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Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan

  • Narjis Naz , Mateen Abbas EMAIL logo , Anam Rubab and Kinza Kanwal
Published/Copyright: December 18, 2019
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 17 Issue 1

Abstract

Milk products with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination are a lethal dilemma worldwide due to their carcinogenic and mutagenic effects especially in developing countries. This study investigated the occurrence of AFM1 in milk-based mithae samples marketed in Lahore, Pakistan. Two hundred (n = 200) different types of mithae samples were analyzed for AFM1 using a HPLC florescence detector. Results showed that AFM1 was present in 76% of the analyzed samples, of which more than 80% had a much higher level of AFM1 than the European Union permissible level of i.e.0.05 μg/kg in milk products. The aflatoxin M1 in all the tested samples was observed in the range of 0.004 to 1.49 μg/kg. On average, the Gulab Jamun and Malai Laddu showed the highest level of aflatoxin M1 i.e. 1.49 and 1.17μg/kg, respectively. The lowest amount of aflatoxin M1 was found in Kalakand samples 0.004μg/ kg. The conclusion drawn from this data revealed that almost three-fourths of the mithae samples were highly contaminated with AFM1 due to their main component, milk. The consumption of milk-based mithae is popular due to health benefits as well as being part of tradition. Instead of being nourishing and beneficial, it is been found to be hazardous to human health due to aflatoxin contamination. Continued monitoring of aflatoxin M1with strict rules and regulations is required to prevent aflatoxin accumulation in this favorite food commodity.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords: Aflatoxin M 1; Mithae; HPLC; contamination; Barfi; ICA

1 Introduction

In Pakistani culture, milk-based mithae (sweets) is a most popular traditional sweet treat.. It is composed of various ingredients such as sugar, ghee, flavoring, food color, nuts, and especially milk. It is a highly nutritious food containing macro and micro-nutrients essential for human health. Mithae has established itself as a symbol of social event celebrations such as Eid happiness festival, Noroz, child births, weddings, and winnings etc. and also signifies encouragemtn, happiness and prosperity in Pakistan [1].The strong bond between traditions, customs, festivities and mithae has accelerated mithae’s consumption of high nutritional value, but conversely, the consumption has a large quantity of aflatoxin M1 [1, 2].The most important ingredient, milk, environment, processing and storage conditions have been listed to have an impact on the development of the aflatoxins in these food commodities(Mithae) [2].

Aflatoxins are the sub group of a large family known as mycotoxins generally produced by toxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus. nominus, and Aspergillus. parasiticus grow on agricultural foodstuffs [3, 4, 5]. Aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1 and aflatoxin G2 are the major classes of aflatoxins while aflatoxin B1 is the most toxic, teratogenic and mutagenic class of aflatoxins. International Agency for Research on Cancer documented it as group I human carcinogen [6, 7, 8]. Aflatoxin M1 is a hydroxylated metabolite of AFB1 [9], that is excreted in the milk of dairy animals who have ingested contaminated food. The proportion of feed-to-tissue transfer for aflatoxin B1 is the maximum in milk, which is bio-transformed to aflatoxin M1 (known as milk toxin) by the hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase system [10, 11]. It has been classified as a group 2B toxin and considered a possible hazard to humans [12]. Milk has the confirmed potential for introducing AFM1 into the human diet through its pure form and products [13, 14]. Exposure of living systems to harmful levels of aflatoxin M1 results in the formation of epoxide, which reacts with proteins and DNA leading to DNA-adducts, thus causing liver cancer [15, 16, 17]. It persists to some degree in food even after food processing methods such as high temperatures have inactivated the fungi, due to their significant chemical stability [5,18]. The presence of AFM1 in milk and milk-based products have been reported from different countries as well as Pakistan [6,19, 20, 21]. Yet, only one report exists on the incidence of AFM1 in Barfi from Pakistan.

Strict regulatory limits are currently in place in most countries because of high toxicity levels and health concerns. The international regulations for the maximum limit of AFM1 in milk and dairy products range from 0 to 10 μg/kg. In the European Commission (EC) Directive (2006), the maximum AFM1 content in liquid milk and milk-based products intended for human intake has been set at 0.05 μg/kg [6,7,22]. The USA has set an upper limit of 0.5 μg/kg, which is much higher than that of the EC [23].The Pakistan Standard and Quality Control Authority has recently set the maximum limit for aflatoxin M1 in milk at 10 ppb [24]. No further limits have been set for AFM1 in milk products.

Several analytical methods exist for the detection of AFM1 in milk commodities with a comparable basic protocol of extraction, clean-up, separation, detection and quantification. However, at this time, immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up followed by RP-HPLC with a fluorescence detector has emerged as a promising technique for the reliable detection and quantification of aflatoxins in diversified foods [21,25].

The present study was intended to assess aflatoxin M1 contamination in various Mithae products collected from different markets of Lahore, Pakistan using a RP-HPLC fluorescence detector. These findings will be helpful to deliver some suggested references to correlate the contamination level with EU recommended limits, health hazards associated with this toxin as well as public awareness for mithae consumers. Moreover, this study intends to alert and involve legislative authorities to consider stricter regulations because of public health concerns.

2 Experimental

2.1 Material and methods

2.1.1 Sampling

Two hundred samples of different types of freshly prepared milk-based mithae were purchased randomly from the local area/markets within Lahore, Pakistan during the period of March to July 2017. The samples contained 20 samples of each type i.e. Gulab jamun, Rasgulleh, Barfi, Ras Malai, Balushahi, Khoya, Carrot Halwa, Kalakand, Malai laddu, peda. All the samples of Mithae had the main ingredient of milk, sugar and ghee. Properly labeled samples were transported to the laboratory and were stored at -40C before the analysis of aflatoxin M1.

2.1.2 Chemicals and Reagents

The standard for aflatoxin M1 in acetonitrile was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Germany), whereas the immunoaffinity columns (IAC) Afla M1TM were purchased from VICAM (Watertown, MA, USA). All other chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade. The experiments used deionized water after filtering through a 0.45micron filter with a Waters Millipore (Milford, MA, USA) system. Solvents and water were degassed for 30 min using an ultrasonic bath. The calibration curve for AFM1 was determined using a series of calibration solutions in acetonitrile with concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 μg/L. The working standard solutions were prepared according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) method [26] and stored at 200C in amber glass vials until analysis. The response was linear (R2= 0.9988).

2.1.3 Extraction procedure for Aflatoxin M1

Aflatoxin M1 was analyzed in milkbased mithae according to the method reported in the literature [27] with little modification. 25 grams of well-homogenized mithae samples were added and placed in a conical flask containing a mixture of acetonitrile: water (150 mL) and then 5 g of sodium chloride. The flasks were covered with aluminum foil and placed in a water bath (WTO/ PAT/E/013) and stirred for 4-5 hours at a temperature of 37˚C and 120 oscillations. The resulting mixture was filtered by a Whatman filter paper No. 5. A portion of the above filtrate was passed through an immune affinity column. The column was then washed with water. AFM1 was eluted with methanol into a glass vial. The eluate was then evaporated until dry under N2 blanketing, and the residue was reconstituted in a mobile phase comprising of water: acetonitrile (7:3, v/v). Vortex the samples for 15 minutes, and the 1mL sample was filtered by micron filter paper of 0.25 microns in the small vials and then analyzed.

2.1.4 HPLC conditions

A high performance liquid chromatography instrument model Agilent 1100 with C18 (4.6× 250 mm, 5.0 μm) analytical column and fluorescence detection set at FL Ex 365 nm, Em 435 nm was used for to analyze aflatoxin M1. The mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile: water (3:7 v/v) was used at a flow rate of 1 mL min−1. The injection volume was 20 μL for both standard solution and sample extracts.

2.1.5 Validation and Recoveries

Validation parameters like linearity, Limit of detections (LOD), Limit of quantifications (LOQ), repeatability and reproducibility of Aflatoxin M1 are calculated. LOD and LOQ for AFM1 was 0.03 μg/kg and 0.01 μg/kg, respectively. The recoveries were ascertained by spiking 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 μg/kg of AFM1 in different types of mithae with three-replicated analyses shown in Table 1. The fortified samples were extracted and analyzed using the same procedure. The method showed good recoveries that varied from 95± 2.5to 78± 3% [28].

Table 1

%Recovery of Spiked Samples of Milk Based Mithae.

Sample TypeFortified con- centration of AFM1 μg/KgAFM1 recovered μg/kg ± SDRecovery % (Mean ± SD) μg/kg
Gulab jamun0.10.08 ± 0.0180.0 ± 10.0
0.20.16 ± 0.01583 ± 5.78
0.40.38 ± 0.0394 ± 3.60
Rasgulleh0.10.09 ± 0.0886 ± 5.83
0.20.18 ± 0.0591.6 ± 5.77
0.40.36 ± 0.0490.8 ± 6.2
Barfi0.10.09 ± 0.0886± 5.8
0.20.17 ± 0.0188 ± 7.65
0.40.36 ± 0.02490 ± 2.5
Ras Malai0.10.08 ± 0.0680 ± 14.2
0.20.16 ± 0.02180 ± 21.7
0.40.35 ± 0.01288.3 ± 6.29
Balushahi0.10.08 ± 0.0280 ± 14.1
0.20.16 ± 0.08190 ± 7.6
0.40.38 ± 0.01695 ± 2.5
Khoya0.10.09 ± 0.0785 ± 5.7
0.20.16 ± 0.0280 ± 5.0
0.40.35 ± 0.0688.3 ± 9.5
Carrot Halva0.10.08 ± 0.0781 ± 14.1
0.20.15 ± 0.0378.3 ± 20.8
0.40.35 ± 0.0390 ± 9.01
MalaiLaddu0.10.09 ± 0.0686 ± 5.4
0.20.16 ± 0.0280 ± 13.2
0.40.38 ± 0.0395 ± 2.5
kalakand0.10.08 ± 0.0780 ± 5.1
0.20.17 ± 0.0388.3 ± 5.7
0.40.37 ± 0.0593.3 ± 7.6
Peda0.10.08 ± 0.1386.6 ± 3.5
0.20.17 ± 0.0188.3 ± 7.6
0.40.37 ± 0.493 ± 1.4

2.1.6 Statistical analysis

All the measurements of the milk-based mithae samples were repeated three times, and the data was statistically analyzed and presented as mean and range by using SPSS software (IBM SPSS Statistics, 20, USA). Regression analyses were applied to determine the coefficient of determination (⍰2). Samples with a higher concentration of aflatoxin M1 than the limit of detection were considered positive, while the samples with concentrations lower than the limit of detection were considered negative.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and Discussion

Milk-based mithae is the most consumed food in Asian countries especially in Pakistan, owing to their specific flavor, traditional importance and main ingredient, milk [2]. Milk is a highly nutritious constituent of mithae however, it tends to have a maximum quantity of aflatoxin M1, a serious risk to consumer health and food safety [19,29]. The presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk and milk-based products is well known and has become an important problem internationally [6].

In this study, the AFM1 contamination in milk-based mithae samples was determined by HPLC-FLD. Prior to this investigation, the analysis method was developed and validated. Mean recoveries for AFM1 added to different types of mithae samples at levels ranging from 0.1 to 0.4μg/kg were >80%. The limit of detection was 0.03 μg/kg while the limit of quantification was 0.01μg/kg. No interferences from matrix components were observed, as standard and samples had the same AFM1 peak retention time (Figure 1 and 2). Chromatograms displayed good accuracy and reproducibility for the mithai samples.

Figure 1 HPLC Chromatogram of standard solution of A.
Figure 1

HPLC Chromatogram of standard solution of A.

Figure 2 HPLC Chromatogram of Milk based Mithae sample.
Figure 2

HPLC Chromatogram of Milk based Mithae sample.

A total of 200 samples of the different types of mithae were analyzed to evaluate the contamination level of AFM1, commonly consumed by the Pakistani population (Table 2). Results show that 152 (76%) mithae samples were found to be contaminated with AFM1, of which 80% samples had AFM1 residue above the 0.05μg/kg (EU limits for AFM1). Gulab Jamuns was highly contaminated (90%) and had the highest mean level of 1.89-2.45 μg/kg followed by malai laddu (1.17±0.79). 100% contamination was revealed by the rasmali sample which had liquid milk as a major constituent. Kalakand samples (40%) were shown to have the lowest contamination level i.e. 0.004±0.009. The mithae samples that were prepared using milk as the main ingredient had a high level of AFM1 contamination such as Gulab Jamun, Malailaddu, Rasmalai and Peda. This demonstrated that milk was the source of contamination.

Table 2

Level of AFM1 in different types of Milk based Mithae.

Sample TypenPositive sampleRange μg/kg
Gulab Jamun2018(90%)1.89-2.45
Rasgulleh2015(75%)0.15-0.26
Ras Malai2020(100%)1.17-1.55
Carrot Halva2014(70%)0.07-0.17
Peda2019(95%)0.2-0.33
Malai Laddu2017(85%)1.5-1.77
Khoya2018(90%)0.3-0.44
Barfi2016(80%)0.7-0.96
Kalakand208(40%)0.1-0.3
Balushai207(35%)0.08-0.1

The contamination level of the different types of mithai were compared and publicized in Figure 3. The study shows that this issue needs to be examined further and with more wide-ranging data. AFM1 contamination is a worldwide problem as there is available data on the contamination of AFM1 in milk and milk-derived products [6,19, 20, 21]. Mostly cheese, yogurt, halva, milk-based drinks and milk-based infant formula were studied by different researchers and referenced in literature. The occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in dairy products (cheese, yogurt, and dairy drinks) produced in Brazil was investigated. AFM1 was detected in 84% of the analyzed cheese, 95% of the yogurt and 72% of the dairy drink samples [30]. A total of 70 dairy products consisting of 24 ultra-heated treated pasteurized milk samples, 27 white cheese samples and 19 yogurt samples were analyzed for AFM1 in Ankara, Turkey. The levels of AFM1 in the samples ranged from 0.0073 to 0.1072 μg/kg [21]. The AFM1 was analyzed using a commercial ELISA kit for 185 samples of milk and their products from Kenya, of which 156 samples were positive with levels higher than the tolerance limit of 0.05 μg/L[31]. A study was conducted to screen the occurrence of AFM1 in 53 selected milk and dairy product samples. Of 53 samples, 19 samples were positive with AFM1. 7.5% of the tested products had a contamination level greater than the European Commission (EC) limit in Malaysia [32]. The analysis of Halva showed that twenty samples (59%) were found to be contaminated with AFM1, and three (9%) samples were found to be above the recommended limit for AFM1 due to its main preparation ingredient, milk [27]. 138 sweet desserts (barfi) from Pakistan reported an AFM1 incidence rate of 97%, and an average of AFM1 concentration of 0.48 mg/kg [2]. The former research showed the distribution/stability of AFM1 from milk to milk-based products and a possible risk for consumer health. To achieve and maintain the quality of mithae, milk samples must be evaluated routinely for AFM1. Furthermore, government agencies should monitor milk samples routinely and enforce food laws to minimize health hazards for human beings.

Figure 3 Comparison of AFM1 concertation in different Types of Mithae.
Figure 3

Comparison of AFM1 concertation in different Types of Mithae.

4 Conclusion

This study concluded that 76% samples of milk-based mithae marked in Lahore, Pakistan were found to be contaminated with AFM1, of which 80% of the samples were found to be above the EU permissible limits. The main ingredient, milk, was the source of the AFM1 contamination in mithae. The presence of this toxin is a serious health risk for consumers. There should be continuous monitoring of mithae for aflatoxins, and more studies should be carried out with the intent of reducing the accumulation of this toxin in milk for mithae production. Moreover, strict permissible limits should be implemented by the government to avoid aflatoxin contamination.

†“Dr. Narjis Naz was a detailed-oriented and innovative thinker devoted to logic, which served him well in both science and related areas of study. I have found him to be an enthusiastic and creative person. She was a team player able to glean optimal performance while consistently producing high quality work in a timely manner“.

  1. Conflict of interest: The authors confirm that this article content has no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgment

Authors thank the Central Laboratory of Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, and UVAS Toxicology Lab for providing Laboratory facilities.

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Received: 2017-09-25
Accepted: 2018-01-31
Published Online: 2019-12-18

© 2019 Narjis Naz et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  41. Preparation and spectroscopic studies of Fe(II), Ru(II), Pd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base containing terephthalaldehyde and their transfer hydrogenation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction
  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
  50. Preparation of ternary ZnO/Ag/cellulose and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation property on phenol and benzene in VOCs
  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
  52. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 2-methylthio-pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines
  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
  54. Molecular Properties of Symmetrical Networks Using Topological Polynomials
  55. Synthesis of Co3O4 Nano Aggregates by Co-precipitation Method and its Catalytic and Fuel Additive Applications
  56. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antiprotoscolices potential of ethanol extracts of selected plants species against Echinococcus granulosus: In-vitro study
  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
  58. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS
  59. Biodiesel Production by Lipids From Indonesian strain of Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris
  60. Miscibility studies of polystyrene/polyvinyl chloride blend in presence of organoclay
  61. Antibacterial Activities of Transition Metal complexes of Mesocyclic Amidine 1,4-diazacycloheptane (DACH)
  62. Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis and in vitro screening of their cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line
  63. Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys in Different pH Environments by SSRT Method
  64. Various Combinations of Flame Retardants for Poly (vinyl chloride)
  65. Phenolic compounds and biological activities of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains
  66. Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement
  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
  68. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction
  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
  70. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque
  71. A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  72. Conceptual DFT as a Novel Chemoinformatics Tool for Studying the Chemical Reactivity Properties of the Amatoxin Family of Fungal Peptides
  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
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  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
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  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0123
Keywords for this article
Aflatoxin M 1; Mithae; HPLC; contamination; Barfi; ICA
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

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  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
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  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
  41. Preparation and spectroscopic studies of Fe(II), Ru(II), Pd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base containing terephthalaldehyde and their transfer hydrogenation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction
  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
  50. Preparation of ternary ZnO/Ag/cellulose and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation property on phenol and benzene in VOCs
  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
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  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
  54. Molecular Properties of Symmetrical Networks Using Topological Polynomials
  55. Synthesis of Co3O4 Nano Aggregates by Co-precipitation Method and its Catalytic and Fuel Additive Applications
  56. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antiprotoscolices potential of ethanol extracts of selected plants species against Echinococcus granulosus: In-vitro study
  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
  58. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS
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  61. Antibacterial Activities of Transition Metal complexes of Mesocyclic Amidine 1,4-diazacycloheptane (DACH)
  62. Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis and in vitro screening of their cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line
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  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
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  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
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  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
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  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
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  175. Erratum
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