Startseite Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
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Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System

  • Yonggui Liu , Yang Zhang , Jing Yan , Tao Song und Yongjun Xu EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 31. Dezember 2019
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 17 Heft 1

Abstract

Traditional water-in-oil drilling fluids are limited by their shear thinning behavior. In this article, we propose the synthesis of a thermal resistant quaternary ammonium salt gemini surfactant DQGE-I. This surfactant was synthesized using monomers such as N,N-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, organic acids and epichlorohydrin, as well as blocking groups such as N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP). The prepared surfactant exhibited various advantages over traditional surfactants, including excellent thermal stability, good emulsifying and wetting capability. The use of these surfactants was shown to improve the compactness of emulsifier molecules at the oil/water interface, as well as the overall emulsificaiton effect. Laboratory studies revealed that water-in-oil emulsions prepared using DQGE-I showed high emulsion breaking voltage, low liquid precipitation and small and uniformly distributed emulsion drops. Highly thixotropic water-in-oil drilling fluids based on DQGE-I showed low viscosity, high shear rate and thermal tolerance up to 260oC. Additionally, the proposed fluid was applied in 16 wells (including WS1-H2, GS3 and XS1-H8) in the Daqing Oilfield. Testing showed that DQGE-1 exhibited excellent rheological behavior and wall-building capability. The emulsion breaking voltage exceeded 1500 V, and the yield point/ plastic viscosity ratio exceeded 0.4. The use of this surfactant can help to solve problems such as high formation temperature and poor well wall stability.

Keywords: Gemini surfactants; water-in-oil emulsifier; oil-based drilling fluid

1 Introduction

Developed countries have surpassed China in the development of emulsifiers for water-in-oil drilling fluids. In fact, China’s progress is approximately equivalent to other countries in the 1980s. Currently, emulsifiers commonly use include oleic acid, stearic acid, fatty acid amide, esters (span-80), etc. Most of these emulsifiers are single chain or single adsorption group surfactants, which require ahigh in-situ quantity and frequent maintenance, and show poor emulsification as well as poor thermal resistance. Previous studies revealed two disadvantages of conventional emulsifiers. Firstly, emulsifiers based on fatty acid amide, esters and oleic acid were readily subjected to hydrolysis and saponification, resulting in degraded interfacial activity and emulsifying capability. Secondly, the emulsifying capability of these emulsifiers was poor due to the simple molecular structure and few adsorption groups. As a result, water-in-oil drilling fluids that used these emulsifiers exhibited poor stability, high viscosity and low shearing force. Additionally, the efficiency of borehole cleaning was low, and cutting beds were commonly observed. Therefore, these water-in-oil drilling fluids are not suitable for long horizontal wells and other complicated structures [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. This article proposes an intensive study of emulsifiers from the view of molecular structure. A highly thixotropic water-in-oil drilling fluid system is also designed. The proposed system was applied in 16 wells (including WS1-H2, GS3 and XS1-H8) in the Daqing Oilfield to solve common problems such as high formation temperature, formation of cutting beds and poor well wall stability.

2 Experimental

2.1 Materials

N,N-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, 4-dodecylaniline, ethylenediamin, epichlorohydrin, absolute ethanol, NVP, organic acids (including ricinoleic acid, aromatic acid, oxalic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, lauric acid, 13-docosenoic acid), KOH, 2-butoxyethanol, and ethyl acetate were utilized. All of these chemicals are analytical reagents.

2.2 Instruments

The instruments used included a magnetic stirrer, a four-neck flask, a thermostatic oil-bath pot, a high-speed electrical stirrer, a six speed rotating viscometer, an electrical stability tester, a high-temperature roller furnace, a high-temperature/high-pressure filtrate loss analyzer, an opto-digital microscope (Olympus DSX500), FTIR spectrometer, NMR spectrometer, thermal-gravity analyzer (TGA), etc.

2.3 Methods

2.3.1 Preparation of quaternary ammonium salt gemini surfactants

Organic acids (ricinoleic acid, aromatic acid, oxalic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, lauric acid, 13-docosenoic acid, or a mixture of all), N,N-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine and NVP were mixed at a fixed mass ratio and added into a four-neck flask. The mixture was stirred in N2 at a refluxing temperature for 12 h to obtain intermediate I. 4-dodecylaniline was added into a flask with absolute ethanol, which acted as a solvent. Epichlorohydrin was added in slowly with a separation funnel. After 12 h, the excess naphthenic acid amide and ethanol were removed by vacuum distillation, and intermediate II was obtained. The intermediates I and II were mixed at a mass ratio of 1:3 to allow quaternary amination, with 2-butoxyethanol as a solvent. DQGE-I, which is a quaternary ammonium salt gemini surfactant, was obtained after rinsing. The chemical equations involved are as follows:

2.3.2 Preparation of emulsion

DQGE-1 and naphthenic acid amide were added into 5# technical white oil and stirred at 12000 r/min for 10 min. 20% CaCl2 solution was added until the oil/water ratio was 80:20. The mixture was stirred for another 60 min to obtain the water-in-oil emulsion.

2.3.3 Evaluation of emulsion stability

Electrical stability evaluation: n = 3, relative error < 5%, the probe should not touch the bottom of the container. Centrifugation evaluation: 10 mL of the emulsion was added into a scaled centrifuge tube and stirred at 2000 r/min for 5 min. A small supernatant volume (liquid precipitation, ΔV) indicated a stabilized emulsion. Microscope evaluation: the size and distribution of an emulsion drop was investigated using a microscope.

Ethical approval: The conducted 3 research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and discussion

We propose a new emulsifier with a unique molecular structure to reduce the limitations of drilling fluids using conventional emulsifiers: (1) gemini structure, which has a compacted arrangement on the oil/water interfacial membrane, thus improving surface activity and membrane strength; (2) presence of an acylamino group (strong hydration group), resulting in enhanced emulsifier adsorption; (3) presence of a five-membered ring group with significant steric effect, resulting in improved high-temperature behavior; (4) Optimized HLB value (4-6) with precise control of hydrophilic/ hydrophobic ratio.

3.1 Structure of DQGE-I

Figures 1 and 2 show the FTIR spectrum and TGA results of DQGE-I. As shown in Figure 1, peaks at following positions were observed: 3400 cm-1, corresponding to absorption peak of bonded water molecules; 1270 cm-1, corresponding to stretching vibration of C-N bonds; 1690 cm-1, corresponding to strong absorption peak of C-N bonds; 3300 and 1700 cm-1, corresponding to stretching vibration absorption peak of secondary amides; 1100 cm-1, corresponding to stretching vibration absorption peak of secondary alcohol; 1480 cm-1, corresponding to out-of-plane bending vibration absorption peak of -NH groups; 2900, 1400 and 710 cm-1, corresponding to bending vibration absorption peak of methyl group/methylene; The presence of these peaks indicated the consistency of the product structure and the designed structure. Additionally, TGA results (Figure 2) revealed that the mass loss of DQGE-1 was 5% at 260°C and 14% at 300°C. There was negligible mass loss at temperatures below 200°C. This demonstrated the excellent thermal stability of DQGE-1.

Figure 1 FTIR spectrum of DQGE-I.
Figure 1

FTIR spectrum of DQGE-I.

Figure 2 TGA results of DQGE-I.
Figure 2

TGA results of DQGE-I.

3.2 Properties of DQGE-I

The stability of DQGE-I and the naphthenic acid amide water-in-oil (white oil base) emulsion was evaluated. The results of this evaluation are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

The emulsification performance of DQGE-I remixed with naphthenic acid amide.

DQGE-I /%Naphthenic acid amide /%Emulsion breaking voltage ES/VLiquid precipitation /mL
BeforeAfterBeforeAfter
agingagingagingaging
2.50.84684380.60.8
3.01.05465210.40.5
3.51.25645170.40.5

  1. Note: The water/oil ratio was 20:80, CaCl2 concentration was 20% and the hot rolling conditions were 260 °C and 16 h.

As shown, DQGE-I that was re-mixed with naphthenic acid amide, exhibited a high emulsion breaking voltage and low liquid precipitation, indicating an excellent emulsification performance and good stability. The optimal emulsion stability was achieved when quantities of DQGE-1 and naphthenic acid amide were 3.0-3.5% and 1.0-1.2%. In this case, the emulsion breaking voltage and liquid precipitation of the emulsion, which was heated at 260°C for 16 h, were above 500 V and 0.5 mL, respectively.

The size and morphology of emulsion drops were investigated using an optical microscope. The emulsions were compared with those prepared using span-80. Figure 3 and 4 show the different emulsions before and after heating.

Figure 3 Emulsions before heating (a) Emulsion prepared using span-80; (b) Emulsion prepared using DQGE-I.
Figure 3

Emulsions before heating (a) Emulsion prepared using span-80; (b) Emulsion prepared using DQGE-I.

Figure 4 Emulsions after heating (a) Emulsion prepared using span-80; (b) Emulsion prepared using DQGE-I.
Figure 4

Emulsions after heating (a) Emulsion prepared using span-80; (b) Emulsion prepared using DQGE-I.

Note: The water/ oil ratio was 20:80, a mixture of 20% CaCl2, 4% span, 3% oleic acid and 3% naphthenic acid amide was used in a, while a mixture of 20% CaCl2, 3% DQGE-I and 1% naphthenic acid amide was used in b. The hot rolling conditions were 260°C and 16 h.

Emulsions prepared using DQGE-I had a smaller size and a more uniform distribution compared with those prepared using span-80. Additionally, no significant changes were observed in the size and distribution of emulsions after heating, while emulsions prepared using span-80 tend to show enlarged drops and degraded distribution uniformity after heating [16,17]. This serves as an indicator that DQGE-I has strong emulsification capabilities, and the emulsions prepared using DQGE-I showed improved stability over emulsions prepared using span-80.

3.3 Development and evaluation of highly thixotropic oil-based drilling fluids

A highly thixotropic water-in-oil drilling fluid system was developed using DQGE-I and other adjectives, including a precipitation reducing agent, organic soil and a wetting agent. The density and thermal resistance limit of the products were 1.2-2.0 g/cm3 and 260°C, respectively. The properties of the products are shown in Table 2. The water/ oil ratio used ranged from 25:75 to 10:90. 20% CaCl2 was mixed with 3.0-3.5% DQGE-I, 1.0-1.2% naphthenic acid amide, 3-5% organic soil and 1.5% CaO, 3-5% precipitation reducing agent, 2-4% wetting agent and a certain amount of barite power.

Table 2

Overall performance evaluation of highly thixotropic water-in-oil drilling fluid system (FLHTHP was measured at 200°C and 3.5. MPa).

Experimental parametersAV (mPa·s)PV (mPa·s)YP (Pa)Gel (Pa/Pa)YP (PV)ES (V)FLHTHP (mL)
Before aging261883.5/5.00.441653/
260°C, 16 h271984.0/6.50.4216448.2
260°C, 48 h292094.0/6.50.4516138.4
260°C, 72 h302193.5/6.00.4315488.4

3.3.1 Overall evaluation

DQGE-I is a quaternary ammonium salt gemini surfactant with dual adsorption groups. Results of experiments have indicated that DQGE-1 could be effective in improving the compactness of emulsifier molecules at the water/ oil interface, which results in enhanced emulsion stability. Emulsions prepared using DQGE-I exhibited a reduced size but an increased quantity of emulsion drops compared to those that were prepared using conventional water-in-oil drilling fluids. Additionally, the VDW force between emulsions and solid particles (e.g. organic soil) was enhanced, and a 3D ‘organic soil-emulsion drop-other solid particle’ network was developed, resulting in increased gel strength and suspension behavior. Due to the low strength of VDW interactions, the rupture of the network could be triggered by a relatively low shearing rate, indicating that the system obtained was highly thixotropic (low viscosity and high shearing force, as shown in Table 2). Meanwhile, DQGE-I exhibited excellent emulsifying and wetting capabilities, as well as good stability. These characteristics can be attributed to the high surface activity and low CMC of the emulsions. The system showed 15% anti-debris and 20% anti-water, indicating a good anti-contamination capability (Table 3).

Table 3

Anti-contamination capability of highly thixotropic water-in-oil drilling fluid system (FLHTHP was measured at 200°C and 3.5 MPa and all values were obtained after aging at 260°C for 16 h).

ContaminantsAV (mPa·s)PV (mPa·s)YP (Pa)Gel (Pa/Pa)ES (V)FLHTHP (mL)
Blank271984.0/6.516448.2
5% debris292094.5/7.016058.4
10% debris3221105.0/7.515438.4
15% debris3524115.5/8.515098.6
5% water302194.5/6.015368.4
10% water3323104.5/5.014588.6
15% water3625115.0/6.014028.4
20% water4027135.0/7.013978.4

3.3.2 Field application

The DQGE-based drilling fluids obtained in this study were tested in six fields, including WS1-H2, GS3, and XS1-H8. Issues such as side-wall exfoliation, side-wall coring and retardation were not observed during the drilling processes. The absence of these problems indicated that the proposed drilling fluid was a significant improvement over the previous fluid.

The designed and total depths of WS1-H2 were 4820.5 m and 4821 m, respectively. Made up of a Denglouku Formation (with large sections of mudstone and mudstone/siltstone interbed) and a Yingcheng Formation (made up of volcanic rock and rhyolite, crack-growing and highly sensitive to moisture), the three-open section of this well was continually subject to leakage and side-wall exfoliation. By using the proposed drilling fluid, drilling in the three-open section was both smooth and rapid. The electrical stability (emulsion breaking voltage > 1500 V), filtration and wall-building capability were good, the yield point/ plastic viscosity ratio was larger than 0.4 and initial and final shearing pressure were 3-6 Pa and 5-15 Pa. The drilling speed was 1.8 m/ h in the horizontal section, and the total drilling length was 1704.35 m, which is the highest value that has ever been reported.

The other key well in this study was the GS3 well. Located in the Gulong depression Aonan pit, this well is a high-temperature, high-risk well with a design depth of 4920 m. Drillings in the vicinity have revealed that the well has a high geothermal gradient (4.07°C/100 m) and a final temperature of 200°C. During the drilling of other wells

Table 4

Drilling fluid properties vs. well depth in the case of WS1-H2 well.

Well depth (m)ρ (g/cm3)FV (s)PV (mPa·s)YP (Pa)YP (PV)Gel (Pa/Pa)ES (V)FLHTHP (mL)
37731.20501880.445/1315537.0
40391.205628120.435.5/13.515746.8
43251.206232140.416/1416087.0
45701.206732150.466/14.516247.2
47601.206732140.436.5/1516387.4
48211.206935140.406/1516437.0
Table 5

Drilling fluid properties vs. depth of the GS3 well.

Well depth (m)Temperature (°C)ρ (g/cm3)FV (s)PV (mPa·s)YP (Pa)YP (PV)ES (V)FLHTHP (mL)
4482182.41.165325110.4417427.2
4576186.21.205628120.4316557.4
4689190.81.305731130.4216087.4
4774194.31.306232130.4115717.2
4880198.61.306534140.4115387.2
4920200.21.306535140.4015697.4

in this area, retardation and exfoliation were observed due to the significantly degraded rheological behavior of the drilling fluids used. Therefore, the developed thermal resistant and highly thixotropic water-in-oil drilling fluid system was used in the drilling of the three-open section. The system showed good rheological behavior, electrical stability and filtration, and wall-building capability. The average uniform change of the well diameter was 5.83%, enabling successive works.

4 Conclusions

  1. The gemini surfactant (DQGE-Ⅰ) synthesized exhibited high surface activity due to the multiple adsorption functional groups. An acylamino group (strong hydration group) and an NVP (protection group) were introduced to enhance the adsorption capability and thermal resistance of the surfactant, which resulted in enhanced emulsifier adsorption. An optimized HLB value was achieved with a suitable hydrophilic/ hydrophobic ratio.

  2. Compared to conventional water-in-oil drilling fluids, emulsions prepared using DQGE-I exhibited smaller drop size and more uniform distribution. The VDW force between emulsions and solid particles (e.g. organic soil) was enhanced, resulting in increased gel strength and suspension behavior. A network rupture could be triggered by a relatively low shearing rate, indicating that the system was highly thixotropic.

  3. A highly thixotropic water-in-oil drilling fluid system was developed using DQGE-I and additives such as a precipitation reducing agent, organic soil and a wetting agent. The density and thermal resistance limit of the products were 1.2-2.0 g/cm3 and 260°C, respectively. Additionally, the proposed system showed 15% anti-debris and 20% anti-water, indicating a good anti-contamination capability.

  4. In virtue of its excellent rheological behavior, thermal resistance and stability, the drilling fluid prepared was successfully applied in six wells in the Daqing Oilfield. During these tests, no accidents occurred. The fluid was successful in complicated drilling formations, such as wells within enlarged cracks, hard and brittle mudstone, and volcanic wells. The longest deep horizontal well (1704.35 m) and the highest well temperature (200 °C) were achieved in WS1-H2 and GS3, respectively.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-08-20
Accepted: 2019-03-22
Published Online: 2019-12-31

© 2019 Yonggui Liu et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0157
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Gemini surfactants; water-in-oil emulsifier; oil-based drilling fluid
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Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Research on correlation of compositions with oestrogenic activity of Cistanche based on LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology
  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
  4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive features of Bryonia alba L.: As a possible alternative in treating rheumatism
  5. High efficiency liposome fusion induced by reducing undesired membrane peptides interaction
  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
  8. Development of a validated spectrofluorimetric method for assay of sotalol hydrochloride in tablets and human plasma: application for stability-indicating studies
  9. Topological Indices of Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugates’ Molecular Structure in Cancer Treatment
  10. Thermodynamic properties of the bubble growth process in a pool boiling of water-ethanol mixture two-component system
  11. Critical Roles of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Apoptosis and Autophagy of Astrocytes Induced by Methamphetamine
  12. Characteristics of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of Soil Moisture under Different Land Use in Dry Hot Valley of Yuanmou
  13. Specific, highly sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method for quantification of daclatasvir in HCV human plasma patients and in tablets dosage form
  14. Chromium-modified cobalt molybdenum nitrides as catalysts for ammonia synthesis
  15. Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells treated with ginsenoside Rh2 regulate the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo
  16. Identification of Powdery Mildew Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Resistance Genes in Selected Wheat Varieties and Development of Multiplex PCR
  17. Computational Analysis of new Degree-based descriptors of oxide networks
  18. The Use Of Chemical Composition And Additives To Classify Petrol And Diesel Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry And Chemometric Analysis: A Uk Study
  19. Minimal Energy Tree with 4 Branched Vertices
  20. Jatropha seed oil derived poly(esteramide-urethane)/ fumed silica nanocomposite coatings for corrosion protection
  21. Calculating topological indices of certain OTIS interconnection networks
  22. Energy storage analysis of R125 in UIO-66 and MOF-5 nanoparticles: A molecular simulation study
  23. Velvet Antler compounds targeting major cell signaling pathways in osteosarcoma - a new insight into mediating the process of invasion and metastasis in OS
  24. Effects of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract, Capping Agents, on the Synthesis of Pure And Cu Doped ZnO-Nanoparticles: A Green Approach and Microbial Activity
  25. Aqueous Micro-hydration of Na+(H2O)n=1-7 Clusters: DFT Study
  26. A proposed image-based detection of methamidophos pesticide using peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence system
  27. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
  29. Chemical pretreatments of Trapa bispinosa's peel (TBP) biosorbent to enhance adsorption capacity for Pb(ll)
  30. Dynamic Changes in MMP1 and TIMP1 in the Antifibrotic Process of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Rats with Liver Fibrosis
  31. The Optimization and Production of Ginkgolide B Lipid Microemulsion
  32. Photodynamic Therapy Enhanced the Antitumor Effects of Berberine on HeLa Cells
  33. Chiral and Achiral Enantiomeric Separation of (±)-Alprenolol
  34. Correlation of Water Fluoride with Body Fluids, Dental Fluorosis and FT4, FT3 –TSH Disruption among Children in an Endemic Fluorosis area in Pakistan
  35. A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
  38. miRNA-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in prolactinomas
  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
  41. Preparation and spectroscopic studies of Fe(II), Ru(II), Pd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base containing terephthalaldehyde and their transfer hydrogenation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction
  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
  50. Preparation of ternary ZnO/Ag/cellulose and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation property on phenol and benzene in VOCs
  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
  52. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 2-methylthio-pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines
  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
  54. Molecular Properties of Symmetrical Networks Using Topological Polynomials
  55. Synthesis of Co3O4 Nano Aggregates by Co-precipitation Method and its Catalytic and Fuel Additive Applications
  56. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antiprotoscolices potential of ethanol extracts of selected plants species against Echinococcus granulosus: In-vitro study
  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
  58. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS
  59. Biodiesel Production by Lipids From Indonesian strain of Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris
  60. Miscibility studies of polystyrene/polyvinyl chloride blend in presence of organoclay
  61. Antibacterial Activities of Transition Metal complexes of Mesocyclic Amidine 1,4-diazacycloheptane (DACH)
  62. Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis and in vitro screening of their cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line
  63. Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys in Different pH Environments by SSRT Method
  64. Various Combinations of Flame Retardants for Poly (vinyl chloride)
  65. Phenolic compounds and biological activities of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains
  66. Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement
  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
  68. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction
  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
  70. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque
  71. A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  72. Conceptual DFT as a Novel Chemoinformatics Tool for Studying the Chemical Reactivity Properties of the Amatoxin Family of Fungal Peptides
  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
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