Startseite A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
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A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia

  • Mohsen M. El-Sherbiny EMAIL logo , Ali I. Ismail und Mohamed E. EL-Hefnawy
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 25. September 2019
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 17 Heft 1

Abstract

Twenty surface soil samples (0-10 cm) and shoots of a perennial shrub Zygophyllum coccineum L. were collected around a cement factory on the western coast of Saudi Arabia, in order to assess concentrations of some heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn). The most noticeable among all heavy metals was Pb that showed an average concentration of 460.15±86.60 μg g-1 followed by Cr (138.67±30.89 μg g-1), Zn (54.41±43.79 μg g-1), Ni (41.22±12.60 μg g-1) and Cu (33.48±12.52 μg g-1). Based on biological concentration factor analysis, Z. coccineum can be considered as an accumulator only for zinc (BCF >1). Estimation of various ecological contamination factors revealed the significant impact of Pb in the environmental pollution in the region. It is also understood that the primary contribution to the ecological risk index (RI) mainly originated from various anthropogenic influences such as industrialization and urbanization. The different statistical analysis further revealed the potential effect of soil characteristics on the occurrence and dispersal of heavy metals in the study area.

Keywords: Cement factory; soil; heavy metals; ecological risk index; Saudi Arabia

1 Introduction

The soil is considered an important natural resources because of its capability to act as a geochemical reservoir for various contaminants, including heavy metals resulting from aerosol deposition through urban and manufacturing activities [1,2]. Soil can also act as a natural buffer and therefore can control the dispersal of chemical contaminants in the air, water and biological components [3]. The soil ecosystems worldwide are significantly influenced by rapid industrialization and urbanization [4]. Anthropogenic activities such as construction, energy production, industrial mining, fossil fuel combustion and waste disposal resulted in the uncharacteristic deposition of heavy metals in urban soil resulting in severe environmental pollution [5,6,7]. Industries involved in cement production are the chief source of environmental pollution due to the emission of dust that contains toxic chemicals, which vary according to the raw materials used [8,9]. These toxic chemicals include heavy metals that accumulate in the surrounding environment including soil [10, 11, 12, 13]. Many of the heavy metals produced as a byproduct of cement industrial activities are known to be toxic for living organisms even in minimal concentrations [14]. The level of impact is mainly determined by its potential harmfulness, high tenacity, level of non-degradation and biological accumulation [15]. The wind and rain have a major influence on the distribution of dusts that carry heavy metals [16,17]. Other factors that influence the dispersal of heavy metals are the soil-pH and availability of calcium ions, which eventually can determine the solubility, adsorption, retention and movement of heavy metals [18,19]. Many plant species are known to be sensitive to higher concentrations of heavy metals that adversely affect their growth and physiological activities [20,21]. Higher levels of heavy metals can increase the phytotoxicity that affects human beings by bioaccumulation through the food chains [14,22].

Ecological risk assessment studies can reveal the possibility of contamination, as well as the potential impact of heavy metals on the ecology of soil [23]. Many geochemical approaches such as contamination factor (CF), ecological risk factor (Eri),potential toxicity response index (RI) and geochemical index method are now widely used for evaluating the anthropogenic influence on urban soil. These indices represent the pollution degree and provide detailed information about the soil quality [24].

Rabigh is an actively growing industrial town located on the western coast of Saudi Arabia. In the south of the city center, an active cement factory with capacity of 4000 tons/day is located. The current study is mainly focused on the assessment of various heavy metals concentrations (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the surface soil near the cement factory and their potential impact on the perennial shrub Zygophyllum coccineum population. It further focused on evaluating the contamination level of the measured heavy metals based on different pollution indices. These results in turn can be helpful to different stakeholders such as urban development planners and environmental risk managers.

2 Material and methods

2.1 Study Area

Rabigh region in Saudi Arabia is considered as one of the most active places in terms of development activities. By having various natural resources (soils with important minerals, natural vegetation of high economic value and tourism related activities), it plays an integral part in the Saudi Arabian economy. The area of Rabigh city is about 14,000 km2 and the inhabiting population is almost 93 thousands [25]. It is located in Makkah quadrangles where the Precambrian basement rocks are covered by tertiary sedimentary rocks in the west and by Miocene to Pliocene lavas in the north. The climate is of hot and arid nature with high temperature and humidity during the summer season. The minimum temperature in the study area is normally observed during January (26˚C) and the maximum during the period between July-September (45˚C). The dominant wind direction is from west to southwestern (with a speed of about 10-30 km/h). The present study area is located around a cement factory and has a distance of 30 km south from Rabigh city center.

2.2 Sampling and analytical procedures

Sampling was carried out during January 25-30, 2018. Twenty composite soil samples and 20 plant samples (Zygophyllum coccineum) were collected from the area around the Rabigh cement factory. The sampling sites were selected with a grid system having an equal distance from one another (Figure 1) and it covered an area of 2.0 km2 from the active factory zone. From each site, about one kg of soil sample was collected from the surface 0-10 cm soil layer using an auger. In order to increase the accuracy, three subsamples were collected from each site and were mixed to obtain a bulk composite sample. Upon reaching the laboratory, all samples were air-dried and then sieved through <2 mm sieve. Large objects like pebbles, foreign particles, and debris were carefully removed during the sieving. The particle size distributions for soil samples were carried out through the pipette method [26]. The pH was measured in deionized water with 1:2.5 soil to solution ratio using Beckman glass electrode pH meter. Electrical conductivity (EC) was measured in soil paste 1:5 extract [27], while total carbonates were estimated gasometrically using Collins calcimeter and later calculated following the methods of Hesse [28] In addition, the organic matter (OM) percentage in the soil samples were also determined by the titration method based on the oxidation of organic matter by K2Cr2O7 [28].

Figure 1 Map showing the study area and sampling sites around the cement factory.
Figure 1

Map showing the study area and sampling sites around the cement factory.

In order to remove the heavy metals adhered to fine soil particles, the samples were oven dried at 105˚C overnight, sieved mechanically using a 0.5 mm sieve, homogenized and then ground to 0.063 mm fine powder following the protocols mentioned by Madrid et al. [29]. Crushed soil samples were then weighed (1.00 gm±0.01) and digested using 4:1 nitric acid/perchloric acid (HNO3 and HClO4) mixture in a Teflon beaker. The samples were later heated initially at 40˚C for 1h and the temperature was then subsequently increased to 140-170˚C up to a time of 4h until a clear solution was obtained [30]. The resultant solution after filtration is diluted with deionized water to a total volume of 50 ml. For the plant samples, shoots of Z. coccineum were collected and washed with distilled water in order to remove the attached fine sediment particles. The shoots were then homogenized after oven-drying at a temperature of 80˚C. About one gram of the homogenized shoot was placed into 125 ml digestion tubes and 5 ml of concentrated perchloric acid was added to each tube. All the tubes were then heated at 120˚C for 3h in a block digester and made to total volume of 50 ml [31]. The total heavy metal contents (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the soil and the plant samples were estimated with the help of an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (Optima 5300 DV with an auto-sampler Model AS 93 Plus/S10, Perkin Elmer, USA). Standards were pre-prepared in order to measure the heavy metals concentration in the digested samples and the obtained values were expressed in μg g-1. To ensure accuracy of the analysis, certified reference materials were used for soil and plant samples (IAEA-433, International Atomic Energy Agency and CRM-1570, National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard, respectively). The analysis was carried out in triplicates and the recoveries of the studied metals were 92.5–114.2% and 93.3–105.5% for the soil and plant reference materials, respectively (Table 1).

Table 1

Recovery analysis of heavy metal concentrations (μg g-1) in soil and plant certified reference materials.

MetalSoil sample (IAEA-433)Plant sample (CRM-1570)
CertifiedMeasuredRecovery (%)CertifiedMeasuredRecovery (%)
Cr136131±3.196.3---
Cu30.828.5±2.792.512.211.1±1.191.0
Ni39.437.7±1.495.72.142±1.093.5
Pb2629.7±2.6114.2---
Zn10198.2±7.697.28278.4±9.295.6

2.3 Biological concentration factor (BCF)

To find out the distribution and the level of heavy metals uptake, the bio-concentration factor is calculated by the following equation:

(1)BCF=Cshoot/Csoil

where, Cshoot and Csoil are the heavy metal concentrations in the shoot and the soil sample respectively.

2.4 Risk assessment

Different pollution indices were used to assess the metal pollution in this particular study namely; geoaccumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI) and potential toxicity response index (RI)

2.4.1 Geo-accumulation index (Igeo)

For environmental pollution assessment studies, the geochemical and physico-chemical characteristics of sediments are very much crucial in order to identify the source as well as the intensity of the contamination. Igeo is therefore used to determine the progressive variation of heavy metals by comparing the present-day metal concentrations with the geochemical background (precivilized background values). Geo-accumulation index, introduced by Müller [32], has been applied in most of the recent pollution studies for assessing the soil contamination by heavy metals and is calculated by the following equation:

(2)Igeo=log2cn1.5.Bn

where, Cn is the concentration of metal n measured in soil and Bn is the geochemical background value in the upper continental earth’s crust [33]. The constant 1.5 was used to account for potential variability in reference value due to the influence of lithogenic processes. In this regard, seven classes of Igeo were categorized by Müller [34] as shown in Table (S1).

2.4.2 Contamination factor (CF) and pollution index

The contamination factor is a major tool for identifying the pollution and the contamination level in the environmental matrix. CF is considered as the ratio obtained by dividing the concentration of each metal in the sediment by the background value and is obtained by the following formula:

(3)CF=Ci/Bi

where Ci is metal concentration in soil and Bi is the background value, which refers to the concentration of metal in the soils when there is no anthropogenic input. According to Håkanson [35], the following criteria were applied: CF < 1 indicates low contamination; 1 < CF < 3 is moderate contamination; 3 < CF < 6 is considerable contamination; and CF > 6 is very high contamination. The pollution load index (PLI) is the estimated geometric mean of relative concentration factors of selected heavy metal of a seemingly polluted site. According to Daud et al. [36], PLI is considered as a combined tool used to assess the amount of pollution at a site for a particular set of heavy metals. The PLI value equal to 1 describes the potential absence of pollution, whereas PLI >1 indicates the polluted nature of the site. The following equation is used for calculating the PLI:

(4)PLI=CF1×CF2×CF3×...........×CFn1/n

Where n = number of metals and CF = contamination factors.

The potential ecological risk coefficient (Eri)was estimated using the formula mentioned by Håkanson (1980) as follows:

(5)Eri=Tri∗Cri=Tri∗Csi/Cni

where Triis the metals toxic response factor (Cr = 2, Cu = 5, Ni = 5, Pb = 5 and Cd = 30) and Cri is the contamination factor, Csi is the concentration of heavy metals in the sediment, and Cni a background value for heavy metals The degree of Eri can be categorized as shown in Table (S2). The potential toxicity response index (RI) is a method for calculating the sum of different risk factors and is commonly used to evaluate the toxicity of various heavy metals in soil. Håkanson [35] described RI as the index that determines the heavy metal toxicity and the subsequent environmental response to all five risk factors (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Cr) in soils. The potential ecological risk index (RI) was calculated as follows:

(5)RI=ΣEri

The classification criteria for RI classes are presented in Table (S2).

2.5 Statistical Analysis

Pearson’s correlation coefficient was performed in order to determine the relationships among the physicochemical properties of soils and the observed heavy metals concentration of each site. Descriptive statistical analysis of the studied parameters was conducted using SPSS software for Windows (version 23.0). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed using factor extraction. The eigenvalue was kept being larger than 1 after Varimax rotation.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and discussion

The range of variations and the obtained descriptive statistical analysis of various physico-chemical properties of the collected soil samples are given in Table 2. The grain size analysis showed that the soil texture of the studied sites was predominantly sandy (81.0%) followed by silt and clay (14.5% and 4.5% respectively). The soil-pH fluctuated in a narrow range (7.7 to 8.5) with an average value of 8.15 that clearly indicated the neutral to sub-alkaline behavior of the examined soil samples. In case of electrical conductivity, it exhibited comparatively higher values at site 16 (20.1 dSm-1), which is located adjacent to the cement factory and the lowest one obtained at site 20 (1.1 dSm-1). The highest organic matter content has been observed from the sites with abundant wild plants. It ranged from a minimum of 0.5 to a maximum of 1.8% (at sites 17 and 16 respectively) with a mean value of 0.9%. The percentage of calcium carbonate in the soil samples varied between 21.4 and 67.9% at sites 11 and 1 respectively (average: 43.9%). The study area is characterized by different geological, morphological, climatological characteristics as well as rapid population growth and urbanization. The present results showed that in the downstream of Rabigh valley, where significant urbanization is happening, the slope varies from slight to very slight flood risk.

Table 2

Descriptive statistics of different physico-chemical characteristics of soil samples studied around the cement factory.

SitesParticle size distribution (%)pHEC (dSm-1)%OM%CaCO3
SandSiltClay
178.616.84.77.72.60.967.9
289.39.31.57.912.61.058.9
396.73.00.37.89.01.329.5
479.012.09.08.21.90.561.6
576.419.73.98.04.70.838.4
665.427.27.48.41.80.549.1
766.424.69.08.08.61.633.9
863.328.48.38.13.50.530.4
991.68.20.27.914.11.533.9
1094.84.70.58.41.80.748.2
1175.020.94.18.41.30.821.4
1273.421.55.18.41.50.765.2
1385.412.22.48.117.20.864.7
1472.218.89.08.22.00.948.2
1590.58.21.38.51.10.522.3
1670.821.37.98.020.11.828.6
1766.123.910.18.31.60.558.5
1894.91.83.38.31.60.930.4
1997.72.20.18.12.10.656.7
2092.56.11.48.31.10.629.9
Minimum63.31.80.17.71.10.521.4
Maximum97.728.410.18.520.11.867.9
Average81.014.54.58.25.50.943.9
Standard error2.62.01.80.11.30.13.5
Standard deviation11.88.83.50.26.00.415.6

The total concentrations and other descriptive statistics of the analyzed heavy metals from the soil samples around the cement factory are given in Table 3 and Figure 2. The range of each heavy metal in the surface layer of the soil was: 88.33-200.00, 12.30-64.00, 18.30-68.30, 280.40-586.40 and 15.20-89.90 μg g-1 for Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, respectively. It is worth mentioning that Pb displayed the highest mean concentration (460.15±86.60 μg g-1) followed by Cr (138.67±30.89 μg g-1), Zn (54.41±43.79 μg g-1), Ni (41.22±12.60 μg g-1), and Cu (33.48±12.52 μg g-1) (Table 3). Chromium, copper and nickel are the most influenced heavy metals by the proximity to the cement factory (Figure 2) and sites, such as 19 and 20 clearly exhibited higher concentrations for the above mentioned heavy metals (200.0, 64.0 and 86.3 μg g-1 respectively). Even though the maximum concentration of lead (586.4 μg g-1) was observed at site 5, there are a few sites (20, 14 and 4), which also showed higher concentrations of this metal. This may be due to the effect of pollution from both the cement factory (sites 20, 14 and 4) and the motor vehicles (at site 5). The high occurrence of lead in such environmental conditions was previously observed by Carreras and Pignata [37], Banat et al. [38], Kakareka and Kukharchyk [39], and Ogunkunle and Fatoba [40]. In contrary to site 2, which was away from the direct effect of various environmental pollution, showed significant low values for most of the heavy metals (copper, nickel and zinc). Similarly, the minimum concentration of lead (280.4 μg g-1) was obtained from site 13, whose location was far away from the factory. Occurrence of the higher concentrations of heavy metals, mainly in the soils north of the cement factory might be linked to different characteristics of the particular soil such as particle size, pH, electrical conductivity and organic matter content. It may also be affected by the direction of the prevailing wind in the region, which is normally north to northwest [41]. Regarding heavy metal concentrations in the shoots of Z. coccineum, results showed the following averages: Zn (16.56 μg g-1±6.99) > Cr (7.43 μg g-1±3.22) > Cu (6.53 μg g-1±2.49) > Ni (5.47 μg g-1±2.14) > Pb (1.56 μg g-1±1.16).

Figure 2 Spatial distribution of heavy metals (μg g-1) in the surface soil around the cement factory. The minimum and maximum values are written near to the corresponding bubble.
Figure 2

Spatial distribution of heavy metals (μg g-1) in the surface soil around the cement factory. The minimum and maximum values are written near to the corresponding bubble.

Table 3

Range of variation and descriptive statistics for the heavy metal concentrations in the soil comparing with the other countries.

Heavy metalsConcentration (μg g-1 soil)References
CrCuNiPbZn
Minimum88.3312.3018.30280.4015.20Current study
Maximum200.0064.0068.30586.4089.90
Average138.6733.4841.22460.1554.41
Standard error6.9102.802.8219.364.23
Standard deviation30.8912.5212.6086.6018.90
Variance953.89156.86158.727499.73357.36
London, UK-73.00-294.00183.00[60]
Bangkok, Thailand26.0042.0025.0048.00118.00[61]
Hong Kong-24.80-93.40168.00[62]
Palermo, Italy-63.00-202.0138.0[57]
Central Jordan83.932.89-62.17146.94[38]
Canada64.0063.00-70.00200.00[63]
Argentina41.103.84*2.42*9.42*106.00[10]
Changchun, China66.0029.40-35.4090.00[55]
China-68.00-55.00209.00[13]
Nigeria186.20404.40-469.20168.10[40]
Montenegro28.5996.59-35.3592.84[24]

  1. * Sample was extracted with HCl.

From the current study, it is clear that, the average concentration of each heavy metal exceeded the background values suggested by Håkanson [35]. Also, the current concentration of lead is considerably higher than the values reported around cement factories as well as in many cities worldwide [13, 24, 38, 40, 57, 60, 61, 62, 63, see Table 3) except from Nigeria by Ogunkunle and Fatoba [40]. This high Pb content of the soil might be the result of synergistic deposition from the adjacent cement factory. It is well documented that both Pb and Cu are the principal waste products of the cement production [38,39]. However, chances that the emission of such heavy metals is from the motor transport cannot be written off [42]. The cement factory in the current study is located near various major roads and motor transport activities, which can be significantly contributing to the reported high concentration. The obtaining of higher concentrations of Pb from the surface soil layer in the present study coincides with the findings of many studies [43, 44, 45]. It is highly recommended to provide proper attention in order to reduce the lead pollution owing to its negative influence on human health; such as its effect on the central nervous systems and many other disorders [46]. Proper monitoring of residents in Rabigh area can provide detailed information on the impact of such high concentrations of Pb on their health and can be useful in drawing future strategies to curb the pollution.

3.1 Biological concentration factor (BCF)

BCF values for heavy metals is ranked on the following sequence: Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Pb (Table 4 and Figure 3). Relatively higher bioconcentration factors were observed for Cu (0.58), Ni (0.31) and Zn (1.19) from the plants collected at site 2, while Cr (0.11) and Pb (0.01) were on the higher side from the plants collected at sites 16 and 7 respectively. Enhanced bioconcentration factors for these heavy metals in the tissues of Z. coccineum revealed the weak nature of particular shrub as a bioindicator for heavy metal pollution monitoring programs. The studies of Semhi et al. [11] further corroborated the same finding, who found only minimal differences of heavy metals in Rhazya stricta in comparison to the surrounding soil adjacent to a cement factory in Oman. Still, there are many studies pointing out the negative effect of cement dust on the growth and productivity of some wild and cultivated plants [47, 48, 49]. Even though the BCF values of Cu and Zn obtained for Z. coccineum in the present study is comparatively higher than those of Cr, Ni and Pb, which may only indicate the less absorption of those elements.

Figure 3 Biological concentration factor of heavy metals in Z. coccineum grown around the cement factory. The minimum and maximum values are written near to the corresponding bubble.
Figure 3

Biological concentration factor of heavy metals in Z. coccineum grown around the cement factory. The minimum and maximum values are written near to the corresponding bubble.

Table 4

Biological concentration factor of heavy metals in Z. coccinea grown around the cement factory.

BCF CrBCF CuBCF NiBCF PbBCF Zn
Minimum0.060.210.150.000.36
Maximum0.110.580.310.011.19
Average0.020.080.050.000.14
Standard error0.0250.1060.0780.0040.248
Standard deviation0.0050.0230.0180.0000.056

3.2 Geo-accumulation Index

The Igeo index for Pb varied from heavily contaminated (HC) to heavily extremely contaminated (HEC) at all the sites with values varying between 3.22 (site 13) and 4.29 (site 5) (Table 5). Igeo values of Cr and Cu in turn fluctuated within the status of uncontaminated to moderately contaminated level. More importantly, Zn displayed status was at an uncontaminated level (negative) at all sites (Table 5). It is understood that the proximity of an active cement factory together with the presence of an industrial city and petrochemical factory (located 15 Km north of the cement factory) are the main sources of pollution in the current study area. Also, both traffic emissions from local roads and highways, and the direction of the wind play a significant role in transferring pollutants.

Table 5

Averages of geo-accumulation (Igeo) of the studied heavy metals in all sites.

SitesAverages of Igeo of the studied heavy metals
CrCuNiPbZn
11.58MC-0.78UC0.33UMC3.71HC-1.06UC
20.78UMC-1.61UC-0.71UC3.84 HC-2.81UC
31.51MC-0.04UC0.39UMC4.04HEC-0.24UC
41.16MC-1.12UC-0.35UC4.22HEC-1.74UC
51.20MC-0.44UC0.13UMC4.29HEC-0.68UC
61.72MC-0.09UC0.70UMC3.69HC-1.05UC
71.08MC0.45UMC0.34UMC3.81HC-2.18UC
81.52MC0.06UMC0.95UMC4.02HEC-1.10UC
90.75UMC-0.21UC-0.14UC3.91HC-0.71UC
101.46MC0.23UMC0.73UMC4.01HEC-0.78UC
111.58MC0.06UMC0.97UMC3.46HC-0.64UC
121.30MC-0.78UC0.21UMC3.40HC-1.54UC
130.93UMC-0.48UC0.35UMC3.22HC-1.00UC
141.79MC-0.57UC0.39UMC4.22HEC-1.52UC
151.66MC0.36UMC0.88UMC4.12HEC-0.77UC
161.20MC-0.32UC0.04UMC3.96HC-0.41UC
171.68MC-0.59UC0.25UMC4.10HEC-1.11UC
181.27MC0.20UMC0.70UMC4.01HEC-0.60UC
191.93MC0.77UMC0.48UMC3.93HC-1.04UC
201.23MC-0.39UC1.19UMC4.28HEC-0.56UC

3.3 Contamination factor and pollution load index

Results showed that the highest CF value obtained for Pb is a direct indication of the higher contamination of this metal (CF > 6), in all studied sites (Table 6). This might be due to the high synergistic deposition of heavy metals from the cement manufacturing [37, 38, 39]. Mean contamination factor indicated moderate contamination (1 < CF < 3) for Cr and Cu and low metal contamination for Zn and Ni (CF < 1). The following sequence was visible in terms of the average CF values obtained in the present study: Pb > Cr > Cu > Ni > Zn. As represented in Table 6, the PLI values were found to be high (PLI >1) in almost all the studied sites indicating the severe nature of pollution and subsequent deterioration of the sediment quality [50]. The PLI values in the present study ranged between 1.04 and 2.65 and the obtained higher PLI value might be directly associated with the higher concentrations of heavy metals in the sites, particularly at the site 15 (PLI = 2.65) and site 19 (PLI = 2.58). Since PLI obtained in the current observation is >1, all sites are considered to be polluted according to the studies of Cabrera et al. [51].

Table 6

Contamination factor, pollution index and degree of pollution of heavy metals in studied soils around cement factory.

SitesContamination factorPL Index
CrCuNiPbZn
11.890.870.8523.080.721.88
21.080.490.4225.190.211.04
31.801.460.9029.091.272.44
41.410.690.5432.990.451.51
51.451.100.7534.490.942.08
62.091.411.1022.830.722.22
71.342.050.8624.760.331.81
81.811.571.3228.580.702.37
91.061.300.6226.480.921.83
101.741.761.1328.490.882.44
111.891.571.3319.460.962.37
121.560.880.7918.650.511.59
131.201.070.8716.490.751.69
142.181.010.8932.820.522.02
152.001.921.2630.610.882.65
161.451.200.7027.421.132.07
172.021.000.8130.240.692.03
181.521.721.1128.460.992.41
192.412.560.9526.860.732.58
201.491.151.5534.351.022.48
Minimum1.060.490.4216.490.21
Maximum2.412.561.5534.491.27
Average1.671.340.9427.070.76
Standard error0.080.110.061.140.06
Standard deviation0.370.500.295.090.27

3.4 Potential toxicity response index (RI)

The ecological risk factor (Eri) indices for Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn obtained in the study were lower than 40 (Table 7). Lead contributed significantly towards the ecological risk factor closely followed by Cd and Cu. The Eri value for Pb ranged from contaminated to moderately contaminated in terms of ecological risk factor. The high content of Pb in surface soil samples observed in this study can be a result of the combined effects of the pollutants from the cement manufacturing. The highest RI value of 176.89 was recorded at site 20, and the lowest value (91.46) from site 13 with an average of 140.73 (Table 7). According to the standards, most of the sites in the current study placed in low ecological risk level (RI ≤ 150) except for sites 4, 5, 8, 10, 14, 15 and 20 that showed moderate ecological risk (Table 7).

Table 7

Potential ecological risk index (Eri)and potential toxicity response Indices (RI) of heavy metals.

Sampling SitesPotential ecological risk indices for individual metal (Eri)Potential toxicity response indices (RI)
CrCuNiPbZn
18.97/L4.36/L9.40/L98.10/C0.72/L121.55/LR
25.14/L2.46/L4.58/L107.08/C0.21/L119.46/LR
38.55/L7.30/L9.85/L123.63/C1.27/L150.60/M
46.70/L3.44/L5.90/L140.23/C0.45 /L156.71/M
56.90/L5.52/L8.23/L146.60/C0.94 /L168.18/M
69.89/L7.06/L12.15/L97.03/C0.72 /L126.85/LR
76.34/L10.24/L9.48/L105.25/C0.33 /L131.64 /LR
88.60/L7.84/L14.48/L121.48/C0.70 /L153.09/M
95.05/L6.48/L6.83/L112.55/C0.92 /L131.82/LR
108.23/L8.80/L12.40/L121.10/C0.88 /L151.41/M
118.97/L7.84/L14.65/L82.70/C0.96 /L115.12/LR
127.38/L4.38/L8.65/L79.25/M0.51 /L100.17 /LR
135.70/L5.36/L9.55/L70.10/M0.75 /L91.46 /LR
1410.36/L5.06/L9.80/L139.48/C0.52 /L165.22/M
159.50/L9.62/L13.83/L130.08/C0.88 /L163.90/M
166.90/L6.00 /L7.73/L116.53/C1.13 /L138.28/LR
179.60/L4.98 /L8.90/L128.50/C0.69 /L152.67/LR
187.22/L8.62 /L12.20/L120.95/C0.99 /L149.98/LR
1911.43/L12.80/L10.45/L114.18/C0.73 /L149.58/LR
207.06/L5.74/L17.08/L146.00/C1.02 /L176.89/M
Average7.926.7010.31115.040.77140.73
Maximum11.4312.8017.08146.601.27176.89
Minimum5.052.464.5870.100.2191.46

3.5 Relations between heavy metals and soil characteristics

Pearson’s correlation showed negative correlation for soil-pH with both EC (r= -0.559, P < 0.01) and OM (r = -0.579, P < 0.01), while positive correlation with Ni (r= 0.531, P < 0.01) (Table 8). EC showed positive correlation with OM (r= 0.731, P < 0.01), indicating the influence of high salinity on the organic particles due to the disruption of soil microaggregates thereby increasing the solute concentration of organic compounds as mentioned by Morrissey et al. [52]. On the other hand, there were negative correlation for EC with Cr (r= -0.626, P < 0.01), and Ni (r= -0.510, P < 0.01). It is known that increasing soil pH can limit the binding capacity of clay compounds, leading to the reduced sorption of metals [53]. A negative correlation was also observed for CaCO3 percentage with Cu (R = -0.456, P < 0.01), Ni (R = 0.522, P< 0.01), and Zn (R = 0.589, P<0.01). Also, Pb did not show any correlation with other studied metals, which indicates the different origin or controlling factors of Pb in soil. Changes in the physico-chemical properties, biological activities and distribution of contaminants might have been attributed to such kind of relations [54]. The statistical results also showed significant positive correlation with the elemental pairs Cr-Cu (r= 0.439), Cr-Ni (r= 0.433) and Ni-Zn (r= 0.430) at a significance level of 0.05. A positive correlation, which was significant at the level of 0.01 was also obtained between Cu and Ni (r= 0.492). Generally, a higher elemental pair correlation represents the influence of primary anthropogenic source such as industrialization [55].

Table 8

Correlation coefficients obtained between the soil properties and heavy metals concentration.

pHEC%OM%CaCO3%Sand%Silt%ClayCrCuNiPb
EC-0.559*
%OM-0.579*0.731*
%CaCO3-0.145-0.042-0.327
%Sand-0.0860.0480.012-0.083
%Silt0.074-0.019-0.0150.055-0.984**
%Clay0.103-0.113-0.0050.140-0.895**0.802**
Cr0.329-0.626*-0.464*0.013-0.1230.1060.147
Cu0.223-0.1990.030-0.456*0.248-0.227-0.2640.439*
Ni0.536*-0.510*-0.388-0.522*0.061-0.023-0.1460.433*0.492*
Pb0.011-0.283-0.121-0.3030.141-0.2240.0850.1320.0010.073
Zn0.0120.0950.170-0.589*0.356-0.318-0.4000.1270.2800.430*0.179

  1. **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)

    *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed)

3.6 Principal component analysis (PCA)

Principal component analysis provided the information about the possible interactions among the different environmental parameters and the observed heavy metals (Table 9). The PCA ordination of the soil properties and heavy metal concentrations revealed that the first two components accounted for 55.27 % of the total variance (PC1: 28.61% and PC2: 26.66%). PC1 was mainly characterized by the high loading of Soil-pH, sand along with Cr and Ni (Table 9). This can be mainly due to the impact of natural and anthropogenic sources as proposed by Möller et al. [56]. On the other hand, PC2 was dominated by soil characteristics like silt and clay. This factor implies the physical nature of the soil samples and its impact on the heavy metals. Moreover, PC3 was represented by Zn, Cu and Ni metals with total variance of 15.42%, which are commonly due to anthropogenic sources enriched in the top soils of urban soils [57]. While PC4 accounted for 9.54% of the total variance loaded with Pb. This is a clear indication of the pollutant contribution from various motor vehicle activities [58] and cement emissions [43]. The higher concentrations of Pb in the urban soils may reflect the effect of its long-term contamination in the particular soils as well as its long half-life in soils [59].

Table 9

Rotated principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax for various parameters in soil samples.

ParameterPC1PC2PC3PC4
EC dSm-1-0.895
%OM-0.8640.310
pH0.741
Cr (µ g-1)0.721
%Sand-0.986
%Silt0.957
%Clay0.918
%CaCO3-0.905
Zn (µg g-1)-0.3010.733
Cu (µg g-1)0.3020.657
Ni (µg g-1)0.6190.644
Pb (µg g-1)0.959
Eigenvalue3.433.201.851.14
Variance %28.6126.6615.429.54
Cumulative %28.6155.2770.6980.23

  1. The loadings having a greater than 0.60 are marked bold in the table

4 Conclusions

The distribution of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the surface soils around a cement factory in the Rabigh district, Saudi Arabia, indicated that this area has been affected mainly by cement industry and traffic emissions. The studied metals especially lead showed relatively higher concentrations at sites near the factory. From different perspectives of the current study, the average of ecological risk potential is described as a region with moderate risk. Different multivariate analysis proved that the effect of heavy metal deposition due to the functioning of the cement factory and other anthropogenic sources like motor vehicle emissions are of minimal importance.

Marine Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41552, Egypt

Acknowledgements

This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, under grant number (G-272-150-38). The authors, therefore, acknowledge with thanks DSR for technical and financial support. We express our deep gratitude towards two anonymous reviewers, whose comments and suggestions improved the quality of the manuscript.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-10-22
Accepted: 2019-02-25
Published Online: 2019-09-25

© 2019 Mohsen M. El-Sherbiny et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  62. Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis and in vitro screening of their cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line
  63. Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys in Different pH Environments by SSRT Method
  64. Various Combinations of Flame Retardants for Poly (vinyl chloride)
  65. Phenolic compounds and biological activities of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains
  66. Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement
  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
  68. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction
  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
  70. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque
  71. A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  72. Conceptual DFT as a Novel Chemoinformatics Tool for Studying the Chemical Reactivity Properties of the Amatoxin Family of Fungal Peptides
  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0059
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Cement factory; soil; heavy metals; ecological risk index; Saudi Arabia
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Research on correlation of compositions with oestrogenic activity of Cistanche based on LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology
  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
  4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive features of Bryonia alba L.: As a possible alternative in treating rheumatism
  5. High efficiency liposome fusion induced by reducing undesired membrane peptides interaction
  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
  8. Development of a validated spectrofluorimetric method for assay of sotalol hydrochloride in tablets and human plasma: application for stability-indicating studies
  9. Topological Indices of Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugates’ Molecular Structure in Cancer Treatment
  10. Thermodynamic properties of the bubble growth process in a pool boiling of water-ethanol mixture two-component system
  11. Critical Roles of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Apoptosis and Autophagy of Astrocytes Induced by Methamphetamine
  12. Characteristics of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of Soil Moisture under Different Land Use in Dry Hot Valley of Yuanmou
  13. Specific, highly sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method for quantification of daclatasvir in HCV human plasma patients and in tablets dosage form
  14. Chromium-modified cobalt molybdenum nitrides as catalysts for ammonia synthesis
  15. Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells treated with ginsenoside Rh2 regulate the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo
  16. Identification of Powdery Mildew Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Resistance Genes in Selected Wheat Varieties and Development of Multiplex PCR
  17. Computational Analysis of new Degree-based descriptors of oxide networks
  18. The Use Of Chemical Composition And Additives To Classify Petrol And Diesel Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry And Chemometric Analysis: A Uk Study
  19. Minimal Energy Tree with 4 Branched Vertices
  20. Jatropha seed oil derived poly(esteramide-urethane)/ fumed silica nanocomposite coatings for corrosion protection
  21. Calculating topological indices of certain OTIS interconnection networks
  22. Energy storage analysis of R125 in UIO-66 and MOF-5 nanoparticles: A molecular simulation study
  23. Velvet Antler compounds targeting major cell signaling pathways in osteosarcoma - a new insight into mediating the process of invasion and metastasis in OS
  24. Effects of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract, Capping Agents, on the Synthesis of Pure And Cu Doped ZnO-Nanoparticles: A Green Approach and Microbial Activity
  25. Aqueous Micro-hydration of Na+(H2O)n=1-7 Clusters: DFT Study
  26. A proposed image-based detection of methamidophos pesticide using peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence system
  27. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
  29. Chemical pretreatments of Trapa bispinosa's peel (TBP) biosorbent to enhance adsorption capacity for Pb(ll)
  30. Dynamic Changes in MMP1 and TIMP1 in the Antifibrotic Process of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Rats with Liver Fibrosis
  31. The Optimization and Production of Ginkgolide B Lipid Microemulsion
  32. Photodynamic Therapy Enhanced the Antitumor Effects of Berberine on HeLa Cells
  33. Chiral and Achiral Enantiomeric Separation of (±)-Alprenolol
  34. Correlation of Water Fluoride with Body Fluids, Dental Fluorosis and FT4, FT3 –TSH Disruption among Children in an Endemic Fluorosis area in Pakistan
  35. A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
  38. miRNA-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in prolactinomas
  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
  41. Preparation and spectroscopic studies of Fe(II), Ru(II), Pd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base containing terephthalaldehyde and their transfer hydrogenation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction
  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
  50. Preparation of ternary ZnO/Ag/cellulose and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation property on phenol and benzene in VOCs
  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
  52. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 2-methylthio-pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines
  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
  54. Molecular Properties of Symmetrical Networks Using Topological Polynomials
  55. Synthesis of Co3O4 Nano Aggregates by Co-precipitation Method and its Catalytic and Fuel Additive Applications
  56. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antiprotoscolices potential of ethanol extracts of selected plants species against Echinococcus granulosus: In-vitro study
  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
  58. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS
  59. Biodiesel Production by Lipids From Indonesian strain of Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris
  60. Miscibility studies of polystyrene/polyvinyl chloride blend in presence of organoclay
  61. Antibacterial Activities of Transition Metal complexes of Mesocyclic Amidine 1,4-diazacycloheptane (DACH)
  62. Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis and in vitro screening of their cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line
  63. Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys in Different pH Environments by SSRT Method
  64. Various Combinations of Flame Retardants for Poly (vinyl chloride)
  65. Phenolic compounds and biological activities of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains
  66. Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement
  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
  68. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction
  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
  70. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque
  71. A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  72. Conceptual DFT as a Novel Chemoinformatics Tool for Studying the Chemical Reactivity Properties of the Amatoxin Family of Fungal Peptides
  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
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