Startseite Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
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Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation

  • Canser Aksoy und Duygu Anakli EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 27. August 2019
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 17 Heft 1

Abstract

We report a ‘green’, simple and efficient approach for the production of graphene oxide (GO) by ultrasonic assisted electrochemical exfoliation of graphite rods, and by using Improved Hummers’ graphene oxide (IGO) as an electrolyte. The effects of applied bias, electrolyte concentration and the duration of the electrochemical exfoliation on the quality of the GO nanosheets were investigated. The produced graphene oxide with a high yield (> 48%), and the lowest defect was obtained in the ultrasonic assisted electrochemical exfoliation performed at 0.05% IGO mass percent in DI water and 50 V applied bias for 1 hour at room temperature. The structural, morphological and physical properties of the obtained nanostructures were analyzed by XRD, Raman, FESEM, STEM techniques and thermal conductivity analysis, respectively. The characteristic Raman bands were observed at 1354 cm-1 and 1590 cm-1 for the prepared GO nanosheets. The produced graphene oxides exhibited a lateral dimension of 3-7 μm revealed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). It was observed that the thermal conductivity enhancement of 14.95% was obtained for GO, which was higher than the other IGO nanofluid (7.64%) with respect to DI water at 20oC.

Keywords: Graphene oxide (GO); Electrochemical exfoliation; Ultrasonic Energy; Graphene; Graphite rod
PACS: 81.05.ue Graphene; 82.45.Hk Electrolysis

Graphene is a two-dimensional (2D) sheet formed from sp2 bonded regular carbon atoms in a hexagonal crystal lattice. Graphene has a major potential in commercial applications and numerous appplications in supercapacitors, solar cells and sensors due to its extraordinary properties including an ultra-high specific surface area, high carrier mobility, unique thermal conductivity, chemical stability and elasticity [1, 2]. Therefore, scientists are pursuing the development of a wide variety of technologies for synthesizing high-quality low-cost graphene in large quantities. Graphite oxide or aggregated graphene oxide is an oxygenated graphene lattice with the functional groups on their basal planes and edges and is mostly used as a precursor in the production of graphene [3, 4]. Although Hummers’ or Improved Hummers’ method is widely used to synthesize GO sheets, because of the usage of strong acids and oxidizing mixtures, it may cause impurities/ defects in the final products [5]. Among the other methods, the electrochemical exfoliation method has many advantages, such as being a fast, simple instrumentation and cost-effective due to avoiding complex and expensive organic compounds [1].

In the literature, an electrochemical exfoliating method using KCl solution as an electrolyte has been reported for preparing GO layers from graphite, but this process requires a pretreatment of graphite foil by immersing the graphite in a concentrated sulphuric acid and takes a long exfoliation time as 10 hours [3]. In the electrochemical production of graphite oxide, graphite anode is electrochemically oxidized in deionized water (DI water) rather than sulphuric acid, ammonia solution or other oxidants. Although graphite oxide is produced in an environmentally friendly medium, the separation process needs several steps with the yield of 0.04 wt% after 7 days reaction also with the synthesis of mellitic acid as a co-product [6]. By using pure water as an electrolyte the production of graphene oxide is reported by applying a high oxidation voltage (~150 V) at the graphite electrode. While the proposed method offers a short processing time (<1 hour) and a highly pure product, the electrolytic graphene oxide film is obtained on graphite substrates and is not proper for large scale production and they have many pores and defects as a result of the applied high voltage [7].

As the DI water has an insulating property, we added little mass percent of IGO in DI water to improve the conductivity, so we overcame the needs of high oxidation voltage and harsh-expensive and toxic electrolytes. For the production of GO from the exfoliation of graphite rods by using IGO as an electrolyte, the usage of the synergistic effects of ultrasound energy and electrochemical exfoliation has not been reported yet.

In this study, GO nanosheets were successfully produced by the ultrasonic energy assisted electrochemical exfoliation method. The properties of the obtained GO were analyzed and compared with IGO nanosheets using XRD, Raman, FESEM, STEM and Thermal conductivity analysis.

2 Experimental

Graphite rods (cylindrical, 6 mm dia. x 30 cm long, with 5 ppm or less purity, Bay Carbon Inc., USA) were used as anode and cathode electrodes. A different mass percentage of IGO (0.075%, 0.05%, 0.025%, 0.01%) in 250 ml DI water was used as electrolytes. According to the dynamic structural model (DSM), graphene oxide generates C-C bond cleavage, the formation of vinylogous carboxylic acids and protons after the interaction with water and considered a weak acid [8]. The area immersed into the electrolyte of the cathode graphite rod was about 5 times larger than that of the anode graphite, and the distance between them was set to 2 cm. The electrodes and electrolyte were placed in an ultrasonic bath, and the electrodes were connected to a DC power supply. The exfoliations started at 5 different constant biases (10 V, 25 V, 50 V, 75 V and 100 V) for 3 different times (30 min, 1 h and 3 h) at room temperature. The solution temperature in the beaker was maintained at 70-80oC. When a DC voltage of 10 V and higher was applied to a graphite electrode, the graphite flakes began to exfoliate and disperse in the electrolyte solution. With the applied higher voltage above 50 V, electrochemical oxidation reactions were initiated by the hydrogen gases generated from the hydrolysis of water, conversion of GO flakes into humic acid like structures and the generation of hydrogen cations (protons) at the surface of the electrodes [8, 9]. The external force provided by the ultrasonic force overcame the van der Waals forces between the graphite’s adjacent sheets; and thus the exfoliation of the expanded/ fractured sheets to the graphene/graphene oxides. The colloidal graphene/graphene oxide sheets were collected and centrifuged for 5 minutes at 20 000 rpm which was repeated 6 times to remove large agglomerates, then they filtered out the decant portions, and the final product was dried at 60°C for 24 hours under a vacuum.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and Discussion

The amount (%) of each type of graphene (graphene, graphene oxide), the interlayer distance and the crystallite of the GO sizes were calculated from the XRD patterns and expressed as the ratio of the fitted peak area to the total area of the diffractogram. An optimum GO sample was selected from the experiments, by calculating the average number of layers and the amount of (%) of each type of graphene by varying the electrochemical parameters (applied bias, electrolyte concentration and time) [10]. First, to study the effect of the applied potential on the products obtained by ultrasonic assisted electrochemical exfoliation, the effect of the potential applied in the range of 10-100 V was studied while the other conditions were kept constant (0.05% GO-DI water, 1hour reaction time). It has been observed that the potential below 10 V were not sufficient for the exfoliation due to the low conductivity of the graphene oxide-DI water electrolyte solution. Contrary, the graphite rods used in exfoliations performed at a higher voltage above 100 V, were damaged in a short time and were difficult to separate due to the aggregation of the GO nanoparticles in the resulting dispersion. Surface investigations carried out with FESEM also showed the damages, cracks and voids on the graphene oxide nanostructures with the application of high oxidation voltage. Therefore, the study used 10V-25V-50V-75V and 100 V voltages. Second, to obtain the most suitable electrolyte concentration, the applied potential and time for the electrochemical exfoliation was fixed (50 V and 1 hour), and different % electrolyte mass ratios were compared. The experiments that were carried out at a 0.05% IGO mass percentage electrolyte concentration, gave the highest amount of graphene oxide. However, it was indicated that the exfoliation time was proportional to the amount of the obtained exfoliated material [10]. Also, the composition and the morphology of the products could be easily controlled by adjusting the applied voltage, electrolyte concentration and exfoliation time and consequently, 0.05-1h-50 V (0.05% IGO mass percent, 1hour reaction time and 50 V applied bias) was selected as the best experimental condition. Moreover, the present method is an environmentally friendly way to prepare graphene oxide because only DI water with a small amount of IGO is used as an electrolyte solution. After the ultrasonic-assisted electrochemical exfoliation, the obtained product was washed with a large amount of DI water by centrifugation to remove the impurities, strong acids and/or oxidants such as manganese peroxide contained in the IGO nanosheets.

X-ray diffraction patterns and the Raman spectrum of graphite rods, IGO and 0.05%-1h-50V GO sheets are presented in Figures 1(a) and (b), respectively. The characteristic diffraction peaks of graphite rods were located at 26.3o as an intensive peak and 44.3o, 54.5o (2θ values) corresponding to 002, 101 and 004 reflections, respectively (ICDD-PDF #411487) and calculated pattern (PDF 75-1621) (Figure 1a) [11, 12]. The strong peaks at 2Ɵ≅10o and 9.3˚, showing the presence of oxygenation on the basal planes of few layered graphene sheets, are called as GO nanosheets. Consequently, d-spacing values were obtained as 0.898 nm and 0.950 nm for IGO and 0.05%-1h-50V GO sheets, respectively [13].

Figure 1 a) XRD patterns and b) Raman spectrum of graphite rods, IGO and 0.05%-1h-50V GO sheets.
Figure 1

a) XRD patterns and b) Raman spectrum of graphite rods, IGO and 0.05%-1h-50V GO sheets.

In Figure 1(b), the characteristic Raman bands of graphite are shown as a weak D band at 1356 cm-1, a prominent G band is seen around ~1583 cm-1 and a broad 2D band at ~ 2723 cm-1. In the Raman spectrums of IGO and 0.05%-1h-50V GO, as compared to graphite, the G bands are broadened and shifted to higher wave numbers as 1596 cm-1 and 1599 cm-1, respectively. However, the high intensity and also broadened D bands in the Raman spectrums of IGO and 0.05%-1h-50V GO, indicate the oxidation between the graphite layers [14].

Figure 2 presents the FESEM micrographs of the the IGO nanosheets and selected samples of the ultrasonic assisted electrochemical exfoliated graphene oxide (UAEGO) nanosheets. 0.05%-1h-50V GO nanosheets show edge-corrugated sheet structures which have a lateral dimension in the range of 3 μm to 7 μm (Figure 2a). For the UAEGO nanosheet samples, relatively thick nanosheets were obtained at an applied low bias (Figure 2d); and with the increase in the applied bias, the exfoliated sheets showed an increment in their domain size with larger platelets and irregular structures (Figure 2e). The FESEM images of the IGO samples clearly show that they have randomly arranged the crumpled nanosheets (Figure 2f).

Figure 2 FESEM micrographs of a) 0.05%-1h-50V GO, b) 0.05%-30min-50V GO, c) 0.025%-1h-50V GO, d) 0.025%-1h-25V GO e) 0.025%-1h-75V GO f) IGO at 50.00 kx magnification (Inset images at 20.00 kx magnification).
Figure 2

FESEM micrographs of a) 0.05%-1h-50V GO, b) 0.05%-30min-50V GO, c) 0.025%-1h-50V GO, d) 0.025%-1h-25V GO e) 0.025%-1h-75V GO f) IGO at 50.00 kx magnification (Inset images at 20.00 kx magnification).

Figure 3 presents STEM images of the 0.05%-1h-50 V GO and IGO samples. In all figures, the samples reveal a mixture of multi-layer graphene oxides (black areas) with few-layer graphene oxides (more transparent zones). The less transparency of 0.05%-1h-50 V GO samples confirm that they have fewer layers than the IGO samples [15].

Figure 3 STEM images of 0.05%-1h-50V GO nanosheets at a1) 20.00 kx, a2) 50.00 kx magnification, Improved Hummers’ GO nanosheets at b1) 20.00 kx and b2) 50.00 kx magnification.
Figure 3

STEM images of 0.05%-1h-50V GO nanosheets at a1) 20.00 kx, a2) 50.00 kx magnification, Improved Hummers’ GO nanosheets at b1) 20.00 kx and b2) 50.00 kx magnification.

Thermal conductivity of 0.05%-1h-50V GO and IGO samples at different temperatures was shown in Figure 4. At all the temperatures all graphene oxide nanofluid samples have higher thermal conductivities than the DI water (base fluid) [16]. 0.05%-1h-50V GO and IGO nanofluids showed 14.95% and 7.64% thermal conductivity enhancement with respect to DI water at 20oC, respectively. The thermal conductivity enhancement of IGO is similar to the GO nanofluids prepared by the modified Hummers’ method which was 6.78% with respect to DI water at 20oC. The highest thermal conductivity enhancement obtained with 0.05%-1h-50V GO might indicate that, they had more potential as heat transfer fluids than the others [17].

Figure 4 Thermal conductivity of 0.05%-1h-50 V GO and IGO samples.
Figure 4

Thermal conductivity of 0.05%-1h-50 V GO and IGO samples.

4 Conclusion

Graphene oxide has been successfully prepared through the ultrasonic assisted electrochemical exfoliation method in an environmentally friendly route at 0.05% IGO mass percentage in DI water, 50 V applied bias for 1 hour at room temperature. FESEM micrographs indicated that the high quality and larger flake sized graphene oxides (0.05%-1h-50V GO sheets) with the lowest defects were obtained at a high yield (>48%) in the experimental conditions. It has been proven that the ultrasonic assisted electrochemical exfoliation method resulted in higher amounts of oxygenated functional groups and a less layered GO structure compared to the Improved Hummers’ method by XRD and STEM analyses, respectively. Thus, the present method is very useful for the simple, efficient and environmentally friendly production of GO nanosheets avoiding the usage of complex, organic compounds and strong acids, and therefore will find many application areas.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Cumhuriyet University Scientific Research Project (CUBAP), project numbered as M559.

We gratefully acknowledge Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kerim Yapıcı for his valuable supports.

  1. Conflict of interest

    Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-01-25
Accepted: 2018-11-12
Published Online: 2019-08-27

© 2019 Canser Aksoy, Duygu Anakli, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0062
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Graphene oxide (GO); Electrochemical exfoliation; Ultrasonic Energy; Graphene; Graphite rod
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Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Research on correlation of compositions with oestrogenic activity of Cistanche based on LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology
  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
  4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive features of Bryonia alba L.: As a possible alternative in treating rheumatism
  5. High efficiency liposome fusion induced by reducing undesired membrane peptides interaction
  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
  8. Development of a validated spectrofluorimetric method for assay of sotalol hydrochloride in tablets and human plasma: application for stability-indicating studies
  9. Topological Indices of Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugates’ Molecular Structure in Cancer Treatment
  10. Thermodynamic properties of the bubble growth process in a pool boiling of water-ethanol mixture two-component system
  11. Critical Roles of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Apoptosis and Autophagy of Astrocytes Induced by Methamphetamine
  12. Characteristics of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of Soil Moisture under Different Land Use in Dry Hot Valley of Yuanmou
  13. Specific, highly sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method for quantification of daclatasvir in HCV human plasma patients and in tablets dosage form
  14. Chromium-modified cobalt molybdenum nitrides as catalysts for ammonia synthesis
  15. Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells treated with ginsenoside Rh2 regulate the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo
  16. Identification of Powdery Mildew Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Resistance Genes in Selected Wheat Varieties and Development of Multiplex PCR
  17. Computational Analysis of new Degree-based descriptors of oxide networks
  18. The Use Of Chemical Composition And Additives To Classify Petrol And Diesel Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry And Chemometric Analysis: A Uk Study
  19. Minimal Energy Tree with 4 Branched Vertices
  20. Jatropha seed oil derived poly(esteramide-urethane)/ fumed silica nanocomposite coatings for corrosion protection
  21. Calculating topological indices of certain OTIS interconnection networks
  22. Energy storage analysis of R125 in UIO-66 and MOF-5 nanoparticles: A molecular simulation study
  23. Velvet Antler compounds targeting major cell signaling pathways in osteosarcoma - a new insight into mediating the process of invasion and metastasis in OS
  24. Effects of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract, Capping Agents, on the Synthesis of Pure And Cu Doped ZnO-Nanoparticles: A Green Approach and Microbial Activity
  25. Aqueous Micro-hydration of Na+(H2O)n=1-7 Clusters: DFT Study
  26. A proposed image-based detection of methamidophos pesticide using peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence system
  27. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
  29. Chemical pretreatments of Trapa bispinosa's peel (TBP) biosorbent to enhance adsorption capacity for Pb(ll)
  30. Dynamic Changes in MMP1 and TIMP1 in the Antifibrotic Process of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Rats with Liver Fibrosis
  31. The Optimization and Production of Ginkgolide B Lipid Microemulsion
  32. Photodynamic Therapy Enhanced the Antitumor Effects of Berberine on HeLa Cells
  33. Chiral and Achiral Enantiomeric Separation of (±)-Alprenolol
  34. Correlation of Water Fluoride with Body Fluids, Dental Fluorosis and FT4, FT3 –TSH Disruption among Children in an Endemic Fluorosis area in Pakistan
  35. A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
  38. miRNA-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in prolactinomas
  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
  41. Preparation and spectroscopic studies of Fe(II), Ru(II), Pd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base containing terephthalaldehyde and their transfer hydrogenation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction
  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
  50. Preparation of ternary ZnO/Ag/cellulose and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation property on phenol and benzene in VOCs
  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
  52. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 2-methylthio-pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines
  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
  54. Molecular Properties of Symmetrical Networks Using Topological Polynomials
  55. Synthesis of Co3O4 Nano Aggregates by Co-precipitation Method and its Catalytic and Fuel Additive Applications
  56. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antiprotoscolices potential of ethanol extracts of selected plants species against Echinococcus granulosus: In-vitro study
  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
  58. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS
  59. Biodiesel Production by Lipids From Indonesian strain of Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris
  60. Miscibility studies of polystyrene/polyvinyl chloride blend in presence of organoclay
  61. Antibacterial Activities of Transition Metal complexes of Mesocyclic Amidine 1,4-diazacycloheptane (DACH)
  62. Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis and in vitro screening of their cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line
  63. Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys in Different pH Environments by SSRT Method
  64. Various Combinations of Flame Retardants for Poly (vinyl chloride)
  65. Phenolic compounds and biological activities of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains
  66. Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement
  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
  68. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction
  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
  70. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque
  71. A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  72. Conceptual DFT as a Novel Chemoinformatics Tool for Studying the Chemical Reactivity Properties of the Amatoxin Family of Fungal Peptides
  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
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