Home A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
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A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction

  • Jin-Hui Zhou , Mao-Jian Shi , Lin Ding , Guo-Qiang ShangGuan EMAIL logo and Jun Xu EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: December 6, 2019
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 17 Issue 1

Abstract

The crystal structures of the title compound, C27H26ClN3O2, were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction. The simulated annealing approach and rigid-body Rietveld refinement were applied to the structure solution from powder data. Direct methods and full-matrix least-squares techniques were used to solve and refine the crystal structure from single-crystal data. The title compound crystallized in space group P 1¯ with lattice parameters a=17.396(7) Å, b= 10.010(4) Å, c=6.833(3) Å, α=77.345(12) °, β= 93.534(6) °, γ=97.210(9) °, unit-cell volume V= 1151.0(2) Å3, Z=2 from powder data, and in space group P 1¯with lattice parameters α=82.485(2) °, β= 86.5110(10) °, γ=77.518(2) °, a=6.8159(6) Å, b= 10.0003(9) Å, c=17.4140(15) Å, unit-cell volume V =1148.3(2) Å3, Z=2 from single-crystal data. No detectable impurities were observed.

Keywords: Crystal structure; Synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction; Rietveld refinement; Single-crystal X-ray diffraction

1 Introduction

As a vital pharmacophore, the structure of arylpiperazine motifs could produce extensive pharmacological activities [1,2]. Arylpiperazine moieties containing compounds have shown their application in anti-proliferative [3,4]. Specifically, naftopidil is an arylpiperazine ether derivative, which is widely used as an adrenergic receptor antagonist [5,6]. This compound is a popular drug

in Japan to treat the benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) [7, 8]. Recently, naftopidil had also proven to arrest the G1 cell cycle phase [9,10] and induce apoptosis in malignant mesothelioma cell lines [11], which could be potentially used as an anticancer drug. Moreover, the arylpiperazine derivative studied in this research possessed an antitumor capability [12].

Despite having a variety of known functions, the crystal structure of the title compound, 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)-piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)benzyl) iso -indoline-1,3-dione, was still unknown. Therefore, in this paper, we presented the crystal structure of compound 1 that were analyzed by both single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) and synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction (PXRD), while the powder diffraction data were solved by the simulated annealing method and was further verified by rigid-body Rietveld refinement, and the single-crystal diffraction data were solved by direct methods and refined with full-matrix least-squares techniques [13, 14, 15, 16]. Very little work had been done in comparing the crystal structure data, such as bond length and bond angle, obtained from these two approaches.Li and his co-workers reported a comparative study of the crystal structure data of griseofulvin obtained from SXRD and PXRD [17]. In this research, we showed an improved result with a sub-1% deviation between most of the crystal structure data of compound 1 obtained from PXRD and SXRD. The PXRD and SXRD structure data of compound 1 were already deposited in the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC) with CCDC numbers of 1535586 and 1892781 by the authors, respectively. The molecular structure of compound 1 was shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Molecular structure of compound 1.
Figure 1

Molecular structure of compound 1.

2 Experimental

2.1 Synthesis

2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl) benzyl) isoindoline-1,3-dione. 2-(4-((1,3-dioxoiso-indolin-2-yl) methyl)phenyl)ethyl-4-methylbenzene sulfonate (217.8 mg, 0.5 mmol) and KOH (112.2 mg, 2.0 mmol) were dissolved in 50 mL of ethanol and then 1-(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine (108.2 mg, 0.55 mmol) was added at room temperature. This reaction mixture refluxed for 2-3 hours under stirring. The end of the reaction was determined by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The solvent was later removed by a rotary evaporator and compound 1 was extracted by three sequential CH2Cl2 extractions (100 mL per time). The combined organic layer was washed with water and brine in turn, dried with anhydrous Na2SO4, and concentrated by rotary evaporation. Silica gel column chromatography was used to further purify the obtained compound 1 which was a white solid. The eluent was a mixture of ethyl acetate and petroleum ether with a volume ratio of 1:8. 1HNMR(400MHz, CDCl3) d in ppm: 7.828 (dd, J= 5.5, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 7.687 (dd, J=5.5, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 7.364 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.161 (dd, J=8.0, 5.0 Hz, 2H), 7.124 (s,1H), 6.862 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.790 (dd, J=8.0, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 4.815 (s, 2H), 3.206 (t, J=5.0, 4H), 2.801 (t, J=8.0,2H), 2.633 (dd, J=10.0, 5.0 Hz, 4H) 2.591 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H); 13CNMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) d in ppm: 168.04, 152.31, 139.81, 134.95, 133.96, 132.16, 130.01, 129.01, 123.32,119.24, 115.72, 113.84, 77.37, 77.05, 76.74,60.24, 52.99, 48.64, 41.33, 33.22; HRMS (ESI) m/z [M+1]+: calculated for C27H26N3O2Cl, 460.1786, found, 460.1778.

2.2 X-ray diffraction

2.2.1 Sample preparation and crystallization

The crude product was recrystallized from ethanol. Colorless powders with enhanced crystallinity were obtained which were suitable for synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. Rod-like single crystals were obtained

by slow evaporation of the ethanolic mixture solution of the title compound at ambient temperature.

2.2.2 Synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction

PXRD patterns were obtained at the BLO1C2 beamline at the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) TLS light source in Taiwan at 295 K. The wavelength was 0.77491 Å, and the 2θ range was from 3.00 ° to 52.00 ° with 0.01 ° interval, and a counting time of 0.1 s per step. The synchrotron energy and current were maintained at 1.5 GeV and 360 mA, respectively, in the TOP-UP mode. A Mar345 imaging plate detector with a pixel size of 100 mm was employed to collect the diffraction data. The GSAS-II and cake-type integration were utilized to convert a 2D diffraction spectrum to a 1D diffraction profile according to the reference [18]. LaB6 was used to calibrate diffraction angles. The powder sample was rotated at 600 revolutions per minute (rpm) to avoid any preferred orientation.

2.2.3 Single-crystal X-ray diffraction

SXRD data were collected on Bruker SMART [19] using Mo Kα (λ=0.71073 Å) with a CCD area detector at 298 K and the θ range of 2.361 - 25.026 °. Then the data were reduced by Bruker SAINT, and the structure model was solved by direct methods using SHELXS-97 [20,21] program and refined by (SHELXL) [22] embedded in Olex2-1.2 [23] software. The positions of hydrogen atoms were first calculated according to the geometry of the molecule and then refined with a riding model.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Indexing

The powder diffraction pattern was initially indexed on a primitive triclinic unit cell having a= 17.5154 Å, b=9.9195 Å, c=6.5992 Å, α=80.341 °, β =93.238 °, γ=96.838 °, V=1121.49 Å3, using DICVOL91 [24] embedded in DASH3.3.5 [25] with figures of merit M(19)=11.1, F(19)=53.7. The refined lattice parameters of the powder X-ray diffraction data was a triclinic crystal system, P 1¯space group and lattice parameters a=17.396(7) Å, b =10.010(4) Å, c=6.833(3) Å, α=77.345(12) °, β= 93.534(6) °, γ=97.210(9) °, V=1151.0(2) Å3.

For SXRD the intensities of the x-ray diffraction were collected at every orientation of the crystal, and the diffraction pattern was indexed by matching the orientation matrix. Following processing the data, the indexing results were obtained as a triclinic crystal system, P 1¯space group, and lattice parameters a= 6.8159(6) Å, b=10.0003(9) Å, c=17.4140(15) Å, α=82.485(2) °, β =86.5110(10) °, γ=77.518(2) °, V=1148.3(2) Å3.

3.2 Structure solution

3.2.1 Structure solution from powder diffraction

After indexing the structure-independent Pawley fit was carried out and converged to a χ2 value of 9.98, which indicated a good fit. The molecule volume of compound 1 was estimated to be 594 Å3 based on the rule of 18 Å3 per non-hydrogen atom, so the number of formula units per unit cell could be determined as Z=2.This suggested that the most probable space group was P 1¯with one molecule in the asymmetric unit. This result was further verified by the Rietveld refinement. The molecule (see Figure 1) was built and its geometry optimized using Avogadro1.2.0 [26] and saved as a mol2 file. Standard bond lengths, torsions, and angles were employed to calculate the internal coordinate description of a given molecule. This molecule was used to solve the crystal structure with DASH 3.3.5 using the 3 ˚- 14 ˚ portion of the diffraction pattern. The trial structure was then subjected to a global optimization procedure that sought to minimize profile χ2. The first attempt, in which thirteen variable parameters were adopted in the simulated annealing (SA) runs (three positional coordinates for the center of mass of the molecule, four quaternions representing the molecular orientation in the unit cell and six torsion angles), failed to find a solution. On the second attempt, a total of seven parameters were varied (three positional coordinates for the center of mass of the molecule, four quaternions) and six torsion angles of the molecule were held fixed during the simulated annealing runs. After about 15 minutes of SA runs, the structure was solved with a profile χ2=17.35 which was less than two times that of the Pawley profile χ2 9.98. The ratio of profile χ2 to Pawley profile χ2 should generally be less than 5 (the smaller, the better) for a promising solution. The fit was excellent and the difference plot was shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Fit to the experimental powder pattern of the best-simulated annealing solution for the molecule. The measured pattern(red), calculated pattern(blue), difference profile (magenta).
Figure 2

Fit to the experimental powder pattern of the best-simulated annealing solution for the molecule. The measured pattern(red), calculated pattern(blue), difference profile (magenta).

3.2.2 Structure solution from single crystal diffraction

In this research, Olex2-1.2 platform was used to determine the single-crystal structure. Atomic positions in a unit cell of a given molecule were determined by direct methods implemented SHELXS-97 program embedded in Olex2-1.2 platform. In this approach, the types of diffraction intensities were used to determine the phase information, which was further used to obtain the electron density distribution of a unit cell. Since each atom in a structure was correlated to a specific electron density peak, the crystal structure of compound 1 was determined.

3.3 Refinement

3.3.1 Powder diffraction refinement

The initial model used for further refinement in this section was the best result obtained from the SA method. The GSASII program was employed to perform the rigid body Rietveld refinement. Rigid bodies were created for the whole molecule of the title compound, including the hydrogen atoms. An overall isotropic displacement parameter (Uiso) was utilized to refine all the atoms of compound 1. The background function is set to the Cosine Fourier series option with 28 adjustable terms. Although peak overlap in powder diffraction data prevented the final model from being refined freely by the Rietveld method, the excellent fit to the data using rigid-body constraints for the whole molecule demonstrated that the model was very close to the true geometry. At convergence Rwp=15.501%, R-F =9.002%, R-F2=6.387% for 3490 reflections and 65 refined parameters, for a better comparison, the calculated diffraction pattern and the experimental diffraction pattern were all plotted in Figure 3. The crystal data, data collection, and refinement details were summarized in Table 1.

Figure 3 Observed (+) in blue, calculated (-) in green and difference in cyan X-ray profiles for the final Rietveld refinement of the molecule. Bragg reflection markers in blue were shown (I).
Figure 3

Observed (+) in blue, calculated (-) in green and difference in cyan X-ray profiles for the final Rietveld refinement of the molecule. Bragg reflection markers in blue were shown (I).

Table 1

Lattice parameters.

ListSXRDPXRDDeviation (%)
α (°)82.485(2)97.210(9) (180-α= 82.790(9))0.37
β (°)86.5110(10)93.534(6) (180-β= 86.466(6))-0.05
γ (°)77.5180(10)77.345(12)-0.22
a (Å)6.8159(6)6.8328(27)0.25
b (Å)10.0003(9)10.010(4)0.10
c (Å)17.4140(15)17.396(7)-0.22
V (Å3)1148.3(2)1151.0(2)0.24
Z220

The conventional Rietveld method was not able to refine the final model freely due to peak overlap. Hence, the rigid-body Rietveld refinement was used to refine the model with the powder diffraction data obtained from the synchrotron source. In this approach, only the translation motions of the molecule, T matrix, was refined. Refining the T matrix while maintaining the L and S at 0 was identical as refining the overall anisotropic temperature factor of a rigid body. The six parameters of T matrix were T11=0.077(2) Å2, T22 =0.089(3) Å2, T33=0.061(2) Å2, T12=0.005(2) Å2, T13=-0.012(2) Å2, T23=-0.024(2) Å2 (see Figure 4), indicating the isotropic displacement of the molecule.

Figure 4 Crystal structure of compound 1 by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Figure 4

Crystal structure of compound 1 by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.

3.3.2 Single crystal diffraction refinement

During the SXRD data process, the initial structure model might only represent part of the real crystal structure. Hence, both the difference Fourier techniques and the Rietveld refinement were used to refine the final structure model. Based on the molecule structure of compound 1, the position of each atom could easily be identified according to the electron density map. The full-matrix least-squares in the SHELXL program was utilized to refine the crystal structure. The final R1 was 5.61%.

3.4 Discussion

The lattice parameters of compound 1 from SXRD and PXRD are listed in Table 1, the bond lengths are shown in Table 2, while the bond angles are exhibited in Table 3 and the selected torsion angles are displayed in Table 4. Compound 1 crystallizes in space group Pī with two molecules per unit cell. Final crystal structure of compound 1 established by the two technologies while crystal structures were presented in Figure 4 and the asymmetric unit were illustrated in Figure 5, where single-crystal R indices of R1=5.61%, wR2=15.57% and powder R indices of Rp=8.79%, Rwp=15.501%. As shown in Table 1, the deviations between the data obtained from PXRD and SXRD were quite small, which indicate PXRD can achieve good accuracy in determining crystal structure compared to SXRD. Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4 show the structural geometry difference of compound 1 between powder and single crystal data, resulting in the modulus of deviation ranges of 0%-1.54% for bond length, 0%-2.68% for bond angle and 0%-9.4% for torsion angle. The consistency could be more intuitively observed by the overlay of the PXRD and SXRD structures as shown in Figure 6. Converting the 3D single-crystal diffraction data into the 1D powder diffraction data led to the obscure of the diffraction intensities, which was attributed to the slight difference in obtained molecular structures.

Figure 5 Displacement ellipsoid plot of the molecule determined by SXRD (a) and PXRD (b) with ellipsoids at the 30% probability level.
Figure 5

Displacement ellipsoid plot of the molecule determined by SXRD (a) and PXRD (b) with ellipsoids at the 30% probability level.

Figure 6 Overlay of the SXRD (green) and PXRD (red) structures.
Figure 6

Overlay of the SXRD (green) and PXRD (red) structures.

Table 2

Bond lengths (Å) for based on both single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD).

ListSXRDPXRDDeviation (%)
O1-C11.208(4)1.2190.91
O2-C21.207(4)1.200-0.58
N1-C21.384(4)1.4011.22
N1-C11.383(4)1.382-0.07
N1-C91.456(4)1.4600.27
N2-C211.437(4)1.4541.18
N2-C171.449(4)1.4600.76
N2-C181.446(4)1.4500.28
N3-C221.393(4)1.4010.57
N3-C201.449(4)1.4560.48
N3-C191.453(4)1.452-0.07
C3-C41.373(4)1.3800.51
C2-C31.465(4)1.4811.09
C3-C81.371(4)1.3770.44
C1-C41.478(5)1.4830.34
C4-C51.378(4)1.3800.15
C10-C111.367(4)1.3851.32
C10-C91.499(4)1.5040.33
C10-C151.366(4)1.3690.22
C11-C121.365(4)1.3770.87
C13-C121.374(4)1.3740
C13-C161.494(4)1.5101.07
C13-C141.381(5)1.3820.07
C5-C61.377(5)1.3860.65
C7-C81.377(4)1.3860.65
C6-C71.371(5)1.3790.58
C22-C271.377(5)1.3790.15
C22-C231.398(5)1.388-0.71
C16-C171.507(5)1.5180.73
C14-C151.376(5)1.3820.43
C20-C211.495(5)1.5141.27
C18-C191.491(5)1.4950.27
C26-C271.374(5)1.3790.36
C25-C261.364(5)1.343-1.54
C24-C251.366(5)1.3690.22
C23-C241.362(5)1.3801.32
Cl1-C241.738(4)1.7420.23
Table 3

Bond angles (°) for based on both single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD).

ListSXRDPXRDDeviation (%)
C1-N1-C2111.9(3)111.90
C2-N1-C9123.9(3)123.1-0.65
C1-N1-C9124.1(3)124.80.56
C21-N2-C17113.7(3)112.9-0.66
C21-N2-C18108.3(3)108.30
C18-N2-C17109.1(3)109.10
C22-N3-C20118.1(3)118.20.08
C22-N3-C19116.3(3)116.2-0.08
C20-N3-C19111.3(3)110.3-0.89
C4-C3-C2108.4(3)108.70.28
C8-C3-C4121.6(3)122.00.33
C8-C3-C2129.9(3)129.2-0.54
C3-C4-C1108.0(3)107.7-0.28
C3-C4-C5122.2(3)121.5-0.57
C5-C4-C1129.8(3)130.70.69
O2-C2-N1124.9(3)124.7-0.16
O2-C2-C3129.1(3)130.10.77
N1-C2-C3106.0(3)105.3-0.66
O1-C1-N1124.9(3)124.90
O1-C1-C4129.4(3)128.7-0.51
N1-C1-C4105.7(3)106.40.66
C11-C10-C9120.4(3)120.3-0.08
C15-C10-C11118.4(3)117.5-0.76
C15-C10-C9121.2(3)122.20.82
C12-C11-C10121.2(3)121.50.25
C12-C13-C16120.4(3)120.40
C12-C13-C14117.6(3)117.1-0.43
C14-C13-C16121.8(3)122.30.41
C6-C5-C4115.6(3)116.70.95
C3-C8-C7116.8(3)116.6-0.17
C11-C12-C13121.2(3)121.20
C7-C6-C5122.6(3)121.5-0.90
C6-C7-C8121.2(3)121.60.33
N1-C9-C10112.7(2)112.90.18
N3-C22-C27123.1(3)122.7-0.32
N3-C22-C23119.5(4)121.11.34
C27-C22-C23117.4(3)116.1-1.11
C13-C16-C17109.7(3)109.5-0.18
C10-C15-C14120.8(3)120.90.08
N2-C21-C20111.3(3)111.80.45
N3-C20-C21111.4(3)111.90.45
N2-C17-C16114.6(3)115.10.44
C15-C14-C13120.8(3)121.80.83
N3-C19-C18110.3(3)110.90.54
N2-C18-C19112.0(3)112.10.09
C26-C27-C22121.9(4)121.6-0.25
C26-C25-C24118.0(4)119.61.35
C25-C26-C27120.4(4)121.00.50
C24-C23-C22119.4(4)122.12.26
C23-C24-C25122.9(4)119.6-2.68
C25-C24-Cl1118.8(3)120.51.43
C23-C24-Cl1118.3(4)119.40.93
Table 4

Selected Torsion angles (°) for based on both single-crystal X-ray diffraction and powder X-ray diffraction.

ListSXRDPXRDDeviation (%)
N1-C9-C10-C11-77.7(4)-71.0-8.6
N1-C9-C10-C1103.1(4)110.16.8
C1-N1-C9-C1094.3(4)92.9-1.5
C2-N1-C9-C10-90.2(4)-91.41.3
C12-C13-C16-C17-93.4(4)-101.38.5
C13-C16-C17-N2165.7(3)166.90.7
C14-C13-C16-C1781.6(4)73.9-9.4
C18-N2-C17-C16-177.3(3)-177.90.3
C21-N2-C17-C1661.6(4)61.60
C22-N3-C19-C18167.4(3)166.9-0.3
C22-N3-C20-C21-168.1(3)-169.30.7

The crystal structure model obtained from the best solution showed that the smallest intermolecular Carbon…Carbon intermolecular distance was 3.294 Å (see Figure 5), which was close to the standard value of the

intermolecular Carbon ∙∙∙ Carbon distance 3.2 Å [27]. In the crystal, the molecules were linked by C-H…O, C-H… Cl, and π-π (π-stacking) intermolecular interactions into a three-dimensional network. The intermolecular and intramolecular parameters were in agreement with single crystal data reported for other derivatives of this molecule. All intramolecular and intermolecular bond distances and angles fell within the normal ranges.

4 Conclusion

In this work we have demonstrated that PXRD is a powerful tool for structure analysis for small organic molecule when single crystals are not available. By comparing with the crystal structure data acquired through conventional SXRD, the majority bond length and angle data obtained from our PXRD approach were within 1% difference. Given the wide applicability of this method, this PXRD technique will attract a great deal of attention to elucidate the structures of small organic compounds.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dr. Jey-Jau Lee (National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Taiwan. R.O.C.) very much for synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction analysis and valuable discussions.

  1. Supplementary material:

    CCDC1535586 and CCDC1892781 contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge via http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/conts/retrieving.html. (or from the CCDC, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; Fax: +44 1223 336033; Email: .

  2. Conflict of interest

    Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2019-02-25
Accepted: 2019-06-07
Published Online: 2019-12-06

© 2019 Jin-Hui Zhou et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
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  5. High efficiency liposome fusion induced by reducing undesired membrane peptides interaction
  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
  8. Development of a validated spectrofluorimetric method for assay of sotalol hydrochloride in tablets and human plasma: application for stability-indicating studies
  9. Topological Indices of Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugates’ Molecular Structure in Cancer Treatment
  10. Thermodynamic properties of the bubble growth process in a pool boiling of water-ethanol mixture two-component system
  11. Critical Roles of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Apoptosis and Autophagy of Astrocytes Induced by Methamphetamine
  12. Characteristics of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of Soil Moisture under Different Land Use in Dry Hot Valley of Yuanmou
  13. Specific, highly sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method for quantification of daclatasvir in HCV human plasma patients and in tablets dosage form
  14. Chromium-modified cobalt molybdenum nitrides as catalysts for ammonia synthesis
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  16. Identification of Powdery Mildew Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Resistance Genes in Selected Wheat Varieties and Development of Multiplex PCR
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0112
Keywords for this article
Crystal structure; Synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction; Rietveld refinement; Single-crystal X-ray diffraction
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Research on correlation of compositions with oestrogenic activity of Cistanche based on LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology
  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
  4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive features of Bryonia alba L.: As a possible alternative in treating rheumatism
  5. High efficiency liposome fusion induced by reducing undesired membrane peptides interaction
  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
  8. Development of a validated spectrofluorimetric method for assay of sotalol hydrochloride in tablets and human plasma: application for stability-indicating studies
  9. Topological Indices of Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugates’ Molecular Structure in Cancer Treatment
  10. Thermodynamic properties of the bubble growth process in a pool boiling of water-ethanol mixture two-component system
  11. Critical Roles of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Apoptosis and Autophagy of Astrocytes Induced by Methamphetamine
  12. Characteristics of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of Soil Moisture under Different Land Use in Dry Hot Valley of Yuanmou
  13. Specific, highly sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method for quantification of daclatasvir in HCV human plasma patients and in tablets dosage form
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  17. Computational Analysis of new Degree-based descriptors of oxide networks
  18. The Use Of Chemical Composition And Additives To Classify Petrol And Diesel Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry And Chemometric Analysis: A Uk Study
  19. Minimal Energy Tree with 4 Branched Vertices
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  21. Calculating topological indices of certain OTIS interconnection networks
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  24. Effects of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract, Capping Agents, on the Synthesis of Pure And Cu Doped ZnO-Nanoparticles: A Green Approach and Microbial Activity
  25. Aqueous Micro-hydration of Na+(H2O)n=1-7 Clusters: DFT Study
  26. A proposed image-based detection of methamidophos pesticide using peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence system
  27. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
  29. Chemical pretreatments of Trapa bispinosa's peel (TBP) biosorbent to enhance adsorption capacity for Pb(ll)
  30. Dynamic Changes in MMP1 and TIMP1 in the Antifibrotic Process of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Rats with Liver Fibrosis
  31. The Optimization and Production of Ginkgolide B Lipid Microemulsion
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  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
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  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
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  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
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  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
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  61. Antibacterial Activities of Transition Metal complexes of Mesocyclic Amidine 1,4-diazacycloheptane (DACH)
  62. Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis and in vitro screening of their cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line
  63. Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys in Different pH Environments by SSRT Method
  64. Various Combinations of Flame Retardants for Poly (vinyl chloride)
  65. Phenolic compounds and biological activities of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains
  66. Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement
  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
  68. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction
  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
  70. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque
  71. A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  72. Conceptual DFT as a Novel Chemoinformatics Tool for Studying the Chemical Reactivity Properties of the Amatoxin Family of Fungal Peptides
  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
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