Startseite Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
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Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature

  • Lingyue Zhu , Jing Dong , Wei Jiang , Dandan Yuan , Hong Jiang , Chao Yan und Baohui Wang EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 31. Dezember 2019
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 17 Heft 1

Abstract

For an increasing implementation of the low-temperature transportation in oilfield, it is urgent priority initially to study the physical and chemical properties to provide the vital technical support for the low-temperature transport of the polymer flooding. In this paper, the rheological behavior of polymer-containing fluid produced from the Daqing polymer flood were first studied for an adaptation of transportation under the oil’s freezing point temperature. The experiments progressed with different temperature, shear rate, water content and polymer concentration which have great impacts on the viscosity of the fluids produced aiming to find the phase transportation point for the application of the low-temperature transportation. It was displayed that a significant discontinuity in the viscosity occurs at some range of water content. Before the phase transition point, presented in W/O (water-in-oil) emulsion, the viscosity was lifted with the increase of the water content while after the phase transition point, forming the O/W (oil-in-water) type emulsion, the viscosity was dropped with an increase of water content. The phase transition points strongly depend on the polymer concentration in the fluids Produced. It was demonstrated that the phase transition points of polymer-containing fluids were 65%, 70%, 50%, 50% and 50%, corresponding to the polymer concentrations of 315mg/L, 503mg/L, 708mg/L, 920mg/L and 1053mg/L, respectively. The characteristics are attributed to the viscous polymer. The fluidity of the fluid produced was decreased with the increase of polymer concentration.

Keywords: Oilfield; Polymer flooding; Polymer; Emulsion; Rheological Behavior; Phase transition point

1 Introduction

Over the years, polymer flooding in Daqing oilfield of China has been widely used and has achieved relatively mature technical results [1, 2]. At present, oil field is implementing a low-temperature transportation technology of fluids produced, which is considered as a novel concept in oil gathering and transportation of the fluids produced, mainly for the purpose of water flooding under the oil freezing point temperature [3]. This concept has considerably saved energy and facilities with a good operation. This technique will be extended to the oilfield with a relatively larger area of promotion. The main goal of the next step is to study the low-temperature transport technology for the polymer flooding. Polymer flooding is complicated field in oil technology as vast amounts of polyacrylamide are produced, which has higher viscosity and composition of the produced liquid. Furthermore, the hydrolyzed polyacrylamide serves as a surface activity for the severe emulsion, the physical and chemical properties are largely differentiated from the one of the water flooding [4, 5, 6]. Hence, it is of practical significance to study the properties of polymer flooding liquids produced.

The rheology and phase transition point are critical parameters for oilfield fluid produced transport. In order to get a better understanding of rheological behaviors of crude oil emulsion, their study is vital due to the complex behavior of crude oil [7]. For efficient handling and delivery of the produced liquid, rheological behaviors of emulsion have been investigated [8, 9]. Rheological properties of the emulsion in the fluid produced can be determined by measuring the relationship between stress, strain, temperature and time. Moreover, the rheological characteristics can be described by several behaviors such as dilatant, Newtonian, pseudo plastic, and Bingham. Generally, fluids produced with water-in-crude oil emulsion exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, the viscosity could be changed under different condition [10]. The viscosity of emulsion depends on various factors such as shear rate, temperature, water volume fraction, the amount of solid, etc. The measurement of the viscosity of emulsion is an important assessment of production strategies [11]. Therefore, for polymer flooding fluids produced, the phase transition point could find out the relationship between viscosity and condition variable which could be determined by the rheological behaviors.

There are many studies on the rheological behaviors of fluids produced [12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. The major investigations were focused on the water flooding, which has been apparently improved [17, 18, 19]. Also, there are few researches which study the rheological properties of produced water from the polymer flooding, being mainly concentrated on the research of high-temperature transportation area (above the freezing point of crude oil). Wu and coworkers [20, 21, 22] studied the rheological behaviors and separation of the fluids produced from a polymer flooding reservoir at Daqing oilfield. They [21] probed the rheology and stability of EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) produced liquid in Daqing Oilfield. These studies were performed mainly for the high-temperature transport or treatment of the polymer flooding.

This paper took a research with the rheological behavior and phase transition point of the fluids produced containing polymer from the Daqing polymer flood firstly for an adaptation of transportation under the oil freezing point temperature. The rheological study includes, besides the analysis of the compositions, the dependence of viscosity on shear rate, temperature and volume water ratio. The rheological study is an important factor for the research of the polymer concentration. In view of the applications in low-temperature transportation and based on the obtained data, the phase transition points were identified.

2 Experimental Section

2.1 Chemicals and Materials

Polyacrylamide (30% hydrolysis, MW 25,000 g/mol, industrial grade) was received from Daqing Refining and Chemical. Fluids produced, water and oil were provided by the Daqing oilfield. The other chemicals such as the acid and alkaline, sodium and potassium salts, and calcium and magnesium salts, were used in the commercial analytical grade as received for the preparation of the simulated produced water.

2.2 Analysis of the compositions of the fluids produced

The fluids produced were sampled from the targeted polymer flooding in Daqing oilfield. The analysis was conducted by the conventional standards of the PetroChina.

2.3 Preparation of the tested samples of the fluids produced

Based on the data of the compositions, the samples were prepared by using the separated oil and produced water containing the varied concentrations of polyacrylamide by the different oil/water ratio. In brief, the mixture was stirred by a homogenizer for 1-2 min to get a stable crude-oil emulsion.

2.4 Measurements of rheological properties

Rheological measurements were carried out using HAAKE RS 1 rheometer (Germany).

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Analysis of the compositions of the fluids produced

The composition of the fluids produced is shown in table 1. The composition of the fluids produced was determined on the basis on the standard of China petroleum industry. The samples of fluids produced were collected from the oil wells with polymer flooding (high PAM content) and the oil wells without polymer flooding (low PAM content).

Table 1

The data of the compositions of the fluids produced.

CompositionsWater(%)Oil(%)PAM(ppm)Salinity(ppm)Ca + Mg(ppm)
Contents or Concentration ( %, ppm)41.2～99.468.8-0.6243-1120650068

3.2 Rheological Behaviors of the fluids produced

Based on the data of the fluids produced, the experiments were designed as follows.

3.2.1 (1) the range of the water contents

At present, the water content is in the range of 41.2% and 99.4%, and the average is 81.3%. The crude oil in the transition point contains 65% of water. Considering the comprehensiveness of the data, the water contents were set in the range of 40% ~ 80% % during the experiments, the water content are 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% and 80%.

3.2.2 (2) the range of the PAM concentrations

For a target, the PAM concentration is ranged in 243-1120mg/L. Considering the comprehensiveness of the data, the PAM concentrations were set in the range of 300～1100mg/L during the experiments, the PAM concentrations are 300mg/L, 500mg/L, 700mg/L, 900mg/L and 1100mg/L.

3.2.3 (3) the range of the temperatures

Currently, the production is operated for the transportation in the temperature of 10～35℃. Accordingly, the temperature was set to 20℃, 25℃, 30℃ and 35℃ in the tests.

It is necessary to consider the influence of shear rate on the fluids produced. The shear rate is usually measured from 0 and 100s-1.

The rheological properties of the emulsion samples containing the crude oil, water and polymer were determined by the automatic rheometer under different temperatures and shear rates. Based on the measured data, the numerical simulation was conducted for the curves of the rheological properties, then, the phase transition points were determined.

Figure 1 The influence of polymer concentration (315mg/L ) on rheological behaviors at the temperatures (a) 30℃ and (b) 35℃.
Figure 1

The influence of polymer concentration (315mg/L ) on rheological behaviors at the temperatures (a) 30℃ and (b) 35℃.

Figure 2 The influence of polymer concentration (503mg/L ) on rheological behaviors at the temperatures (a) 30℃ and (b) 35℃.
Figure 2

The influence of polymer concentration (503mg/L ) on rheological behaviors at the temperatures (a) 30℃ and (b) 35℃.

In the early stage of oilfield development, the fluids produced was a mostly water-in-oil emulsion, which caused difficulties of the oil and water separation and many problems for the gathering and transportation. Compared with water flooding, the rheological properties of polymer flooding fluids can significantly improve their non-Newtonian properties and apparent viscosity. Crude oil from the tertiary oil recovery, through the polymer flooding and ASP (alkaline/surfactant/polymer) flooding, is mostly oil-in-water emulsions, which has been transited from the water-in-oil to oil-in-water emulsions due to the difference in water contents. It has been demonstrated that the phase transition is dominated by the polymer originated from the EOR technologies.

Figure 3 The influence of polymer concentration (708mg/L ) on rheological behaviors at the temperatures (a) 30℃ and (b) 35℃.
Figure 3

The influence of polymer concentration (708mg/L ) on rheological behaviors at the temperatures (a) 30℃ and (b) 35℃.

Figure 4 The influence of polymer concentration (920mg/L ) on rheological behaviors at the temperatures (a) 30℃ and (b) 35℃.
Figure 4

The influence of polymer concentration (920mg/L ) on rheological behaviors at the temperatures (a) 30℃ and (b) 35℃.

3.2.4 Influence of polymer concentrations on rheological behaviors under different temperatures

The variations of polymer concentration on rheological behaviors under different temperatures are shown in Figure 1 to 5.

Figure 5 The influence of polymer concentration (1053mg/L ) on rheological behaviors at the temperatures (a) 30℃ and (b) 35℃.
Figure 5

The influence of polymer concentration (1053mg/L ) on rheological behaviors at the temperatures (a) 30℃ and (b) 35℃.

It can be seen from the rheological curve group that the rheological behavior of the produced liquid containing polymer in the presence of high concentration polymer is non-Newtonian flow behavior. Temperature, shear rate and water content had great impacts on the viscosity of the fluids produced. The viscosity was decreased with the increase of shear rate at the identical concentration, temperature and water content. Under the same condition, the apparent viscosity of the sample increased with the rising of the polymer concentration. The viscosity increased significantly with moisture content at the same shear rate.

At the same time, a “critical water content” can be found in the rheological properties of the samples. Even though the “critical water content” values were different, the same change was presented below and above this value: below the critical point, the apparent viscosity was lifted with the increase of the water content, while the apparent viscosity was decreased with the increase of the water content above the critical point. It is believed that the “critical water content” should belong to the phase properties of the corresponding fluids produced (see the results of the “phase transition point”). Before the phase transition point, the fluids were presented with W/O (water-in-oil) type emulsion. Beyond the phase transition point, the fluids formed the O/ W (oil-in-water) type emulsion. The viscosity was dropped with increasing water content, but when the system had a high-water content, this change tended to be constant. In addition, the viscosity was increased with the raising of the water content and was affected by the temperature. While the shear rate also had a more obvious effect, the viscosity of the transition point decreased significantly with the increasing shear rate. High shear rates make it difficult for wax crystals to aggregate and grow. Small droplets outside the oil film were destroyed, causing the viscosity to drop.

It could be concluded from the experiments that the viscosity of the polymer fluids produced increases with the rising shear rate and polymer concentration while decreases with the rising temperature.

3.2.5 Determinations of phase transition point under different polymer concentrations

It was found that when the temperature was 20 ℃ and 25 ℃, most of the samples were nearly glued as a gelling state, which result in the lifted apparent viscosity with the temperature. For the actual gathering and transportation conditions, the system will be severely solidified.

Therefore, in order to analyze the transition phase of the polymer fluids with a suitable flow state, the tests were performed at 30 ° C and 35 ° C.

The phase transition points under different polymer concentrations are shown in Figure 6-10.

Figure 6 Dependencies of viscosity on the water content in the system of polymer concentration (315mg/L) and (a) temperature (35℃) (b) shear rate (50s-1).
Figure 6

Dependencies of viscosity on the water content in the system of polymer concentration (315mg/L) and (a) temperature (35℃) (b) shear rate (50s-1).

As can be seen from figure 6, for the fluids produced with polymer concentration of 315 mg/L, when the water content increases to 65%, the curve shows a sharp rise and fall point. At this point, as the water content continues to increase, the viscosity drops. It can be determined that under these conditions, the phase transition point is 65%.

Similarly, the curve has a sharp rise and fall point from Figure 7. Thus, it can be concluded that the phase transition point was determined for 70% of water at a concentration of 503 mg/L polymer.

Figure 7 Dependencies of viscosity on the water content in the system of polymer concentration (503mg/L) and (a) temperature (35℃) (b) shear rate (50s-1).
Figure 7

Dependencies of viscosity on the water content in the system of polymer concentration (503mg/L) and (a) temperature (35℃) (b) shear rate (50s-1).

As can be seen from figure 8, the curve has a sharp rise and fall point. Therefore, the phase transition is at the point of 50% water content with the polymer concentration of 708 mg/ L.

Figure 8 Dependencies of viscosity on the water content in the system of polymer concentration (708mg/L) and (a) temperature (35℃) (b) shear rate (50s-1).
Figure 8

Dependencies of viscosity on the water content in the system of polymer concentration (708mg/L) and (a) temperature (35℃) (b) shear rate (50s-1).

Accordingly, a sharply increasing and dropping point appeared in the water content of 50%. The phase transition point was resolved in 50% at a concentration of 920 mg/ L polymer from Figure 9.

Figure 9 Dependencies of viscosity on the water content in the system of polymer concentration (920mg/L) and (a) temperature (35℃) (b) shear rate (50s-1).
Figure 9

Dependencies of viscosity on the water content in the system of polymer concentration (920mg/L) and (a) temperature (35℃) (b) shear rate (50s-1).

Figure 10 Dependencies of viscosity on the water content in the system of polymer. concentration (1053 mg/L) and (a) temperature (35℃) (b) shear rate (50s-1).
Figure 10

Dependencies of viscosity on the water content in the system of polymer. concentration (1053 mg/L) and (a) temperature (35℃) (b) shear rate (50s-1).

In the same case, a sharply increasing and dropping point occurred when the moisture content is reduced to 40% of water. As can be seen from figure 10, when the polymer concentration is 1035mg/L, the phase transition point is 40%.

In the same case, a sharply increasing and dropping point occurred when the moisture content is reduced to 40% of water. As can be seen from figure 10, when the polymer concentration is 1035mg/L, the phase transition point is 40%.

The data of the phase transition points are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2

Summary of the phase transition points fluids produced containing different polymer concentrations.

Polymer Concentration,Phase transition points,
mg/LWater % V/V
31567
50365
70850
92050
1053<40

As it is demonstrated that the phase transition points of polymer-containing fluids were represented by a water content of 65%, 70%, 50%, 50% and 50%, corresponding to the polymer concentrations of 315mg/L, 503mg/L, 708mg/L, 920mg/L and 1053mg/L, respectively. The transition points are not significantly affected by the shear rate and temperature.

The changing transition points wtih the content of polymer is attributed to the viscosity of polymer. The fluidity of the fluids produced was decreased when it was glued as a gelling state by the increasing concentration of the polymer. As a result, the phase transition points were ahead of the normal positions to some extent due to the significant emulsifying and thickening effect.

4 Conclusions

In this paper, the rheological behaviors of the polymer-containing fluids produced from the Daqing polymer flood was studied for an adaptation of transportation under the oil freezing point temperature. Temperature, shear rate and water content had great impacts on the viscosity of the fluids produced. The viscosity of the fluid was decreased with the increase of the shear rate and temperature, and with the decline of the polymer concentration. It was noted that a significant discontinuity in the viscosity occurs at some range of water content. It is demonstrated that the phase transition points of polymer-containing fluids were 65%, 70%, 50%, 50% and 50%, corresponding to the polymer concentrations of 315mg/L, 503mg/L, 708mg/L, 920mg/L and 1053mg/L, respectively. The study can offer the vital technical support for the low-temperature transport of the fluids produced from the polymer flooding.

Acknowledgements

The research is financially supported by the National Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (Grant No. E2018014 and QC2018008) of China and the Youth National Science Foundation of Northeast Petroleum University (Grant No. 2018QNL-06 and 2018QNL-18).

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-08-17
Accepted: 2019-06-30
Published Online: 2019-12-31

© 2019 Lingyue Zhu et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0158
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Oilfield; Polymer flooding; Polymer; Emulsion; Rheological Behavior; Phase transition point
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Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Research on correlation of compositions with oestrogenic activity of Cistanche based on LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology
  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
  4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive features of Bryonia alba L.: As a possible alternative in treating rheumatism
  5. High efficiency liposome fusion induced by reducing undesired membrane peptides interaction
  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
  8. Development of a validated spectrofluorimetric method for assay of sotalol hydrochloride in tablets and human plasma: application for stability-indicating studies
  9. Topological Indices of Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugates’ Molecular Structure in Cancer Treatment
  10. Thermodynamic properties of the bubble growth process in a pool boiling of water-ethanol mixture two-component system
  11. Critical Roles of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Apoptosis and Autophagy of Astrocytes Induced by Methamphetamine
  12. Characteristics of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of Soil Moisture under Different Land Use in Dry Hot Valley of Yuanmou
  13. Specific, highly sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method for quantification of daclatasvir in HCV human plasma patients and in tablets dosage form
  14. Chromium-modified cobalt molybdenum nitrides as catalysts for ammonia synthesis
  15. Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells treated with ginsenoside Rh2 regulate the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo
  16. Identification of Powdery Mildew Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Resistance Genes in Selected Wheat Varieties and Development of Multiplex PCR
  17. Computational Analysis of new Degree-based descriptors of oxide networks
  18. The Use Of Chemical Composition And Additives To Classify Petrol And Diesel Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry And Chemometric Analysis: A Uk Study
  19. Minimal Energy Tree with 4 Branched Vertices
  20. Jatropha seed oil derived poly(esteramide-urethane)/ fumed silica nanocomposite coatings for corrosion protection
  21. Calculating topological indices of certain OTIS interconnection networks
  22. Energy storage analysis of R125 in UIO-66 and MOF-5 nanoparticles: A molecular simulation study
  23. Velvet Antler compounds targeting major cell signaling pathways in osteosarcoma - a new insight into mediating the process of invasion and metastasis in OS
  24. Effects of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract, Capping Agents, on the Synthesis of Pure And Cu Doped ZnO-Nanoparticles: A Green Approach and Microbial Activity
  25. Aqueous Micro-hydration of Na+(H2O)n=1-7 Clusters: DFT Study
  26. A proposed image-based detection of methamidophos pesticide using peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence system
  27. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
  29. Chemical pretreatments of Trapa bispinosa's peel (TBP) biosorbent to enhance adsorption capacity for Pb(ll)
  30. Dynamic Changes in MMP1 and TIMP1 in the Antifibrotic Process of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Rats with Liver Fibrosis
  31. The Optimization and Production of Ginkgolide B Lipid Microemulsion
  32. Photodynamic Therapy Enhanced the Antitumor Effects of Berberine on HeLa Cells
  33. Chiral and Achiral Enantiomeric Separation of (±)-Alprenolol
  34. Correlation of Water Fluoride with Body Fluids, Dental Fluorosis and FT4, FT3 –TSH Disruption among Children in an Endemic Fluorosis area in Pakistan
  35. A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
  38. miRNA-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in prolactinomas
  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
  41. Preparation and spectroscopic studies of Fe(II), Ru(II), Pd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base containing terephthalaldehyde and their transfer hydrogenation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction
  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
  50. Preparation of ternary ZnO/Ag/cellulose and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation property on phenol and benzene in VOCs
  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
  52. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 2-methylthio-pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines
  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
  54. Molecular Properties of Symmetrical Networks Using Topological Polynomials
  55. Synthesis of Co3O4 Nano Aggregates by Co-precipitation Method and its Catalytic and Fuel Additive Applications
  56. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antiprotoscolices potential of ethanol extracts of selected plants species against Echinococcus granulosus: In-vitro study
  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
  58. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS
  59. Biodiesel Production by Lipids From Indonesian strain of Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris
  60. Miscibility studies of polystyrene/polyvinyl chloride blend in presence of organoclay
  61. Antibacterial Activities of Transition Metal complexes of Mesocyclic Amidine 1,4-diazacycloheptane (DACH)
  62. Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis and in vitro screening of their cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line
  63. Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys in Different pH Environments by SSRT Method
  64. Various Combinations of Flame Retardants for Poly (vinyl chloride)
  65. Phenolic compounds and biological activities of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains
  66. Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement
  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
  68. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction
  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
  70. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque
  71. A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  72. Conceptual DFT as a Novel Chemoinformatics Tool for Studying the Chemical Reactivity Properties of the Amatoxin Family of Fungal Peptides
  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
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