Startseite Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive features of Bryonia alba L.: As a possible alternative in treating rheumatism
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Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive features of Bryonia alba L.: As a possible alternative in treating rheumatism

  • Mert Ilhan , Fatma Tuğçe Gürağaç Dereli , Ibrahim Tümen und Esra Küpeli Akkol EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 5. Januar 2019
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 17 Heft 1

Abstract

Bryonia species have traditionally been used as a diuretic and laxative, to reduce edema and relieve joint pain. B. alba roots are used especially to treat rheumatic pain and applied to painful joints in Turkish folk medicine. B. alba roots were extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and methanol, successively. The carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model and the Whittle method were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts in mice. The p-benzoquinone-induced abdominal constriction test and tail flick test were used to evaluate the antinociceptive activity of the extracts in mice. DPPH-radical-scavenging activity, ABTS radical–scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity, and hydroxyl radical– scavenging activity were assessed. Furthermore, the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were calculated for all the extracts. The EtOAc extract prepared from B. alba roots had the most promising anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antioxidant activities. Moreover, it had high phenolic and flavonoid contents. Therefore, B. alba roots could be alternative treatment method for rheumatic disorders.

Keywords: Anti-inflammatory; antinociceptive; Bryonia alba; Cucurbitaceae

1 Introduction

Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory disease of unidentified etiology that has been recognized to occur since at least the 1800s [1]. It is the most severe of the inflammatory arthritis [2]. Recent evidence shows that rapid diagnosis and primary initiation of absolute disease-modifying treatment can delay or stop the development of the disease and permit patients to retain function that would otherwise be lost in this progressive and commonly disabling disease [3]. Even though several drugs are known to treat chronic inflammatory disorders, prolonged use of these agents should be avoided due to severe side effects. Therefore, discovery of safe and new anti-inflammatory agents with fewer side effects is needed [4]. Consequently, traditional medicines contribute to discover new drug leads.

Bryonia L. (Cucurbitaceae) genus comprises perennial herbs with annual climbing or trailing stems. Bryonia genus has four species, namely B. multiflora, B. cretica, B. aspera, and B. alba, in the flora of Turkey. In the present study, B. alba L. was selected as a material due to its folkloric usage. The stems of B. alba are usually glandular, sometimes sparsely spiculate or hairy, and rarely glabrous. The leaves of the plant are narrowly to broadly ovate–cordate. The petiole of B. alba is glabrous or sparsely spiculate [5]. Bryonia species traditionally have been used as diuretic and laxative, to reduce edema and relieve joint pain [6, 7, 8]. B. alba roots are used especially to treat rheumatic pain and applied to painful joints for their anti-inflammatory properties [7,9]. The roots also exert an anti-inflammatory effect in the inflammation of the serous tissues and are used for treating rheumatism, pneumonia, and cough in traditional medicine [10,11].

Bryonia species are also known to have biological activities such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antipyretic, antimicrobial, larvicidal and cytotoxic [18]. Their constituents exert cytotoxic and antitumor effects [18]. Previous studies reported that B. alba might display preventive atherogenic or antiatherosclerotic activities [19]. Furthermore, there are some studies that prove the hepatoprotective activity of the root extract of B. alba [20] or even the protective activity for human cells against endogenous oxidative DNA damage.

Phytochemical studies have discovered that Bryonia species contain a variety of phytochemicals including polyphenols, flavonoids, cucurbitane-type triterpene glycosides, sterols, saponins, alkaloids, and carbohydrates [12,13]. Earlier phytochemical investigations of B. alba revealed the presence of saponarin, isovitexin, vitexin, lutonarin, and highly oxygenated and unsaturated bitter compounds, for example, the tetracyclic triterpenoid named cucurbitacin, polyhydroxy unsaturated fatty acids, essential oil, wax, tannins, carbohydrates, and amino acids [14, 15, 16, 17].

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antinociceptive activities of B. alba roots.

2 Experimental

2.1 Plant material

Bryonia alba roots were collected from Cankırı, Ilgaz in June 2016 and were identified by Prof. Dr. Hayri Duman from the Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Gazi University. Voucher specimens are deposited in the Herbarium of Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University (GUEF3466).

2.2 Extraction procedure for the bioassays

Shade-dried roots (500 g) of B. alba were successively extracted with 1500 mL of n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and methanol (MeOH) at room temperature for 48 hours. The extracts were filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure at 40°C till dryness. The yields of each extract were 7.4% for n-hexane, 13.2% for ethyl acetate, and 35.7% for methanol.

2.3 Determination of total phenolic content of the extracts

Total phenolic contents of the extracts were measured using reference methods including the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and gallic acid as standard compounds [23]. An aliquot of the extract solution (100 μL) containing 1 mg extract was taken into a volumetric flask. Distilled water and Folin–Ciocalteu reagent were added, and the flask was shaken thoroughly. Four milliliters Na2CO3 (75 g/L) was added, and the mixture was allowed to stand for 2 hours at room temperature with intermittent shaking. Then absorbance was measured at 765 nm. The same procedure was applied to standard gallic acid solutions of different concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/mL) to prepare the standard curve.

2.4 Determination of total flavonoid contents

The total flavonoid content of each plant extract was assessed using the method proposed by Zhishen et al. [24]. In brief, each sample (1.0 mL) was mixed with 4 mL of distilled water and subsequently with 0.30 mL of a NaNO2 solution (10%). After 5 minutes, 0.30 mL of an AlCl3 solution (10%) was added followed by 2.0 mL of NaOH solution (1%). The absorbance was measured at 510 nm versus the blank after thorough mixing. The standard curve of rutin was prepared (10-100 mg/mL), and the results were expressed as rutin equivalents (mg rutin/g dried extract).

2.5 Animals

To assess the activities of the extracts, 120 mice were used for the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities and each group included six rats. Swiss albino mice (20–25 g) were purchased from the animal breeding laboratories of Kobay A.Ş. (Ankara, Turkey). The animals left for 2 days for acclimatization to animal room conditions and were maintained on standard pellet diet and water ad libitum. Food was withdrawn on the day before the experiment, but free access to water was permitted. A minimum of six animals was used in each group, otherwise described in procedure. The present study was performed according to the international rules considering the animal experiments and biodiversity rights (Ethical Council Number: G.U.ET-05.004).

2.6 Preparation of test samples for bioassay

Test samples were given orally to test animals after suspending in a mixture of distilled H2O and 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The control group animals received the same experimental handling as those of the test groups except that the drug treatment was replaced with appropriate volumes of the dosing vehicle. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg), morphine (10 mg/kg), and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (100 mg/kg) in 0.5% CMC was used as reference drug.

2.7 Anti-inflammatory activity

2.7.1 Carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model

The carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model was used for determining the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract. After 60 minutes, a test sample or dosing vehicle was orally administered. A freshly prepared suspension of carrageenan (0.5 mg/25 μL) in physiological saline (154 nM NaCl) was injected to the subplantar tissue of the right hind paw of each mouse. As the control, 25 μL of saline solution was injected into the left hind paw. Paw edema was then measured every 90 minutes for 6 hours after inducing inflammation. The difference in footpad thickness was measured using a gauge caliper (Ozaki Co., Tokyo, Japan). The mean values of treated groups were compared with those of a control group and analyzed using statistical methods. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg) was used as the reference drug [25].

2.7.2 Acetic acid–induced increase in capillary permeability (Whittle method)

The effect of the test samples on the increased vascular permeability induced by acetic acid in mice was determined according to the Whittle method with some modifications. Each test sample was administered orally to mice in 0.2 mL per 20 g of body weight. Each mouse was injected with 0.1 mL of 4% Evans blue (Sigma) in saline solution (intravenously) at the tail 30 minutes after the administration. Then, 0.4 mL of 0.5% (vol/vol) acetic acid was injected intraperitoneally 10 minutes after the intravenous injection of the dye solution. The mice were killed by dislocation of the neck after 20 minutes, and the viscera were exposed and irrigated with distilled water, which was then poured into 10 mL volumetric flasks through glass wool. Each flask was made up to 10 mL with distilled water, 0.1 mL of 0.1 N NaOH solution was added to the flask, and the absorption of the final solution was measured at 590 nm. In control mice, a mixture of distilled water and 0.5% CMC was given orally in the same manner as described earlier. Indomethacin (10mg/kg) was used as the reference drug [25].

2.8 Antinociceptive activity

2.8.1 p-Benzoquinone-induced abdominal constriction test

This method was performed on mice for determining antinociceptive activity. The mice were intraperitoneally injected with 0.1 mL per 10 g of body weight of 2.5% (wt/vol) p-benzoquinone solution in distilled water 60 minutes after the oral administration of a test sample. Control mice received an appropriate volume of dosing vehicle. The mice were then kept individually for the observation period, and the total number of the abdominal contractions (writhing movements) was determined for the following 15 minutes, starting 5 minutes after the p-benzoquinone injection. The data represented the average of the total number of writhes observed. The antinociceptive activity was then expressed as the percentage change from writhing controls. Acetylsalicylic acid at 100 mg/kg dose was used as the reference drug [25].

2.8.2 Tail flick test

The mice were detained in position with the tail extending out, and light heat was administered to the tail. Tail reaction times were then assessed 20, 40, and 60 minutes after vehicle or extract injection. A cut-off time of 10 seconds was used to avoid tissue damage [26]. Morphine at 10 mg/kg dose was used as the reference drug.

2.9 Statistical analysis

The results were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean. The ANOVA test was performed to determine the significant differences among groups using GraphPad Prism 6.0.

2.10 Antioxidant activity

2.10.1 DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl) radical– scavenging activity

The scavenging activity of B. alba extracts against DPPH radical was evaluated using the method proposed by Blois (1958) [27] with some modifications. In this method, 1 mL of B. alba extract (0.01 mg dw/mL) was mixed with 4 mL of 0.005 mg/mL DPPH methanol solution. The reaction mixture was vortexed thoroughly and left in the dark at room temperature for 30 minutes. The absorbance of the mixture was measured at 517 nm with ascorbic acid as reference. The ability to scavenge DPPH radicals was calculated using the following equation: DPPH radical– scavenging activity (%) = [Abscontrol − Abssample/Abscontrol] x 100, where Abscontrol is the absorbance of DPPH radicals in methanol and Abssample is the absorbance of DPPH radical solution mixed with sample extract/standard. All determinations were performed in triplicate.

2.10.2 ABTS [2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate)] radical–scavenging assay

For the ABTS assay, the method proposed by Arnao et al. (2001) [28] was followed with some modifications. The stock solutions included 7mM ABTS solution and 2.4 mM potassium persulfate solution. The working solution was then prepared by mixing the two stock solutions in equal quantities and allowing them to react for 14 hours at room temperature in the dark. The solution was then diluted by mixing 1 mL of ABTS solution with 60 mL of methanol to obtain an absorbance of 0.706 ± 0.01 units at 734 nm using a spectrophotometer. Fresh ABTS solution was arranged for each analysis. Plant extracts (1 mL) were allowed to react with 1 mL of ABTS solution, and the absorbance was recorded at 734 nm after 7 minutes using a spectrophotometer. The ABTS-scavenging capacity of the extract was associated with that of ascorbic acid, and percentage inhibition was calculated as ABTS radical– scavenging activity (%) = [Abscontrol − Abssample/Abscontrol] x 100 where Abscontrol is the absorbance of ABTS radicals in methanol and Abssample is the absorbance of ABTS radical solution mixed with sample extract/standard. All determinations were done in triplicate.

2.10.3 Total antioxidant activity (ferric-reducing antioxidant power, FRAP)

The FRAP assay was conducted according to the method proposed by Benzie and Strain (1996) [29] with some modifications. The stock solutions included 300mM acetate buffer (3.1 g C2H3NaO2 × 3H2O and 16mL C2H4O2), pH 3.6, 10mM 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ) solution in 40mM HCl, and 20mM FeCl3 × 6H2O solution. The fresh working solution was made by mixing 25 mL of acetate buffer, 2.5 mL of TPTZ solution, and 2.5 mL of FeCl3 × 6H2O solution and kept at 37°C before use. B. alba extracts (0.15 mL) were ready to react with 2.80 mL of the FRAP solution for 30 minutes in the dark. Readings of the colored product (ferrous tripyridyltriazine complex) were taken at 593 nm. The standard curve was linear for 0.015 and 0.15 mM Trolox. The results were expressed as mM TE/g dry mass. Additional dilution was required if the measured FRAP value was over the linear range of the standard curve. All determinations were made in triplicate.

2.10.4 Hydroxyl radical–scavenging assay

Hydroxyl radical–scavenging activity was measured as the ability of the extract to scavenge the hydroxyl radicals generated by the Fe3+–ascorbate–EDTA–H2O2 system. The reaction mixture in a final volume of 1.0 mL contained 100 μL of 2-deoxy-D-ribose (28mM in 20 mM KH2PO4 buffer, pH 7.4), 500 μL of the extract at various concentrations (50–800 μg/mL) in buffer, 200 μL of (1.04mM EDTA and 200μM FeCl3) (1:1, v/v), 100 μL of 1.0mM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and 100 μL of 1.0mM ascorbic acid. Test samples were kept at 37°C for 1 hour. The free radical damage forced on the substrate, deoxyribose, was measured using the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test. Then, 1 mL of 1% TBA and 1.0 mL of 2.8% trichloroacetic acid were added to the test tubes and incubated at 100°C for 20 minutes. After cooling, the absorbance was measured at 532 nm against a blank containing deoxyribose and buffer. The scavenging activity on hydroxyl radicals was calculated as follows:

Inhibition %: (1 – A/A0) ´ 100

where A0 is the absorbance of the negative control (without sample) at 532 nm, and A is the absorbance at 532 nm of the reaction mixture containing the sample [30].

3 Results and Discussion

B. alba roots are used especially to treat rheumatic pain and applied to painful joints traditionally in Turkey [7,9]. Therefore, the present study was performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antioxidant activities of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts prepared from B. alba roots.

The paw edema induced by carrageenan has been used widely for assessing the anti-inflammatory action of steroidal and nonsteroidal drugs containing numerous chemical mediators, including serotonin, bradykinin, histamine, and prostaglandins [31]. Histamine, serotonin, and similar substances are released in the initial phase (90–180 minutes) of the inflammation. Prostaglandins, proteases, and lysosomes are activated in the later phase (270-360 minutes) [32]. The EtOAc extract of B. alba roots showed a statistically significant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model and acetic acid–induced increase in capillary permeability (Tables 1 and 2).

Table 1

Effects of test materials on carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in mice.

MaterialDose (mg/kg)Swelling thickness (×10−2 mm) ± S.E.M.
90 min180 min270 min360 min
Control-48.6 ± 5.852.6 ± 7.358.4 ± 6.267.9 ± 5.1
n-Hexane0.145.3 ± 4.746.9 ± 8.255.3 ± 7.558.4 ± 6.9
EtOAc0.137.5 ± 4.239.4 ± 5.440.6 ± 4.8*42.3 ± 4.2**
MeOH0.142.1 ± 5.644.5 ± 6.152.7 ± 5.955.6 ± 7.3
Indomethacin1035.4 ± 3.538.4 ± 2.8*37.7 ± 3.1**34.2 ± 2.4**

  1. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 significant from control.

Table 2

Effects of test materials on increased vascular permeability induced by acetic acid in mice.

MaterialDose (mg/kg)Evans blue concentration (mean ± S.E.M.) (μg/mL)Inhibition (%)
Control-10.6 ± 1.3
n-Hexane0.19.7 ± 2.18.5
EtOAc0.16.7 ± 0.936.8*
MeOH0.19.1 ± 1.614.2
Indomethacin105.5 ± 0.448.1***

  1. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 significant from control.

Furthermore, the EtOAc extract displayed antinociceptive activity in the p-benzoquinone-induced writhing mouse model (Table 3). Acetic acid and p-benzoquinone mouse models are simple and fast for the screening of antinociceptive activity [33]. Furthermore, they involve complex mechanisms, including the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and opening of ion channels [34,35]. Acetic acid–induced writhing mechanism depends on the activation of peritoneal macrophages and mast cells, which leads to the release of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin (IL)-1, as well as sympathomimetic amines and eicosanoids [36]. However, the p-benzoquinone-induced writhing model depends on the cytokines IL-18, interferon gamma, and endothelin-1 [35]. Nevertheless, the acetic acid and p-benzoquinone models share nociceptive mechanisms such as prostanoids, other cytokines such as IL-33 [37], susceptibility to opioid treatment [35,38], and mitogen-activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase [39]. In addition, none of the extracts obtained from B. alba roots showed any activity in the tail flick test in the present study (Table 4). The tail flick test usually is conducted to appraise the analgesic activities of opioids [40]. In our study, since any extract obtained from the roots of B. alba did not show any activity in the tail flick test, it was concluded that B. alba roots did not show their analgesic activities through the opioid receptors.

Table 3

Effects of the extracts against p-benzoquinone-induced writhings in mice.

MaterialDose (mg/kg)Number of writhings (mean ± S.E.M.)Inhibition (%)
Control-39.5 ± 7.4
n-Hexane0.135.8 ± 6.89.4
EtOAc0.126.0 ± 4.334.2**
MeOH0.134.4 ± 6.112.9
Aspirin10021.5 ± 2.245.6***

  1. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 significant from control.

Table 4

Effects of the extracts on tail flick test.

MaterialDose (mg/kg)Time after injection
0 min20 min40 min60 min
Control-3.4 ± 1.13.3 ± 0.93.5 ± 1.33.2 ± 0.8
n-Hexane0.13.6 ± 0.93.8 ± 0.33.6 ± 0.73.5 ± 0.9
EtOAc0.13.1 ± 1.23.1 ± 0.63.3 ± 0.23.2 ± 0.3
MeOH0.13.3 ± 1.83.7 ± 0.83.4 ± 0.53.1 ± 0.6
Morphine103.4 ± 1.26.2 ± 0.2*5.5 ± 0.7*5.3 ± 0.1*

  1. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 significant from control.

The EtOAc extract showed strong DPPH and ABTS radical–scavenging activity when the antioxidant parameters of the extracts were evaluated (Table 5). Furthermore, when compared to the extracts according to phytochemical contents, the EtOAc extract was found

Table 5

Antioxidant activity of the extracts obtained from B. alba roots.

ExtractsFRAPDPPHABTSOH
(μM TE/g dw)%%%
n-Hexane9.1 ± 0.4a28.9 ± 0.2a35.4 ± 0.3a11.3 ± 0.8a
EtOAc66.3 ± 0.8c82.6 ± 0.4c87.1 ± 0.2c26.5 ± 0.5b
MeOH38.7 ± 0.6b53.2 ± 0.5b62.8 ± 0.3b21.9 ± 0.4b
Ascorbic acid81.2 ± 0.2d92.1 ± 0.7d96.8 ± 0.6c56.8 ± 0.3c

  1. Values with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.05; All determinations were performed in triplicate (mean ± S.E.M.)

to have the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents (Table 6).

Table 6

Total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents of the extracts.

ExtractsTotal Phenol Content (mg of GA/g of extract)Total Flavonoid Content (mg of RU/g of extract)
n-Hexane extract13.91 ± 0.37a18.67 ± 0.30a
EtOAc extract44.35 ± 0.54b54.71 ± 0.47b
MeOH extract31.54 ± 0.86a26.49 ± 0.38a

  1. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM of three replicates

B. alba has demonstrated its significance in folk medicine mainly as purgative and mostly due to cucurbitacin content [41, 42, 43]. Besides cucurbitacins, which are the most significant compounds presented in B. alba extract, other compounds in the extract, such as lectins, flavonoids, and lipids, also act synergistically to increase the biological activity [44]. Previous studies showed the significance of cucurbitacins isolated from B. alba, particularly cucurbitacins B, D, E, I, and their derivatives, owing to their therapeutic effect or adjuvant management [45, 46, 47]. Cucurbitacins J, K, and L are found in significant amounts in the roots [41,48] and exert cytotoxic effects [41]. Other studies demonstrated the antiatherosclerotic and atherogenic activities of trihydroxyoctadecadienoic acids in B. alba [49]. Meanwhile, a few studies demonstrated the hepatoprotective activity of the root extract [10] on human cells contrary to endogenous oxidative DNA damage, although its capability to protect against oxidative DNA damage could not be verified [50]. B. alba roots are also known for their adaptogenic activity, which is related to their cucurbitacin content and which improves the sensitivity to stress due to the effects of eicosanoids and corticosteroids. Gupta et al. [51] reported that the chloroform extract of B. laciniosa leaves had anti-inflammatory activity and inhibited peritoneal leukocyte migration in mice. Konopa et al. [48] isolated cucurbitacins from B. alba having cytotoxic and antitumor effects. Ukiya et al. [52] isolated cucurbitane-type triterpenoids from B. dioica roots. All isolated compounds were tested for their anti-inflammatory activity. The tested compounds displayed marked anti-inflammatory effects, with 50% inhibitory doses (ID50) of 0.2–0.6 mg. In fact, B. alba roots also increased nitric oxide (NO) concentration in humans, which might be responsible for the adaptation of humans to heavy physical workout [42]. In contrast, the production of the same NO molecule, which is responsible for many inflammatory processes, is inhibited by B. alba roots by inhibiting the activity of inducible NO synthase, which might be the mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effect [53,54].

It has been reported that the EtOAc extract has high phenolic content in the present study. A previous study conducted by Ambriz-Pérez et al. [55] exhibited that phenolic compounds work like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), furthermore some NSAIDs inhibit pro-inflammatory mediators besides cyclooxygenase by inhibiting their activity or gene expression. Besides, some phenolic compounds can up/down regulate transcriptional factors, like nuclear factor-kB, in inflammatory and antioxidant pathways [55].

The anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antioxidant activities of B. alba roots could be attributed to its phenolic compounds and cucurbitane-type triterpenoids.

4 Conclusions

In the present study, EtOAc extract prepared from B. alba roots showed statistically significant anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antioxidant activities. Therefore, B. alba roots might serve as an alternative treatment for rheumatic disorders. In further analysis, bioassay guided fractionation and isolation studies should be conducted for discovering potential new anti-inflammatory agents.

  1. Conflict of interest Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-06-19
Accepted: 2018-09-24
Published Online: 2019-01-05

© 2019 Mert Ilhan et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0003
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Anti-inflammatory; antinociceptive; Bryonia alba; Cucurbitaceae
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

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  10. Thermodynamic properties of the bubble growth process in a pool boiling of water-ethanol mixture two-component system
  11. Critical Roles of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Apoptosis and Autophagy of Astrocytes Induced by Methamphetamine
  12. Characteristics of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of Soil Moisture under Different Land Use in Dry Hot Valley of Yuanmou
  13. Specific, highly sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method for quantification of daclatasvir in HCV human plasma patients and in tablets dosage form
  14. Chromium-modified cobalt molybdenum nitrides as catalysts for ammonia synthesis
  15. Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells treated with ginsenoside Rh2 regulate the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo
  16. Identification of Powdery Mildew Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Resistance Genes in Selected Wheat Varieties and Development of Multiplex PCR
  17. Computational Analysis of new Degree-based descriptors of oxide networks
  18. The Use Of Chemical Composition And Additives To Classify Petrol And Diesel Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry And Chemometric Analysis: A Uk Study
  19. Minimal Energy Tree with 4 Branched Vertices
  20. Jatropha seed oil derived poly(esteramide-urethane)/ fumed silica nanocomposite coatings for corrosion protection
  21. Calculating topological indices of certain OTIS interconnection networks
  22. Energy storage analysis of R125 in UIO-66 and MOF-5 nanoparticles: A molecular simulation study
  23. Velvet Antler compounds targeting major cell signaling pathways in osteosarcoma - a new insight into mediating the process of invasion and metastasis in OS
  24. Effects of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract, Capping Agents, on the Synthesis of Pure And Cu Doped ZnO-Nanoparticles: A Green Approach and Microbial Activity
  25. Aqueous Micro-hydration of Na+(H2O)n=1-7 Clusters: DFT Study
  26. A proposed image-based detection of methamidophos pesticide using peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence system
  27. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
  29. Chemical pretreatments of Trapa bispinosa's peel (TBP) biosorbent to enhance adsorption capacity for Pb(ll)
  30. Dynamic Changes in MMP1 and TIMP1 in the Antifibrotic Process of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Rats with Liver Fibrosis
  31. The Optimization and Production of Ginkgolide B Lipid Microemulsion
  32. Photodynamic Therapy Enhanced the Antitumor Effects of Berberine on HeLa Cells
  33. Chiral and Achiral Enantiomeric Separation of (±)-Alprenolol
  34. Correlation of Water Fluoride with Body Fluids, Dental Fluorosis and FT4, FT3 –TSH Disruption among Children in an Endemic Fluorosis area in Pakistan
  35. A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
  38. miRNA-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in prolactinomas
  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
  41. Preparation and spectroscopic studies of Fe(II), Ru(II), Pd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base containing terephthalaldehyde and their transfer hydrogenation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction
  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
  50. Preparation of ternary ZnO/Ag/cellulose and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation property on phenol and benzene in VOCs
  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
  52. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 2-methylthio-pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines
  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
  54. Molecular Properties of Symmetrical Networks Using Topological Polynomials
  55. Synthesis of Co3O4 Nano Aggregates by Co-precipitation Method and its Catalytic and Fuel Additive Applications
  56. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antiprotoscolices potential of ethanol extracts of selected plants species against Echinococcus granulosus: In-vitro study
  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
  58. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS
  59. Biodiesel Production by Lipids From Indonesian strain of Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris
  60. Miscibility studies of polystyrene/polyvinyl chloride blend in presence of organoclay
  61. Antibacterial Activities of Transition Metal complexes of Mesocyclic Amidine 1,4-diazacycloheptane (DACH)
  62. Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis and in vitro screening of their cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line
  63. Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys in Different pH Environments by SSRT Method
  64. Various Combinations of Flame Retardants for Poly (vinyl chloride)
  65. Phenolic compounds and biological activities of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains
  66. Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement
  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
  68. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction
  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
  70. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque
  71. A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  72. Conceptual DFT as a Novel Chemoinformatics Tool for Studying the Chemical Reactivity Properties of the Amatoxin Family of Fungal Peptides
  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
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Heruntergeladen am 5.10.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2019-0003/html
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