Startseite Naturwissenschaften Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction
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Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction

  • Riaz Ullah EMAIL logo , Mansour S. Alsaid , Ali S. Alqahtani , Abdelaaty A. Shahat , Almoqbil A. Naser , Hafiz Majid Mahmood , Syed Rizwan Ahamad , Abdullah A. Al-Mishari und Shabir Ahmad
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 13. November 2019
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 17 Heft 1

Abstract

The medicinal plant Haloxylon salicornicum is utilized for therapeutic purposes. We previously reported the antioxidant potential of hexane fraction and methanol extracts of the same species. However, since these solvents could be clinically toxic, the current findings investigated the pharmacological effects of the water fraction. The pain relieving, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic potential of H. salicornicum water extract (HEW) were studied at two concentrations (250 and 500 mg/kg) in rodents. The carrageenan stimulated rat paw edema assay was exercised to assess anti inflammatory potential in rats; yeast-stimulated hyperthermia was utilized to test antipyretic activity in mice; analgesic properties were assessed based on acetic acid-induced writhing, tail flicking, and hot-plate test; and antioxidant potential was examined with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. We found that 500 mg/kg HEW inhibited edema by 44.03%. Yeast-induced hyperthermia in mice was reduced by 250 and 500 mg/kg HEW after 30, 60, and 120 min with significant level of (P < 0.001) compared to rectal temperature of yeast administered group. The high dose of HEW (500 mg/kg) improved the reaction time of mice in the hot-plate test from 6.66 ± 0.33 to 11.33 ± 0.49 s after 120 min. In the acetic acid-stimulated writhing test, 250 and 500 mg/kg HEW decreased writhing by 32.71% and 51.40%, respectively, after 20 min. HEW also showed antioxidant effects. These results demonstrate that HEW is bioactive and has therapeutic potential for treating a variety of ailments.

Keywords: Haloxylon salicornicum; Anti-inflammatory; Antipyretic; Analgesic; Saudi Arabia

1 Introduction

Plant-based medicines are extensively utilized around the world; it is estimated that over three-quarters of the global inhabitants cannot meet the expense of pharmaceutical drugs and depend on plant-based conventional treatment for different diseases, which can be useful in the case of certain diseases that do not require prolonged treatment. In particular, rural communities in developing countries use herbal medicines based on their strong beliefs and limited access to allopathic therapies [1,2]. Haloxylon salicornicum is a shrub or under shrub of the Amaranthacea family that is found in Pakistan, Bahrain, Iraq, Palestine, Iran, UAE, Kuwait, Egypt , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Afghanistan and Qatar [3, 4]. Antiseptic, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities have been attributed to H. salicornicum [5]; glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and triterpenoids, are presumed to be main source of its antioxidant, hepatoprotective, pain relieving and anti-inflammatory potential. The C2H5OH extract of this plant demonstrated significant antimicrobial potential against numerous fungi species including Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus, flavus Candida tropicalis, and as well as bacterial stains such as Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina ventriculi, Candida albicans, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi etc [6, 7]. We previously reported that both the methanol and hexane extracts (HEM and HEH, respectively) of H. salicornicum had hepatoprotective effects at concentrations of 250 and 500 mg/kg, whereas 250 μg/ml HEH and HEM inhibited the formation of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical by 35.65%, and 38.16% respectively [8]. Though, methanol and hexane are potentially toxic solvents and for this reason, water extracts of H. salicornicum would be preferable for medicinal use. To this end, the current study weigh upped the antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant potential of the water fraction of H. salicornicum (HEW) in rodents.

2 Material and methods

2.1 Plant material

H. salicornicum was assembled from Wadi Hafr Al-Batin, Saudi Arabia on February 24, 2016. Taxonomic identification was performed with the assistance of Dr. Syed Riafyatullah (Plant taxonomist at King Saud University). The specimen was stored in the herbarium of the College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (voucher number SY270).

2.2 Plant extraction preparation

Plant material was air-dried under shade, then crushed and soaked in methanol for seven days. It is then filtered and the methanol was evaporated in vacuo (Buchi, Flawil, Switzerland). The greenish methanol crude extract (33.3 g) was dissolved in distilled water and with the help of separating funnel it is partitioned between solvents with increasing order of polarity as n-hexane (7.1 ± 0.03 g), chloroform (3.4 ± 0.03 g), ethyl acetate (2.3 ± 0.03 g), n-butanol (10.6 ± 0.03 g), and water (9.9 ± 0.03 g).

2.3 Reagents and Animals

All reagents/ chemicals utilized were of analytical grade. Wistar rats (170–210 g) and male albino mice (18–24 g, Swiss) were utilized in testing. The animals were retained at 22°C ± 2°C in a room on a 12:12-h light/ dark cycle with open entrance to water and food (standard pellet diet). The animals were kept and familiarized to the room conditions for at least 1 h prior to experimentations. Every animal was utilized just one time. Mice were utilized to assess the analgesic and antipyretic properties whereas the rats were utilized to investigate anti-inflammatory activity of the HEW.

2.4 Acute toxicity test

The toxicity of H. salicornicum (HEW was evaluated in rats and mice at doses of 150, 350, 550, and 750 mg/kg. The animals were continuously monitored for sign of indications of mortality and toxicity [9].

2.5 Anti-inflammatory activity

Inflammation in rats paw was stimulated as previously described [10]. Briefly, 0.05 ml/kg of 1% of sodium salt of carrageenan was subcutaneously infused, with the help of subplantar aponeurosis, into the right hind paw of all experimental rats. Rats were distributed in 4 groups (n = 6 each). Rates were classified and treated as shown in Table-1. Plethysmometer (Apelex, Massy, France) was utilized to measured Paw volume. Anti-inflammatory activity was measured with formula: Anti-inflammatory potential (% inhibition) = (1 − D/C) × 100

Table 1

The classification/treatment of rats Groups.

S. NoGroups (n=6)TreatmentGiven doses
1Group ICarrageenan0.05 ml/kg
2Group IIHEW (Orally)250 mg/kg
3Group IIIHEW (Orally)500 mg/kg
4Group IV

(Positive Control)		Phenylbutazone100 mg/kg

Where D is the % difference in paw volume after HEW injection and C is the % difference in paw volume in the control group.

2.6 Antipyretic activity

Hyperthermia was persuaded in mice by subcutaneous injection of 20 ml/kg body weight of a twenty percent brewer’s yeast into the back near the nape of the neck [11], and then mice were classified and treated as shown in Table-2. The mice were fasted for the duration of the experiment, with open approach to water. After treatment body temperature of mice were noted at different interval of time i.e. 30, 60, and 120 min.

Table 2

The classification/treatment of mice Groups.

S. NoGroups (n=6)TreatmentGiven doses
1Group IIHEW (Orally)250 mg/kg
2Group IIHEW (Orally)500 mg/kg
3Group III

(Positive Control)		indomethacin4 mg/kg

2.7 Analgesic activity (hot plate test)

Response latency to pain caused by heat was assessed with the hot plate test [11]. A glass cylinder of twenty-four centimeter diameter was located on a hot plate with the temperature set to 55°C ± 1°C. The mice were separated into three groups (n = 6); two were given 250 and 500 mg/ kg HEW and one received 4 mg/kg indomethacin by oral administration. Each mouse was set in the glass chamber on the hot plate and the time until a response was elicited (like clasping of forepaws/jumping) was noted before and 30, 60, and 120 min after treatment.

2.8 Analgesic activity (acetic acid-induced writhing test)

The pain relieving effect of HEW was assessed with the acetic acid induced writhing test [12]. Animals were orally treated with two doses (500, 250) mg/kg of HEW or four mg/kg of indomethacin, thirty min earlier to IP injection of 0.7% (v/v) acetic acid. The animals were scrutinized for writhing—characterized as “constriction and elongation of the abdomen” and “hind limbs extension” [13] for fifteen min.

2.9 Antinociceptive activity (tail flicking test)

Pain relieving effect of HEW at two doses of (500, 250) mg/kg in animals was assessed by means of a tail flick apparatus (Tail Flick Model DS 20 Sorrel; Apelex, Bagneux, France). Each animal was set in a restraining device two min earlier than treatment, and baseline response time to an intensity-controlled light beam focused on the distal one-third of the tail was recorded. HEW doses or standard drug was orally administered straight away subsequent to this step and 25 min later post-drug response time was considered. A 10-s cutoff time for the light beam was exercised in turn to prevent tissue damage [14].

3 GC-MS analysis of HEW

A Perkin Elmer model Clarus 600 T combined with single quadrapole mass spectrometer was utilized for Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry examination. Required time was twenty two minutes for one sample analysis. The temperature was kept primarily to 40°C (for 2 min), was raised to 150°C (for 2 min) 280°C (2 min), then increased further to 280°C at 15°C min−1(held for 2 min). The MS ion source temperature was 220°C and inlet line temperature at 240°C. The scan range was set at 40 to 600 mass ranges at 70 ev electron energy and the solvent delay of 4 min. At last, unidentified constituents were identified from online library

3.1 Antioxidant activity

The antioxidant activities of the HEW at different concentrations (100, 150, 200, and 250 μg/ml) were evaluated with the DPPH assay. Newly ready DPPH (purple-colored) solution changed into yellowish-colored after incubation for thirty minutes with test samples at room temperature, and the color change was recorded at 514 nm with a spectrophotometer (UVmini-1240; Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). The below equation was utilized to calculate antioxidant activity [8].

Antioxidant activity (%) = (AC − AS)/(AC) × 100

Where; AC= absorbance of control, AS= absorbance of sample

3.2 Statistical analysis

Data are recorded as mean ± standard error of two replicates. Differences among groups were calculated by examination of variance chased by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test.

4 Results and Discussion

4.1 Acute toxicity

HEW at concentrations of 150, 350, 550, and 750 mg/kg had no adverse effects and did not cause mortality during the experimental time.

4.2 Anti-inflammatory potential

Carrageenan-stimulated paw edema persisted for 3 h post-injection (Table 3). Treatment with HEW significantly reduced volume of paw in a dose-dependent manner (33.23% and 65.86% reduction at 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively, contrasted to the standard drug phenylbutazone.

Table 3

Effect of HEW fraction on carrageenan-induced paw edema in albino rats.

Group (n = 6)Dose (mg/kg)Before carrageenan3 h After carrageenanNet% Inhibition
Carrageenan1.04 ± 0.021.59 ± 0.010.55 ± 0.01
HEW2500.99 ± 0.031.45 ± 0.010.46 ± 0.02*16.46
HEW5001.01 ± 0.041.352 ± 0.020.31 ± 0.01***44.03
Phenylbutazone1001.03 ± 0.031.22 ± 0.020.19 ± 0.01***65.86

  1. Values represent mean ± SEM. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001 (analysis of variance followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test). HEW, Haloxylon salicornicum water extract.

4.3 Antipyretic activity

Yeast-induced hyperthermia in mice was decreased by 250 and 500 mg/kg HEW at 30, 60, and 120 minute subsequent to the treatment with significant level (P < 0.001). The baseline rectal temperature of 35.50°C–35.63°C increased to 38.88°C and 38.95°C after yeast injection, but returned to 37.00°C ± 0.05°C at 120 min after administration of 500 mg/kg HEW, which was comparable to the temperature achieved by the standard drug indomethacin (36.28°C ± 0.12°C) (Table 4).

Table 4

Effect of HEW on yeast-induced hyperthermia in mice.

Treatment

(n = 6)		Dose

(mg/kg)		Baseline rectal

temperature (°C)		Rectal temperature (°C) after administration of 20 ml/kg of 20% yeastPost-drug rectal temperature (°C)
30 min60 min120 min
HEW25035.50 ± 0.1238.88 ± 0.13***38.01 ± 0.17**37.76 ± 0.11***37.66 ± 0.11***
HEW50035.63 ± 0.1538.95 ± 0.08***37.61 ± 0.11***37.16 ± 0.08***37.00 ± 0.05***
Indomethacin435.78 ± 0.1338.85 ± 0.16***37.10 ± 0.09***36.46 ± 0.16***36.28 ± 0.12***

  1. Values represent mean ± SEM. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 (analysis of variance followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test). HEW, Haloxylon salicornicum water extract.

4.4 Analgesic activity (hot-plate reaction time)

HEW showed significant, dose-dependent analgesic activity: a concentration of 500 mg/ kg stretched the response time of mice from 6.66 ± 0.33 s to 11.33 ± 0.49 s at 120 min post-treatment (P < 0.001), which was comparable to the results obtained with indomethacin (13.66 ± 0.42 s) (Table 5).

Table 5

Effect of HEW on hot plate reaction time in mice.

Post-drug reaction time (s)
Treatment (n = 6)Dose (mg/kg)Pre-drug reaction time (s)30 min60 min120 min
HEW2507.16 ± 0.308.66 ± 0.42*8.33 ± 0.33*8.83 ± 0.30**
HEW5006.66 ± 0.3310.00 ± 0.36***10.83 ± 0.40***11.33 ± 0.49***
Indomethacin47.11 ± 0.3611.16 ± 0.40***13.83 ± 0.30***13.66 ± 0.42***

  1. Values represent mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 (analysis of variance). HEW, Haloxylon salicornicum water extract.

4.5 Analgesic activity (acetic acid-induced writhing)

The quantity of writhings in mice at baseline was 35.66 ± 0.66. At 20 min after administration of 250 and 500 mg/ kg HEW, the number of writhings reduced to 24.00 ± 0.57 (32.71% inhibition) and 17.33 ± 0.84 (51.40% inhibition), respectively (Table 6). By comparison, indomethacin treatment resulted in 81.77% inhibition.

Table 6

Effect of HEW on acetic acid-induced writhing in mice.

Treatment

(n = 6)		Dose

(mg/kg)		Writhing number

in 20 min		% Inhibition
Acetic acid35.66 ± 0.66
HEW25024.00 ± 0.57***32.71
HEW50017.33 ± 0.84***51.40
Indomethacin46.50 ± 0.42***81.77

  1. Values represent mean ± SEM. ***P < 0.001 (analysis of variance followed HEW, Haloxylon by Dunnett’s salicornicum multiple water comparisons extract. test).

4.6 Antinociceptive activity (tail flick in mice)

HEW increased the time until tail flicking in a dose-reliant mode (P < 0.001) after 30, 60, and 120 min as compared to indomethacin (Table 7).

Table 7

Effect of HEW on tail flicking in mice.

Post-drug reaction time (s)
Treatment (n = 6)Dose (mg/kg)Pre-drug reaction time (s)30 min60 min120 min
HEW2504.66 ± 0.335.16 ± 0.30*5.83 ± 0.30*6.00 ± 0.036*
HEW5004.83 ± 0.306.16 ± 0.30*6.50 ± 0.34**7.33 ± 0.33***
Indomethacin43.83 ± 0.307.50 ± 0.22***9.16 ± 0.030***10.16 ± 0.0***

  1. Values represent mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 (analysis of variance followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test). HEW, Haloxylon salicornicum water extract.

4.7 GC-MS Analysis of HEW

Different phyto-constituents in HEW fraction, analyzed with help of GC-MS analysis are given in Figure 1 and Table-8. Results showed that the highest constituents in

Figure 1 GC-MS analysis of HEW fraction.
Figure 1

GC-MS analysis of HEW fraction.

Table 8

Phyto-constituents analysis of HEW fraction.

S.NoNameRTArea %Area
11-(2-Furanyl)- Ethanone6.020.750136662
2N-Ethyl-N-[(1-MethyL)-Ethanamine6.191.170213633
32-Hydroxy-2-Cyclopenten-1-one6.400.47085649
45-Methyl-2-Furancarboxaldehyde6.671.160212539
55-Butoxy-2-pentene6.8155.51010162445
61,2,3-PROPANETRIOL7.556.6001209012
72,3-Dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4h-pyran-4-one8.8714.6402679449
8Heptanal9.201.040189782
9Nonanal10.750.740135371
10D-Allose13.5610.0801845674
11Octanal14.272.580472923
12N-Carboxyhydl-pyrrolid-2-one14.420.11019675
139-Octadecenoic acid14.900.600109198
142-[1,2-Dihydroxyethyl]-9-[.Beta.-D-Ribofuranosyl]Hypoxanthine14.932.450448796
15Octanal15.100.20036650
162-(Aminooxy)-Propanoic acid15.480.50091244
17Oxalic acid16.340.42077600
184-Hydroxy-.Delta.-8-p-menthen-3-one21.310.980179514

HEW by area was 5-Butoxy-2-pentene (55.510%), Followed by 2,3-Dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4h-pyran-4-one (14.640%) and D-Allose (10.080%). Bioactive compound oxalic acid also found.

4.8 Antioxidant activity

HEW at concentrations of 100–250 μg/ml reduced DPPH formation, with the greatest inhibition (26.69%) observed at 200 μg/ml. It is given in Table 9.

Table 9

Antioxidant activities of HEW, H. salicornicum water extract fraction.

HEW concentration
100 (μg/ml)150 (μg/ml)200 (μg/ml)250 (μg/ml)
Activity26.37%25.81%26.69%23.50%

H. salicornicum is known in folk medicine for its antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties; traditional healers use the decoction to treat intestinal ulcers [15]. However, no studies to date have investigated the antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant potentials.

Stigmasterol, Methylnicotinate, β-sitosterol, ursolic acid, phenethylamine, quercetin, esculetin, xanthotoxol , β-amyrin, Lupeol, isooxyimperatorin, umbelliferone, scopolin, scopoletin Kaempferol, N-methyltyramine, tyramine, oxedrine, halosaline, haloxine, aldotripiperideine, anabasine piperidine and Betaine chloride are different bio-active phytoconstituents reported from different extract and fractions of H. salicornicum [16, 17]

Literature revived showed that the acute phase of wound is because of main inflammatory mediators (bradykinin, serotonin, histamine and prostaglandin) are discharged in order to support vascular permeability and vasodilatation as well as edema [18]. The carrageenan-stimulated paw edema is measured as a representation of the acute stage of inflammation which is far and wide exercised for finding and exploration of active drug used for anti-inflammatory potential [19]. Particularly, this model is acknowledged to be insightful to cyclooxygenase inhibitors and has been utilized to weigh up the outcome of NSAIDs, which grips the inhibition of synthesis of PGs [20]. The primary stage is reasoned by the discharge of bradykinin, serotonin and histamine, and followed by the discharge of prostaglandins (PGs) at the third hour and remain for around six h subsequent to carrageenan injection [21]. The last stage emerges to be highly exciting in which the maximal vascular reaction arises with the migration of leukocyte to the area inflamed [22]. We found here that a dose level of 250 mg/kg b.w HEW suppressed inflammation (16.46%), reducing paw edema in rats. These findings suggesting anti-inflammatory potential of HEW by blocking the inflammatory mediators of the acute stage of inflammation. The very significant inhibitory effect (44.03% at dose level of 500 mg/kg) on carrageenan-stimulated paw edema at the third h recommends that these fractions may engage in jamming of the prostaglandins (PGs) synthesis. Fever stimulated by yeast is identified pathogenic fever. Its etiology consist of creation of prostaglandins, mostly PGE2 emerges to be a concluding mechanism accountable for fever causing stimulated by numerous pyrogens [22]. Nearly all of the Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) illustrate the antipyretic effect by blocking the prostaglandin synthesis. It is thus recommended that the antipyretic potential of HEW take places in a parallel manner as standard drug indomethacin. Two special analgesic assays were used with the aim of finding central analgesic (tail clip and hot plate) and peripheral effect (acetic acid-induced writhing protocol). The acetic acid persuaded writhing is a visceral pain model that has been linked with discharge of bradykinins, cyclooxygenase, arachidonic acid and (PGE2and PGF2α), have an important role in nociceptive mechanisms [23]. In our present study considerable pain relieving potential in the hot plate and the tail flik models expose that the analgesic activity of HEW is of the type generated by non-narcotic analgesics. Previous studies have reported that flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids are present in H. salicornicum and that methanol and ethanol extracts of this plant have potent anti-inflammatory possessions even at a dose of 400 mg/kg [24]. Phytochemicals such as tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids are bioactive compounds that have an extensive range of beneficial pharmacological effects like; antimicrobial, antihypertensive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-diabetic activities, in addition to alleviating hypercholesterolemia [25, 26, 27]. A phytochemical analysis has shown that H. salicornicum contains the alkaloids methylisosalsoline, salsolidine, sosalsolidine, dehydrosalsolidine, N-methyltyramine, oxedrine, tyramine, carnegine, halosaline, smipine, haloxine, piperidine, tryptamine, scopolin, nicotine, haloxynine, hordenine, aldotripiperideine, anabasine, and dipterine as well as coumarins such as scopoletin, umbelliferone, xanthotoxol, isooxyimperatorin, and esculetin. Plants generally contain saponins, volatile oils, tannins, cardiac glycosides, sterols and anthraquinones [28]; phytochemicals such as tannins, saponins, and lignans are known for their antioxidant and other biological properties [29]. The isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds in H. salicornicum is essential for the improvement of novel drugs.

5 Conclusions

The water fraction of H. salicornicum demonstrates bioactivity including anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities, without significant toxicity. Thus, HEW is safe for therapeutic applications and may be effective in the treatment of a variety of ailments.

Acknowledgments

The authors expand their gratitude to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for financial support through (research group no. RG-262).

  1. Authors’ Contributions: RU performed experimental work. MSA and ASA supervised the work AAS composed the MS AAN, HMM collect the plant and ground it. SA revised the MS.

  2. Ethics approval: Animals were treated and kept as per the recommendations of the “Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals”. The study permitted by ethical committee of College of Pharmacy King Saud University (Dated 06/01/2014, No. 05763-891).

  3. Conflict of interest

    Conflict of interests: The contributor’s of this MS have declared no conflict of interests.

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Received: 2019-02-24
Accepted: 2019-06-26
Published Online: 2019-11-13

© 2019 Riaz Ullah et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

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  29. Chemical pretreatments of Trapa bispinosa's peel (TBP) biosorbent to enhance adsorption capacity for Pb(ll)
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0113
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Haloxylon salicornicum; Anti-inflammatory; Antipyretic; Analgesic; Saudi Arabia
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Research on correlation of compositions with oestrogenic activity of Cistanche based on LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology
  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
  4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive features of Bryonia alba L.: As a possible alternative in treating rheumatism
  5. High efficiency liposome fusion induced by reducing undesired membrane peptides interaction
  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
  8. Development of a validated spectrofluorimetric method for assay of sotalol hydrochloride in tablets and human plasma: application for stability-indicating studies
  9. Topological Indices of Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugates’ Molecular Structure in Cancer Treatment
  10. Thermodynamic properties of the bubble growth process in a pool boiling of water-ethanol mixture two-component system
  11. Critical Roles of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Apoptosis and Autophagy of Astrocytes Induced by Methamphetamine
  12. Characteristics of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of Soil Moisture under Different Land Use in Dry Hot Valley of Yuanmou
  13. Specific, highly sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method for quantification of daclatasvir in HCV human plasma patients and in tablets dosage form
  14. Chromium-modified cobalt molybdenum nitrides as catalysts for ammonia synthesis
  15. Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells treated with ginsenoside Rh2 regulate the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo
  16. Identification of Powdery Mildew Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Resistance Genes in Selected Wheat Varieties and Development of Multiplex PCR
  17. Computational Analysis of new Degree-based descriptors of oxide networks
  18. The Use Of Chemical Composition And Additives To Classify Petrol And Diesel Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry And Chemometric Analysis: A Uk Study
  19. Minimal Energy Tree with 4 Branched Vertices
  20. Jatropha seed oil derived poly(esteramide-urethane)/ fumed silica nanocomposite coatings for corrosion protection
  21. Calculating topological indices of certain OTIS interconnection networks
  22. Energy storage analysis of R125 in UIO-66 and MOF-5 nanoparticles: A molecular simulation study
  23. Velvet Antler compounds targeting major cell signaling pathways in osteosarcoma - a new insight into mediating the process of invasion and metastasis in OS
  24. Effects of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract, Capping Agents, on the Synthesis of Pure And Cu Doped ZnO-Nanoparticles: A Green Approach and Microbial Activity
  25. Aqueous Micro-hydration of Na+(H2O)n=1-7 Clusters: DFT Study
  26. A proposed image-based detection of methamidophos pesticide using peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence system
  27. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
  29. Chemical pretreatments of Trapa bispinosa's peel (TBP) biosorbent to enhance adsorption capacity for Pb(ll)
  30. Dynamic Changes in MMP1 and TIMP1 in the Antifibrotic Process of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Rats with Liver Fibrosis
  31. The Optimization and Production of Ginkgolide B Lipid Microemulsion
  32. Photodynamic Therapy Enhanced the Antitumor Effects of Berberine on HeLa Cells
  33. Chiral and Achiral Enantiomeric Separation of (±)-Alprenolol
  34. Correlation of Water Fluoride with Body Fluids, Dental Fluorosis and FT4, FT3 –TSH Disruption among Children in an Endemic Fluorosis area in Pakistan
  35. A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
  38. miRNA-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in prolactinomas
  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
  41. Preparation and spectroscopic studies of Fe(II), Ru(II), Pd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base containing terephthalaldehyde and their transfer hydrogenation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction
  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
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  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
  52. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 2-methylthio-pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines
  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
  54. Molecular Properties of Symmetrical Networks Using Topological Polynomials
  55. Synthesis of Co3O4 Nano Aggregates by Co-precipitation Method and its Catalytic and Fuel Additive Applications
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  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
  58. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS
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  65. Phenolic compounds and biological activities of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains
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  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
  68. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction
  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
  70. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque
  71. A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
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  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
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  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
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  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
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  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
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Heruntergeladen am 20.12.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2019-0113/html
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