Startseite Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
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Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola

  • Wen-Lan Li EMAIL logo , Jing-Xin Ding , Bing-Mei Liu , Da-Lei Zhang , Hui Song , Xiang-Ming Sun , Gui-Yu Liu , Jing-Ya Wang und Yu-Bin Ji
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 24. April 2019
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 17 Heft 1

Abstract

Over the decades, there have been continuous efforts to enhance the quality of human life. Postmenopausal syndrome is a serious concern for the wellbeing of a woman's health. Hormonal therapy is currently the mainstay of treatment for this condition. However, this therapy could lead to estrogen abuse, leading to adverse reactions and side effects. As a result, hormonal therapy has been unsuccessful in ameliorating postmenopausal syndrome. Cistanche deserticola is a classical tonic herb in traditional Chinese medicine. It exhibits significant estrogenic activity. The main active compounds of this herb are glycosides. In a previous experiment, three important factors contributing to the total glycoside yield, acteoside yield, and estrogenic activity were identified, namely, eluent concentration, pH, and eluent volume. In this experiment, an optimal purification process was determined using a central composite design-response surface methodology to obtain glycosides from this herb. An eluent (ethanol) concentration of 85% and volume of 25 BV at a pH of 11 was found to be optimal. Twenty-one active compounds were identified by a high-performance liquid chromatography/ quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry assay. This study provides valuable insights for further in-depth research evaluating the estrogenic activities of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola.

Keywords: Central composite design; Cistanche deserticola total glycosides; LC/Q-TOF-MS; purification technology; uterine growth test

1 Introduction

Cistanche deserticola is an edible, classical tonic herb. It was first mentioned in Shen Nong's herbal classic and enlisted in the top grade. It is a warm herb and sweet in taste. It has numerous medicinal properties, such as nourishment of the liver and kidney, strengthening of muscles and bones, and improvement of immune regulation along with anti-aging and anti-tumor activities [1, 2, 3, 4]. Some natural compounds have been isolated and identified from the extracts of this herb, the major ones being phenylethanoid glycosides, lignanoids, iridoids, polysaccharides, and alkaloids [5, 6, 7, 8].

The drugs obtained from medicinal plants contain various active compounds, which are primarily responsible for their therapeutic actions. The efficacy of the same drug obtained from different plant sources can vary because of the differences in the type and quantity of active compounds present in it. Thus, it is important to identify and quantify all the active compounds present in the drugs obtained from medicinal plants. The same applies to C. deserticola. Response surface methodology is an experimental method to investigate the interaction between different factors simultaneously [9, 10]. It can be used for optimization of extraction parameters for phytopharmaceuticals and quantitative estimation of active compounds in drugs. Central composite design (CCD) is one of the experimental designs useful in response surface methodology. Compared to orthogonal and uniform designs, CCD has higher precision and better predictability [11].

Postmenopausal syndrome can substantially reduce the quality of life in women. Normally, estrogen is used to treat this condition. However, long-term use of estrogen may lead to abuse, thereby causing various adverse reactions and side effects. Therefore, it is imperative to choose an alternative therapy, preferably an herbal drug containing estrogen as an active ingredient for the treatment of postmenopausal syndrome [12-13].

In a preliminary experiment, the structures of various natural compounds obtained from C. deserticola were identified using mass spectrometry (MS) 14. It was confirmed that glycosides are the main active compounds having significant estrogenic activity [14-15.]. To develop a safe and effective estrogenic active ingredient in a new drug, an in-depth investigation into TGCD after purification is needed. In this study, CCD was first used to optimize the purification of total glycosides of C. deserticola (TGCD). Subsequently, uterus growth test was used to evaluate the estrogenic activities of the same glycoside. High-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC/Q-TOF-MS) was used for qualitative analysis of the compounds of TGCD after purification. This process was applied to explicitly demonstrate the presence of various active compounds with estrogenic activity in TGCD. This can simultaneously provide the basis for its clinical use in postmenopausal syndrome replacing estrogen.

2 Experimental Procedure

2.1 Instruments

Agilent 1290 HPLC system (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA), Agilent 6530 series quadrupole time-of-flight LC/MS (Q-TOF) system (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA), and Chemical HPLC-3D workstations were used as Chromatographic instruments for data processing. Milli-Q ultrapure water was used for the entire study. AR1140 electronic analytical balance (Ohaus International Ltd.); 680 microplate reader (Bio-Rad Corporation); and 64R high-speed centrifuge (Beckman Coulter Allegra) were used for sample preparation.

2.2 Drugs and chemicals

C. deserticola was purchased from the drug market and identified by Prof. Zhang Delian (Harbin University of Commerce, China). Standard diethylstilbestrol (99% pure, lot no. 60518) was purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Germany). Other standards acteoside (111530-200505) and echinacoside (111670-200503) were obtained from the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, Beijing, China. The purity of each standard was > 98%. Acetonitrile (ACN), methanol, and formic acid (MS grade) were purchased from Thermo Scientific Pierce (Rockford, IL, USA). Ultrapure water was obtained from Hangzhou Wahaha Group Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). All the commercially available reagents were of analytical grade.

2.3 Preparation of total glycosides of C. deserticola purification solution

After immersing in 75%) ethanol for 12 h, the crude powder of C. deserticola (100 g) was extracted with 800 mL of 75% (v/v) ethanol at 80 ⍰ for 150 min under reflux. It was then filtered through a double-deck filter and subsequently extracted with 800 mL of 75% ethanol twice for an additional 150 min. Subsequently, the filtrates were combined and concentrated in vacuum at 45⍰ The extract was obtained by removing the solvent. A certain amount of distilled water was added in the extract to obtain a concentration of 0.5 g/mL, which was used to screen purification process.

For adsorption using AB-8 macroporous resin, the pH of the test sample solution was adjusted to 11. First, 2 BV distilled water was used to wash away the impurities. Then, the eluent at a concentration of 25 BV 85% ethanol was eluted and collected. Finally, the collected purified eluent was merged. A certain amount of distilled water was added in the extract to obtain a concentration of 1.5 g/mL, which was used for intragastric administration. For positive control, diethylstilbestrol solution (20 μg/mL) was prepared with diethylstilbestrol powder.

According to the ratio of purification (0.6), a certain amount of the extract (equivalent to 1 g of C. deserticola) was transferred to a 10 mL volumetric flask, dissolved in 50% (v/v) methanol solution in an ultrasonic bath for 5 min, and diluted to 10 mL. The medicinal solution was obtained after filtration of the supernatant through a 0.45 urn filter membrane. Acteoside and echinacoside (1 mg each) were mixed and dissolved completely in a 10 mL 50% (v/v) methanol solution. Finally, the standard solution was filtered through a 0.45 μm Millipore filter prior to analysis.

2.4 LC-MS conditions

Chromatography separation was carried out in an HPLC system (Agilent 1290), equipped with a quaternary solvent delivery system, vacuum degasifier, and photodiode arraydetector. MS/MS analysis was performed in an instrument Agilent-1290 HPLC/6530 Q-TOF-MS system, equipped with an electrospray ionization source in both positive and negative ion modes. A Waters Symmetry shield RP Cl8 column (4.6 x 250 mm, 5 μm) (Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA) was used for separation. The mobile phase comprised of 0.2% formic acid aqueous solution (v/v) (A) and ACN (B), and it was pumped at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The injection volume of each sample was 10 μL. The gradient elution program was as follows: 5–23% B for 0–35 min, 23–25% B for 35–65 min, and 25–5% B for 65–70 min. The column temperature was maintained at 30⍰ The chromatograms were monitored and recorded at 330 nm. The atomization gas pressure was set at 30 Psi, and the capillary voltage was 3.5 kV. The flow rate of dry gas was 8 L/min at a temperature of 30⍰ The temperature of sheath gas was set at 4000 at a flow rate of 12 L/min. The collision energy was set at 10–20 eV for low-energy scans, and 30–50 eV for high-energy scans. The mass spectra data were recorded within the scan range of 50–1000 Da in positive and negative ion scanning modes. In this study, a fast and efficient comparison between TGCD and the standards was carried out under the same LC-MS condition.

2.5 Uterus growth test

This was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health. All experimental procedures were reviewed and approved by the Animal Ethical Committee of Harbin University of Commerce, China.

Immature female Kunming mice (about 21 d of birth, weaned) weighing 12 ± 2 g, were purchased from Changchun National Biological Industry Base Laboratory Animal Center (Changchun, China). The mice were housed in a temperature-regulated room (22 ± 2°C) with food and water ad libitum. Animal experimentation was initiated after five days of acclimatization. The mice were fasted overnight with water ad libitum before intragastric administration of the test solution.

The mice were randomly divided into 22 groups, with 10 animals in each group. They were administered experimental drugs of the same volume for twice a day (morning and evening) for four days as follows:

Group 1: Intragastric total glycosides of C. deserticola purification solution (20 mL/kg), (solution volume/mouse weight),

Group II: Intragastric distilled water (negative control group), and

Group III: Intragastric diethylstilbestrol (20 μg/mL) (positive control group).

On the fifth day, all the mice were sacrificed. The uteruses were immediately removed and weighed and the uterus coefficients were calculated.

2.6 Statistical analysis

A two-tailed paired-sample t-test was used to identify statistically significant differences in the various parameters in the different experimental groups. The analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software (SPSS for Windows v21.0, SPSS Inc., USA). The differences were considered statistically significant at 95% confidence level (p<0.05).

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Linearity and correlation of acteoside and total glycosides yields

The linear regression equation of the acteoside yield was y = 12831x – 14.75 (where x is the concentration of acteoside, and y is its corresponding peak area) with a correlation coefficient of r = 1 in the concentration range of 0.12–0.72 mg/mL. This indicated a linear calibration curve. The linear regression equation of the total glycosides yield was y = 26.074X + 0.0866 (where x is the concentration of total glycosides, and y is its corresponding peak area) with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.9982 in the concentration range of 0.013–0.065 mg/mL. This also indicated a linear calibration curve.

3.2 Methodological investigation

The precision, reproducibility, stability, and recovery of the samples were investigated in the methodological investigation. In the precision experiment, the relative standard deviation (RSD) of acteoside and total glycosides was 1.43% and 0.05% respectively. In the reproducibility experiment, the RSD of acteoside and total glycosides was 0.10% and 1.44% respectively. In the 24 h stability experiment, the RSD of acteoside and total glycosides was 0.14%, and 0.90% respectively. In the recovery experiment, the recovery of acteoside was 100.50% with an RSD of 2.08%, while the recovery of total glycosides was 99.12% with an RSD of 1.65%. All the RSD values were less than 3%. These results demonstrated a good precision and reproducibility. In addition, the sample was stable for 24 h. The results of recovery are also within the permissible range (95–105%). Therefore, this method can be used for the determination of acteoside and total glycosides yield after purification.

3.3 Single factor investigation of TGCD

The purification of TGCD using macroporous resin can be affected by many factors, such as resin type, static adsorption factors (adsorption time, leakage concentration, and pH of the sample solution), and elution conditions (flow velocity, volume, and concentration). Using adsorption capacity and rates of desorption and elution of TGCD as indices, the experimental condition was determined based on the results of single factor experiments. Using AB-8 type macroporous adsorption resin, the following optimum conditions were determined: 0.5 mg/mL sample solution, pH of 10, static adsorption time of 8 h, 2 BV distilled water for washing impurities, 20 BV 80% ethanol as eluent, and a flow velocity of 0.5 BV/min. The specific results are shown in Figure 1–7.

Figure 1 Graph showing the desorption rates of different resins.
Figure 1

Graph showing the desorption rates of different resins.

Figure 2 Adsorption capacity of resin AB-8 resin at different times.
Figure 2

Adsorption capacity of resin AB-8 resin at different times.

Figure 3 Total glycoside content at different concentrations.
Figure 3

Total glycoside content at different concentrations.

Figure 4 Absorption capacity at different pH values.
Figure 4

Absorption capacity at different pH values.

Figure 5 Desorption rate at different flow velocities.
Figure 5

Desorption rate at different flow velocities.

Figure 6 Desorption rate at different eluent concentrations.
Figure 6

Desorption rate at different eluent concentrations.

Figure 7 Desorption rate at different eluent volumes.
Figure 7

Desorption rate at different eluent volumes.

3.4 CCD for optimization of TGCD purification technology

Based on the results of single factor investigation, three factors significantly influencing the purification method were selected as indices, namely, pH of the sample solution (x1), eluent concentration (x2), and eluent volume (x3). According to the principle of CCD, each factor has five levels. The maximum and minimum levels of these various factors were set according to the results of the preliminary experiment. The factor levels are shown in Table 1 and the experimental results are shown in Table 2.

Table 1

Factors and levels of central composite design.

LevelpH value of sample solution (X1)Eluent concentration (%) (X2)Eluent volume (BV) (X3)
-1.6828.3271.5911.59
-197515
0108020
+1118525
+1.68211.6888.4128.41
Table 2

Experimental results of central composite design.

No.X1X2X3Yield of total glycosides (%)Yield of acteoside (%)OD
19751555.97741.56620.4205
211751538.31641.16860.0374
39851565.09782.36460.8485
411851558.11031.67700.4951
59752563.52011.89430.6488
611752531.87511.16250
79852577.12292.18750.9127
811852573.03392.09530.8332
98.32802077.95992.00250.8367
1011.68802065.09001.85910.6462
111071.592052.80521.55930.3854
121088.412061.56541.81540.5879
13108011.5955.56671.88430.5532
14108028.4171.43621.82920.6878
1510802071.95761.95960.7578
1610802070.90292.05430.7931
1710802071.93632.03270.7969
1810802071.05212.00380.7714
1910802070.73251.98730.7613
2010802070.90282.01250.7769

The total glycosides and acteoside yields were determined to optimize the purification method for TGCD. Firstly, the total glycosides and acteoside yields were set to the numeric criteria of desirability (d) between 0–1. Then, the overall desirability (OD) [OD = (d1, d2, d3,.... ,dn)1/n, where n is the index number] was calculated. SPSS21.0 software and design-expert software were used for multiple linear regression and binomial fitting of independent variables and OD, with p<0.05 was considered a statistically significant standard of the equation. The equation with a larger r value (multiple correlation coefficient) was selected as the best fit model. The multivariate linear equation is represented as y = – 1.02 – 0.131x1 + 0.034X2 + 0.012X3 (r = 0.55, p = 0.004). The binomial equation is y = – 21.92173 – 0.74079x1 + 0.62914x2 + 0.041161x3 + 0.014972x1x2 + 2.06050*104x1x3 +1.05698 x 10-3x2x3 - 0.029589x12 - 4.78730 x 10-3x22- 2.89446 x 10-3x32 (r = 0.91, p = 0.012). It can be seen from the above equations that the correlation coefficient of the multivariate linear regression equation is lower. The correlation between the independent and dependent variables is very low, and it was considered unfavorable to use in the linear model.

But, the correlation coefficient of the binomial equation was high and it resulted in a good fit. Hence, the binomial model was selected.

Based on a comprehensive analysis of the surface figure and contour map combined with the experimental data (OD value near 0.6), the optimum range of purification

method was obtained. From Figure 8, it can be seen that the maximum OD value was generated when the pH of the sample solution (A) was in the range of 9–10, and the eluent concentration (B) was in the range of 79–85%. Figure 9 shows that the maximum OD value was obtained when the pH value of sample solution (A) was in the range of 9–10, and the eluent volume (C) was in the range of 20–25 BV. Figure 10 shows that the maximum OD value was obtained when the eluent concentration (B) was in the range of 80–85%, and the eluent volume (C) was in the range of 20–25 BV. From a comprehensive analysis of these data, the pH of the sample solution, eluent concentration, and eluent volume was determined to be in the range of 9–10, 80–85%, and 20–25 BV respectively. Based on the multivariate binomial equation for variable derivative results and optimal scheme, the best TGCD purification method was found to be at an eluent (ethanol) concentration of 85% and volume of 25 BV at a pH of 11. The corresponding OD value was 0.8332, and the total glycosides yield was 73.0339%. The visual impression from the figures 8-10 identifies the best method to be the one in which interactions between the two factors were considered, although the best method deduced from the formula recognizes the one in which interactions among the three factors were included. The two results differed and the optimal purification method was considered to be with an eluent (ethanol) concentration of 85% and volume of 25 BV at a pH of 11.

Figure 8 Response surface figure and contour map of sample solution pH value (A) and eluent concentration (B). The range of A is from 9 to 11, and the range of B is from 75 to 80%.
Figure 8

Response surface figure and contour map of sample solution pH value (A) and eluent concentration (B). The range of A is from 9 to 11, and the range of B is from 75 to 80%.

Figure 9 Response surface figure and contour map of sample solution pH value (A) and eluent volume (C). The range of A is from 9 to 11, and the range of C is from 15 to 25BV.
Figure 9

Response surface figure and contour map of sample solution pH value (A) and eluent volume (C). The range of A is from 9 to 11, and the range of C is from 15 to 25BV.

Figure 10 Response surface figure and contour map of eluent concentration (B) and eluent volume (C). The range of B is from 75 to 80%, and the range of C is from 15 to 25 BV.
Figure 10

Response surface figure and contour map of eluent concentration (B) and eluent volume (C). The range of B is from 75 to 80%, and the range of C is from 15 to 25 BV.

3.5 Uterus growth measurement

The uterus coefficient of each group is shown in Table 3. Compared to the negative control group, the results of the other groups were significantly different. It was found that TGCD obtained from 20 different purification methods all exerted estrogenic actions.

Table 3

Effects of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola from different purification technologies on the uterine indices of immature mice.

GroupsUterine indices %
Negative control group0.0610.004
Positive control group0.788±0.304**
10.184±0.067**
20.160±0.027**
30.188±0.037**
40.200±0.037**
50.127±0.033**
60.176±0.037**
70.188±0.026**
80.288±0.071**
90.181±0.076**
100.215±0.068**
110.214±0.025**
120.203±0.038**
130.190±0.067**
140.165±0.073*
15-200.212±0.069**

  1. Compared with the negative control group *p<0.05, **p<0.01

3.6 Confirmatory experiment

The comprehensive results of CCD and uterus growth test showed that the optimal purification method was considered to be with an eluent (ethanol) concentration of 85% and volume of 25 BV at a pH of 11. During the validation process, the average yield of total glycosides was 70.9150%. The average deviation between the predicted and actual values was 2.1180%. Therefore, it can be suggested that the predictability and experimental credibility of this model are good.

3.7 Identification of TGCD after purification

Based on retention time and MS data, 21 natural constituents were speculated, including campneoside 1, 2'-acetylacteoside, cistanoside A, cistanoside B, syringalide A 3'-α- L-rhamnopyranoside, tubuloside A, tubuloside B, salidroside, cistanoside G, geniposidic acid, decaffeoylacteoside, 8-epiloganic acid, echinacoside, cistanoside F, cistantubuloside B1, isoacteoside, acteoside, cis-acteoside, kankanoside E, osmanthuside B, and cistanoside C. The retention time, MS and MS/MS information, formula, and speculated compounds are shown in Table 4.

Table 4

Tentative assignments of LC peaks in positive and negative ion modes.

No.tR (min)amode[M+/-H]- (m/z) b MS2 (m/z) cMS2 (m/z) cFormulaCompound presumed
16.273-299.7058119.8404C14H20O7salidroside
210.382-445.1028299.3017; 268.0447C20H30O11cistanoside G
312.352-373.0961211.0607; 123.0448C16H22O10geniposidic acid
418.026-461.1810315.1085C20H30O12decaffeoylacteoside
518.224+655.2194493.3568; 347.1077C30H38O16campneoside 1
618.312-375.1105213.0783C16H24O108-epiloganic acid
724.690+667.2417625.1981;505.2354;463.1662C31H38O162’-acetylacteoside
829.202+801.2636639.2139; 493.3527; 475.0325C36H48O20cistanoside A
934.001+815.2818653.1939; 180.0305C37H50O20cistanoside B
1036.274+609.3098447.0720C29H36O14syringalideA3’-α-L-rhamnopyranoside
1138.046-785.1080623.2037; 477.0374; 461.5242C35H46O20echinacoside
1238.669-487.2797341.1091; 179.0340C21H28O13cistanoside F
1346.717-769.2373623.2046; 487.1453C35H46O19cistantubuloside B1
1447.947-623.2085461.1675; 315.1013C29H36O15isoacteoside
1548.048-623.2084461.1615; 315.0203C29H36O15acteoside
1648.144+829.3175683.2035C37H48O21tubuloside A
1748.300-623.1655461.1632; 315.1315C29H36O15cis-acteoside
1849.024-347.1525179.0551; 169.1224C16H28O8kankanoside E
1962.410-591.1724445.0762; 145.0290C29H36O13osmanthuside B
2064.431-637.1748491.2733C30H38O15cistanoside C
2166.868+667.4635625.1659;505.1346;463.1226C31H38O16tubuloside B

  1. a retention time

    b quasi-molecular ion

    c MS fragment ions

Q-TOF-MS is particularly suitable for the structural identification of complex molecular components of drugs and food because it can provide possible elemental compositions through exact molecular mass and the structural characteristics of the fragment ions. To establish a systematic structural characterization, Q-TOF-MS, MS data, database seeking, and published reference literature were also used for identification. The molecular formula of each target component was deduced from the parent ion, and it was matched with the known compounds. This formula could be further determined from its related fragment ions. For example, peak 5 showed a predominant deprotonated ion at m/z 654 (C30H38O16), which was identical to the elemental composition of campneoside 1. The loss of caffeoyl was formed from a fragment ion at m/z 493, and the loss of rha moiety was formed from a fragment ion at m/z 347.

4 Conclusion

Using an LC-Q-TOF-MS technology, a simple and robust qualitative analysis method for TGCD has been developed and fully validated. The validation data for screening and identification of natural compounds from TGCD were satisfactory. Twenty-one bioactive compounds from TGCD were speculated as follows: salidroside, cistanoside G, geniposidic acid, decaffeoylacteoside, campneoside 1, 8-epiloganic acid, 2'-acetylacteoside, cistanoside A, cistanoside B, syringalide A3'-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, echinacoside, cistanoside F, cistantubuloside B1, isoacteoside, acteoside, tubuloside A, cis-acteoside, kankanoside E, osmanthuside B, cistanoside C, and tubuloside B. The structural characterization of these compounds can provide an experimental foundation for their quality control and further clinical application because of their estrogenic activity. This can offer a novel and improved therapeutic option for treatment of postmenopausal syndrome, thereby avoiding the side effects and adverse reactions of estrogen therapy.

Acknowledgements

This project was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81073015), Nature Scientific Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (ZD2017014), Young innovative talent training plan of College in Heilongjiang Province (UNPYSCT-2017209). The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

Abbreviations
TGCD

Cistanche deserticola total glycosides

LC/Q-TOF-MS

liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

RSM

response surface methodology

CCD

central composite design

MS

mass spectrometry

HPLC/Q-TOF-MS

High-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

ACN

Acetonitrile

BV

bed volume

OD

overall desirability

LC-MS

liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry

Q-TOF-MS

quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

TCM

traditional Chinese medicines

RSD

relative standard deviation

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Received: 2018-04-24
Accepted: 2018-11-30
Published Online: 2019-04-24

© 2019 Wen-Lan Li et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0035
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Central composite design; Cistanche deserticola total glycosides; LC/Q-TOF-MS; purification technology; uterine growth test
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Research on correlation of compositions with oestrogenic activity of Cistanche based on LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology
  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
  4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive features of Bryonia alba L.: As a possible alternative in treating rheumatism
  5. High efficiency liposome fusion induced by reducing undesired membrane peptides interaction
  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
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  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
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  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
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Heruntergeladen am 22.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2019-0035/html
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