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Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys in Different pH Environments by SSRT Method

  • Recep Catar EMAIL logo and Hikmet Altun
Published/Copyright: November 6, 2019
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 17 Issue 1

Abstract

In this study, stress corrosion behaviors of AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91 Mg alloys which contain different amounts of Al were investigated under acidic, basic and neutral environments having chloride ions using Slow Strain Rate Test (SSRT) method. Stress corrosion indexes (ISCC), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation of AZ31, AZ61, and AZ91 Mg alloys were determined and compared. Slow strain rate test showed that three Mg alloys in basic environments were the least stress corrosion susceptible, while the most stress corrosion susceptible occurred in acidic environments. Also, it has been shown that the stress corrosion indexes of AZ91 Mg alloys are less than AZ31 and AZ61 Mg alloys in all environments. UTS and elongation of AZ61 Mg alloys were higher than those of AZ31 and AZ91 in all media. The fracture of surface images also examined in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and both intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) and transgranular stress corrosion cracking (TGSCC) were observed in all three alloys.

Keywords: Magnesium alloys; stress corrosion; SSRT; pH

1 Introduction

Mg alloys have many unique properties such as low density, damping capacity, castability, good thermal conductivity, low heat capacity, outstanding recyclability, excellent biocompatibility and non-toxicity to human body and environment. In addition to all these properties their use in structural applications such as the automotive, aerospace and medical sectors has been increasing due to their high specific strength [1]. With this increase, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility is a great risk for Mg alloys and limits its use in these areas [2]. SCC is one of the most dangerous types of corrosion. With the use of the above mentioned structural elements, SCC causes slow and subcritical crack growth even in cases of mechanical loading which is considered safe. When it reaches the critical crack size, it causes sudden and catastrophic fast fracture with the applied load [3]. In addition to this, service conditions become more severe especially when Mg components (engine blocks, transmission bodies, structural body elements etc.) are used in bulk in the automotive industry [4]. For these reason many researchers have investigated the SCC of Mg alloys. The effects of alloy composition, environment, coating and welding processes on the SCC of Mg alloys were investigated and also the mechanism of fracture and its causes were discussed [5, 6]. Mg-Al alloys have low stress corrosion resistance in air, distilled water, and chloride-containing solutions [5, 6, 7] and AZxx Mg alloys containing Al and Zn are also susceptible to SCC in similar environments [8]. The researchers stated that the intergranular stress corrosion crack (IGSCC) and transgranular stress corrosion crack (TGSCC) fracture mechanisms were observed in Mg alloys and they were discussed the reasons [3,8, 9, 10]. Sozanska et al. investigated SCC of WE43 magnesium alloy by quantitative fractography methods [11]. Winzer et al. [7] investigated AZ91 Mg alloy behavior of SCC in aqueous media. Ebtejah et al. [12] examined the influence of chloride and chromate ion concentration on SCC susceptibility of Mg-9Al. The stress corrosion behavior of AZ91D Mg alloy in modified simulated body fluid was investigated. [13]. Harandi et al. [14] investigated the effect of the addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to Hanks’ solution in corrosion and SCC susceptibility of AZ91D magnesium alloy. Corrosion and SCC behavior of ZK60 magnesium alloy was investigated under different conditions, i.e., thin electrolyte layer (TEL) and solution, by SSRT and electrochemical techniques [15]. The effects of coating [16, 17, 18] and welding [19, 20, 21] processes on the SCC of Mg alloys were investigated. There are a few reports on the influence of pH on SCC in the literature. The effect of pH and chloride ion concentration on corrosion of ZE41 Mg alloy was investigated and observed corrosion of the alloy in NaCl chloride solutions depend on the pH and chloride ion concentration [22]. He et al. studied the corrosion and SCC behavior of AZ31B Mg alloy in 3.5 wt.% Na2SO4 solution with different pH values and said that corrosion and stress corrosion increased with increasing pH [23]. However, in literature review, on the effects of pH on SCC of commonly used of AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91 Mg alloys which different amounts of Al were not found. The aim of this study is to investigate and compare the stress corrosion behavior of these alloys under acidic, basic and neutral environments which contain chloride ions using Slow Strain Rate Test (SSRT) method. As a result of experimental studies, stress corrosion indexes for all tree alloys were highest in acidic media while the lowest values were obtained in basic media. Furthermore, stress corrosion resistance of AZ91 Mg alloy is higher than AZ31 and AZ61 Mg alloys.

2 Experiments

2.1 Test Materials

The chemical compositions of AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91 Mg alloys used in the experiment were presented in Table 1. Untreated 16 mm diameter rod specimens were produced on CNC machines in accordance with ASTM E8 Test Method standards (Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials). The drawing of the produced samples is given in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Used tensile samples for SSRT (Unit:mm).
Figure 1

Used tensile samples for SSRT (Unit:mm).

Table 1

Chemical compositions of the magnesium alloys used (% weight) (On the scale, no elements with a compounding ratio below 0.001% are given).

AlloyAlZnMnFeCuSi
AZ313.0691.1330.4860.0190.0010.131
AZ616.2421.2460.3690.0290.0010.137
AZ919.2311.3480.2860.0120.0040.148

The specimen preparation steps are as follows:

  1. The surfaces of all samples were polished using 1000, 2000 grit silicon carbide papers,

  2. All samples were cleaned with distilled water and acetone,

  3. Dried in cool air.

2.2 Slow Strain Rate Test (SSRT)

In this study, slow strain rate test (SSRT) was applied and the stress corrosion behavior of AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91 Mg alloys was investigated. The experiments were carried out in accordance with ASTM G-129 00 standard. Slow deformation tests were performed by Shimadzu brand universal tensile testing device. The corrosive environment was provided by acidic (pH 2), basic (pH 11) and neutral (3.5 wt.% NaCl) using artificial corrosion cell mounted on the tensile testing device. Acidic solution was prepared by adding HCl to 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution to decrease the pH value to 2.0, and NaOH was added to 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution until pH 11.0 to obtain a basic solution. The stress corrosion crack index was calculated by cracking the test specimens in the abovementioned media and at a speed of pulling jaws of 0.005 mm/min. Stress corrosion crack index can be calculated as follows by the failure time [24].

(1)Iscc=1−tsolution/tair

where tsolution and tair are failure time in environment and air, respectively. When the value of ISCC approaches to 1, it is assumed that the alloy is highly susceptible to SCC.

After the SSRT experiments, fracture surface images of the samples were taken by SEM (FEI Nova Nano SEM 450) and the fracture types were evaluated. Also, Nade NMM-800 TRF light microscope was used for microstructure images for examine the grain size of the samples and to investigate the phases.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and Discussion

Stress corrosion tests of AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91 Mg alloys were carried out in acidic, basic and 3.5 wt.% NaCl solutions by the SSRT method.

The fracture times of AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91 Mg alloys in air, acidic, natural and basic media as a result of SSRT test are shown in Figure 2. Also, Table II shows the stress corrosion cracking indexes (ISCC), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation values obtained from the SSRT results. According to these results, stress corrosion indexes for all tree alloys were the highest in acidic environment while the lowest values were obtained in basic environment. In other words, all tree alloys have the lowest stress corrosion resistance in acidic environment while have the highest resistance in the basic environment. This clearly demonstrates that the stress corrosion cracking is strongly dependent on pH value. Depending on the pH value of solution, stressed corrosion behavior appears to have a similar effect to corrosion behavior of Mg alloys. This effect of solution pH on corrosion behavior can be explained by the EH-pH (potential/pH) diagram of magnesium (Pourbaix diagram) [25]. The dissolution of magnesium in aqueous solutions occurs primarily by reducing water to produce magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 and hydrogen gas (H2) [26].

Figure 2 The fracture times of AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91 Mg alloys in air, acidic, natural (3.5 wt.% NaCl) and basic media as a result of SSRT test.
Figure 2

The fracture times of AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91 Mg alloys in air, acidic, natural (3.5 wt.% NaCl) and basic media as a result of SSRT test.

       Mg→Mg2++2e−       (anodic reaction)2H2O+2e−→2OH−+H2   (cathodic reaction)Mg2++2OH−→Mg(OH)2   (product formation)

In magnesium-aluminum alloys, Mg(OH)2 formation is facilitated when the pH value is higher than about 9, depending on the magnesium concentration. The required pH value for formation of Mg(OH)2 is about 11. Since Mg(OH)2 formed on the surface is protective against corrosion, corrosion rate increase at high pH values. SCC in Mg alloys is generally said to consist of two mechanism groups. The first is the continuous crack spread with anodic dissolution at the crack end, and the second is the discontinuous crack spread with mechanical cracks [3]. It can be said that anodic dissolution is effective for IGSCC and that the second mechanism is effective for TGSCC. Considering that the parameter which is effective in anodic dissolution is corrosion, it can be said that Mg(OH)2 compound, which is protective against corrosion, actually improves SCC.

As shown in Figure 3 , stress corrosion indexes were calculated for AZ31 Mg alloy to be 0.830, 0.778, and 0.724, while 0.761, 0.721, and 0.675 for AZ61 Mg alloy and 0.519, 0.479 and 0.478 for AZ91 Mg alloy in acidic, natural and basic media, respectively. From these values, it is obvious that stress corrosion indexes of AZ91 Mg alloy are less than AZ31 and AZ61 Mg alloys in all three environments. In other words, stress corrosion resistance of AZ91 Mg alloy is higher than AZ31 and AZ61 Mg alloys (AZ31<AZ61<AZ91 for stress corrosion resistance in all three environments). Ghali [27] and Song et al. [28] found that the amount of aluminum in the alloy effects corrosion and stress corrosion. Mg-Al alloys and Mg-Zn alloys have high stress corrosion resistance whereas Al and Zn free-Mg alloys have low stress corrosion resistance. It has been reported that an aluminum content above a threshold level of 0.15–2.5% should be required to induce SCC behavior in Al-containing magnesium alloys [27, 28]. In addition, since the addition of Zn also leads to SCC susceptibility in magnesium alloys, it will not be surprising that the stress corrosion resistance of AZ series Mg alloys is low. Increasing concentrations amount of Al from 2 to 8% in Mg-Al alloys reduces the corrosion rate. Approximately, addition of Al about 2-4wt% results in α-Mg dendrites surrounded by the eutectic double-phase α + β at grain boundaries. On the other hand, distinct β particles tend to precipitate along grain boundaries due to the higher solidification rate in high additions of 6 to 9 wt.%. If the amount of Al is up to 10%, the Al-rich α phase will cause micro segmentation during solidification and this value will be the appropriate local concentration [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29]. β phase is very stable and effective in solution. β phase can play dual functionality as an anodic barrier and galvanic cathode depending on β particles content. If the β phase is present in small quantities in the precipitate between the particles in the α matrix, this acts mainly as a galvanic cathode and accelerates the corrosion of the α matrix. If the amount of β phase is large, then β phase can act as an anodic barrier to prevent corrosion of the alloy. The β phase is beginning to appear when Al content is above 2% by weight. As a result, an increase in Al content up to 10% can increase corrosion and stress corrosion resistance [27]. Winzer et. al. [7] also characterized SCC of AZ91 and AZ31 Mg alloys in distilled water using constant elongation rate test (CERT) and the linearly increasing stress test (LIST). They said that AZ91 consists of an α -matrix with a significant amount of β-phase, whereas AZ31 consisted essentially only of an α -matrix with an Al-concentration similar to that in the α -phase of AZ91. In this study, it was observed that as the amount of Al increases, the stress corrosion resistance of Mg alloys increases which is well-matched with the literature.

Figure 3 Stress corrosion indexes of AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91 Mg alloys in different media.
Figure 3

Stress corrosion indexes of AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91 Mg alloys in different media.

UTS and elongation values ​were calculated from the SSRT test results and are shown in Figure 4 and 5. UTS values ​are the ultimate tensile strength values ​that the samples reach before breaking, and elongation values ​are obtained from fracture times. In addition, UTS, elongation and ISCC results of AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91 Mg alloys are summarized in Table 2 for acidic, basic and neutral environments, respectively. It is evident that the UTS and elongation values for three kinds of Mg alloys were significantly decreased in solutions media with respect air.

Figure 4 Ultimate tensile strength of AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91 Mg alloys in different media.
Figure 4

Ultimate tensile strength of AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91 Mg alloys in different media.

Figure 5 Elongation (%) of AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91 Mg alloys in different media.
Figure 5

Elongation (%) of AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91 Mg alloys in different media.

Table 2

SSRT results of magnesium alloys.

SpecimenCorrosion EnvironmentFracture Time (Hour)IsccUTS (MPa)Elongation (%)
AZ31Air34.62-146.96041.544
Acidic (pH=2)5.890.83063.6057.068
3.5 wt.% NaCl7.720.77860.4069.264
Basic (pH=11)9.580.72484.97911.496
AZ61Air56.40-171.15167.680
Acidic (pH=2)13.460.76199.71116.152
3.5 wt.% NaCl15.710.721115.92918.852
Basic (pH=11)18.340.675126.77122.008
AZ91Air13.03-140.70215.636
Acidic (pH=2)6.270.51976.4847.524
3.5 wt.% NaCl6.800.47987.6288.160
Basic (pH=11)7.460.428108.9618.952

When all these results were analyzed, the ultimate tensile strength values were found out to be AZ91 <AZ31 <AZ61 in all three environments. On the other hand, the same behavior was not observed in all three environments for elongation. In air, 3.5 wt.% NaCl and basic environments elongation relation were AZ91 <AZ31 <AZ61 while AZ31 <AZ91 <AZ61 relation is valid for acidic environment (Table 2, Figure 4 and Figure 5). As can be seen, the AZ61 Mg alloy has the highest elongation and ultimate tensile strength values in all environments. For this reason, Mg alloys are considered to have the optimum strength and ductility value of 6% aluminum additive [28].

After the SSRT test, a boiling solution (%15 CrO3 + %1 Ag2CrO4 + distilled water = 100 ml) was used to remove the corrosion products of the samples. Cleaned products samples were dried distilled water and acetone. The fracture surface images of these samples were then examined by scanning electron microscopy. Figure 6 shows the fracture surface images of AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91 Mg alloys in all solutions. From the images, intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) and transgranular stress corrosion cracking (TGSCC) are observed for all samples and media.

Figure 6 SEM images of the fracture surfaces in different media for AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91 Mg alloys.
Figure 6

SEM images of the fracture surfaces in different media for AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91 Mg alloys.

There are different mechanisms for IGSCC and TGSCC. TGSCC is discontinuous and involves alternating fracture and dissolution whereas IGSCC is continuous and completely electrochemical [30]. The formation mechanisms of IGSCC and TGSCC in the literature are explained by microstructure and environment. Hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms may produce both IGSCC and TGSCC, especially depending on the grain size. While

TGSCC is observed in fine-grained commercial-purity Mg alloy (0.025 mm), mixed TGSCC and IGSCC are found in large-grained high-purity Mg alloy (0.075 mm) in a dilute 10-3 M Na2SO4. It has been said that the IGSCC is due to a higher dislocation pile-ups at large grain boundaries [4]. Crack morphology is influenced by the environment. TGSCC has occurred in different solutions such as saturated MgCO3 solution, 0.5% KF solution, 0.5% KHF solution, and 0.5%HF solution of Mg-5Al, but IGSCC has taken place in 0.05% potassium chromate solution of Mg-5Al.

Microstructure studies have been carried out to examine the grain size of the samples and to investigate the phases. For metallographic characterization, samples were sanded to a 2500 grit sandpaper, followed by polishing with alumina suspension and subjected to microstructure studies by etching with a solution of 5 mL acetic acid, 6 g picric acid, 10 mL distilled water, 100 mL ethanol, 5 mL HCl, and 7 mL nitric acid for 1-2 s [32]. Micrographic observations from metallographically prepared surfaces were performed using the Kameram image analysis program on images taken with a Nade NMM-800 TRF light microscope and a Kameram digital camera connected to it. The resulting images of microstructure studies are given in Figure 7. The images were taken at 10x and 50x magnification. Average grain sizes were measured as 0.042 mm, 0.037 mm, and 0.031 mm for AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91 Mg alloys, respectively. According to literature findings, these values of grain size are suitable for IGSCC and TGSCC fracture patterns to be observed. Furthermore, as seen in the microstructure images, intermetallic β phase (Mg17Al12) is present and this phase can be said to be a factor in the coexistence of TGSCC and IGSCC. The popular model for IGSCC cracking indicates that, in single-phase alloys, TGSCC is due to the absence of Mg17Al12 [30].

Figure 7 Microstructure images of AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91 Mg alloy samples.
Figure 7

Microstructure images of AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91 Mg alloy samples.

4 Conclusions

The effect of pH value on SCC behavior of AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91 Mg alloys can be summarized as follows.

  1. Stress corrosion indexes for all tree alloys were highest in acidic media while the lowest values were obtained in basic media. It is evident that as the pH value of the solution decreases in all three alloys, the stress corrosion index increases. In other words, stress corrosion resistance in basic media is the highest whereas in acidic environment is the lowest.

  2. Stress corrosion indexes of AZ91 Mg alloy are less than AZ31 and AZ61 Mg alloys in all three environments (AZ31<AZ61<AZ91 for Iscc in all three environments). It means that stress corrosion resistance of AZ91 Mg alloy is higher than AZ31 and AZ61 Mg alloys.

  3. The ultimate tensile strength values have relation of AZ91 <AZ31 <AZ61 in all three environments. On the other hand, the same behavior was not observed in all three environments for elongation. In air, 3.5 wt.% NaCl and basic environments elongation relation is AZ91 <AZ31 <AZ61 while is AZ31 <AZ91 <AZ61 in acidic environment. As can be seen, the AZ61 Mg alloy has the highest elongation and ultimate tensile strength values in all environments.

  4. Intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) and transgranular stress corrosion cracking (TGSCC) are observed in all media.

  5. Studies to improve the stress corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys in industrial applications, automotive, defense industry, aerospace, and especially in implant applications in recent years are inadequate, and extensive studies are needed to be done in this regard.

Acknowledgment

This study was supported by scientific research project (BAP) of Atatürk University with the project number 2016/193.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2019-03-29
Accepted: 2019-07-02
Published Online: 2019-11-06

© 2019 Recep Catar, Hikmet Altun, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  33. Chiral and Achiral Enantiomeric Separation of (±)-Alprenolol
  34. Correlation of Water Fluoride with Body Fluids, Dental Fluorosis and FT4, FT3 –TSH Disruption among Children in an Endemic Fluorosis area in Pakistan
  35. A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
  38. miRNA-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in prolactinomas
  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
  41. Preparation and spectroscopic studies of Fe(II), Ru(II), Pd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base containing terephthalaldehyde and their transfer hydrogenation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction
  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
  50. Preparation of ternary ZnO/Ag/cellulose and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation property on phenol and benzene in VOCs
  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
  52. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 2-methylthio-pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines
  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
  54. Molecular Properties of Symmetrical Networks Using Topological Polynomials
  55. Synthesis of Co3O4 Nano Aggregates by Co-precipitation Method and its Catalytic and Fuel Additive Applications
  56. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antiprotoscolices potential of ethanol extracts of selected plants species against Echinococcus granulosus: In-vitro study
  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
  58. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS
  59. Biodiesel Production by Lipids From Indonesian strain of Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris
  60. Miscibility studies of polystyrene/polyvinyl chloride blend in presence of organoclay
  61. Antibacterial Activities of Transition Metal complexes of Mesocyclic Amidine 1,4-diazacycloheptane (DACH)
  62. Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis and in vitro screening of their cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line
  63. Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys in Different pH Environments by SSRT Method
  64. Various Combinations of Flame Retardants for Poly (vinyl chloride)
  65. Phenolic compounds and biological activities of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains
  66. Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement
  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
  68. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction
  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
  70. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque
  71. A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  72. Conceptual DFT as a Novel Chemoinformatics Tool for Studying the Chemical Reactivity Properties of the Amatoxin Family of Fungal Peptides
  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0104
Keywords for this article
Magnesium alloys; stress corrosion; SSRT; pH
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
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  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
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  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
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  12. Characteristics of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of Soil Moisture under Different Land Use in Dry Hot Valley of Yuanmou
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  18. The Use Of Chemical Composition And Additives To Classify Petrol And Diesel Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry And Chemometric Analysis: A Uk Study
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  25. Aqueous Micro-hydration of Na+(H2O)n=1-7 Clusters: DFT Study
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  27. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
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  30. Dynamic Changes in MMP1 and TIMP1 in the Antifibrotic Process of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Rats with Liver Fibrosis
  31. The Optimization and Production of Ginkgolide B Lipid Microemulsion
  32. Photodynamic Therapy Enhanced the Antitumor Effects of Berberine on HeLa Cells
  33. Chiral and Achiral Enantiomeric Separation of (±)-Alprenolol
  34. Correlation of Water Fluoride with Body Fluids, Dental Fluorosis and FT4, FT3 –TSH Disruption among Children in an Endemic Fluorosis area in Pakistan
  35. A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
  38. miRNA-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in prolactinomas
  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
  41. Preparation and spectroscopic studies of Fe(II), Ru(II), Pd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base containing terephthalaldehyde and their transfer hydrogenation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction
  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
  50. Preparation of ternary ZnO/Ag/cellulose and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation property on phenol and benzene in VOCs
  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
  52. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 2-methylthio-pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines
  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
  54. Molecular Properties of Symmetrical Networks Using Topological Polynomials
  55. Synthesis of Co3O4 Nano Aggregates by Co-precipitation Method and its Catalytic and Fuel Additive Applications
  56. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antiprotoscolices potential of ethanol extracts of selected plants species against Echinococcus granulosus: In-vitro study
  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
  58. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS
  59. Biodiesel Production by Lipids From Indonesian strain of Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris
  60. Miscibility studies of polystyrene/polyvinyl chloride blend in presence of organoclay
  61. Antibacterial Activities of Transition Metal complexes of Mesocyclic Amidine 1,4-diazacycloheptane (DACH)
  62. Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis and in vitro screening of their cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line
  63. Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys in Different pH Environments by SSRT Method
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  65. Phenolic compounds and biological activities of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains
  66. Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement
  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
  68. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction
  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
  70. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque
  71. A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
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  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
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  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
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  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
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  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
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