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Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine

  • Mohammed Bourhia EMAIL logo , Ahmed Bari , Syed Saeed Ali , Laila Benbacer and Naima khlil
Published/Copyright: December 31, 2019
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 17 Issue 1

Abstract

To investigate the phytochemical composition, acute and sub-acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of B. dioica roots. The phytochemical analysis was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of B.dioica roots was assessed in mice with single doses ranging from 250 to 1000 mg/kg for 14 days. The sub-acute toxicity was carried out with repeated doses ranging from 64.5 to 250 mg/kg for 28 days. Histopathological changes and markers of renal and liver function were investigated. The results of GC-MS analysis showed the presence of interesting phytoconstituents. The clinical symptoms and mortalities that occurred in treated mice were more remarkable due to the increasing sample concentration of the studied extract. However, no mortalities, or histopathological, or biochemical disturbances were observed even at the maximal dose administered (250 mg/kg). The outcome of the present work suggests that the treatment of animals with single doses of B. dioica roots extract higher than 250 mg/kg produces significant toxicities, however, treatment with repeated doses up to 250 mg/kg for 28 days seems to be safe for animals.

Keywords: acute toxicity; sub-acute toxicity; histopathology; biochemistry; GC-MS

1 Introduction

For many years herbs and plants have been used to maintain good health. They have been found to have medicinal and therapeutic importance in the prevention and treatment of diseases [1]. Evidence of the use of herbs as medicine by early people can be traced back to 60,000 years ago [2]. Plants are naturally producing secondary metabolites when they face potential threats from the surrounding environment [3]. Synthetic drugs are often coupled with a number of secondary effects. Medicines based on natural herbs could generate fewer or no secondary effects and as a result are still attractive in human communities [4]. Nowadays, about 80% of the population throughout the world rely on traditional herbal medicine in order to meet their health care needs [5]. The use of medicinal plants without paying attention to their toxicities may have presented an enormous aggravation to humans. It is widely probable that when searching for food, early people often ingested poisonous herbs which could induce symptoms of toxicity such as diarrhea, vomiting, coma, or other toxic reactions which over time may lead to death. To counteract this early humans were able to innovate and develop knowledge about consumable materials [6]. The safety of medicinal herbs has become a major source of challenge in using natural preparation [7]. For this reason, it is very important to validate the safety of herbal medicines before their use and scientific data collected from the toxicological screening of medicinal plants could be used to build confidence for human uses [8].

Many people believe that traditional medicines are safe due to their natural origin. In developing countries, medicinal plants are often randomly used in the treatment of diseases without scientific proof. In spite of the large use of herbal medicine for health care in developing countries, no significant scientific data is available regarding their potential toxicities [9]. Some medicinal plants could be toxic and thus may induce negative impacts on human

health. In order to ensure the safety control of plants or their derivatives, systematic studies starting with the toxicological profile are required to conjecture risks of toxicity, and thus providing scientific data for selecting doses that could be safe for humans [10].

Bryonia dioica (B. dioica ), is a wild plant with tuberous roots. Belonging to the genus Bryonia some species are toxic [9]. This plant is frequently used in old medicine to cure diseases such as inflammatory conditions, joint pain, pleurisy, intestinal ulcers, fevers, bronchitis, asthma, arthritis, hypertension, and diabetes [11]. In Morocco, B. dioica has been used in the treatment of stomach ache, rheumatic pains, liver failure, colds, ulcer, dysentery purgative[12], and cancer [13].

To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has been carried out on the toxicological profile of aqueous extract of B. dioica roots. Therefore, the current work was conducted in vivo for screening a potential risk of B. dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine.

2 Materials and Methods

2.1 Plant sample collection and identification

Plant material was collected in December 2016 from the surrounding region of Casablanca. The plant was identified and has been deposited under No101547 in the Scientific Institute of University Mohammed V–Rabat–Morocco. The roots were initially cleaned, washed with water, left to dry at room temperature then ground into small pieces. 50 g of dried powder was boiled in water for 20 minutes at 100°C according to the method described in earlier literature [14]. The mixture was filtered and concentrated in a rotary vacuum evaporator under reduced pressure to yield 5 g of crude extract.

2.2 Identification of bioactive constituents by GC-MS

GC-MS analysis of the extract of B. dioica roots was performed using a Claus 580 Gas chromatograph conducted under to the following acquisition parameters: Oven: Initial temp 50°C for 2 minutes, ramp 11°C/min to 200°C, hold 0 minutes, ramp 6°C/min to 240°C, hold 1 minute, Inj Bauto=0°C,Volume=0 μL, Split=10:1, Carrier Gas=He, Solvent Delay=4.00 min, Transfer Temp=280°C, Source Temp=250°C, Scan: 40 to 450Da, Column 30.0m x 250 μm

2.3 Animal subjects

Swiss albino mice (males) weighing approximately 25 g procured from the animal colony of Pasteur Institute-Morocco were used to perform the current work. The mice were housed under standard environmental conditions; light/dark cycles (12/12 hours), temperature (24 ± 2°C), ventilated place. The mice had fed with standard laboratory pellets and had free access to water. Each cage includes 6 mice with a bedding of husk. The animals were segregated according to their body weight.

2.4 Acute oral toxicity studies

All animals were retained as per the approval of the guide for the care and use laboratory animals approved by the institutional animal’s committee at University Hassan II under (OECD) Guidelines No.425 (OECD, 2008) [15]. After fasting them overnight, the animals were divided into 4 groups (one control and three treated groups). Each group includes 6 mice (males). Three different doses of B.dioica roots extract were selected to be administered orally in single doses for 14 days (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight). The control group were administered with distilled water. The animals were observed continuously for clinical symptoms during the whole period of the experiment [16].

2.5 Subacute toxicity study

The 24 male mice were segregated into 4 groups (6 per group) and were used in the subacute toxicity studies of aqueous extract of B. dioica roots. Three different doses of the plant extract were administered daily for 28 days to three groups and the fourth, the control group, received distilled water. The groups were designed as follows:

Control group - treated with vehicle (distilled water)

Group A - B. dioica roots (62.5 mg/kg/day)

Group B - B. dioica roots (125 mg/kg/day)

Group C - B. dioica roots (250 mg/kg/day)

All animals were handled according to the approval of the guide for the care and use laboratory animals approved by the institutional animal’s committee at University Hassan II with respect to the Organization for Economic Cooperation Development (OECD) Guideline No.287 [17]. The animals were observed for signs of toxicity and mortality and thus weighed each week during the whole experiment period [18]. The weight change was calculated according to the following formula:

Percentage Gain= (Weight Gain /Original Weight) x100%

2.6 Serum biochemical analyses

At the start of the treatment period all mice were fasted overnight and sacrificed for blood collection. Blood samples were collected from the orbital sinus. The biochemical parameters such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Urea and Creatinine were measured enzymatically using an automated analyzer.

2.7 Histopathological profile

At the end of the treatment period the treated mice were sacrificed for organ collection. The vital organs, such as liver and kidney were extracted and carefully fixed in a 10% formalin solution then proceeded for histopathology. Serial sections were made and stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin (H&E), then subjected to gradient dehydration, hyalinizing and sealing film. The pathological lecture of tissue was effectuated by a pathologist using a light microscope [19].

2.8 Statistical analysis

Quantitative data of difference in biochemical parameters, body weights for both treated and control mice were analyzed according to mean values ± SD (standard deviation). The significance of the difference between the means was determined by one-way ANOVA using GraphPad Prism 7 software. The means were compared using the Tukey test. Statistically, the difference was considered significant at P<0.05.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 GC-MS analysis

The GC-MS analysis of B. Dioica extract revealed the presence of six compounds; 1, 2,3-triméthylbenzène, Coumaran, 2-Formyl-9-[á dribofuranosyl]hypoxanthine, Maaliol, 3-méthylglucose and Phthalic acid, di(2-propylpentyl) ester (Figure 1; Table 2 ).

Figure 1 GC-MS chromatogram of B.dioica extract
Figure 1

GC-MS chromatogram of B.dioica extract

Table 2

Phytocomponents identified in B.dioica roots extract by GC-MS analysis.

S.NoRetention time (min)Compound nameMolecular formulaCASPeak area %
16,2431,2,3-triméthylbenzèneC9H12526-73-81,877
29,875CoumaranC8H8O496-16-22,124
312,9132-Formyl-9-[á-d-ribofura- nosyl]C11H12N4O6125425-35-62,614
414,097hypoxanthineC15H26O527-90-21,712
515,669MaaliolC7H14O6146-72-529,412
619.4383-méthylglucoseC24H38O470910-37-11,198

The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of B. dioica roots extract revealed the presence of six compounds; 1, 2,3-triméthylbenzène, Coumaran, 2-Formyl-9-[á dribofuranosyl] hypoxanthine, Maaliol, 3-méthylglucose, Phthalic acid, di(2-propylpentyl) ester. It seems that the pharmacological properties of B. dioica roots reported in the current research study were frequently attributed to the detected bioactive molecules by GC-MS. It was reported that the bioactive compounds revealed in the studied extract could dominate the acute toxicity results due to the action of a single molecule or a synergistic effect. Particularly, the detected compound in the plant extract like Phthalic acid, di(2-propylpentyl) ester as reported in an earlier report exhibiting a toxic effect on brine shrimp nauplii Artemia salina [20].

3.2 Acute toxicity studies

During the whole period of the acute toxicity studythere were no mortalities nor signs of toxicity in treated mice with doses up to 250 mg/kg. However, the treatment with a dose of 500 mg/kg induced several symptoms of toxicity for example hypoactivity and occasional convulsions compared to the control group. The second tested dose (500 mg/kg) was responsible for 50% of death in mice within 24 hours. At the highest dose administered (1000 mg/kg), the mortality rate increased to 83% accompanied by remarkable signs of toxicity, such as abnormal locomotion, hypoactivity, occasional convulsion, and reversal reflection. The results of the acute toxicity studies revealed that the maximum tolerated dose by mice was 250 mg/kg body weight. The LD50 ( the amount of plant extract required to kill 50% of the test population) of the plant extract was determined at 500 mg/kg by oral administration. According to Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) approved by the OECD (EU classification), the aqueous extract of B. dioica roots may be classified as a class 4 and thus considered as a low toxic substance [21]. The clinical signs of toxicity occurred in mice under conditions of acute toxicity, such as hypoactivity, lack of appetite, occasional convulsion and reversal reflection which may be attributed to properties of the plant extract [22]. Many earlier data reported toxic effects of Bryonia spp, which could be induced by triterpenic, cucurbitacins, glycosides or their derivatives present in various parties of the plant. Cucurbitacins are famous for their cytotoxic effects and have hence been suggested to be used as potential anticancer agents [23]. Bryodiofine a toxic protein particularly current in the fruits of B. dioica could also be responsible for intoxication occurred in children. Many clinical symptoms occurred in humans due to the ingestion of B. dioica fruits like convulsions, vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain and diarrhea, sweating, pallor, respiratory and cardiac disorders as reported in earlier reports [ 28].

3.3 Sub-acute toxicities

During the whole period of treatment no clinical symptoms of toxicity nor animal death were observed due to the administration of the tested doses under the subacute toxicity conditions. Slight changes in general behavior like running about 2 to 3 minutes after the gavage were observed compared to the control group which may be related to animal handling.

3.3.1 Effect of aqueous extract on the mice’s weight during the treatment period

According to data presented in Figure 2 during the whole experiment period no significant changes occurred in the weight of treated groups with a dose up to the maximum of 250 mg/kg compared to the control group (p>0.05).

Figure 2 Effect of oral administration of aqueous extract of B. dioica roots on the bodyweight of treated mice, results represent the means ± SD (standard deviation).
Figure 2

Effect of oral administration of aqueous extract of B. dioica roots on the bodyweight of treated mice, results represent the means ± SD (standard deviation).

The weight alteration is considered an important indicator for the assessment of early signs of toxicity induced by drugs and chemicals [15]. As shown in Figure 2, the mice treated during the experiment period gained weight compared to the control group (P > 0.05). It may be ended that the oral administration of aqueous extract of B. dioica with doses up to the maximum of 250 mg/kg for 28 days did not affect negatively the normal growth of oral treated mice.

3.3.2 Effect of aqueous extract on biochemical parameters

The results of the clinical biochemistry parameters assessed in this work, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Urea and Creatinine are summarised in Figure 3 It can be seen that there were no significant changes observed in groups treated with doses up to the maximum of 250 mg/kg compared to the control group (p>0.05).

Figure 3 The effect of the oral administration of aqueous extract of B. dioica roots on AST, ALT, creatinine, urea, and LDH of treated mice, results as the mean ± SD (standard deviation).
Figure 3

The effect of the oral administration of aqueous extract of B. dioica roots on AST, ALT, creatinine, urea, and LDH of treated mice, results as the mean ± SD (standard deviation).

The transaminases (ALT, AST) are considered to be critical markers of liver function, and a significant increase of their plasmatic levels is highly related to hepatic cytolysis [17]. The hepatic function, assessed in this work by measuring the serum levels of ALT and AST in the blood of treated groups with doses up to the maximum 250 mg/kg, showed that the aqueous extract of B. dioica roots did not negatively affect the liver function compared to the controls (P > 0.05). These results were comparable to those reported in previous data [11], in which it was reported that the organic extract of B. dioica offered a hepatoprotective action against hepatotoxins agent (CCl4). The current results of biochemical parameters were also in agreement with those reported in histopathological examination investigated in the present work, which showed no injuries occurred in liver tissue. The kidneys are among the most vital organs which susceptible to toxic compounds because of the high volume of blood that flows through them. They filter many types of toxins, which could be accumulated in their tubules [26]. Urea and creatinine as critical biomarkers were often measured for assessing the renal function [26]. In our study, no significant difference observed in the creatinine nor urea concentration of treated groups with doses up to 250 mg/kg compared to the control group (P> 0.05). The increased plasmatic level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is till frequently related to cell damage [28]. Considering the LDH activity assessed in the current study, no significant changes were noted in the serum of treated groups with the tested doses compared to the control group, (P> 0.05). Hence, all the tested doses in the current study seem to be safe in mice.

3.3.3 Histopathological profile

3.3.3.1 Kidneys

The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining stable physiological conditions as they perform several important functions for example maintaining the necessary amount of water required for body functions and eliminating the waste. The kidneys manage and eliminate metabolic waste, maintain minerals and other substances in the blood and body fluids at an adequate level. The function of kidneys is not limited to these biological properties they also produce hormones, regulate blood pressure and produce red blood cells [28]. The kidneys have a high sensitivity to toxins due to the high volume of blood which flows through them and their normal function can be assessed by histopathological or biochemical examination of some parameters contained in the biological fluids like urea and creatinine. The results of the microscopic examination of renal tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin showed no histopathological changes that occurred in the kidneys of the mice treated with doses up to a maximum of 250 mg/kg compared to the control group as shown in Figures 4 and 5. These findings were also in agreement with those reported in thebiochemical evaluation, which showed the absence of biochemical alterations in urea and creatinine in the blood of the treated mice with increasing sample concentration. The increased plasmatic concentration of these parameters is often accompanied by nephrotoxicity, hence, the aqueous extract of B.dioica roots seems to be safe for kidneys of oral treated mice with doses up to the maximum of 250 mg/kg under the subacute toxicity conditions of.

Figure 4 Histologic section of kidney tissue of the control mice. (Section stained with H&E, x 40) A, B, and C are sections of the kidney tissue of three mice taken from the control group.
Figure 4

Histologic section of kidney tissue of the control mice. (Section stained with H&E, x 40) A, B, and C are sections of the kidney tissue of three mice taken from the control group.

Figure 5 The effect of the oral administration of aqueous extract of B. dioica roots on the kidney tissue of treated groups with doses up to the maximum of 250 mg/kg (Section stained with H&E, x 40) section of renal tissue of treated group with 62.5 mg/kg, (B) section of renal tissue of treated group with 125 mg/kg, (C) section of renal tissue of treated group with 250 mg/kg.
Figure 5

The effect of the oral administration of aqueous extract of B. dioica roots on the kidney tissue of treated groups with doses up to the maximum of 250 mg/kg (Section stained with H&E, x 40) section of renal tissue of treated group with 62.5 mg/kg, (B) section of renal tissue of treated group with 125 mg/kg, (C) section of renal tissue of treated group with 250 mg/kg.

3.3.3.2 Liver

The liver is one of the most vital organs playing a key role in energy exchange, synthesis of proteins, metabolism regulation , elimination of waste produced in the body, storage and distribution of nutrients from the intestine. The liver continuously receives toxic substances and converts them to nontoxic products under the liver detoxification reaction. Both histological and biochemical examination are the classic methods used for assessing the liver function. In terms of biochemical evaluation, the liver function is assessed by dosing some serum activities of their products like AST and ALT which are found normally inside hepatic cells. Liver alteration is often compensated by an increase of the plasmatic activities of AST and ALT over the biological constant [29]. The findings of the microscopic examination of liver tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin showed no remarkable histopathological injuries occurred in the liver of oral treated groups with doses up to the maximum of 250 mg/kg compared to the control group as shown in Figures 6 and 7. These results were in agreement with those reported in serum analyses of biochemical parameters such as aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase which were unaltered during the whole period of oral administration of the aqueous extract. These results were also used for performing a comparison with those reported in previous studies [10]. It showed that the ethanolic extract of B. dioica roots offered a hepatoprotective activity in mice treated with (CCl4). Considering these results, the aqueous extract of B.dioica roots seems to be safe for the liver of oral treated mice with a dose no higher than 250 mg/kg under the subacute toxicity conditions of.

Figure 6 Histologic section of liver tissue of the control mice. (Section stained with H&E x40). A, B, and C are sections of liver tissue of three mice taken from the control group.
Figure 6

Histologic section of liver tissue of the control mice. (Section stained with H&E x40). A, B, and C are sections of liver tissue of three mice taken from the control group.

Figure 7 The effect of the oral administration of aqueous extract of B. dioica roots on the liver tissue of treated groups with doses up to the maximum of 250 mg/kg (Section stained with H&E, x 40) (A) section of liver tissue of treated group with 62.5 mg/kg, (B) section of liver tissue of treated group with 125 mg/kg, (C) section of liver tissue of treated group with 250 mg/kg.
Figure 7

The effect of the oral administration of aqueous extract of B. dioica roots on the liver tissue of treated groups with doses up to the maximum of 250 mg/kg (Section stained with H&E, x 40) (A) section of liver tissue of treated group with 62.5 mg/kg, (B) section of liver tissue of treated group with 125 mg/kg, (C) section of liver tissue of treated group with 250 mg/kg.

The present results could indicate that the aqueous extract of B.dioica roots at the studied doses did not negatively affect the renal or liver function. These findings were also supported by those registered in histology examination, which showed no histopathological changes that occurred in oral treated groups with doses up to the maximum of 250 mg/kg. Based on the current results of subacute toxicity, all doses tested seem to be safe for mice.

4 Conclusion

Acute oral administration of aqueous extract of B. dioica roots with a dose higher than 250 mg/kg was shown to be toxic for mice under the acute toxicity conditions of. The aqueous extract of B. dioica seems to be safe for animals with doses up to 250 mg/kg under the subacute toxicity conditions of. The outcome of the present work demonstrates the importance of understadning the scientific validity and toxicity of plants used in traditional medicine.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding this work through research group no. RG-1440-009

  1. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

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Received: 2019-09-09
Accepted: 2019-10-09
Published Online: 2019-12-31

© 2019 Mohammed Bourhia et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  27. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
  29. Chemical pretreatments of Trapa bispinosa's peel (TBP) biosorbent to enhance adsorption capacity for Pb(ll)
  30. Dynamic Changes in MMP1 and TIMP1 in the Antifibrotic Process of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Rats with Liver Fibrosis
  31. The Optimization and Production of Ginkgolide B Lipid Microemulsion
  32. Photodynamic Therapy Enhanced the Antitumor Effects of Berberine on HeLa Cells
  33. Chiral and Achiral Enantiomeric Separation of (±)-Alprenolol
  34. Correlation of Water Fluoride with Body Fluids, Dental Fluorosis and FT4, FT3 –TSH Disruption among Children in an Endemic Fluorosis area in Pakistan
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  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
  38. miRNA-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in prolactinomas
  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
  41. Preparation and spectroscopic studies of Fe(II), Ru(II), Pd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base containing terephthalaldehyde and their transfer hydrogenation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction
  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
  50. Preparation of ternary ZnO/Ag/cellulose and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation property on phenol and benzene in VOCs
  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
  52. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 2-methylthio-pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines
  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
  54. Molecular Properties of Symmetrical Networks Using Topological Polynomials
  55. Synthesis of Co3O4 Nano Aggregates by Co-precipitation Method and its Catalytic and Fuel Additive Applications
  56. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antiprotoscolices potential of ethanol extracts of selected plants species against Echinococcus granulosus: In-vitro study
  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
  58. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS
  59. Biodiesel Production by Lipids From Indonesian strain of Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris
  60. Miscibility studies of polystyrene/polyvinyl chloride blend in presence of organoclay
  61. Antibacterial Activities of Transition Metal complexes of Mesocyclic Amidine 1,4-diazacycloheptane (DACH)
  62. Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis and in vitro screening of their cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line
  63. Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys in Different pH Environments by SSRT Method
  64. Various Combinations of Flame Retardants for Poly (vinyl chloride)
  65. Phenolic compounds and biological activities of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains
  66. Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement
  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
  68. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction
  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
  70. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque
  71. A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  72. Conceptual DFT as a Novel Chemoinformatics Tool for Studying the Chemical Reactivity Properties of the Amatoxin Family of Fungal Peptides
  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0150
Keywords for this article
acute toxicity; sub-acute toxicity; histopathology; biochemistry; GC-MS
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Research on correlation of compositions with oestrogenic activity of Cistanche based on LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology
  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
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  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
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  12. Characteristics of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of Soil Moisture under Different Land Use in Dry Hot Valley of Yuanmou
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  18. The Use Of Chemical Composition And Additives To Classify Petrol And Diesel Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry And Chemometric Analysis: A Uk Study
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  24. Effects of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract, Capping Agents, on the Synthesis of Pure And Cu Doped ZnO-Nanoparticles: A Green Approach and Microbial Activity
  25. Aqueous Micro-hydration of Na+(H2O)n=1-7 Clusters: DFT Study
  26. A proposed image-based detection of methamidophos pesticide using peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence system
  27. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
  29. Chemical pretreatments of Trapa bispinosa's peel (TBP) biosorbent to enhance adsorption capacity for Pb(ll)
  30. Dynamic Changes in MMP1 and TIMP1 in the Antifibrotic Process of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Rats with Liver Fibrosis
  31. The Optimization and Production of Ginkgolide B Lipid Microemulsion
  32. Photodynamic Therapy Enhanced the Antitumor Effects of Berberine on HeLa Cells
  33. Chiral and Achiral Enantiomeric Separation of (±)-Alprenolol
  34. Correlation of Water Fluoride with Body Fluids, Dental Fluorosis and FT4, FT3 –TSH Disruption among Children in an Endemic Fluorosis area in Pakistan
  35. A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
  38. miRNA-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in prolactinomas
  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
  41. Preparation and spectroscopic studies of Fe(II), Ru(II), Pd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base containing terephthalaldehyde and their transfer hydrogenation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction
  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
  50. Preparation of ternary ZnO/Ag/cellulose and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation property on phenol and benzene in VOCs
  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
  52. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 2-methylthio-pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines
  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
  54. Molecular Properties of Symmetrical Networks Using Topological Polynomials
  55. Synthesis of Co3O4 Nano Aggregates by Co-precipitation Method and its Catalytic and Fuel Additive Applications
  56. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antiprotoscolices potential of ethanol extracts of selected plants species against Echinococcus granulosus: In-vitro study
  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
  58. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS
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  60. Miscibility studies of polystyrene/polyvinyl chloride blend in presence of organoclay
  61. Antibacterial Activities of Transition Metal complexes of Mesocyclic Amidine 1,4-diazacycloheptane (DACH)
  62. Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis and in vitro screening of their cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line
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  66. Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement
  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
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  70. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque
  71. A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
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  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
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