conclusions

From the physical-mechanical point of view, trepel represents a porous sedimentary rock (of biogenetic origin) with grayish to grayish-white color, soft and very light, with fine to superfine grained structure. The bulk density of trepel is 0.60 – 0.68 g/cm3, the density amounts 2.41 g/cm3, the compressive strength in natural state (raw) is 3.45 MPa, while the total porosity is from 67-71%. According to the chemical composition, it can be concluded that trepel represents acidic rock with a dominant presence of silica at 63.51%. The mineralogical characterization revealed the presence of the following minerals: quartz, plagioclase, muscovite and chlorite. Maintaining the 800°C temperature for a period of 1 hour significantly decomposed the present feldspars. The thermal treatment at 1000°C results in the formation of mullite, which is unusual to form at this temperature. However, its appearance is prescribed to the high reactivity of trepel (the super fine particles and the presence of the amorphous phase). Further temperature increase up to 1200°C, majorly increased the mullite phase with simultaneous increase of the amorphous phase followed with the appearance of tridymite.

SEM shows globular forms of quartz, skeletons from diatomae algae and other forms of clay minerals; whereas the thermally treated samples show morphological changes followed by the decrease of the size of the pores in the raw material. The reduction of the pores makes this materials suitable for filtration purposes.

Based on the abovementioned results, it can be concluded that at significantly lower temperatures, due to the appearance of mullite as binding component which enables high mechanical properties, trepel can be used as basic raw material for obtaining various types of ceramic materials (construction materials and various thermal insulating materials), various types of zeolites, waterglass, amorphous SiO2 etc.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2019-12-15
Accepted: 2019-08-25
Published Online: 2019-12-31

© 2019 Arianit A. Reka et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
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  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
  58. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS
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  60. Miscibility studies of polystyrene/polyvinyl chloride blend in presence of organoclay
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  66. Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement
  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
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  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
  70. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque
  71. A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  72. Conceptual DFT as a Novel Chemoinformatics Tool for Studying the Chemical Reactivity Properties of the Amatoxin Family of Fungal Peptides
  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
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  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
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  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
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  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
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  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
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  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
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  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
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  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
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  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0132
Keywords for this article
Trepel; diatomaceous earth; clay minerals; characterization; thermal treatment
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

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  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
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  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
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  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
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  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
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  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
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  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
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  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
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  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
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  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
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  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
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