Home Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
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Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats

  • Masfufatun , Loo Hariyanto , Harsono and Afaf Baktir EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: December 31, 2019
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 17 Issue 1

Abstract

The gold immunochromatography assay (GICA), a new immunochromatography technique, uses a nitrocellulose membrane as a carrier and a colloidal gold-labeled antigen or antibody as a tracer (bioreceptor). This technology has many advantages over other immunoassays, including its simplicity, rapidity, cheapness, and the lack of a requirement for special training or expensive equipment, and it can be used to detect either antigens or antibodies. Therefore, we chose to develop this method for the diagnosis of candidiasis in Indonesia. The objective of the present study was to develop a diagnostic test for Candida albicans in rats using the GICA method. GICA bioreceptors were developed from biofilm antigens isolated from biofim Candida albicans grown on the surface of nitrocellulose membranes. The formation of biofilms was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy. Antigen levels as bioreceptors were optimized by using the immuno dot method. The samples to be analyzed were antibody serum, in the form of blood serum samples from heart mice that have been induced to become candidiasis. To this end, we optimized the antigen and antibody volumes necessary to make this diagnosis. The results show that the optimum concentration of antigen to be used in the test is 2.5 μg/μL and the optimum volume of antibody is 10 μL. The control rats produced a single red stripe on the control line and the candidiasis rat samples produced a double red stripe, with the bottom line being the control line and the upper line the test line. The test chip was successfully used for the diagnosis of candidiasis in rats and given the name “Candiday Kit.”. We anticipate that this test will be suitable for the diagnosis of candidiasis in humans

Keywords: candidiasis; rat; gold immunochromatography assay; antigen; biofilm; Candida albicans

1 Introduction

Candidiasis is an infectious disease caused by an overgrowth of Candida species. It may occur in the mouth, vagina, skin, or lungs, and may also cause septicemia, endocarditis, or meningitis [1]. Candidiasis or Candida infection occurs as a result of an imbalance between immunity and the pathogenicity of Candida. Several types of Candida infection can cause serious problems, especially in immunocompromized individuals [2]. One of the Candida species that can cause disease in animals and humans is Candida albicans.

In less favorable conditions for C. albicans, such as a lack of nutrition or the presence of factors that jeopardize its survival, Candida forms an association referred to as a biofilm [3]. This biofilm is a protective mechanism for microbes that is activated to cope with immune responses and anti-microbial substances. The pathogenicity and resistance capabilities of most microbes, including Candida, are determined by their abilities to form biofilms.

Early and accurate diagnosis of candidiasis is important for the provision of timely antifungal therapy to patients. Until now, blood culture has been considered the gold standard method for the diagnosis of candidiasis [4]. However, this method has a low sensitivity of ~50% [5] and it takes up to 8 days [6]. Thus, non-culture methods of diagnosis, such as PCR, which is used to detect Candida cell components, including β-D-glucan (BDG) and mannan, have been developed, and are now commercially available. However, the detection of mannan and BDG is associated with frequent false positive results [4, 7, 8, 9]. Therefore, a serologic diagnostic method has been developed that detects host antibodies against Candida components. In a previous study, extracts of Candida albicans (PIB) biofilm intracellular proteins were used as antigens that could be detected using anti-Candida sera in a dot blot immunoassay [10].

In the present study, we developed a gold immunochromatography assay (GICA) method using a biofilm antigen from Candida albicans as a bioreceptor, for the diagnosis of candidiasis in rats. This method uses a nitrocellulose membrane as a carrier and colloidal gold-labeled antigen or antibody as a tracer (bioreceptor). GICAs have many advantages over other immunoassays, including their simplicity, rapidity, cheapness, and lack of requirement for special training or expensive equipment, and can be used to detect either antigens or antibodies.

2 Materials and Methods

Candida albicans isolate strain used in this study were ATCC 10231, acquired from the Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Airlangga University. The study has been approved by the The Animal Care and Use Committee (ACUC), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University no 457-KE. Animals were monitored daily for distress from environmental factors that affect the immune system.

The animal model used in this study were male wistar rats (Rattus novergicus). In total of 20 rats, 2-3 month-old, weight of 160-170 g were divided into two groups i.e the control and treatment groups

GICA bioreceptors were biofilm antigens isolated from biofim Candida albicans grown on the surface of nitrocellulose membranes. Antigen levels as bioreceptors were optimized by using the immuno dot method. The samples to be analyzed were antibody serum, in the form of blood serum sampled from mice that have been induced to become candidiasis.

2.1 Preparation of Candida albicans biofilm antigen

Biofilms were prepared according to Samaranayake (2005) and Merrit (2005), with several modifications. A biofilm of C. albicans was grown on a nitrocellulose membrane with a diameter of 25 mm and a pore size of 0.22 μm in Spider medium. The sterilized membranes were positioned on the surface of the Spider medium in petri dishes using sterilized tweezers, then 0 μL of C. albicans inoculum with an optical density of 0.5 at 469 nm was dropped onto it. The medium was then incubated at 37°C for 1 h, and the petri dishes were inverted and incubated again for 24 h. The biofilm formed on the membrane was resuspended in sterilized phosphate-buffered saline and the suspension centrifuged at 3,000 g for 15 min. The biofilm pellet was then resuspended in 100 mL of 0.6 M KCl, containing A. fulica crude enzyme, and sonicated for 2 min, followed by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 15 min, after which the precipitate was discarded. The supernatant was concentrated using a freeze dryer and used as the antigen in the assay [11].

2.2 Induction of candidiasis in rats

The rats were acclimated for 1 week, then allocated randomly to control and treatment groups. The treatment group was orally administered with streptomycin (20 mg/kg), tetracycline (25 mg/kg), and gentamycin (7.5 mg/kg) daily for four days. On the fourth day, they were injected with cortisone acetate (225 mg/kg), and on the fifth day, they were inoculated orally with C. albicans. During this treatment, the rats were orally administered with the Spider medium. On the 35th day after Candida inoculation, blood samples were taken and centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 15 min to obtain serum samples. These serum samples were kept refrigerated prior to use in the diagnosis of candidiasis.

2.3 Optimization of antigen concentration and serum volume

Antigen was tested at concentrations of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 ug/uL. Serial dilutions of antigen were performed in carbonate buffer (pH 9.6). Three microliters of each concentration of antigen were dropped onto a polystyrene surface in triplicate. After drying, the antigen was fixed using methanol for 5 min and then dried. To stabilize the antigen, the spots were dipped in 10% sucrose solution and then dried. The antigen-covered polystyrene was stored at 2°C before use.

20-microliter aliquots of serum were pipetted into wells of flat-bottomed microplates containing Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.2). Dipsticks were then dipped into each well and incubated at room temperature for 30 min, washed with Tris-HCl buffer, dipped into wells containing 200 μL of colloidal gold linked to protein A, and incubated for 15 min at room temperature. The dipsticks were then washed three times and observed for the appearance of a red spot. The result was interpreted as positive if a fully round red spot appeared and negative if no red spot appeared or the spot was not fully rounded.

The serum volume was optimized using positive control rats, testing 5, 10, 15, and 20 μL volumes and an antigen concentration of 2.5 μg/μL, using the same method.

2.4 Design and construction of the test chip

The test chip consisted of four parts, as shown in Figure 1. Part D, the immunochromatography layer, consisted of nitrocellulose membrane, to the upper and lower sides of which 1 cm-thick polyester layers were attached. Antigen was applied linearly using a BioJetTM3000 to the upper part of the nitrocellulose membrane as a test line and conjugated goat anti-rat-IgG was applied as a control line. The nitrocellulose membrane was cut into 5-cm strips using a Kinematic Automation PS-360.

Figure 1 The components of the “Candiday Kit” test chip.
Figure 1

The components of the “Candiday Kit” test chip.

2.5 Diagnosis of candidiasis using the GICA test chip

The test chip was left on a flat surface for ~20 min until it reached room temperature, then removed from its aluminum sachet. (Figure 1). Ten microliters of serum were dropped onto the blue-colored sample pad (Figure 1). A drop of buffer was added to the same pad (2), followed by two drops of signal reagent colloidal gold (3). If the sample was absorbed by the test line, the test chip was then closed (4) and the test result observed via the observation window after 15–20 min (part a). The test result was interpreted as positive if two red lines appeared, negative if only one red line appeared, and invalid if no line appeared.

2.6 Data analysis

The results of antigen optimization and candidiasis diagnosis using the immunochromatographic test chip were analyzed qualitatively.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Animal model of candidiasis

The model used was of in vivo intestinal biofilm formation by C. albicans colonizing the intestinal mucosa of rats (Figure 2). The formation of biofilms was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy [12, 13].

Figure 2 Scanning electron microscopy images of intestinal membrane mucosa. (a) control rat, (b) rat with candidiasis. 5,000× magnification.
Figure 2

Scanning electron microscopy images of intestinal membrane mucosa. (a) control rat, (b) rat with candidiasis. 5,000× magnification.

3.2 Optimization of antigen concentration and serum volume

The optimization of antigen concentration and serum volume were performed using immunodot dipsticks. Positive results were indicated by the appearance of full red-colored spots. C. albicans biofilm antigen optimization was performed using 20 μL of rat serum as positive control and antigen concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 μg/μL in triplicate. The results of this optimization are shown in Figure 3. Antigen concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 μg/μL did not result in the appearance of red spots (negative results), an antigen concentration of 2.0 μg/μL produced one red spot out of three, and concentrations of 2.5 μg/μL and 3.0 μg/μL produced three full red spots. Therefore, the optimal concentration of C. albicans biofilm antigen was determined to be 2.5 μg/μL.

Figure 3 Optimization of antigen concentration, with a serum volume of 20 μL.
Figure 3

Optimization of antigen concentration, with a serum volume of 20 μL.

The serum volume optimization was performed using rat serum as a positive control and a blank, and volumes of 5, 10, 15, and 20 μL, and 2.5 μg/μL antigen, in triplicate. The results of this optimization are shown in Figure 4. The antigen gave a positive response to the positive control serum at volumes of 10, 15, and 20 μL. Therefore, we used 10 μL serum in the study, as the lowest effective volume.

Figure 4 Optimization of serum volume, with an antigen concentration of 2.5 μg/μL.
Figure 4

Optimization of serum volume, with an antigen concentration of 2.5 μg/μL.

3.3 The diagnosis of candidiasis using the “Candiday Kit” chip

The diagnostic results obtained using the GICA test chip in negative control (−) sample K1 and treatment sample P1 are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5 Diagnosis of candidiasis using a “Candiday Kit” chip.
Figure 5

Diagnosis of candidiasis using a “Candiday Kit” chip.

Figure 5 shows the kit results through the observation windows of the “Candiday Kit.” The K1 sample produced a single red stripe on the control line and the P1 sample produced a double red stripe, with the bottom line being the control line and the upper line the test line. The complete results are presented in Table 1. The negative control sample did not produce a red color on the test line, due to the absence of an antibody to Candida. The absence of a red stripe on the test line implies a negative result in the test or the absence of a C. albicans biofilm in the digestive tract of the animal.

Table 1

Results of candidiasis testing using the “Candiday Kit”.

Sample codeObservation resultsTest conclusion
Test lineControl line
P1+++
P2+++
P3+++
P4+++
P5+++
P6+++
P7+++
P7+++
P8+++
P9+++
P10+++
P11+++
P12+++
P13+++
P14+++
P15+++
K1-+-
K2-+-
K3-+-
K4-+-
K5-+-

The GICA method developed in this study is based on the principle of reverse flow immunochromatography. This differs from the immunochromatographic method used in pregnancy tests that generally uses lateral flow. The principles of the reverse flow immunochromatography used in this study are:

  1. The test starts when a serum sample is placed on the sample pad (right end) and is allowed to flow along the nitrocellulose membrane through the two lines: the control line, carrying the goat anti-mouse IgG, and the test line, carrying the C. albicans biofilm antigen (Figure 6a).

  2. In parallel, signal reagent is allowed to flow in the opposite direction from the signal reagent pad (left end), diffusing through the same test and control lines. Signal reagent contains protein A gold, a secondary polyclonal rabbit antibody conjugated with colloidal gold (Figure 6a).

  3. In the test line, the anti-Candida antibody contained in the serum samples forms complexes with the antigens and signal reagent, which are indicated by the appearance of a red line (Figure 6b).

  4. In the control line, A gold protein forms a complex with anti-mouse IgG, which is indicated by the appearance of a similar red line (Figure 6b).

Figure 6 Immunochromatographic principle for the assessment of antigen-antibody reactions.(a) Flow of serum sample and signal reagent along a nitrocellulose membrane strip, (b) Antigen-antibody reactions on the test and control lines.
Figure 6

Immunochromatographic principle for the assessment of antigen-antibody reactions.(a) Flow of serum sample and signal reagent along a nitrocellulose membrane strip, (b) Antigen-antibody reactions on the test and control lines.

Zakoskina [14] performed immunochromatography testing for brucellosis and concluded that the colloidal gold-labeled particles could form gold-antibody complexes.

These complexes diffused along the nitrocellulose membrane and formed a complex with the immobilized antigen on the test line, generating a stripe. The appearance of a second stripe on the control line, viewed through the observation window, indicated that the test functioned well.

Immunochromatography testing was also used by Marot-Leblond [15] to diagnose vulvo-vaginal candidiasis, using the lateral flow principle. This test had a specificity of 98.6%, sensitivity of 96.6%, and efficiency of 98%. This method was used to detect antigen on a swab sample. These previous findings further suggest that an immunochromatographic method may be suitable for the diagnosis of candidiasis, using either antibody or antigen samples.

4 Conclusion

We have successfully used the GICA method to detect antibody against C. albicans biofilm antigen from rats with candidiasis. This method used antigen at a concentration of 2.5 μg/μL and a serum volume of 10μL.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi (DIKTI), Ministry of National Education, for their financial support, through Hibah Kompetensi research funding in 2017.

  1. Conflict of interest Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-11-27
Accepted: 2019-06-28
Published Online: 2019-12-31

© 2019 Masfufatun et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
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  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0146
Keywords for this article
candidiasis; rat; gold immunochromatography assay; antigen; biofilm; Candida albicans
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Articles in the same Issue

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  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
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