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Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure

  • Yan Zhang , Chun-Yan Fu , Xin-Hua Li , Pei-Pei Yan , Tian-Hong Shi , Jia-Qiang Wu , Xiang-Fa Wei and Xue-Lan Liu EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: November 13, 2019
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 17 Issue 1

Abstract

Strain C was isolated from chicken manure, and its phenotypic characteristics were gram-stain negative, yellow-pigmented, aerobic bacterium, heterotrophic, non-motile, chemoorganotrophic, non-gliding as well as non-spore-forming. A 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain C occupied a distinct lineage within the family of the genus Chryseobacterium, and it shared highest sequence similarity with Chryseobacterium solincola strain 1YB-R12 (80%). The new isolate has been studied for removing ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N) and the optimization of suitable conditions. The strain C was able to degrade over 42.8% of NH4-N during its active growth cycle. Experimental study of the effect of temperature and pH on NH4-N removal showed that the temperature and pH optima for NH4-N removal were 30–35℃ and 4–8, respectively. The results indicated that strain C shows a potential application for wastewater treatment.

Keywords: Chryseobacterium; nitrate; temperature; pH; wastewater

1 Introduction

Ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N) is the main component of nitrogen in wastewater from the livestock and poultry industries, and its content in wastewater is very high [1]. NH4-N removal from bodies of water was affected by ammonia volatilization, nitrification, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, anaerobic ammonia oxidation, plant and microbial uptake in addition to substrate adsorption [2, 3, 4]. For these, the nitrification by microbes is one of the most economical and ecological processes for NH4-N removal from wastewater [5,6], and bio-treatment is an effective and low-cost biotechnology for degrading NH4-N content in wastewater [7,8].

NH4-N can be degraded traditionally by both autotrophic-nitrifying and heterotrophic-nitrifying microbes [9,10]. Some heterotrophic-nitrifying bacteria, such as Acinetobacterium baumanii [11], Candida rugosa [12], Candida krusei [13], and Pichia farinosa [14] can convert NH4-N into nitrite (NO2-N) or nitrate (NO3-N). In recent studies, most bacteria included Alcallgenes faecalis [15], Pseudomonas stutzeri [16], and Rhodococcus species [7], which are capable of nitrification as well as aerobic denitrification.

In aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, most members of genus Chryseobacterium can be widely found and distributed; some Chryseobacterium species are pathogenic for both humans and animals [17], such as Chryseobacterium meningosepticum, Chryseobacterium indologenes, Chryseobacterium balustinum, Chryseobacterium scophthalmum, and other strains; some members of the Chryseobacterium family are confirmed to be a crucial bacterial group associated with plants [18,19], as these strains of the plant-associated species of Chryseobacterium can promote plant growth [20,21]. Some reports also described the compound-accumulation and resistance ability of Chryseobacterium strains, such as C. solincola [22] and C. polytrichastri [23]. For instance, C. Solincola can bioaccumulate heavy metals, which may have great application potentials for in situ bioremediation of heavy metals-contaminated water or soil systems [22]. However, these Chryseobacterium have only been isolated from water and soil, and few researchers have paid attention to livestock and poultry manures though they contain abundant bacteria. There may be Chryseobacterium in livestock and poultry manures. At present, the bacteria were reported to be most capable of ammonium nitrogen degradation, including Bacillus sp. [24,25], Staphylococus sp. [26], Pseudomonas sp. [27,28], and so on. However, there is little investigation and information on the effect of Chryseobacteriun species on inorganic nitrogen, especially NH4-N, which could broaden the application of Chryseobacteriun. Furthermore, the capability of Chryseobacterium species to carry out heterotrophic nitrification has not been studied thus far.

The aim of the present study was to determine the NH4-N removal capacity of candidate organisms isolated from chicken manure. We could identify a bacterium on the basis of phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness. We also studied the effect of temperature and pH on the removal capacity of ammonium-nitrogen of these species.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Medium

To isolate the target bacteria and promote its growth as well as inhibit the growth of other bacteria, an enrichment medium of the following specifications was used: 5.0 g Glucose, 2.0 g (NH4)2SO4, 1.0 g NaCl, 1.0 g MgSO4·7H2O, 1.0 g K2HPO4·2H2O, and 0.4 g FeSO4·7H2O in 1L distilled water, pH 7.2-7.4. The isolation medium, which constituted enrichment medium with 2% agar, and the selection medium were used for isolating and purifying individual bacterial colony members. The selection medium was made up of the following : 5.0 g Glucose, 0.6 g (NH4)2SO4, 1.0 g NaCl, 0.05 g MgSO4·7H2O, 0.5 g K2HPO4·2H2O, and 0.25 g FeSO4·7H2O in 1 L distilled water, pH 7.2. Lysogeny broth medium, as seed culture medium, was used for strain preservation as follows: 10 g tryptone, 10g NaCl, and 5.0 g yeast extract in 1 L distilled water. Ammonia nitrogen medium (ANM) was used for investigating the capacity to degrade NH4-N. Each liter of ANM (pH 7.2-7.4) contained 5.0 g Glucose, 0.7 g (NH4)2SO4, 1.0 g NaCl, 0.05 g MgSO4·7H2O, 0.5 g K2HPO4·2H2O, and 0.25 g FeSO4·7H2O.

2.2 Isolation of strain C

Samples of fresh chicken manure were obtained from a broiler poultry farm in the Shandong province, China. 2g of chicken manure samples were added to 100 ml of enrichment medium in a 250-ml flask, supplemented daily with 5% (NH4)2SO4 (w/w%), and incubated on a rotary shaker at 180 rpm and 30℃ for 7 days. The culture was diluted and spread onto isolation medium. Isolation medium plates were incubated at 30℃ over two days and the colonies were sub-cultured in selection medium under the same conditions. Line separation and purification of the colonies was performed repeatedly on selection medium. The pure colonies were preserved in lysogeny broth medium. Microscopic examination was performed to confirm the culture purity. Finally, the strain C was isolated.

2.3 Identification of strain C

The colony morphology, pigmentation, growth characteristics and phenotypic characterization for strain C were observed following a two day incubation period at 30℃. Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DAN) was extracted from strain C, and 16S rRNA genes were amplified by PCR using tow primers: 5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′, forward; 5′-AAGGAGGTGATCCAGCCGCA-3′, reverse. The result of PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes as well as sequencing of purified PCR products were compared to the GenBank database to search for a homologous sequence.

2.4 Biodegradation experiments

2.4.1 NH4-N degradation during the growth of strain C

Strain C was inoculated in 100 ml of Lysogenic broth medium in a 250-ml flask for one day, and 5 ml of Lysogenic broth medium was put in a 250-ml flask on a rotary shaker at 180 rpm at 30℃. 1 ml of bacterial fluid was withdrawn each 6 h, and its optical density (OD600) was analyzed to monitor the growth of strain C. Strain C was transferred to ANM, which contained approximately 192.1 mg/ L ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N), to evaluate its capacity to degrade NH4-N under aerobic conditions. Bacterial counts, OD600, and NH4-N of the samples were measured. The bacterial counts used the plate count method; and OD600 and NH4-N in ANM were measured using an ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometer (UV-8000S, METASH, China). NH4-N concentrations were analyzed periodically using the Nessler’s reagent colorimetry method.

Figure 1 The preliminary result and conventional plate streaking of Strain C.
Figure 1

The preliminary result and conventional plate streaking of Strain C.

2.4.2 Effect of temperature and pH on NH4-N degradation

The effects of temperature (20℃, 25℃, 30℃, 35℃, 40℃ at pH 7.2 and 180 rpm) and pH (4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0at 30℃ and180 rpm) on NH4-N degradation were investigated as described above. The incubator was set at a constant temperature, and the pH was adjusted using NaOH or HCl.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results

3.1 Identification of strain C

According to cell morphology analysis (Figure 1), a round ivory opaque, moist and smooth micro-colony generated on the isolation medium plate. Rod-shaped cells of strain C were observed under the light microscope. The phenotypic characteristics of strain C are shown in Table 1. Strain C was gram-negative bacillus, not-motile, and aerobic, and could use glucose sucrose and mannitol, but not sorbitol, melibiose, lactose, arabinose, inositol, rhamnose, and amygdalin, indicating that strain C is a heteromorphic strain. Nitrates were not reduced to other forms of nitrogen. Ammonia production was absent, and tests for indole and H2S production, ornithine dearboxylase and citrate utilization were negative, but gelatin liquefaction was positive.

Table 1

Physiological and biochemical characteristics of strain C.

Test itemResultTest itemResult
Gram staining-Lactose fermentation-
Cell shapeRodCitrate utilization test-
H2S production-Indole test-
MotilityNoNitrate reduction-
Aerobism+Ammonia production-
Oxidase+Gelatin liquefaction+
Glucose fermentation+Ornithine decarboxylase antizyme-
Sucrose fermentation+Arabinose fermentation-
Mannitol+Inositol-
Sorbitol-Rhamnose-
Melibiose-Amygdalin-

The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the amplified and sequenced strain C is shown in Figure 2. The results indicated that levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain C and strains of recognized species of the

Figure 2 Phylogenetic position of strain C and its closest relatives in the genus, Chryseobacterium, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences.
Figure 2

Phylogenetic position of strain C and its closest relatives in the genus, Chryseobacterium, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences.

genus Chryseobacterium were 99%; the highest sequence similarity was 80% with the Chryseobacterium solincola strain 1YB-R12 [17]. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that strain C was a member of the genus Chryseobacterium, and it could form a monophyletic clade with the Chryseobacterium solincola strain 1YB-R12 (Figure 2).

3.2 NH4-N degradation during the growth of strain C

Strain C was in an adaptive phase from 0 h to 12 h, and the logarithmic growth phase of the bacterium was 12-24 h (Figure 3). Strain C reached maximum biomass values at 30 h (OD600 = 3.526, Log(CFU) = 7.412), after which the biomass maintained a stable growth trend for several hours-the plateau phase. Beyond 42 h, strain C entered the decline phase. Hence, optimal biomass of strain C was observed between 25h and 36h.

Figure 3 Growth curves of strain C.
Figure 3

Growth curves of strain C.

As shown in Figure 4, the degradation of ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) was incomplete after 48h. Only 42.8% of the initial NH4-N was removed by the end of this experiment. However, NH4-N concentrations decreased from 0h to 36h, followed by a slight increase at 48h. Meanwhile, nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) had formed, and its concentrations increased over time. NO3-N concentrations increased rapidly until the 24h, and then increased slowly from the 24h to the 48h.

Figure 4 The change of NH4-N removal with time.
Figure 4

The change of NH4-N removal with time.

3.3 The change of NH4-N and OD600 under different temperature and pH

The effect of temperature on the NH4-N removal capacity and OD600 of strain C is shown in Figure 5. Between 20 and40℃, NH4-N removal and OD600 were parabolic, with the highest removal rate (30.98%) and the maximum value (3.47) of OD600 at 30℃ during 1d. The growth of strain C was given a rating of ‘good’ at 25-40℃ (optimum, 30–35℃). At 20℃, the NH4-N removal rate was approximately 10% during 1 d; between 20℃ and 30℃, NH4-N removal rates increased with increasing temperature. However, NH4-N removal rates decreased with an increase in temperature as the temperature rise to more than 35℃. Contrary to this, OD600 was greatest between 30 and 35℃ (3.470–3.473). Temperatures below 30℃, experienced an increase in cell density of strain C , while increasing temperatures demonstrate that the biomass yields of strain C were enhanced by greater temperatures. This trend stopped at temperatures greater than 35℃.

Figure 5 The effect of temperature of NH4-N removal and OD600 by strain C.
Figure 5

The effect of temperature of NH4-N removal and OD600 by strain C.

Increasing the pH from 4 to 9, resulted in similar variations in NH4-N removal and OD600 (Figure 6). First, both values increased, then decreased with increasing pH values. The NH4-N removal rate ranged from 19.82% to 38.38%, and OD600 ranged from 0.80 to 3.60 between pH

Figure 6 The effect of pH of ammonium nitrogen removal and OD600 by strain C.
Figure 6

The effect of pH of ammonium nitrogen removal and OD600 by strain C.

4 to 9. The strain C removed NH4-N within the pH range of 4 to 8, exceeding 28% degradation. The NH4-N removal rates by strain C were more than 31.08% during the pH of 4–7. At a pH of 5, the NH4-N removal rate and OD600 reached optimal values, followed by a fluctuating decrease with increased pH.

4 Discussion

According to morphological characteristics and the 16S rRNA gene sequence, strain C was identified as a Chryseobacterium strain, and the growth curves suggested that the strain C could utilize glucose as a sole carbon source, but that it was insufficient for driving the growth of strain C (Figure 3). Strain C was also found to degrade NH4-N.

4.1 NH4-N degradation

Under aerobic conditions, NH4-N degradation is believed to follow oxidative pathways [3]. The oxidative pathway is classified by the formation of a nitrite and nitrate [29,30]. NH4-N degradation by strain C ultimately produced nitrate (Figure 4), but the amount of nitrate was less than the amount of NH4-N consumed, which indicated that some NH4-N was adsorbed by cells or transformed into nitrite under the experimental conditions [7]. The degradation of NH4-N was not complete. Due to an insufficient carbon source, strain C could not utilize the carbon source to generate energy to drive metabolic reactions, which inhibited NH4-N degradation. Some C strains died, and the adsorbed NH4-N to it was desorbed, which led to a slight increase in NH4-N concentrations. Overall, the data demonstrated that the NH4-N degradation of strain C followed an oxidative pathway, with glucose being one of the limiting factors in NH4-N removal. The data also showed that the function of strain C was the same as nitrifying bacteria, and thus strain C had the potential to degrade NH4-N.

Other bacteria were found to degrade NH4-N. Some bacteria isolated from livestock wastewater samples and membrane bioreactors, were able to remove NH4-N and total nitrogen from wastewater by the utilization of nitrite and nitrate as nitrogen sources, such as Acinetobacter sp. [31], Bacillus methylotrophicus [25], and Klebsiella pneumoniae [32], Acinetobacter sp. [31], and Bacillus methylotrophicus L7 [25] and so on. This was due to them being heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification bacteria. Rhodococcus sp. and Acinetobacter sp. were reported to degrade 100% of 50 mg/ L NH4-N and 90.8% of 97.19 mg/L NH4-N after 24h, respectively. L7 had the highest tolerance for NH4-N among three strains (Rhodococcus sp., Acinetobacter sp and L7), degrading 36% of 1121.24 mg/ L NH4-N in water after 108h. Another NH4-N-degrading bacterium, Acinetobacter baumannii strain YX3 [11], removed 90.69% of 148.48 mg/ L NH4-N and 84.65% of NH4-N (148.48 mg/ L) converted to NO3-N under sufficient carbon source. In this study, strain C degraded 42.8% of 192.1 mg/ L NH4-N in 48h due to an insufficient carbon source. The three strains mentioned above were isolated from wastewater, and they adapted to a water environment with a high pollution level, so their ability to degrade NH4-N was higher than strain C’s. Moreover, strain C could not degrade NO3-N, which may have led to the accumulation of NO3-N, which in turn affected the ability to remove NH4-N.

4.2 Effect of temperature and pH on NH4-N removal

The NH4-N removal rate was lowest at 20℃, indicating that lower temperatures inhibited strain C’s ability to remove NH4-N (Figure 5). However, the decrease in NH4-N removal rates at temperatures higher than 35℃ showed that higher temperature also suppressed NH4-N removal. The greatest OD600 was observed at 30–35℃ indicating that the cell density of strain C was largest at this temperature range. This explains the reason why the highest NH4-N removal rate was also observed at this temperature range. Below 30℃, the cell density and biomass yields of strain C increased with temperature. Higher temperatures caused some strain C to die, while excessive temperatures (> 35℃) could lead to thermal passivation of cellular enzymes of strain C [33], leading to the decrease of the biomass yields. This process is irreversible, which may result in a massive death of strain C, and only a small number of surviving microorganisms. Thus, the growth of strain C was significantly affected by temperature. According to national standards “fecal harmless health standard” (GB7959-87), the compost temperature was generally greater than 50℃ during the manure fermentation process, which probably inhibited the growth of strain C. Therefore, strain C was not suitable for the application of fermented manure to improve NH4-N degradation. However, the temperature of water in wastewater treatment is generally less than 40 ℃ [34], suggesting that this strain may be used for enhanced wastewater treatment.

NH4-N removal was also affected by the pH of wastewater. Different types of wastewater, such as industrial wastewater and agricultural wastewater, vary in pH because of their different sources and content. Previous studies demonstrated that most bacteria can remove NH4-N within a narrow pH range (6.0-8.5), and highly acidic or alkaline conditions have negative effects on bacterial activity, limiting their ability to remove pollutants from wastewater [35, 36, 37]. In this study, due to insufficient carbon source, only 38.4% of NH4-N was removed at pH 5, while between pH 4 and 7 stronger microbial activity was evident, which promoted NH4-N removal. This indicates that strain C could grow in a slightly acidic and neutral environment. Low bacterial growth above a pH of 8 was probably the result of the loss of water cells due to excessive negative ionic attraction and exchange. Above pH 8, less degradation of NH4-N was detected, which indicated that alkaline (pH 8–9) conditions inhibited strain C growth. Strain C’s negative response to low pH might be diminished by the presence of tryptone in the lysogenic broth medium which could improve the acid tolerance [37, 38, 39]. Thus, strain C was crucially found to be a pH-resistant bacteria.

5 Conclusion

Strain C bacterium was isolated from chicken manure. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis results indicated that strain C belongs to a family of Chryseobacterium and it can degrade ammonium nitrogen. It can remove 45% of ammonium-nitrogen during the active growth cycle. This indicates that strain C may be promising for treating highly ammonium-contaminated wastewater, especially from the livestock and poultry industries as well as from the food industry as they area high-carbon-source which enhances the growth of this strain.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to express their gratitude to the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41501520), the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Foundation of Shandong Academy of Agriculture Sciences, China (No. CXGC2016A08), the Science and Technology Development Foundation of Department of Science & Technology of Shandong Province, China (No. 2014GGH210001), the Construction of Subjects and Teams of Institute of Poultry Science of Shandong Academy of Agriculture Sciences, China (No.CXGC2018E11), and the Innovative Team Building Foundation of Shandong Province Department of Agriculture, China (No. SDAIT-11-06), for funding the present work.

  1. Conflict of interest

    Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2019-11-29
Accepted: 2019-06-08
Published Online: 2019-11-13

© 2019 Yan Zhang et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

Articles in the same Issue

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  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0096
Keywords for this article
Chryseobacterium; nitrate; temperature; pH; wastewater
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Research on correlation of compositions with oestrogenic activity of Cistanche based on LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology
  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
  4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive features of Bryonia alba L.: As a possible alternative in treating rheumatism
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  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
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  12. Characteristics of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of Soil Moisture under Different Land Use in Dry Hot Valley of Yuanmou
  13. Specific, highly sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method for quantification of daclatasvir in HCV human plasma patients and in tablets dosage form
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  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
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  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
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