Startseite Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
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Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms

  • Liu Nan , Li Yingying , Li Jixiang EMAIL logo , Ouyang Dujuan und Wang Wenjuan
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 31. Dezember 2019
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 17 Heft 1

Abstract

In this study, a clinoptilolite was applied to remove ammonium from piggery wastewater. The performance of ammonium removal and the correspondingly mechanisms were discussed. Under the optimal conditions of clinoptilolite dosage of 12 g/L, solution pH value of 8.3, shaking speed of 280 rpm and contact time of 55 min obtained by using response surface methodology (RSM), 19.7 mg of ammonium can be adsorbed onto 1 g of clinoptilolite, which was declined when metal cations were presented in the piggery wastewater. The ammonium adsorption process by the clinoptilolite can be well fitted by Langmuir isotherm with a spontaneous nature and pseudo–second–order kinetics model. Furthermore, column study showed that to some extent, the increased flow rate was beneficial to the removal of ammonium, and the ammonium adsorption capacity of clinoptilolite in column study was much higher than those in batch study.

Keywords: Clinoptilolite; Piggery wastewater; Ammonium; Response surface methodology (RSM)

1 Introduction

High contents of ammonium have been caused seriously water pollution and threatened human health, and hence, prevention of nitrogen pollution is now required

[1,2]. Among the widely used processes for ammonium removal, the biological method has provided an effective solution [3,4]. However, biological systems were only effective in treating wastewater with low concentration of ammonium, especially lower than 100 mg/L [5,6]. Therefore, development of effective processes toward to the removal or recycling of high contents of ammonium is necessarily. In last decades, ion exchange processes were gaining on interests in the treatment of wastewaters that contained high contents of ammonium. In the application of ion exchange in actual projects, zeolites that abundantly presents in nature, were the preferred inorganic cation exchangers, which has been considered as an efficient and cost competitive in commercial plants for the removal of ammonium [7,8]. There were more than 50 known naturally occurring zeolites all over the world, in which clinoptilolite has been reported as the most abundant one which can be used to remove ammonium [9].

Many factors affected ammonium from the piggery wastewater by using clinoptilolite, including clinoptilolite dosage, solution pH, shaking speed and contact time. In general, an appropriate combination of these factors was needed to increase ammonium removal rate, and optimization was usually done in most studies by changing the single factor while all other factors remain the same. Since the interaction between the factors was neglected, it cannot achieve an accurate exactly optimal value. To solve this problem, Response Surface Method (RSM), a statistical technique that used to build multivariate equations and evaluate their optimal values, can provide a better alternative to traditional methods because it included the effects of multiple factors and the interaction between their roles [10].

Objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of clinoptilolite for ammonium removal from the piggery wastewater by batch and column systems. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to search the optimum conditions of ammonium removal. Kinetic models and adsorption isotherms mechanisms were

discussed. Furthermore, a column study was conducted to discuss the effect of flow rate and initial ammonium concentration on clinoptilolite exchange, and the regeneration of clinoptilolite.

2 Materials and Methods

2.1 Materials

The clinoptilolite for ammonium removal was purchased from Jingyun Mining Plant, Zhejiang province, China. The ores are high silica zeolites while the contents of harmful elements (Mn and Ti) are low. Chemical composition (in %) of the clinoptilolite were: SiO2=65.10, Al2O3=12.00, Na2O=1.79, CaO=2.03, K2O=2.20, Fe2O3=6.55, MgO=0.13, Loss of ignition=10.20. Particle size of the clinoptilolite was in the range of 0.3-0.6 mm, and the specific external area was 157.17–191.50 m2/g.

2.2 Wastewater quality

The aqueous solution used here was digested swine wastewater supplied by a pig farm at Zhengzhou, Henan province, China. Concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium, total phosphorus (TP) and suspended solid (SS) of this solution were 1425, 844, 26 and 200 mg/L, respectively.

2.3 Batch study for ammonium removal

Effects of clinoptilolite dosage, solution pH, contact time and initial ammonium concentration on ammonium removal from piggery wastewater were investigated according to the following experiments methods: a glass beaker (1 L) was placed on a six–breaker jar tester in which 1 L of piggery wastewater was poured and then a given dosage of clinoptilolite was added. The mixture was mixed with an agitation speed of 300 rpm for 10 min and allowed to rest 30 min. The supernatant was collected and analyzed to determine remaining ammonium concentration.

The amount of adsorbed ammonium by clinoptilolite (qe) and the removal rate of ammonium (η) were calculated according to the following equations:

(1)qe=V(C0−Ce)m
(2)η=C0−CeC0×100%

where C0 and Ce are the initial and final ammonium concentrations (mg/L), respectively. V is the piggery wastewater volume (L) and m is clinoptilolite weight (g).

2.4 RSM experimental design

In the RSM, central composite design (CCD) was selected to design the experiments, in which clinoptilolite dosage (x1), solution pH (x2), initial ammonium concentration (x3), contact time (x4) and shaking speed (x5) were selected as the influence parameters, and the ammonium adsorbed (qe) was selected as the response variable (y). Their relationship was fitted by a second–order model as Eq.(3) and the actual design ran by the statistic software, Design–expert 8.0.5 is given in Table S1.

(3)y=β0+∑i=1mβixi+∑i<jmβijxixj+∑i=1mβiixi2

2.5 Adsorption kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic data analysis

Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models were used to discuss the kinetic characteristics of ammonium adsorption by clinoptilolite, which were described in [11]. Freundlich, Langmuir and Tempkin isotherm models were used to discuss the isotherm characteristics of ammonium adsorption by clinoptilolite, which were described in [12]. Thermodynamic data such as ΔHo, ΔGo and ΔSo can be obtained from Langmuir constants and determined according to [13].

2.6 Column study

Column tests were carried out using a Polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) column whose inner diameter was appeared as 20 mm. The bed with 20 cm and 60 cm3 in height and volume was filled with the clinoptilolite. Column tests were designed to discuss the removal of ammonium under different flow rate and initial ammonium concentration. The piggery wastewater was pumped to the clinoptilolite column by up–flow at rates 3, 6, and 9 BV/h by using a peristaltic pump. Solution samples from the column exit were collected to determine the remained ammonium level. HCl was chosen as the regeneration solution to regenerate the clinoptilolite column by down–flow mode after ammonium adsorption. After the regeneration finished, another loading cycle was then carried out.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Ammonium removal using natural clinoptilolite

As seen from Figure S1, ammonium adsorbed onto unit of clinoptilolite (qe) was increased rapidly with the increasing clinoptilolite dosage and reached to a peak of 18.6 mg/g when clinoptilolite dosage was 15 g/L, and correspondingly, ammonium removal rate was reached 33.1%. Increasing clinoptilolite dosage continuously had negative effects on the increase of qe, which may be attributed to the great concentration pressure at equilibrium [14].

The existing form of ammonium, NH4+and NH3, affected the performance of clinoptilolite in ammonium removal, which was depended on the pH values of the wastewater [15,16]. In this study, Figure S2 showed that qe increased gradually with the increasing pH value of the piggery wastewater, and reached a maximum value of 18.2 mg/g at pH point of 8. When pH value was above 9, qe declined and ammonium removal rate dropped dramatically, which can be explained by the fact that ammonium was converted into “free” ammonia (NH3), which can not be exchanged. At the pH value below 6, hydrogen ions (H+) concentration raises with the decreasing pH, which increased the competition for exchange sites with NH4+,which caused a decline of qe [17].

Figure S3 depicted qe by clinoptilolite as functions of contact time. A rapid increase was observed within the first 30 min, followed which a slow increase trend was observed in contact time range of 30-60 min, and a plateau was seen at in contact time range of 60-120 min. That is to say, the adsorption equilibrium is reached after just a short time. This may be caused by fast diffusion of ammonium from the wastewater phase to the external surface of the clinoptilolite, followed which, the pore diffusion into the intraparticle structure and active sorption sites to attain equilibrium were occurred [18].

As seen from Figure S4, qe increased gradually and reached its balance of 18.3 mg/g eventually with the increasing initial ammonium concentration, which is a result of the increasing driving force to the surface sorption. For lower initial ammonium concentrations, equilibrium time was lower. This may be because of the increased competition for exchange sites with the increasing initial ammonium concentration [18].

Figure S5 revealed that there was a significant reduction in qe from 19.4 to 6.7, 9.1, 11.4 and 12.8 mg/g, respectively, when 160 mg/L of Ca2+, Mg2+, K + and Na+ were presented in the piggery wastewater, which may be due to the competition of these cations with NH4+for exchange sites in clinoptilolite. There was another phenomenon that after completion of ammonium adsorption, the compositions of Mg2+ and Ca2+ in clinoptilolite were declined, which may be due to the ion exchange between NH4+and Mg2+/Ca2+ [19]. Thus, ammonium removal by clinoptilolite was mainly carried out by the ion exchange reaction:

(4)NH4+−Zeolite+(Ca2+,Mg2+)↔(Ca2+,Mg2+)−Zeolite+NH4+

Due to the strong affinity of the clinoptilolite to Na+ and K+, the above reaction would be taken place from right to the left, when the concentration of Na+ and K + in wastewater increased, thereby lead to the decline of ammonium uptake. Researchers have reported that the order of the effect of cations on ammonium removal is Ca2+>Mg2+>Na+>K+ [20].

3.2 Optimization of ammonium removal conditions by RSM

Following equation represents empirical relationship between qe (y) and the influence parameters (x1-x5).

(5)y=24.6−3.34x1+1.12x2−0.04x3+0.21x4+3.67x5+0.62x1x2+10.24x1x3+2.49x1x4−11.45x1x5−1.19x2x3+5.43x2x4+3.96x2x5−2.97x3x4−6.79x3x5+1.75x4x5−8.45x12+1.21x22−0.46x32+5.98x42−5.69x52

Statistical testing of this model was performed with the Fisher’s statistical method for analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed that the above model was significant at 95% confidence level because ‘Prob>F’<0.05 and Fstatistic>2.57. In addition, the value of R2 of 0.8933 displayed that only 11.67% of the total variation was not be explained by the above model.

Results of the significance testing for the coefficient of the above model were summarized in Table 1. In linear terms, shaking speed and clinoptilolite dosage were significant. Clinoptilolite dosage was significant due to the pore adsorption and ion exchange for ammonium. Shaking speed was significant due to its contribution to the mixing of clinoptilolite in piggery wastewater [21]. The quadratic of pH was the significant higher order terms, because the pH value determines the state of ammonia nitrogen, NH4+in acidic environment and NH3 in strong alkaline environment (pH>10). Three interaction terms were pH value and clinoptilolite dosage, initial ammonium concentration and clinoptilolite dosage, shaking speed and clinoptilolite dosage.

Table 1

Coded levels for five variables framed by the Central Composite Design.

Independent variablesRegression coefficientsDegrees of freedomStandard errorProb > F
x10.0400810.70<0.0001
x510.823410.700.0047
x1x21.5330×10-311.410.0291
x1x34.3000×10-311.410.0131
x1x5-2.2857×10-311.410.0245
x22-0.864910.95<0.0001

Figure 1a showed that when the contact time, shaking speed and the initial ammonium concentration are kept at central level, the clinoptilolite was positive effective on ammonium removal in alkaline environment. Figure 1b showed that when the pH, contact time and shaking speed are at central level, the ammonium adsorption can get to an anticipant value at a low clinoptilolite dosage when initial ammonium concentration was lower than 500 mg/L approximately. Higher ammonium concentration provided stronger driving force for ammonium which occupies the cations sites on the effective pores of clinoptilolite [22]. Figure 1c showed that shaking was beneficial to the removal of ammonium by clinoptilolite, while ammonium removal became difficult when the shaking speed was kept at a high level.

Figure 1 Significant interaction terms for ammonium removal by clinoptilolite: (a) pH-Clinoptilolite, (b) Clinoptilolite-Initial ammonium concentration, (c) Shaking speed-Clinoptilolite.
Figure 1

Significant interaction terms for ammonium removal by clinoptilolite: (a) pH-Clinoptilolite, (b) Clinoptilolite-Initial ammonium concentration, (c) Shaking speed-Clinoptilolite.

According to the target that 100% of ammonium can be removed by the clinoptilolite, the optimal condition was calculated as: clinoptilolite of 12 g/L, pH value of 8.3, initial ammonium concentration of 420 mg/L, contact time of 55 min and shaking speed of 280 rpm. Under this condition, qe was appeared as 19.7 mg/g, and the corresponding ammonium removal rate can be calculated as 56.3%.

3.3 Adsorption kinetics

Table 2 summarized the fitting results of pseudo-first and second-order models toward to the ammonium adsorption process by clinoptilolite. The higher initial ammonium concentration, the higher k1 and k2 values, the higher adsorption capacity. In addition, k1 and k2 decreased with the increasing temperature, the decreasing pH and the decreasing agitation speed. The correlation coefficient values (R2) of the pseudo–first–order model lower than 0.90 indicating a poor description of the ammonium adsorption process. On the contrary, R2 of the pseudo– second–order model higher than 0.95 and the very closely data between the calculated and the experimental qe, confirmed that the process of ammonium adsorption by clinoptilolite could be well described by the pseudo– second–order kinetic model [23]. From Table 3, the higher initial ammonium concentration, the higher diffusion rate of ammonium into clinoptilolite, due to the driving force brought by initial ammonium in piggery wastewater [24], while shaking speed has the opposite effect.

Table 2

Significance of quadratic model coefficient of ammonium adsorbed (qe).

Kinetic modelsParameters
Pseudo-first-orderk1(min-1)qe(mg/g)R2
Initial concentration (mg/L)2000.004111.760.7887
4000.007214.380.7621
6000.008416.620.6869
8000.016119.940.8101
10000.019819.930.7244
Temperature (°C)250.004618.980.8845
350.003318.110.8758
450.003116.930.8523
pH50.003718.660.8311
80.008318.940.8993
110.007415.590.8746
agitation speed (rpm)1000.004418.570.9214
2000.004918.280.8876
3000.007118.960.8343
Pseudo-second-orderk2(g/(mg·min))qe (mg/g)R2
Initial concentration (mg/L)2000.002814.950.9962
4000.004717.340.9974
6000.005920.170.9978
8000.013325.050.9993
10000.013722.930.9992
Temperature (°C)250.004722.550.9964
350.004522.320.9877
450.003720.970.9699
pH50.004619.830.9989
80.010822.510.9963
110.005721.950.9977
agitation speed (rpm)1000.003422.210.9924
2000.004622.530.9932
3000.006222.980.9966
Table 3

Kinetic parameters of pseudo-first- and second-order models.

Kinetic modelsParameters
Intraparticle diffusion modelk1 (mg/(g·min1/2))R2
Initial concentration (mg/L)2000.00520.9722
4000.00740.9458
6000.01730.9876
8000.03360.9992
10000.03640.9965
Temperature (°C)250.00460.8927
350.00540.9792
450.00370.9533
pH50.00430.8397
80.00540.9793
110.00360.9646
agitation speed (rpm)1000.00610.9214
2000.00560.9676
3000.00490.9343

Researches on intraparticle diffusion models showed that the process of ammonium adsorbed onto clinoptilolite mainly occurred both onto external surface of the clinoptilolite and inside its particles [24]. Figure 2 showed that the first step line with high slopes (t1/2 ranged in 0-9.49 min1/2) was the external surface adsorption, the second step line with lower slopes (t1/2 ranged in 9.49-14.49 min1/2) represented the intraparticle diffusion, and the third step line with null slope (t1/2 ranged in 14.49-18.97 min1/2) may be attributed to the process of ammonium adsorbed onto exchangeable sites in clinoptilolite. All in all, Figure 2 depicted that the intraparticle diffusion model fitted the ammonium adsorption well and there was a fast external surface adsorption followed by slow intraparticle diffusion [25,26].

Figure 2 Intraparticle diffusion plot for ammonium adsorption by clinoptilolite.
Figure 2

Intraparticle diffusion plot for ammonium adsorption by clinoptilolite.

3.4 Adsorption isotherms

From Table 4, qm calculated using Langmuir isotherm model was found to be 29.1 mg/g at 25°C, higher than the 12.3 mg/g by Chilean natural zeolite and 25.8 mg/g by Turkish zeolite [27,28]. The RL values were found between 0 and 1 confirmed that the adsorption of ammonium by the clinoptilolite is propitious, thus, the clinoptilolite was a potential ion-exchanger for ammonium removal. The Freundlich and Tempkin parameters were also presented in Table 4.

Table 4

Kinetic parameters of intraparticle diffusion model.

T (°C)Langmuir isothermsFreundlich isothermsTempkin isotherm
kL (L/mg)qm (mg/g)R2RLkf (mg/g)1/nR2Kt (L/mg)RT/bR2
250.01829.090.91090.2870.0710.9210.79374.210.81730.7852
350.02328.140.98310.2710.0790.9730.84383.480.85210.8419
450.03527.360.87830.2640.0820.9440.85722.770.87340.8326

In summary, the ammonium removal process by clinoptilolite can be best fitted by the Langmuir isotherm (R2 values at different temperature were all higher than 0.9). For the Freundlich isotherm, on the one hand, the clinoptilolite has a homogeneous surface with a uniform distribution of heat of adsorption over the surface, on the other hand, R2 values at different temperature were all lower than 0.90, so it was not well fitted [23]. For Tempkin isotherm, R2 values at different temperature were the lowest (below 0.90), so it was also not well fitted.

3.5 Thermodynamics

Thermodynamic parameters were calculated from Langmuir constant under different temperature conditions (25, 35, and 45°C), and summarized in Table 5. The negative ΔGo showed the spontaneous in nature of the ammonium adsorption. The negative ΔHo showed the exothermic in nature. The negative ΔSo showed the decreased randomness at the solid–liquid interface during ammonium adsorption by clinoptilolite. The higher temperature, the more negative the ΔGo, ΔHo and ΔSo, the more energetically favorable adsorption.

Table 5

Kinetic constants of Film and Particle diffusion models.

T (K)ΔGo (kJ/mol)ΔHo (kJ/mol)ΔSo (kJ/mol)
298-20.47-121.62-0.339
308-21.66-124.84-0.335
318-23.39-127.38-0.327

3.6 Ion exchange mechanisms

After completion of ammonium adsorption, the cations contents of clinoptilolite were detected. From Figure 3, compared to the raw clinoptilolite, the compositions of Mg2+ and Ca2+ were decreased, indicated that Ca2+ and Mg2+ were the main exchangeable ions. At low ammonium concentrations, the compositions of Mg2+ in solid phase decreased rapidly in the adsorption process, meaning that Mg2+ played an important part in ion exchange. When initial ammonium increased, the compositions of Ca2+ in the solid phase decreased rapidly and replaced Mg2+ gradually as a major role in ion exchange.

Figure 3 Contents of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ of the clinoptilolite after completion of ammonium adsorption.
Figure 3

Contents of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ of the clinoptilolite after completion of ammonium adsorption.

According to the ion exchange fundamentals [19], ammonium ions transferred from wastewater phase onto clinoptilolite through ion exchange process can be expressed by Eq.(6):

(6)Zolite−Mn++nNH4+↔Zolite−nNH4++Mn+

where M represented exchangeable ions and n was electric charge number.

Assuming that Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ were the mainly exchangeable cation in clinoptilolite, the ion exchange capacity (IEC) can be defined as their sum as Eq.(7):

(7)IEC=[N+]+[K+]+2[Ca2+]+2[Mg2+]=[NH4+]

Figure 4 showed the variation of equivalent concentrations of Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+ and K+ in piggery wastewater with different initial ammonium. The equilibrium ion exchange capacity (IEC) of 1.67 meq/g was almost equal to the ammonium adsorption capacity, indicated that ion exchange played leading role in ammonium removal. The theoretical ion exchange capacity (TIEC) can achieved 2.86 meq/g if all of the alkaline–earth cation in clinoptilolite were replaced, higher than the actual value of 1.67 meq/g, indicated that there were about 58% of the exchangeable sites were available for ammonium removal. Figure 4 also showed that the exchange order of alkaline–earth cations in the clinoptilolite for ammonium is Ca2+>Mg2+>Na+>K+, slightly different from that reported in [29], may be due to the difference in chemical compositions of tested zeolites. Exchange equivalent capacity of Mg2+ was 38%–54% at different initial ammonium, which was 37%–49% of Ca2+ and 3%–8% of Na+ and K+, indicated that Mg2+ and Ca2+ were the dominant cation which can effectively exchanged with NH4+,while the strong affinity of clinoptilolite to Na+ and K+ by the clinoptilolite made their exchange performances poor [2].

Figure 4 Exchange equivalent capacity of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ with initial ammonium concentration in adsorption process.
Figure 4

Exchange equivalent capacity of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ with initial ammonium concentration in adsorption process.

Table 6 listed the comparison of the equivalences of adsorbed ammonium and released exchangeable cations. In ammonium removal, if ion exchange is the only way, the equivalence of the cations released into piggery wastewater should be equal to that of the ammonium adsorbed by clinoptilolite. However, there was about 14–26% excess equivalence of ammonium was appeared, indicated that both ion exchange and adsorption were involved in ammonium removal by clinoptilolite.

Table 6

Isotherms constants of the three isotherm models.

Initial ammoniumqeaqeb(meq/g)%
concentration (mg/L)(meq/g)Difference
2000.870.7514
4001.471.2416
6001.791.4917
8002.061.6719
10002.231.6526

  1. a From ammonium measurements directly.

    b From Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ measurements.

3.7 Column study

3.7.1 Effect of flow rate and initial ammonium on clinoptilolite exchange

Figure S6 proved a general reverse connection between qe and initial flow rate. It can be observed that the higher the flow rate, the lower ammonium concentration of the samples collected from the column exit. The increasing flow rate caused a decreasing retention time, which further resulted in less ammonium removal [2]. Furthermore, the capacity of clinoptilolite in column study was much higher than that in batch study. Take the flow rate of 9 BV/h as example, the amount of ammonium absorbed by the clinoptilolite reached to 24.8 mg/g. As seen from Figure S7, it was found that the qe was enhanced with the increasing initial ammonium, which reached its peak at initial ammonium of 700 mg/L. The reason was listed in section 3.1(Figure S4).

3.7.2 Regeneration

Various representative eluents such as distilled water, 0.2 mol/L HCl and NaCl were selected for desorption of the saturated clinoptilolite, after desorption for 2 h, there were 5.2%, 88.4% and 99.4% of adsorbed ammonium can be desorbed by distilled water, NaCl (0.2 mol/L) and HCl (0.2 mol/L), respectively. As seen from Table S2, the adsorption efficiency decreased slightly with the increasing cycle times. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, desorption time was the most important factor for ammonium desorption from the saturated clinoptilolite, and it can be concluded from desorption kinetics of amount of ammonium desorbed against contact time. The desorption process was completed very rapidly and more than 90% of adsorbed ammonium could be desorbed within 30 min, indicated that the clinoptilolite in this study can be regenerated easily and used circulating.

4 Conclusion

This study provided an ammonium removal method from piggery wastewater adsorption/ion exchange by clinoptilolite. The adsorption of ammonium by clinoptilolite was a fast process, who establishes its equilibrium within 60 min. When the dosage of clinoptilolite was adjusted to 15 g/L, the ammonium adsorbed onto unit mass of clinoptilolite (qe) achieved to the peak value of 18.6 mg/g, which was declined when metal cations were presented in the piggery wastewater. Under the optimal conditions obtained by RSM that clinoptilolite dosage of 12 g/L, solution pH value of 8.3, shaking speed of 280 rpm and contact time of 55 min, theoretical value of qe can reach 19.7 mg/g. Column study demonstrated that the clinoptilolite in this study can be regenerated easily and used circulating.

Acknowledgment

The authors appreciate the support of the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFE0116300); the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (182300410102); National Natural Science Foundation of China (51878646); Key Research Programs of Henan Educational Committee (19A610011).

  1. Conflict of Interest: All of the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2019-07-22
Accepted: 2019-10-10
Published Online: 2019-12-31

© 2019 Liu Nan et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0149
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Clinoptilolite; Piggery wastewater; Ammonium; Response surface methodology (RSM)
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Research on correlation of compositions with oestrogenic activity of Cistanche based on LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology
  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
  4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive features of Bryonia alba L.: As a possible alternative in treating rheumatism
  5. High efficiency liposome fusion induced by reducing undesired membrane peptides interaction
  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
  8. Development of a validated spectrofluorimetric method for assay of sotalol hydrochloride in tablets and human plasma: application for stability-indicating studies
  9. Topological Indices of Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugates’ Molecular Structure in Cancer Treatment
  10. Thermodynamic properties of the bubble growth process in a pool boiling of water-ethanol mixture two-component system
  11. Critical Roles of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Apoptosis and Autophagy of Astrocytes Induced by Methamphetamine
  12. Characteristics of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of Soil Moisture under Different Land Use in Dry Hot Valley of Yuanmou
  13. Specific, highly sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method for quantification of daclatasvir in HCV human plasma patients and in tablets dosage form
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  25. Aqueous Micro-hydration of Na+(H2O)n=1-7 Clusters: DFT Study
  26. A proposed image-based detection of methamidophos pesticide using peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence system
  27. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
  29. Chemical pretreatments of Trapa bispinosa's peel (TBP) biosorbent to enhance adsorption capacity for Pb(ll)
  30. Dynamic Changes in MMP1 and TIMP1 in the Antifibrotic Process of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Rats with Liver Fibrosis
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  72. Conceptual DFT as a Novel Chemoinformatics Tool for Studying the Chemical Reactivity Properties of the Amatoxin Family of Fungal Peptides
  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
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Heruntergeladen am 17.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2019-0149/html
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