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Synthesis of Co3O4 Nano Aggregates by Co-precipitation Method and its Catalytic and Fuel Additive Applications

  • Muhammad Ramzan Saeed Ashraf Janjua EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: October 16, 2019
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 17 Issue 1

Abstract

The nano aggregates of cobalt oxide (Co3O4) are synthesized successfully by adopting simple a co precipitation approach. The product obtained was further subjected to the calcination process that not only changed it morphology but also reduces the size of individual particles of aggregates. The prepared nano aggregates are subjected to different characterization techniques such as electron microscopies (scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy) and X-ray diffraction and results obtained by these instruments are analyzed by different software. The characterization results show that, although the arrangement of particles is compact, several intrinsic spaces and small holes/ pores can also be seen in any aggregate of the product. The as synthesized product is further tested for catalytic properties in thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate and proved to be an efficient catalyst.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords: Nano-aggregates; Cobalt oxide; Calcination; Thermal decomposition; Fuel additives

1 Introduction

Nanomaterials are divided into different types based on their dimensions. They are classified as 0 D, 2 D and 3 dimensional. Nanoparticles can be crystalline and amorphous. They exhibit different morphology according to the dimensions as hollow sphere, nanocubes, nanofibers, nanofilms, nanowires and nanoplates [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].

There are various physical and chemical techniques that are being employed for the fabrication of nanoparticles. Physical techniques constitute ball milling, ion ejection, lithography and laser ablation methods [6] and chemical methods involve sol-gel method, thermal decomposition, salt reduction, reverse micelles approach, hydrothermal method and co-precipitation techniques [7]. Many groups of researchers have synthesized transition metal oxide nanoparticles and reported their characterization and the applications. Titania (TiO2) nanoparticles are being used as dye sensitized solar cells and material for electronic circuits [8, 9, 10, 11, 12], ZnO nanostructures also have unique optoelectronics and electronic properties, therefore, used in laser and light emitting diodes [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]. CuO is being employed in dry cell as well as wet cell batteries [22]. Among all these metal oxides, cobalt oxide (CoxOy) nanoparticles have engrossed emergent attention because of its magnetic and catalytic properties. These fascinating properties of cobalt oxide nanoparticles have made it important in hi-tech applications [23].

This preference is due to hexagonal close-packed structure (HCP) known as α-cobalt and face-centered cubic structure (FCC) known as h-cobalt, in bulk, while metastable structure ε-cobalt in nanometer ranges [24]. Cobalt formulate a very defined binary compound with O as 2- are; tricobalt tetraoxide (Cobalt (III) oxide) and cobaltous oxide (Cobalt (II) oxide) [25]. Cobalt (III) oxide with +8/3 oxidation state and cobalt (II) oxide with +2 oxidation state are most stable Cobalt (III) oxide is an (intrinsic) p-type semiconductor having optical band gap of 1.48 and 2.19 eV. It shows large mechanical strength with 116 to 160 GPa young’s modulus [26].

Therefore, considerable attention has been given to the fabrication of cobalt (III) oxide nanostructures in order to utilize its properties by preparing nanofilms, nanotubes and nanorods. Many methods of synthesis for cobalt oxide nanoparticles have been reported by various researchers. Coprecipitation, sol-gel, solvothermal, reverse microemulsion, thermal decomposition and chemical vapor deposition methods have been used for synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles [1, 2, 3, 4, 5,23,27]. So, it is applicable in different fields like electrochemistry [28], catalysis [29], energy storage [30] and pigments [31]. It is one of the fascinating chemical compounds which is used as MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) contrast agent in medicine with the combination of other metals e.g. gold, graphite, iron and platinum [32]. Cobalt oxide with improved catalytic activity, has already been used as catalyst for the oxidation of many volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It shows better catalytic activity among other transition metal oxides [33].

In this research paper, co precipitation method has been used for synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles by using cobalt chloride as metal precursor. The nanoparticles prepared by this method have been characterized by using different instrumental techniques. Synthesized nanoparticles have been used for the determination of variation and comparison in physiochemical properties of diesel fuel. In order to investigate catalytic properties, thermo gravimetric analysis has also been performed.

2 Experimental Section

2.1 Materials

Sodium carbonate, deionized water, absolute alcohol, and Cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2.6H2O) as the cobalt source were used. All the chemicals used during the process of synthesis were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, USA. The chemicals were of analytical grade and used as received without any more purification.

2.2 Synthesis

The following procedure was adopted to prepare the Co3O4 nanoparticles by co-precipitation method. 2.5 g of CoCl2.6H2O is used as the precursor for this process, dissolved in deionized water stirred magnetically for 20 mins. After stirring, 20 ml sodium carbonate solution (1M) was added to the above solution. The mixtures were stirred for 5 h at 60.0oC. After 5 h, light purple color precipitates are collected by centrifugation at 30,000 rpm. The precipitates are washed three times with deionized water and absolute alcohol, respectively. The collected precipitates are dried in an oven at 80.0oC for 12 h. The obtained product is calcined in an electric furnace for 3 h at 500.0oC. The product prepared by co-precipitation method is subjected to instrumentation for the investigation of morphological aspects.

2.3 Structure Characterization

X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) characterizations were performed on a Rigaku D/max Ultima III X-ray diffractometer with a Cu-Kα radiation source (λ = 0.15406 nm). The instrument was operated at 40 kV and 150 mA at a scanning step of 0.02º in the 2θ in the range of 10-80º. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations were executed on a scanning electron microscope (JEOL JSM-6480A). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation was performed on an FEI Tecnai G2 S-Twin transmission electron microscope (TEM) with an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. Commercial Diesel, PSO Limited was used as fuel with 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ppm dosage of synthesized product Co3O4 particles. Flash and fire points were studied by APEXJCX309 Closed Cup Flash Point Tester (working standard ASTM D93). Cloud and pour points were tested manually in accordance of standard methods ASTM D2500 and D97 respectively. Digital viscometer was used to measure viscosity of fuel samples according to standard procedure ASTM D445.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 XRD analysis

The X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) of synthesized products are given below as Figure 1a and 1b. The diffraction peaks of Figure 1a are associated with wurtzite structured hexagonal sphero cobaltite (CoCO3). No extra peak is observed which confirms the purity of product. The XRD pattern gives the strong diffraction peaks at 25.18°, 32.81°, 35.73°, 42.8°, 46.4°, 51.36° 2-theta values which are associated with the planes (012), (104), (006), (110), (113), (202) and (024) respectively. Pattern of wurtzite structure of Co3O4 is given as Figure 1b. The peaks can be observed at 18.89°, 31.21°, 36.81°, 38.40°, 44.79°, 49.10° and 55.65° 2-theta values which are indexed to planes (111), (220), (311), (222), (400), (330) and (422) respectively. Diffraction pattern of as-prepared product confirms that each lattice possesses the face centered cubic structure. No surplus peaks can be seen which ensures that the there is no impurity present in the product.

Figure 1 XRD patterns for product prepared by coprecipitation method before calcination (in black ) 1a and after calcination (in Red) 1b.
Figure 1

XRD patterns for product prepared by coprecipitation method before calcination (in black ) 1a and after calcination (in Red) 1b.

3.2 SEM Characterization

To characterize and analyze the morphology, the prepared products are analyzed by SEM as shown in Figure 2. The scanning electron microscopy is used to determine the shape or morphology of the prepared powders. The particles are irregular in shape and aggregated together. In the aggregates, the size of the particles is not uniform so determination of morphology by SEM is done but not the size of the particles. The primary particles can aggregate upon standing in air. The particles obtained by carbonate precipitatin without any surfactants are poly disperse and form plate-like aggregates. The product before calcination is shown in Figure 2a b and c. It can be clearly observed from the Figure 2c that the small particles are fused together and create an irregular, flower like structures and these irregular structures are of different sizes and shapes. Some of these structures are very big with lots of small particles aggregated together compactly while o some of these particles are small aggregates too. A close overview of the morphology obtained by SEM shows some single small particles are also present among the product. This arrangement of particles is although compact, but many intrinsic spaces and small holes/ pores can also be seen within any aggregate of the product. Figure 2d, e and f shows the SEM observation of the product after calcination. Figure 2a shows the product comprises of nano and microparticles that are interlinked to form an irregular arrangement. It is evident from the

Figure 2 SEM images of the product prepared by co-precipitation method: (a-c) Co3O4 prepared sample before calcinations, (d-f) Co3O4 after calcination.
Figure 2

SEM images of the product prepared by co-precipitation method: (a-c) Co3O4 prepared sample before calcinations, (d-f) Co3O4 after calcination.

Figure 2, the morphology before calcination is different from the morphology after calcination. After calcination, the product contains particles that are nearly spheroids, and these are not very compactly packed with each other. There are visible spaces in the arrangement of particles and morphology is somehow an irregular array of nano and lots of microparticles that did not acquire the shape of flowers as in case of the Co3O4 before calcination. Many particles are broken apart from the big aggregates so very small nanosized and microsized particles can also be seen in the product obtained after calcination. It is important to note that these particles have an anisotropic morphology extending from exterior to inter – particle open space forming loosely packed microstructures a few micrometers thick and with sufficient space between the adjacent particles.

3.3 TEM Observations

Figure 3 shows the TEM images of the production prepared by the co-precipitation method before calcination Figure 3a, b, c and after calcination Figure 3c, d, f. TEM images of the product before calcination shows that most of the particles are clustered together forming different shapes that are not differentiable to describe. Mainly, these big micro particles are composed of small nanoparticles in various size ranges, in the rough approximation, from 50 nm to several micrometers.

Figure 3 TEM images of the Co3O4 prepared by co-precipitation method: (a-c) Co3O4 prepared sample before calcinations, (d-f) Co3O4 after calcination.
Figure 3

TEM images of the Co3O4 prepared by co-precipitation method: (a-c) Co3O4 prepared sample before calcinations, (d-f) Co3O4 after calcination.

TEM images in Figure 3 shows that these micro architectures exhibit a varied range of dimensionalities that undermine the exact size valuation from the micrographs. These particles are tightly fused with each other leaving behind some pores or spaces in the arrangement. These are not very thick walled particles that are the main constituents of big architectures. TEM image in Figure 3a-c shows that these micro architectures exhibit a varied range of dimensionalities that undermine the size valuation from the micrographs. Figures 3d-f shows the product obtained after calcination. The TEM micrograph shows a certain change in morphology. The randomness of the product that was very obvious in the TEM micrograph before calcination is relatively reduced and nano and microparticles show trends towards some sequence. The nano and microparticles join mostly head to tail arrangement, but at some points, these particles show multi-dimensional arrangements of particles around them as shown in Figure 3d and e. The exact morphology of these constituent nano and microparticles can be cylindrical, nearly spherical, cuboid flakes or rods that is not clearly differentiable as many different shapes which can be seen within one microarchitecture (formed by interlinking of these particles processing different shapes and sizes). These particles are loosely packed in some sequence with more inter-particles spaces.

3.4 Preparation Scheme

Synthesis scheme of Co3O4 via co-precipitation method is shown as Figure 4. CoCl2.6H2O and sodium carbonate react and give rise to CoCO3 that is further annealed in oxidative atmosphere resulting in the formation of Co3O4 precipitates that is final product for this reaction. The product is not of uniform morphology. After annealing, the morphology shows a trend towards the uniformity but still it is aggregated together leaving some inter-particles spaces.

Figure 4 Preparation scheme of product Co3O4 via co-precipitation method followed by calcination.
Figure 4

Preparation scheme of product Co3O4 via co-precipitation method followed by calcination.

3.5 Catalytic Activity

As an important material for the use in solid propellant formulations for application in airspace and defense materials industries, the oxidizer salt, AP, thermal decomposition is very important to study. To study the catalytic activity of the Co3O4 particles by the co-precipitation method, the thermal decomposition of AP is investigated by thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC). The result shows that the thermal decomposition curve peaks of AP containing Co3O4 prepared microstructures do not not emerge more ahead than that of pure AP. Figure 5 demonstrates the TG curves for pure AP and the mixtures of AP and Co3O4 microstructures obtained by co precipitation method. It can be seen the decomposition temperature of AP reduces to some extent as a result of adding the Co3O4 particles. The initial thermal decompositions of AP is 300.0oC and for samples containing 2% Co3O4, microstructures process flake like micro particles and 98% AP is 280.0oC. The final temperatures are about 418.0oC and 450.6ºC, respectively. This data shows a decrease of 32.0oC in thermal decomposition of AP that validates the fact that these prepared micro particles lower the thermal decomposition temperature significantly.

Figure 5 The TG curves for pure AP and a mixture of AP and Co3O4 flake like micro particles.
Figure 5

The TG curves for pure AP and a mixture of AP and Co3O4 flake like micro particles.

The DSC curves are obtained for pure AP and a mixture of 2% prepared sample of Co3O4 and 98% AP, and the results obtained at high temperature as well as low temperature by the DSC are presented in Figure 6. The crystallographic transition of AP from orthorhombic form to cubic form corresponds to the endothermic peaks at temperature of 250.0ºC as shown in Figure8. The change of phase for the mixture of Co3O4 prepared sample and pure AP is 250.0oC which is in complete agreement with the transition of phase for pure AP. DSC graph showing that this process is complete at 450.0oC for pure AP. While the mixture of AP and sample, it completes at almost 418.0oC. The decomposition mechanism of AP powder of fine particle size differs that of AP of larger particle size.

Figure 6 The corresponding DSC curves for pure AP and flake like Co3O4 particles.
Figure 6

The corresponding DSC curves for pure AP and flake like Co3O4 particles.

Figure 7 Plot of fire and flash points as a function of concentration of additive.
Figure 7

Plot of fire and flash points as a function of concentration of additive.

Figure 8 Study of dependence of cloud and pour points on concentration of additive.
Figure 8

Study of dependence of cloud and pour points on concentration of additive.

3.6 Fuel Additive Activity

Application of Co3O4 particles as a fuel additive is determined by analyzing the values of fuel quality parameters: fire point, flash point, cloud point, pour point and kinematic viscosity. The energy demand is increasing very quickly due to rapid increase of the world’s population. This has diverted the attention of researchers to increase the energy output from the available commercial fuels by using different means like modifying the construction and working of available engines to use fuel additives [4, 34, 35, 36,37].

For this purpose, synthesized Co3O4 particles are used as an additive to increase the efficiency of fuel. The properties of fuel are found to be enhanced by the addition of Co3O4 particles. In order to investigate the influence of this additive on fuel characteristics, the properties of modified fuel are also compared with the properties in the absence of the additive.

A plot of flash and fire points as a function of dosage of additives is given as Figure 7. The flash and fire points (the fuel spark point is fire point and fuel burning point is flash point) are observed to decrease with an increase in additive dosage. It means the volatility of fuel is increased with addition of additive. As particles are very small in size, they provide sites for vapor formation, and volatility is increased. Additive particles come in between the layers of fuel (liquid) and overcome the inter-layer interactions. Both of these factors play role in decreasing the flash and fire points. The flash and fire points are found to be function of additive dosage up to 2 ppm. After 2 ppm, the values of these parameters are observed to be independent of additive dosage. These results indicate that saturation level has been achieved up to 2 ppm additive dosage. The value of flash point is greater than that of fire point at every dosage of additive which is in accordance to the general rule of ASTM.

The dependence of cloud and pour points on the dosage of additive is shown in Figure 8. The cloudy appearance of fuel is indicated by cloud point. The trend in both of these properties is observed to be opposite of each other. The cloud point is found to increase with addition of additive and pour point is found to decrease with addition of additive. The depression in freezing of modified fuel is due to colligative properties phenomenon. The decrease in pour point of modified fuel increase the use of fuel in engines in countries located near poles.

Plot of kinematic viscosity of fuel versus dosage of additive is given as Figure 9. The kinematic viscosity of fuel is found to decrease with increase in additive dosage. Kinematic viscosity of fuel is linearly decreased with addition of dosage up to 6 ppm and its value is remained same with increase in additive dosage from 6 to 10 ppm. The additive particles decrease the attractive forces among layers of fuel, so its viscosity increases. It means the fluidity of fuel is increased with the addition of additive. The modified fuel increases the flow speed in engine pipes and rapidly reaches the ignition chamber. Small size droplets are formed if viscosity is low. Thus, chances of combustion are also increased by using an additive. The results of studied applications suggest that the synthesized Co3O4 particles are a good candidate to be used as fuel additive as it increases the efficiency of the engine and scope of usage of fuel.

Figure 9 Study of variation of kinematic viscosity with concentration of additive.
Figure 9

Study of variation of kinematic viscosity with concentration of additive.

Summary of different nano aggregates is mentioned in Table 1. Table 1 shows that synthesized Co3O4 nano aggregate is more efficient as compared to other metal aggregates reported previously. Synthesized aggregate decreased the thermal degradation temperature of AP by 32 oC which is comparable to other particles reported previously. Similarly, fuel additive properties are comparable to other additives reported previously [4, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39,40].

Table 1

Summary of size, synthesis method and applications of different aggregates.

CatalystParticle size approx. (nm)Size of aggregate (nm)Synthesis methodApplicationRef
Co3O4100-200500-1000Co-precipitationCatalyst and fuel additiveThis work
ZnO20-30150-200Co-precipitationSono photocatalyst[37]
Cu10-30100-200Co-precipitationBiosensor and catalyst[41]
TiO2-~166 and ~596SolvothermalCytotoxic agent[42]
Ag15-6080-120PhotochemicalPhotosensor[43]
Ag20-50120-200Co-precipitationPhotosensor[44]

4 Conclusion

Cobalt oxide nano aggregates are successfully prepared by a wet chemical synthesis method followed by annealing at 500.0°C. The electron microscopies (SEM & TEM) showed considerable changes in morphology, size and sequence of arrangement of individual particles before and after calcination. The morphology obtained before calcination is random and densely packed: wherea,s considerably loose but sequential arrangement of constituent particles is observed after calcination. The synthesized product was used as a catalyst in the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Prepared Co3O4 nano aggregates proved to be a good catalyst, and it reduced the thermal decomposition temperature by 32.0°C. The prepared product has also been found to be an efficient additive as it decreased the pour point and viscosity of fuel. It has also decreased the flash and fire points to make burning easier. Thus, synthesized product possesses a good combination of properties as it shows good catalytic and fuel additive applications.

,

Acknowledgement

The author would like to acknowledge the support provided by the King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-09-14
Accepted: 2019-03-05
Published Online: 2019-10-16

© 2019 Muhammad Ramzan Saeed Ashraf Janjua, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Research on correlation of compositions with oestrogenic activity of Cistanche based on LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology
  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
  4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive features of Bryonia alba L.: As a possible alternative in treating rheumatism
  5. High efficiency liposome fusion induced by reducing undesired membrane peptides interaction
  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
  8. Development of a validated spectrofluorimetric method for assay of sotalol hydrochloride in tablets and human plasma: application for stability-indicating studies
  9. Topological Indices of Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugates’ Molecular Structure in Cancer Treatment
  10. Thermodynamic properties of the bubble growth process in a pool boiling of water-ethanol mixture two-component system
  11. Critical Roles of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Apoptosis and Autophagy of Astrocytes Induced by Methamphetamine
  12. Characteristics of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of Soil Moisture under Different Land Use in Dry Hot Valley of Yuanmou
  13. Specific, highly sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method for quantification of daclatasvir in HCV human plasma patients and in tablets dosage form
  14. Chromium-modified cobalt molybdenum nitrides as catalysts for ammonia synthesis
  15. Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells treated with ginsenoside Rh2 regulate the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo
  16. Identification of Powdery Mildew Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Resistance Genes in Selected Wheat Varieties and Development of Multiplex PCR
  17. Computational Analysis of new Degree-based descriptors of oxide networks
  18. The Use Of Chemical Composition And Additives To Classify Petrol And Diesel Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry And Chemometric Analysis: A Uk Study
  19. Minimal Energy Tree with 4 Branched Vertices
  20. Jatropha seed oil derived poly(esteramide-urethane)/ fumed silica nanocomposite coatings for corrosion protection
  21. Calculating topological indices of certain OTIS interconnection networks
  22. Energy storage analysis of R125 in UIO-66 and MOF-5 nanoparticles: A molecular simulation study
  23. Velvet Antler compounds targeting major cell signaling pathways in osteosarcoma - a new insight into mediating the process of invasion and metastasis in OS
  24. Effects of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract, Capping Agents, on the Synthesis of Pure And Cu Doped ZnO-Nanoparticles: A Green Approach and Microbial Activity
  25. Aqueous Micro-hydration of Na+(H2O)n=1-7 Clusters: DFT Study
  26. A proposed image-based detection of methamidophos pesticide using peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence system
  27. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
  29. Chemical pretreatments of Trapa bispinosa's peel (TBP) biosorbent to enhance adsorption capacity for Pb(ll)
  30. Dynamic Changes in MMP1 and TIMP1 in the Antifibrotic Process of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Rats with Liver Fibrosis
  31. The Optimization and Production of Ginkgolide B Lipid Microemulsion
  32. Photodynamic Therapy Enhanced the Antitumor Effects of Berberine on HeLa Cells
  33. Chiral and Achiral Enantiomeric Separation of (±)-Alprenolol
  34. Correlation of Water Fluoride with Body Fluids, Dental Fluorosis and FT4, FT3 –TSH Disruption among Children in an Endemic Fluorosis area in Pakistan
  35. A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
  38. miRNA-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in prolactinomas
  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
  41. Preparation and spectroscopic studies of Fe(II), Ru(II), Pd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base containing terephthalaldehyde and their transfer hydrogenation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction
  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
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  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
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  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
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  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
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  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0100
Keywords for this article
Nano-aggregates; Cobalt oxide; Calcination; Thermal decomposition; Fuel additives
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Research on correlation of compositions with oestrogenic activity of Cistanche based on LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology
  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
  4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive features of Bryonia alba L.: As a possible alternative in treating rheumatism
  5. High efficiency liposome fusion induced by reducing undesired membrane peptides interaction
  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
  8. Development of a validated spectrofluorimetric method for assay of sotalol hydrochloride in tablets and human plasma: application for stability-indicating studies
  9. Topological Indices of Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugates’ Molecular Structure in Cancer Treatment
  10. Thermodynamic properties of the bubble growth process in a pool boiling of water-ethanol mixture two-component system
  11. Critical Roles of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Apoptosis and Autophagy of Astrocytes Induced by Methamphetamine
  12. Characteristics of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of Soil Moisture under Different Land Use in Dry Hot Valley of Yuanmou
  13. Specific, highly sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method for quantification of daclatasvir in HCV human plasma patients and in tablets dosage form
  14. Chromium-modified cobalt molybdenum nitrides as catalysts for ammonia synthesis
  15. Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells treated with ginsenoside Rh2 regulate the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo
  16. Identification of Powdery Mildew Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Resistance Genes in Selected Wheat Varieties and Development of Multiplex PCR
  17. Computational Analysis of new Degree-based descriptors of oxide networks
  18. The Use Of Chemical Composition And Additives To Classify Petrol And Diesel Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry And Chemometric Analysis: A Uk Study
  19. Minimal Energy Tree with 4 Branched Vertices
  20. Jatropha seed oil derived poly(esteramide-urethane)/ fumed silica nanocomposite coatings for corrosion protection
  21. Calculating topological indices of certain OTIS interconnection networks
  22. Energy storage analysis of R125 in UIO-66 and MOF-5 nanoparticles: A molecular simulation study
  23. Velvet Antler compounds targeting major cell signaling pathways in osteosarcoma - a new insight into mediating the process of invasion and metastasis in OS
  24. Effects of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract, Capping Agents, on the Synthesis of Pure And Cu Doped ZnO-Nanoparticles: A Green Approach and Microbial Activity
  25. Aqueous Micro-hydration of Na+(H2O)n=1-7 Clusters: DFT Study
  26. A proposed image-based detection of methamidophos pesticide using peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence system
  27. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
  29. Chemical pretreatments of Trapa bispinosa's peel (TBP) biosorbent to enhance adsorption capacity for Pb(ll)
  30. Dynamic Changes in MMP1 and TIMP1 in the Antifibrotic Process of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Rats with Liver Fibrosis
  31. The Optimization and Production of Ginkgolide B Lipid Microemulsion
  32. Photodynamic Therapy Enhanced the Antitumor Effects of Berberine on HeLa Cells
  33. Chiral and Achiral Enantiomeric Separation of (±)-Alprenolol
  34. Correlation of Water Fluoride with Body Fluids, Dental Fluorosis and FT4, FT3 –TSH Disruption among Children in an Endemic Fluorosis area in Pakistan
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  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
  38. miRNA-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in prolactinomas
  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
  41. Preparation and spectroscopic studies of Fe(II), Ru(II), Pd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base containing terephthalaldehyde and their transfer hydrogenation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction
  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
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  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
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  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
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  56. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antiprotoscolices potential of ethanol extracts of selected plants species against Echinococcus granulosus: In-vitro study
  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
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  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
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  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
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  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
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  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
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  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
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