Home A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
Article Open Access

A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice

  • Shakeel Ahmad EMAIL logo , Shahid Ali Shah , Naeem Khan EMAIL logo , Umar Nishan , Nargis Jamila and Amal Alotaibi
Published/Copyright: May 23, 2023
Download Article (PDF)
Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 21 Issue 1

Abstract

The current work examined the therapeutic potential of 6-aminoflavone (6AF) against mouse model-based oxidative stress-driven synaptic and memory impairment caused by lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). In the brains of the experimental mice, LPS administration for 3 weeks significantly increased oxidative stress by inhibiting antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, glutathione, and upregulating lipid peroxidase. Male albino mice were arbitrarily divided into four groups including (1) Control, (2) LPS treated (250 µg/kg, for 3 weeks), (3) LPS plus 6AF treated (30 mg/kg for 2 weeks), and (4) 6AF treated (30 mg/kg for 2 weeks). Different antioxidant enzyme assays, behavior tasks, and the western blotting technique were used to test the therapeutic potentials of this 6AF. Remarkably, the dosage of 6AF significantly reversed the activities of antioxidant enzymes and reduced neuroinflammation in adult albino mice. Additionally, 6HF also improved the synapse (both pre- and post-proteins) and restored the impaired memory against LPS. In short, these findings propose that 6AF is a natural, non-toxic, and potent therapeutic agent to treat neurodegenerative diseases.

Keywords: lipopolysaccharides; neuroinflammation; reactive oxygen species; 6-aminoflavone; synapse

1 Introduction

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a prevalent ailment associated with aging, differs from other illnesses in a variety of respects, including cell death, beta-amyloid clumps, and hyperphosphorylated tau protein tangles [1]. One of the biggest dangers to mitochondrial dysfunction, which leads to the onset of AD, is assumed to be oxidative stress or the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS can also trigger inflammation in the brain. ROS in excess impedes antioxidant defense systems, leading to protein, DNA, and lipid damage [2,3,4,5]. Neuroinflammation can also lead to synaptotoxicity and memory loss [6].

The polysaccharide portion of Gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), triggers an innate immune response by attachment to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in microglia [7]. The interaction between TLR4 and LPS activates and stimulates nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and other kinases, which results in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1 (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) [8]. As a result, LPS has been utilized in an animal model to study the molecular approaches to memory impairment for many years [9]. The efficacy of new and novel medications to treat AD in animals is best studied using LPS-induced AD neuropathology.

Plants are good sources of polyphenols and flavonoids, which are the most vital polyphenols and are an important part of the human diet [10,11,12]. 6-Aminoflavone (6AF) possesses potent and proliferative activity against selected human tumor cell lines both in vivo and in vitro [13]. The current study aims to evaluate the neurodegenerative potential of 6AF due to its reported anti-proliferative activity; the selected compound 6AF may act as a potential drug against neurodegenerative diseases.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Chemicals

Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) tablets, LPS, ammonium persulfate (APS), acrylamide, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Trizma base, bis-acrylamide, potassium chloride (KCl), and sodium chloride (NaCl) were purchased from Dae-Jung Chemicals & Metals Co. Ltd (Gyeonggi-do, Shiheung, South Korea) and Sigma Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA).

2.2 Mice and their grouping

Male adult Swiss albino mice were acquired from the veterinary division of the National Institute of Health (NIH) in Islamabad, Pakistan, and transported to the Neuro Molecular Medicines Research Centre (NMMRC, Peshawar), where the tests were conducted. The mice were housed in clearly labeled cages (Biobase, China) with free access to water and food and were given time to adjust to their new surroundings. Later, the mice were arbitrarily allocated into groups of four (each group consists of n = 10 mice) as given below. Group 1: normal mice (normal saline-treated); Group 2: LPS-injected mice (250 µg/kg); Group 3: LPS-injected mice (250 µg/kg) + 6-AF-injected mice (30 mg/kg); and Group 4: 6-AF-injected mice (30 mg/kg). The 30–32 g male adult albino mice were then housed in separate cages in the animal house under controlled conditions, such as a 12 h light/dark cycle, a constant temperature of 25°C, and ad libitum access to standardized pellet food and clean water. All of the study animals were handled with distinct care and empathy, in accordance with the recommendations of the NMMRC’s animal ethical committee. This study was permitted by the ethical committee of Kohat University of Science and Technology, Pakistan (dated 09/03/2020, No. 524).

2.3 Behavioral tests

Two well-known behavioral tests were used to illustrate the therapeutic benefits of 6-AF on LPS-induced memory impairment. LPS was given intraperitoneally (i.p.) to Groups 2 and 3 mice and 6-AF was given i.p. to Groups 3 and 4 mice. Then, all of the research mice were tagged, separated into four groups, and behavioral studies were performed as a single-blind experiment. The tags and treatment groups of mice were kept hidden from the researcher conducting the behavioral testing.

2.4 Morris water maze (MWM) test

The hippocampus learning skills of mice were tested using the MWM test. The design and size of the MWM test apparatus have recently been given in detail in the study of Shah et al. [14]. The animals were trained to swim twice a day for 3 days prior to the start of the testing to acclimate to the water tank and platform. Later, in order to find the hidden/submerged platform, the mean escape latency for each mouse was measured for 60 s, and this technique was repeated for 5 days. The mice were forcibly directed onto the platform and left there for a set amount of time if they failed to find it in the specified amount of time (60 s). The platform was hidden throughout the 2-day rest interval before the final probe testing and the amount of time each mouse spent in the target quadrant was recorded.

2.5 Y-maze

The Y-maze behavioral test was used, as previously reported [15]. The Y-maze device is made up of three arms that measure 50 × 10 × 20 cm3 (L × W × H) and are joined at a 1,200° angle. Mice were given 10 min to acclimate to their new surroundings each time. The mice were then placed in the maze’s center and given 8 min to freely travel in three arms. Each mouse’s total arm entries and following triplets were tallied using special software, and the proportion of alternations was determined using the formula:

Percentage alternations = Successive triple tests Total number of arm entries − 2 × 100 .

The percentage of alternations was positively linked with the spatial memory function of mice.

2.6 Western blotting analysis

After the therapy, all of the animals were killed [14].

The brain tissue from the hippocampus was carefully taken from the beheaded mice and immediately transferred to the RNAlater solution and PBS (1:1) on ice. T-PER solution (Thermo Scientific) was used to homogenize the hippocampus brain tissue after which the supernatant was collected and stored at −20°C for future investigation. The protein concentration was determined using the Bio-Rad protein estimation assay, and the absorbance measurement was made at 595 nm. All protein samples were standardized to 30 g per group and separated using SDS-PAGE on gels with a 12–15% gel concentration. For the first 20–30 min of the run, running conditions were maintained at 50 mA, and then for the last hour to an hour and a half, running conditions were changed to 120 V. Proteins were moved from the gel to a PVDF membrane (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) using the semi-dry trans blot technique (Bio Rad). Anti-SYP, anti-PSD95, anti-p-Akt, anti-actin, anti-NF-kB, anti-TNF-α, and IL-1 monoclonal antibodies (Santa Cruz, CA, USA) were used as primary antibodies, followed by anti-mice HRP conjugated (Santa Cruz, CA, USA) secondary antibodies. For the development of the results, X-ray films were employed [14].

2.7 Antioxidant analysis of brain homogenates

2.7.1 Catalase (CAT) assay

A considerably modified technique was used to assess CAT [16] activity. A total of 2,500 mL of phosphate buffer (50 mm) at pH 5.0, 100 mL of the brain supernatant, and 400 mL of H2O2 were used in the 3 mL reaction mixture (5.9 mm). At 240 nm and 1-min intervals, the absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured as it changed. One unit of CAT activity was defined as a variation in the absorbance occurring at a rate of 0.01 units per minute.

2.7.2 Peroxidase (POD) assay

A significantly modified approach [16] was used to test POD activity. A total of 2,500 L of phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 5.0), 300 µL of H2O2 (40 mM), 1,000 µL of the brain homogenate supernatant, and 100 µL of guaiacol were used to prepare the POD assay reaction mixture (20 mM). The absorbance of the reaction mixture at 470 nm was monitored each minute. One unit of POD activity was defined as a change in the absorbance of 0.01 units per minute.

2.7.3 Superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay

As previously stated [17], the SOD assay was carried out with a few modifications. A reaction mixture containing 300 L of the brain homogenate supernatant, 1,200 L of sodium pyrophosphate buffer (0.052 mM; pH 7.0), and 100 phenazine methosulfate was used to assess SOD activity. To initiate an enzyme reaction, 200 L of NADH (780 M) was mixed with the reaction mixture after a 1-min interval; 1,000 µL of glacial acetic acid was used as a stopping agent. By estimating the absorbance of the reaction mixture at 560 nm and translating the data into units/mg of protein, it was possible to calculate the amount of chromogen generated.

2.7.4 Reduced glutathione (GSH) assay

In a previous work [18], to determine the amounts of reduced GSH, the proteins in 1,000 L of brain homogenate were precipitated by adding an equivalent volume of sulfosalicylic acid solution (4%) to the mixture. The reaction mixture was then maintained at 4°C for a further hour, and then it was centrifuged at 1,200×g for 20 min at 4°C in a refrigerator. The reaction mixture contained 2,700 mL of phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) and 200 mL of 100 mM DTNB. The absorbance of the reaction mixture at 412 nm was determined as quickly as possible. GSH levels were determined in milligrams per gram of tissue.

2.7.5 Estimation of lipid peroxidase (TBARS)

A slightly modified approach was used for the lipid peroxidation thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) test [19]. A 1,000 L reaction mixture containing 200 µL of 100 mM ascorbic acid, 200 µL of the brain homogenate supernatant, 580 L of 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), and 20 µL of 100 mM ferric chloride was used for the experiment. The reaction mixture was then heated to 37°C and agitated for an hour in a water bath. Then, 1,000 L of a 10% trichloroacetic acid solution was added to stop the reaction. Following that, 1,000 L of 0.67% thiobarbituric acid was added to the tubes, and they were centrifuged for 20 min at a speed of 2,500×g (95°C) in a hot water bath. The quantity of lipid peroxidase (TBARS) generated in each sample was calculated by measuring the absorbance of the supernatant at 535 nm and 37°C using a spectrophotometer.

2.7.6 Statistical analysis

After that, all of the X-ray findings were scanned. The scanned data were compiled and then statistical analysis was performed using computer-based software. Among the programs included are Adobe Photoshop, Prism 5 Graph Pad, and Image Jare. Normal saline-treated animals and LPS-injected mice had significantly different mean ± SEM in arbitrary units (AUs); P ≤ 0.05, P ≤ 0.01, and P ≤ 0.001, respectively.

2.7.7 All-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation

The therapeutic efficacy of 6-AF against oxidative stress-mediated neuronal synapse induced by LPS and the associated memory impairment in adult male albino mice was investigated in this work. By activating the phospho-Akt (p-Akt) signaling pathway, 6-AF can drastically reduce LPS-induced oxidative stress, synapse dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and memory impairment in an AD animal model. We employed extensive MD and molecular docking simulation with both the molecular operating environment (MOE®) and AMBER software package to investigate the stimulating mechanism of p-Akt by 6-AF.

2.7.8 Molecular docking study

The binding mechanism of the 6-AF molecule in the active site of p-Akt was demonstrated using a molecular docking study using MOE-Dock® software. PDB code 3OCB was used to retrieve the crystal structure of p-Akt in complex with C20H23Cl1N6O1 (co-crystal) from the protein data bank (www.rcsb.org). Using the defaulting parameters of the MOE energy minimized algorithm (gradient: 0.05, force field: Amber99; for p-Akt and MMFF94s; for 6-AF), minimized energy of the crystal structure, the 3D protonation, and 6-AF were investigated. Finally, by applying the Triangular Matching docking method (default), 6-AF was docked into the site where the co-crystal bonded in the protein, yielding 100 distinct conformations. For further investigation, the top-ranked conformation with the highest docking score was chosen. In addition, to confirm the dynamic behaviors of 6-AF in the p-Akt active site, we conducted a MD simulation study.

2.7.9 Molecular dynamics simulation

Using the generalized Amber force field (GAFF), the small molecule 6-AF was first parameterized [20]. To calculate the partial atomic charges, single-point energy calculations were performed using Schrodinger’s quantum chemistry module, the Hartree–Fock level of theory, Jaguar, and the 6-311g** basis set. Assigning GAFF atom types was done using the Antechamber module [21], and creating the parameter files for overall rendering was done using the AMBER LeaP module [22]. All-atom MD simulations and research of the primary dynamics were conducted using AMBER version 2018 [23]. The crystal structure was amended with hydrogen atoms using the LeaP module. Counter ions were introduced to maintain the system’s equilibrium. The TIP3P water model’s truncated octahedral box was used to solve the system with a cut-off of 8.0 buffer. The particle mesh Ewald (PME) approach [24] was utilized to manage broad ranges of electrostatic interactions. The force field ff14SB was utilized for MD simulations [25]. With a tolerance of 10−5, the SHAKE method was utilized to safeguard all covalent bonds, including hydrogen atoms [26]. The PMEMD CUDA version was utilized to speed up each MD simulation. The NVT ensemble’s solvated systems were reduced in 20,000 steps using the steepest descent method, then heated for 400 ps, and then brought to equilibrium in 200 ps. With isotropic position scaling, a relaxation duration of 2.0 ps, and a constant time of 1.0 ps, Langevin’s approach [27] was employed to fix the pressure and temperature.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 6-AF restored LPS-induced synapse and memory dysfunction in adult mice brain

Inhibition of both pre- and post-neuronal synapse proteins is undoubtedly possible with LPS treatment [28]. For neuronal transmission, the proteins, synaptophysin and PSD95, which are located in the pre- and post-neuronal synapse, respectively, are necessary. Using the western blotting method, their expression was ascertained. LPS decreased the pre- and post-synapse protein in the male adult albino mouse brains, as per the findings of western blotting (Figure 1a–c). Treatment with 6-AF did, however, significantly preserve synaptic neuronal plasticity when LPS was present. After 6-AF was administered, it was seen that both pre- and post-synapse protein expression levels were upregulated (Figure 1a–c). The memory and behavior of experimental animals were impacted by LPS [29]. The Y-maze and the MWM, two well-known behavioral tests (MWM), were completed by the mice in the current investigation after they had been injected with LPS, LPS combined with 6-AF, control, and 6-AF alone. In the MWM test, mice were trained twice daily for 2 days, following which data were collected daily for 5 days. Their average daily escape times to the platform in 1 min were recorded. On day 1, control animals showed low mean escape latency, but mice treated with LPS had considerably increased mean escape latency (Figure 2a). While receiving LPS and 6-AF, the mean escape latencies of mice to reach the target platform were significantly lowered (Figure 2a). The control animals and the animals receiving 6-AF alone showed increasingly reduced mean escape latencies, and this trend was seen in all experimental animals. The mean escape latencies of the LPS-treated mice were generally longer than those of the control mice, even though they showed minimal improvement from day 1 to 5. Similarly, mice who were given 6-AF in addition to LPS had lower mean escape latencies than mice administered LPS alone, as shown in Figure 2a. After removing the submerged platform from the probe test, the control and mice administered 6-AFalone, both used up more time in the target quadrant, as shown in Figure 2b. The mice who were given LPS, on the other hand, seldom ever visited the target area. It is interesting to note that, as shown in Figure 2b, mice administered 6-AF and LPS spend more time in the target quadrant. As a measure of spatial memory performance, the Y-maze test yielded the spontaneous alternation percentage. According to Figure 2c, mice given 6-AF in addition to LPS showed a greater percentage of spontaneous alternation, but it was lower than in control mice. In contrast, mice given LPS alone showed a lower percentage of spontaneous alternation. The current study demonstrates that 6-AF has a protective effect against memory impairment and neural synapse dysfunction generated by LPS in adult albino mice. In albino mice, 6-AF alleviated LPS caused oxidative stress neuroinflammation, neuronal synaptotoxicity, and memory impairment.

Figure 1 Both pre-and post-synaptic protein expression enhanced by 6-AF against LPS in mice. (a) In the brain supernatant of homogenates treated with either LPS alone or in combination with 6-AF, the western blot approach revealed the expression of both pre- and post-synapse proteins, synaptophysin, and PSD95. (b and c) Histograms of SYP and PSD95, representing their respective relative densities. The densities were determined, and graphs were created using the Image J program. P values of 0.01 and 0.001 are considered significant for the results, which were derived using an arbitrary unit (AU) and a histogram that displays the mean in AU SEM.
Figure 1

Both pre-and post-synaptic protein expression enhanced by 6-AF against LPS in mice. (a) In the brain supernatant of homogenates treated with either LPS alone or in combination with 6-AF, the western blot approach revealed the expression of both pre- and post-synapse proteins, synaptophysin, and PSD95. (b and c) Histograms of SYP and PSD95, representing their respective relative densities. The densities were determined, and graphs were created using the Image J program. P values of 0.01 and 0.001 are considered significant for the results, which were derived using an arbitrary unit (AU) and a histogram that displays the mean in AU SEM.

Figure 2 6-AF boosted memory in adult mice’s brains. The results of behavioral tests are offered as (a) mean escape latency from day 1 to day 5 in the Morris water maze test, (b) probe test, and (c) percentage of spontaneous modification in the Y-maze test. All verified data are shown as mean ± SEM. P values of 0.01 and 0.001 are significant.
Figure 2

6-AF boosted memory in adult mice’s brains. The results of behavioral tests are offered as (a) mean escape latency from day 1 to day 5 in the Morris water maze test, (b) probe test, and (c) percentage of spontaneous modification in the Y-maze test. All verified data are shown as mean ± SEM. P values of 0.01 and 0.001 are significant.

3.2 6-AF alleviated oxidative stress induced by LPS in adult mice brains

Various antioxidant assays, like SOD, POD, CAT, GSH, and lipid peroxidase assays, were performed on the brain homogenates of all experimental mice. The findings demonstrated that LPS significantly increased oxidative stress in adult mice brains by reducing SOD (P < 0.001), POD (P < 0.001), CAT (P < 0.01), and GSH (P < 0.01), as well as activating lipid peroxidase activity (P < 0.001). Surprisingly, 6-AF dramatically enhanced the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes SOD (P < 0.001), POD (P < 0.001), CAT (P < 0.01), and GSH (P < 0.01), while decreasing the lipid peroxidase activity (P < 0.01), as shown in Figure 3a–e. In this study, we used a variety of anti-oxidant enzyme assays to see whether LPS can cause oxidative stress. The findings show that LPS inhibits anti-oxidant enzymes such as SOD, POD, CAT, and GSH while upregulating lipid peroxidation, implying that oxidative stress generated by LPS inhibits these enzymes while upregulating LPO. Similarly, our neuroprotective agent, 6-AF, greatly reduces oxidative stress by restoring the activities of various enzymes like POD, SOD, GSH, and CAT, as well as significantly lowering LPO activities, indicating that 6-AF is an effective anti-oxidant. In this line, previous studies [2,30,31] also proved that melatonin is an effective neuroprotective agent by lowering LPS-induced oxidative stress.

Figure 3 6-AF restored the activities of LPS-suppressed antioxidant enzymes in adult male mice brains. The activities of antioxidant enzymes (a) CAT, (b) SOD, (c) POD, (d) GSH, (e) and lipid peroxidase (TBARS) were measured in mice brain supernatant homogenates administered with either LPS alone or in combination with 6-AF. The technique is detailed in Section 2. Each group’s findings are expressed as mean ± SEM of (n = 5) mice. P values of 0.01 and 0.001 are significant.
Figure 3

6-AF restored the activities of LPS-suppressed antioxidant enzymes in adult male mice brains. The activities of antioxidant enzymes (a) CAT, (b) SOD, (c) POD, (d) GSH, (e) and lipid peroxidase (TBARS) were measured in mice brain supernatant homogenates administered with either LPS alone or in combination with 6-AF. The technique is detailed in Section 2. Each group’s findings are expressed as mean ± SEM of (n = 5) mice. P values of 0.01 and 0.001 are significant.

3.3 6-AF inhibited NF-kB activation to abrogate LPS-induced neuroinflammation in mice

As LPS is responsible for producing neuroinflammation in a mouse model [29], we found that LPS administration via oxidative stress promoted neuroinflammation in adult mice brains by activating NF-kB, which was followed by the stimulation of TNF-α (Figure 4a–d). LPS produced neuro-inflammatory indicators like NF-kB motivation and translocation into the nucleus, as well as TNF-α and IL-1 protein activation. 6-AF treatment, on the other hand, totally blocked the activation of neuroinflammatory indicators such as NF-kB, TNF-α, and IL-1-proteins (Figure 4a–d). LPS has been reported to induce neuroinflammation in male adult albino mice brains [22]. Similarly, we also observed that the expression of neuroinflammatory markers such as NF-kB, TNF-α, and IL-1β was upregulated by LPS, which is assessed through western blotting, while the administration of 6-AF significantly reversed these changes induced by LPS. In this regard, Lee et al. [29] also reported that LPS can cause inflammation, and the methanolic extract of Carpesium cernuum L. is a protective agent and reduces the inflammation induced by LPS. So, 6-AF is a good anti-neuroinflammatory agent, which can reduce the inflammation induced by LPS in mice brains.

Figure 4 6-AF inhibited NF-kB and revoked LPS-induced neuroinflammation in experimental mice. The western blot analysis of the neuro-inflammatory markers NF-kB, TNF-α, and IL-1 (a) is displayed, as well as histograms of the corresponding relative densities, in (b–d). The loading control used was β-actin. The data were computed using the Image J program, and a histogram that provided the mean in arbitrary units (AU) and the standard deviation (SEM) in AU. P values of 0.01 and 0.001 indicate statistical significance.
Figure 4

6-AF inhibited NF-kB and revoked LPS-induced neuroinflammation in experimental mice. The western blot analysis of the neuro-inflammatory markers NF-kB, TNF-α, and IL-1 (a) is displayed, as well as histograms of the corresponding relative densities, in (b–d). The loading control used was β-actin. The data were computed using the Image J program, and a histogram that provided the mean in arbitrary units (AU) and the standard deviation (SEM) in AU. P values of 0.01 and 0.001 indicate statistical significance.

The LPS animal model is a good model for AD-like memory impairment [32,33,34]. Similarly, gypenosides have been shown to reduce LPS-induced neuroinflammation and memory impairment in mice [29]. In this study, 6-AF was found to restore neural synapse proteins and improve memory and behavior in male adult albino mice exposed to LPS. This finding also parallels a previous study on Ibrutinib [28] that also reduces LPS-induced synaptotoxicity by boosting the countenance of both the pre- and post-synapse proteins, as well as improving memory. It means that 6-AF is an effective therapeutic drug for reducing synaptic loss and restoring memory and behavior in animals suffering from LPS-induced neurotoxicity. LPS dramatically decreased p-Akt protein in adult albino mice brains when administered to normal adult male albino mice. Supplementation of 6-AF, on the other hand, dramatically increased the p-Akt protein, reducing LPS-induced oxidative stress-mediated neural synapse and memory impairment. Similarly, the full signaling route of 6-AF against LPS-induced neurotoxicity was discovered. LPS injection promotes oxidative stress by blocking enzymes involved in antioxidant activities, as indicated in the figure. In adult albino mice, inhibition of this enzyme increased the expression of neuroinflammatory markers such as NF-kB, IL-1β, and TNF-α, which was accompanied by synapse and memory impairment. As a result, this entire route shows that 6-AF prevents LPS-induced synapse and memory impairment via p- Akt activation. According to the findings in this study; 6-AF is a strong drug that lowers LPS-induced oxidative stress by up-regulating anti-oxidant enzyme expression/activation, which leads to a decrease in neuroinflammation. Furthermore, 6-AF improved memory deficits in adult albino mice by restoring the neural synapse. For the first time, this work shows that 6- AF is a promising therapeutic candidate for treating LPS-induced neuronal synapse and memory impairment. This study also found that 6-AF decreases neuroinflammation by activating the p-Akt pathway, which protected male albino mice from LPS. Last, but not least, 6-AF promotes the p-Akt signaling pathway to prevent LPS-induced neurotoxicity, which results in memory impairment. More research on the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of 6-AF is needed.

3.4 6-AF stimulated phospho-Akt activation to abrogate LPS-induced neurotoxicity in mice

The p-Akt proteins, which are assumed to be involved in the cell’s survival process, were drastically decreased by LPS treatment. In contrast, as shown in Figure 5a and b, 6-AF treatment greatly boosted the production of p-Akt proteins, thereby stimulating the signaling pathway and rescuing adult albino mice against LPS. In the same way, the proposed mechanism of 6-AF against LPS-induced neurotoxicity is depicted in Figure 6.

Figure 5 In the adult mouse brain, 6-AF increased phospho-Akt signaling pathways against LPS-induced memory impairment. (a and b) The immunoblots for p-Akt are provided, along with the corresponding histogram. β-Actin served as the loading control. Using Image J software, the data were calculated, and a histogram displaying the mean in arbitrary units (AU) and expressed in SEM was created. The P-values of 0.01 and 0.001 indicate statistical significance.
Figure 5

In the adult mouse brain, 6-AF increased phospho-Akt signaling pathways against LPS-induced memory impairment. (a and b) The immunoblots for p-Akt are provided, along with the corresponding histogram. β-Actin served as the loading control. Using Image J software, the data were calculated, and a histogram displaying the mean in arbitrary units (AU) and expressed in SEM was created. The P-values of 0.01 and 0.001 indicate statistical significance.

Figure 6 The signaling route illustrates the suggested mechanism of 6-AF against LPS-induced memory impairment in the brain of adult male Albino mice. It demonstrates how LPS-induced multiple AD neuropathology in mouse models was reversed by 6-AF through a p-Akt-dependent mechanism.
Figure 6

The signaling route illustrates the suggested mechanism of 6-AF against LPS-induced memory impairment in the brain of adult male Albino mice. It demonstrates how LPS-induced multiple AD neuropathology in mouse models was reversed by 6-AF through a p-Akt-dependent mechanism.

3.5 Inspecting the stability of p-Akt in the presence of 6-AF

According to the findings in this study, 6-AF is a strong drug that lowers LPS-induced oxidative stress by upregulating anti-oxidant enzyme expression/activation, which leads to a decrease in neuroinflammation. Additionally, 6-AF improved memory deficits in adult albino mice by restoring the neural synapse. For the first time, this work shows that 6-AF is a promising therapeutic candidate for treating LPS-induced neuronal synapse and memory impairment.

Molecular docking results discovered a strong binding pattern of 6-AF with the highest docking score (Figure 7a–c) by setting basic interactions with active site residues, including Gly157, Val164, and Glu234 through phi-stacking interactions, while Met227 and Glu228 through hydrogen bonding (Figure 7d). Additionally, a MD simulation was run to demonstrate the 6-AF complex’s stability with the p-Akt protein in a clear water environment. In general, it was practically observed that the aniline moiety of 6-AF remains attached to the active site, which is considered to be the moiety of entrance first to the active site of the protein. For ease of support and clarification of dynamics results, we also analyze the dynamics trajectory. When the system’s root-mean-square deviation (RMSd) was compared with actual structures, it was discovered that a simulation duration of 50 ns is adequate to attain equilibrium at 310 K (Figure 7e). The deviation of the backbone atoms was then examined using the RMSD technique. The RMSd value decreases when conformation stability increases and vice versa [35,36,37]. Since the RMSd curve continually rises and oscillates at 1.2 Å at the start, we recovered that conformation and compared it to the other conformations produced during succeeding simulation periods. We discovered variations in the 6-AF conformation, where the non-substituted benzene ring rotates by 20°, but not in the other conformations. The RMSd curve depicts the complex’s overall conformation being stabilized, with the 6-AF interacting closely with the bound residues at the active site over the majority of the simulation. The 6-AF molecule’s strong attachment to the active site demonstrates its importance in protein stability, as it rescues the protein from suppression. We used this molecule to explore the carbon-alpha (CA) distance research of active site residues in order to better understand the selectivity of the 6-AF molecule’s dynamic bonding capabilities in the active site. The results show extremely robust and consistent behavior at the active site with the bound residues, and the simulation time oscillated (Figure 7f). These findings show that the binding of the 6-AF molecule rescues the protein from LPS-induced suppression by stabilizing the overall structure of the pAkt protein.

Figure 7 (a) Docking score of selected top 20 conformers. (b and c) Cartonic view of p-Akt in complex with 6-AF and the top 20 6-AF conformers were superposed in the active site of p-Akt. (d) Protein and 6-AF interaction profile. (e) Graph of the system of RMSd. (f) The dynamic CA distance. (d) Graph for 6-AF and interactive residues of the p-Akt protein.
Figure 7

(a) Docking score of selected top 20 conformers. (b and c) Cartonic view of p-Akt in complex with 6-AF and the top 20 6-AF conformers were superposed in the active site of p-Akt. (d) Protein and 6-AF interaction profile. (e) Graph of the system of RMSd. (f) The dynamic CA distance. (d) Graph for 6-AF and interactive residues of the p-Akt protein.

4 Conclusions

This study’s findings suggest that 6-AF is a potent drug that reduces LPS-induced oxidative stress by upregulating anti-oxidant enzyme expression/activation, which reduces neuroinflammation. Also, by repairing the neuronal synapse, 6-AF helped adult albino mice with memory problems. This study determines for the first time the therapeutic potential of 6-AF in the treatment of memory loss and impaired neuronal synapses caused by LPS. Also, it was shown that 6-AF reduces neuroinflammation via activating the p-Akt pathway, protecting male albino mice against LPS. Last, but not the least, to stop LPS-induced neurotoxicity, which impairs memory, 6-AF stimulates the p-Akt signaling pathway. The anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of 6-AF require more study.

Acknowledgment

The authors extend their appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project Number (PNURSP2023R33) at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Saudi Arabia for financial support.

  1. Funding information: Researchers supporting project number (PNURSP2023R33) Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contributions: Data curation: S.A.S. and N.J.; formal analysis: U.N., A.A.; funding acquisition: A.A.; investigation: S.A.; methodology: N.K.; resources: A.A.; software: U.N.; supervision, S.A.S. and N.K.; validation: N.K. and A.A.; writing – original draft, N.J. and S.A.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declared no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: This study was permitted by the ethical committee of Kohat University of Science and Technology Pakistan (dated 09/03/2020, No. 524).

  5. Data availability statement: All the available data incorporated in the manuscript.

References

[1] Gella A, Durany N. Oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease. Cell Adhes Migr. 2009;3(1):88–93. 10.4161/cam.3.1.7402.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[2] Yu GM, Kubota H, Okita M, Maeda T. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of melatonin on LPS- stimulated bovine mammary epithelial cells. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0178525. 10.1371/journal.pone.0178525.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[3] Naz S, Zahoor M, Umar MN, Ali B, Ullah R, Shahat AA, et al. Enzyme inhibitory, antioxidant and antibacterial potentials of synthetic symmetrical and unsymmetrical thioureas. Drug Des Dev Ther. 2019;7:3485–95. 10.2147/DDDT.S225311.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[4] Ahmad SS, Khan H, Danish Rizvi SM, Ansari SA, Ullah R, Rastrelli L, et al. Computational study of natural compounds for the clearance of amyloid-βeta: A potential therapeutic management strategy for Alzheimer’s Disease. Molecules. 2019;24(18):3233. 10.3390/molecules24183233.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[5] Khurana N, Sikka SC. Targeting crosstalk between Nrf-2, NF-κB and androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. Cancers. 2018;10(10):352. 10.3390/cancers10100352.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[6] Yang L, Zhou R, Tong Y, Chen P, Shen Y, Miao S, et al. Neuroprotection by dihydrotestosterone in LPS- induced neuroinflammation. Neurobiol Dis. 2020;140:104814. 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104814.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[7] Tang SC, Lathia JD, Selvaraj PK, Jo DG, Mughal MR, Cheng A, et al. Toll-like receptor-4 mediates neuronal apoptosis induced by amyloid β-peptide and the membrane lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal. Exp Neurol. 2008;213(1):114–21. 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.05.014.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[8] He P, Yan S, Zheng J, Gao Y, Zhang S, Liu Z, et al. Eriodictyol attenuates LPS-induced neuroinflammation, amyloidogenesis, and cognitive impairments via the inhibition of NF-κB in male C57BL/6J mice and BV2 microglial cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2018;66(39):10205–14. 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03731.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[9] Jin Y, Peng J, Wang X, Zhang D, Wang T. Ameliorative effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive impairment: role of cholinergic system. Neurochem Res. 2017;42:1299–307. 10.1007/s11064-016-2171-y.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[10] Pandey KB, Rizvi SI. Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2009;2:270–8. 10.4161/oxim.2.5.9498.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[11] Abbas M, Saeed F, Anjum FM, Afzaal M, Tufail T, Bashir MS, et al. Natural polyphenols: An overview. Int J Food Prop. 2017;20(8):1689–99. 10.1080/10942912.2016.1220393.Search in Google Scholar

[12] Campos MR. Bioactive compounds: health benefits and potential applications. United Kingdom: Woodhead Publishing; 2018. Search in Google Scholar

[13] Haddad AQ, Venkateswaran V, Viswanathan L, Teahan SJ, Fleshner NE, Klotz LH. Novel antiproliferative flavonoids induce cell cycle arrest in human prostate cancer cell lines. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2006;9(1):68–76. 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500845.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[14] Shah SA, Yoon GH, Chung SS, Abid MN, Kim TH, Lee HY, et al. Novel osmotin inhibits SREBP2 via the AdipoR1/AMPK/SIRT1 pathway to improve Alzheimer’s disease neuropathological deficits. Mol Psychiatry. 2017;22(3):407–16. 10.1038/mp.2016.23.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[15] F El-Khadragy M, M Al-Olayan E, E Abdel Moneim A. Neuroprotective effects of Citrus reticulata in scopolamine-induced dementia oxidative stress in rats. CNS Neurol Disord-Drug Targets (Former Curr Drug Targets-CNS & Neurol Disord). 2014;13(4):684–90. 10.2174/1871527313666140618105404.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[16] Change B, Maehly AC. Assay of catalases and peroxidase. Methods Enzymol. 1955;2:764–75.10.1016/S0076-6879(55)02300-8Search in Google Scholar

[17] Kakkar P, Das B, Viswanathan PN. A modified spectrophotometric assay of superoxide dismutase. J Visualized Exp. 1984;21:130–2. http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/19932.Search in Google Scholar

[18] Salau VF, Erukainure OL, Koorbanally NA, Islam MS. Catechol protects against iron-mediated oxidative brain injury by restoring antioxidative metabolic pathways; and modulation of purinergic and cholinergic enzymes activities. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2020;72(12):1787–97. 10.1111/jphp.13352.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[19] De Leon JA, Borges CR. Evaluation of oxidative stress in biological samples using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay. JoVE (J Visualized Exp). 2020(159):e61122. 10.3791/61122-v.Search in Google Scholar

[20] Wang J, Wolf RM, Caldwell JW, Kollman PA, Case DA. Development and testing of a general amber force field. J Comput Chem. 2004;25(9):1157–74. 10.1002/jcc.20035.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[21] Wang J, Wang W, Kollman PA, Case DA. Automatic atom type and bond type perception in molecular mechanical calculations. J Mol Graph Model. 2006;25(2):247–60. 10.1016/j.jmgm.2005.12.005.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[22] Schrodinger LL. The PyMOL molecular graphics system, version 13 r1 Schrodinger LLC. New York, NY: 2010.Search in Google Scholar

[23] David C, Ben S halom IY, Scott B, David C, Thomas CL, Vicinus C, et al. AMBER. San Francisco, California: University of California; 2018.Search in Google Scholar

[24] Darden T, York D, Pedersen L. Particle mesh Ewald: An N⋅ log (N) method for Ewald sums in large systems. J Chem Phys. 1993;98(12):10089–92. 10.1063/1.464397.Search in Google Scholar

[25] Maier JA, Martinez C, Kasavajhala K, Wickstrom L, Hauser KE, Simmerling C. ff14SB: improving the accuracy of protein side chain and backbone parameters from ff99SB. J Chem Theory Comput. 2015;11(8):3696–713. 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00255.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[26] Ryckaert JP, Ciccotti G, Berendsen HJ. Numerical integration of the cartesian equations of motion of a system with constraints: molecular dynamics of n-alkanes. J Comput Phys. 1977;23(3):327–41. 10.1016/0021-9991(77)90098-5.Search in Google Scholar

[27] Wu X, Brooks BR, Vanden‐Eijnden E. Self‐guided L angevin dynamics via generalized L angevin equation. J Comput Chem. 2016;37(6):595–601. 10.1002/jcc.24015.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[28] Li W, Ali T, He K, Liu Z, Shah FA, Ren Q, et al. Ibrutinib alleviates LPS-induced neuroinflammation and synaptic defects in a mouse model of depression. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;92:10–24. 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.008.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[29] Lee B, Shim I, Lee H. Gypenosides attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation and memory impairment in rats. Evid-Based Complementary Altern Med. 2018;2018:1–10. 10.1155/2018/4183670.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[30] Farré-Alins V, Narros-Fernández P, Palomino-Antolín A, Decouty-Pérez C, Lopez-Rodriguez AB, Parada E, et al. Melatonin reduces NLRP3 inflammasome activation by increasing α7 nAChR-mediated autophagic flux. Antioxidants. 2020;9(12):1299. 10.3390/antiox9121299.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[31] Park YJ, Cheon SY, Lee DS, Cominguez DC, Zhang Z, Lee S, et al. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Carpesium cernuum L methanolic extract in LPS-stimulated RAW 2647 macrophages. Mediators Inflamm. 2020;2020:1–4. 10.1155/2020/3164239.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[32] Zakaria R, Wan Yaacob WM, Othman Z, Long I, Ahmad AH, Al-Rahbi B. Lipopolysaccharide-induced memory impairment in rats: a model of Alzheimer’s disease. Physiol Res. 2017;66:553–65. 10.33549/physiolres.933480.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[33] Thingore C, Kshirsagar V, Juvekar A. Amelioration of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced memory impairment using Rosmarinic acid in mice. Metab Brain Dis. 2021;36:299–313. 10.1007/s11011-020-00629-9.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[34] Behairi N, Belkhelfa M, Rafa H, Labsi M, Deghbar N, Bouzid N, et al. All- trans retinoic acid (ATRA) prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation, amyloidogenesis and memory impairment in aged rats. J Neuroimmunol. 2016;300:21–9. 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.10.004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[35] Khan S, Khan A, Rehman AU, Ahmad I, Ullah S, Khan AA, et al. Immunoinformatics and structural vaccinology driven prediction of multi-epitope vaccine against Mayaro virus and validation through in-silico expression. Infection Genet Evol. 2019;73:390–400. 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.06.006.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[36] Rehman AU, Rahman MU, Lu S, Liu H, Li JY, Arshad T, et al. Decoding allosteric communication pathways in protein lysine acetyltransferase. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;149:70–80. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.213.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[37] Rehman AU, Lu S, Khan AA, Khurshid B, Rasheed S, Wadood A, et al. Hidden allosteric sites and De- Novo drug design. Expert Opin Drug Discovery. 2022;17(3):283–95. 10.1080/17460441.2022.2017876.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2023-01-23
Revised: 2023-04-27
Accepted: 2023-04-30
Published Online: 2023-05-23

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0336
Keywords for this article
lipopolysaccharides; neuroinflammation; reactive oxygen species; 6-aminoflavone; synapse
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 29.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2022-0336/html
Scroll to top button