Startseite Biofabrication of highly pure copper oxide nanoparticles using wheat seed extract and their catalytic activity: A mechanistic approach
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Biofabrication of highly pure copper oxide nanoparticles using wheat seed extract and their catalytic activity: A mechanistic approach

  • Foad Buazar EMAIL logo , Sajjad Sweidi , Mohammad Badri und Feisal Kroushawi
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 13. Juli 2019
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Green Processing and Synthesis
Aus der Zeitschrift Green Processing and Synthesis Band 8 Heft 1

Abstract

A facile novel green methodology is presented for the synthesis of highly stable and well-dispersed copper oxide nanoparticles using aqueous wheat seed extract. Under optimal reaction conditions, the wheat seed extract-derived electron-rich biomolecules were functioned as a reducing and capping/ stabilizing agent. The ultraviolet-visible absorption peak at 300 nm was confirmed the formation of copper oxide nanoparticles. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis determined Cu–O bonds in nanosample, indicating the active role of functional groups in the wheat seed extract in bio-reduction of Cu cations. X-ray diffraction pattern results demonstrated the monoclinic structure of highly pure biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles with a crystallite size of 20.76 nm. The stability of copper oxide nanoparticles was confirmed after 3 months’ storage of product with no sedimentation or suspension. Transmission electron microscopy results showed the spherical shape of nano-particle with an average size of 22 ± 1.5 nm. X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy analyses revealed only copper and oxygen elements in the sample, confirming the purity of copper oxide nanoparticles. Bio-assisted copper oxide nanoparticles demonstrated significant catalytic efficiency and reusability toward 4-nitrophenol removal by an average of 97.6% from aqueous solutions after successive 5 days’ exposure to UV irradiation.

Keywords: copper oxide nanoparticle; wheat seed extract; biosynthesis; 4-nitrophenol removal; formation mechanism

1 Introduction

Nanoparticles owing to high surface area and a tiny particle size show inimitable material characteristics in comparison with bulk materials, which make them high in demand and widely applied area for miscellaneous applications in recent years. Presently, a considerable number of physical and chemical procedures were presented to fabricate the various types of nanoscale particles with different shape and size. Despite their popularity, they are high cost and often contain toxic materials (e.g. solvent, the reducing agent, acid and base reagents) which potentially expose the environment to serious health hazards; so that restricts their advantages. Whereas biological procedures are non-toxic, high atom economy, straightforward methodology and most importantly they are environment-friendly [1]. Hence, recent researches have been attempted to employ nature-based sources such as plants extracts [2,3], fungi [4], bacteria [5], and marine organisms [6], as sustainable alternative methods toward green nanoparticles fabrication [7]. Owing to presence highly active bio-organic molecules in plants, eco-friendly plant-based methodologies such as roots, flowers, seeds, leaves, bark, and fruits, have emerged as extremely promising biological factories for the formation of the diverse range of inorganic

nanoparticles [8]. Apparently, their active biomolecules most likely comprise amino, hydroxyl, and carboxyl biofunctional groups which would function a dual role as a reductant of metal salts and as protective agents to form a stabilizing layer on the biosynthesized nanoparticles [9].

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and their derivatives as a type of metal oxide nanoparticles due to fair stability, cost-effectiveness and readily available compared to other expensive noble metals like Au, Pt, and Ag are broadly used in many applications such as a colorant in many ceramics applications, including the preparation of slips and glazes [10], batteries, catalyst for chemical reactions [11], solar cell [12], chemical sensor [13,14], absorbent [15], thermal conductivity enhancer [16], antifouling properties [17], wastewater treatment [18,19], thermal conductivity and anti-oxidation properties [20], bio-control agent [21], drug delivery [22], anticancer activity [23], and efficient anti-microbacterial agent [24,25].

There are a wide variety of traditional chemical and physical methods for CuO NPs fabrication including electrochemical methods [26], sonochemical [27], alcohothermal [28], hydrothermal decomposition [29], precipitation [30], polyol [31], and gamma radiation [32]. To avoid serious environmental hazards and health effects of chemical synthesis methods, several reports on phyto-assisted synthesis of CuO NPs by different parts of plant extracts have been published including abutilon indicum leaf [33], Saraca indica leaves [34], Rheum palmatum L. root [35], Aglaia elaeagnoidea flower [36], Malus domestica leaf [37], and green pea [38].

Common wheat (Triticum aestivum), bread wheat, is an annual cereal grain cultivated in greater quantities for its seed. It considers a global staple food with the highest monetary yield [39]. Wheat is the major source of carbohydrate biomolecules such as starch and simple electron-rich reducing sugars (e.g. glucose, and fructose) [40]. Therefore, the goal of this study is to present an alternative new abundant natural source based on 12 principles of green chemistry for the rapid one-step fabrication of highly pure and safer CuO NPs by aqueous extract of wheat seed. Size, purity, shape and surface chemistry of as-prepared CuO NPs were scrutinized through Visible and Ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM).

2 Experimental

2.1 Materials

Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4‧5H2O) was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich supplier (USA) and utilized without further purification. Deionized (DI) water was used in all experiment steps for making molar solutions, washing, and dilution.

2.2 Preparation of the aqueous wheat seed extract

The aqueous extract of wheat seeds was acquired utilizing a facile soaking extraction method [41]. Generally, healthy wheat grains Triticum aestivum (T. aestivum) were collected at their harvest time from the local wheat field in Ahwaz (31°19’8.44”N, 48°41’3.12”E), Iran. To obtain the unblemished powder, the surfaces of T. aestivum seeds were thoroughly rinsed several times with distilled water to eliminate possible extraneous impurities, for instance, plant detritus, waste or debris of any kind. To reduce seeds moisture content, harvested wheat grain specimens were dehydrated at 60°C for 2 days and grounded to the fine powder using mini flour mill. Afterward, 5 g of sterilized seed powder was soaked in 300 mL of sterile distilled water to prepare an appropriate liquid extract. At a moderate temperature of 80°C, the solution was gently heated for 10 min. Finally, the product was centrifuged at 5000 rpm, filtered, and the obtained supernatant liquid was stored in the fridge at 5°C for more experimental tests.

2.3 Green synthesis of CuO NPs

In the characteristic recipe of wheat seed-mediated biological synthesis of CuO NPs, in an Erlenmeyer flask, 10 mL of liquid T. aestivum extract was added into 90 mL of 0.01 M aqueous solution of copper (II) sulfate. The resultant was continually stirred for 1 h at room temperature of 25°C to obtain a homogenous mixture in composition. Then, the solution was sonicated for 10 min and gently heated to 70°C for 20 min. After 10 min of the last heating process, the steady variation in color from dark blue to dark brown into solution was witnessed as an initial visual inspection of bioreduction copper ions to CuO NPs. The resultant was centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 10 min, dried in the furnace at 95°C for 120 min and the precipitate of CuO nanopowder was collected (Scheme 1). In so doing, the reaction was optimized by changing wheat seed extract concentrations, pH, salt precursor concentration, and contact time (see Supplementary material).

2.4 The characterization of CuO NPs

Crystal structure of the bioprepared CuO NPs X-ray was probed using XRD pattern (MPD from analytical). TEM (Zeiss-EM10C-100KV-Germany) and SEM (Zeiss-Sigma-Germany) techniques were used to examine the morphology and particle size of the sample. The surface chemistry of the CuO NPs was investigated using FTIR (VEATOR22-Burker Germany) by a KBr pellet. The formation of CuO NPs was recorded as a function of reaction process time via UV-Vis (Analytic Jena-Germany) in the range of 200-700 nm.

2.5 Catalytic elimination of 4-nitrophenol

To examine the catalytic activity of the biofabricated CuO NPs, in a 100 mL beaker, a 25 mL of 2 mM 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) as a modal pollutant was mixed with 0.2 g NaBH4 under gently stirring for 5 min. Then, 10 mg of CuO NPs were added as catalysts to the reaction mixture under constant stirring at room temperature of 25°C until the yellow color of solution turns to colorless. Next, 2.0 mL sample of the solution was taken out and diluted to 20 mL for further UV-Vis absorption analysis at certain intervals in the recorded scanning range of 200-700 nm. The elimination process of 4-NP was probed via monitoring the alterations in intensity of the major peak at 315 nm as a function of time.

3 Result and discussion

3.1 UV-visible spectrum of CuO NPs

UV-visible spectra of CuO NPs formation via the supernatant of the T. aestivum extract and crude T. aestivum extract were shown in Figure 1. CuO NPs has illustrated a relatively broad absorption peak at 305 nm most likely attributed to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of CuO semiconductor excitation [42]. Using Tauc relation [43], the optical band gap energy (Eg, eV) of green CuO NPs achieved 4.13 eV (Figure 1c), which was higher value than the corresponding bulk CuO (~2.1 eV) [44]. The increasing Eg is attributed to decreasing particle size, thereby, CuO NPs might be

Scheme 1 One-pot green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles using aqueous wheat extract.
Scheme 1

One-pot green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles using aqueous wheat extract.

Figure 1 UV–vis spectra of (a) aqueous wheat extract, (b) biofabricated CuO NPs, and (c) Tauc plot of CuO NPs.
Figure 1

UV–vis spectra of (a) aqueous wheat extract, (b) biofabricated CuO NPs, and (c) Tauc plot of CuO NPs.

used as an ideal harvester for solar irradiations and an effective photocatalyst for environmental remediation [45]. Moreover, UV-vis instrument displays no absorbance peak for pristine wheat seed extract as a blank sample (Figure 1). These observations obviously induce that active organic biomolecules in aqueous extract of wheat seeds were significantly engaged in the reduction of copper cations, Cu2+, to CuO NPs.

3.2 FTIR results

FTIR is a valuable technique to determine active biofunctional groups of wheat seed extract engaged in the copper ions bioreduction and their possible changes after CuO NPs synthesis. CuO NPs and aqueous wheat seed extract reveal a number of bands in different areas of FTIR spectrum, hence demonstrating the tangible dual role of abundant hydroxyls functional groups for synchronous bioreduction of Cu cations and stabilization of as-formed CuO NPs (Figure 2) [46]. In aqueous wheat seed extract (Figure 2a), The 3420, 1640, and 811 cm-1 bands were ascribed to O–H (hydroxyl), C=O (carbonyl), and out of plane C–H stretching, respectively. While FTIR spectrum of CuO NPs shows reasonable changes in intensity and position of above peaks along with the presence of new bands in the sample. Bands of 3328, 1552, 1433 and 1032 cm-1, were attributed to O–H (polyol), N–H (amino acid), C–O–(glycosidic linkage), and aromatic or aliphatic C–O stretching, respectively (Figure 4b). In the FTIR spectrum, the characteristic frequencies of CuO bonds of CuO NPs were appeared in 483 (Cu–O symmetric stretching), 541 (asymmetric stretching), and 672 cm-1 (wagging) bands, respectively (Figure 2b) [47]. These results evidently indicate an electrostatic interaction between electron-rich amino, ketonic C=O and alcoholic OH groups present in wheat seed extract and Cu ions which in turn leads to biosynthesize of CuO NPs [2].

Figure 2 (a) FTIR spectra of wheat extract and (b) wheat-mediated CuO NPs.
Figure 2

(a) FTIR spectra of wheat extract and (b) wheat-mediated CuO NPs.

Figure 3 XRD patterns of CuO NPs synthesized by wheat extract.
Figure 3

XRD patterns of CuO NPs synthesized by wheat extract.

Figure 4 XPS spectra of wheat-mediated CuO NPs, (a) Cu 2P and (b) O 1s.
Figure 4

XPS spectra of wheat-mediated CuO NPs, (a) Cu 2P and (b) O 1s.

3.3 XRD examination of CuO NPs

The XRD pattern of biogenic CuO NPs is depicted in Figure 3. The presence of the quite clear and fairly sharp peaks with different 2θ values clearly demonstrated the highly crystalline structure of bio-assisted CuO nanopowder [34]. The analysis of assigned crystal planes (Bragg reflection) of rather strong peaks can be indexed to the monoclinic phase of CuO (JCPDS01-080-1268) [48]. Similarly, X-ray diffraction of biosynthesized CuO NPs via an aqueous black bean [23], and Aglaia elaeagnoidea flowers extracts revealed that the particles are monoclinic in nature [36]. XRD pattern exhibited no extra peaks, indicating the green CuO NPs were highly purified. Using the Debye-Scherrer formula, the crystal size of CuO NPs of the highest peak at 2 theta = 38.66° (111) was found to be 20.76 nm which fairly smaller than CuO NPs (90.0, 52.0, and 59.8 nm) synthesized by wet chemical precipitation [49], starch extract [50], and flower extract methods, respectively [36].

3.4 XPS analysis of CuO NPs

The purity of the bio-processed CuO nanoproduct was further scrutinized by means of XPS technique as shown in Figure 4. The XPS binding energy at 933.7 and 950.2 eV would assign respectively to Cu 2p3/2 and Cu 2p1/2 (Figure 4a). The sharp peak at 530.6 eV is anticipated to O atom bond to copper (II), producing CuO NPs (Figure 4b). These findings are consistent with literature reports [51], confirming the purity of bioproduced CuO NPs. Likewise, Rovani et al. have reported the green synthesis of highly pure silica nanoparticles with high adsorption capacity using sugarcane waste ash [52]. Moreover, according to the XPS results, no Cu2O by product was detected in nanoscale CuO specimen (Figure 4).

3.5 SEM and TEM characterizations of CuO NPs

The typical SEM and TEM images of phytosynthesized CuO NPs was depicted in Figure 5. The SEM results revealed the regular spherical shape with the range size approximately from 21 to 42 nm, confirming the formation of CuO NPs by aqueous wheat seed extract (Figure 5a). TEM micrograph clearly indicates the biofabrication of CuO NPs with relatively monodispersed spherical shaped particles and diameter of 5-40 nm measured by 300 particles (Figure 5b). The calculated average particle diameter of CuO NPs was 22 ± 1.5 nm, supporting XRD results (Figure 3). However, due to sample preparation, slight aggregation of particles has arbitrarily arisen in discrete spots.

Figure 5 (a) SEM image at high magnification (150x) and (b) TEM micrograph of bio-assisted CuO NPs.
Figure 5

(a) SEM image at high magnification (150x) and (b) TEM micrograph of bio-assisted CuO NPs.

3.6 The mechanism for the formation of CuO nanoparticle

Scheme 1 is depicted as the tentative mechanism for the preparation of CuO NPs. Generally, three stages including activation, growth and termination phase could involve in wheat seed-assisted CuO NPs biosynthesis process (Scheme 2) [53]. In the bioreduction of copper procurer phytochemical compounds presence in wheat seed extract probably function dual role as reducing and capping agents.

In an initial activation step, Cu (II) cations would extract from CuSO4 salt precursor dissolved in DI water. During mixing progression process, the copper ions react with wheat seed-derived bioorganic compounds such as soluble saccharides via an oxidation-reduction mechanism (Scheme 3). For instance, the abundant electron-rich natural biomolecules containing hydroxyl groups with considerable reduction capabilities would reduce copper cations from divalent oxidation state to metallic form which immediately convert to CuO NPs as result of the superior chemical reactivity of bare nanoscale copper metal surface. Evidently, the broad peak of OH of wheat seed extract significantly becomes narrow in FTIR spectrum of CuO NPs indicating an efficient involvement of the alcoholic group in the bioreduction process (Figure 2). In the growth phase, the segregated copper atoms gradually combined to produce CuO NPs. Finally, in the termination step, stabilization of CuO NPs is developed. Wheat seed-derived natural biomacromolecules such as starch with linear and branched structures would surround the nucleated nanoparticles, creating a protective shield and restricting CuO NPs from growth [54]. In addition, the steric forces as a result of those biological macromolecules maintain the capped nanoparticles separated from each other, thus prevents them from agglomeration. This finding is in accordance with preceding reports relating to ZnO and alumina NPs biosynthesis using potato and algal extracts [55,56]. Likewise, Poinern et al. indicated that various bioactive compounds present in food waste are key responsible materials for bioreduction metal ions and stabilization of metallic NPs [57].

3.7 Catalytic activity and reusability of CuO NPs

The catalytic performance of the biofabricated CuO NPs was examined through measuring the degradation of the organic para-nitrophenol pollutant which is documented as a carcinogenic agent to the human being. It is utilized as a precursor for the manufacture of medical products, indicators, and a wide variety of phenetidine and acetophenetidine [58]. Upon the addition of CuO NPs, the intensity of UV-vis absorption peak of 4-nitrophenol at 315 nm was completely disappeared within 20 min, thus indicating the rapid adsorptive removal of an organic 4-nitrophenol pollutant from its aqueous solution (Figure 6). Meanwhile, recyclability of CuO NPs performance toward 4-NP degradation was examined in a UV chamber for five days in a raw. It is found that catalytic activity of the CuO NPs was remarkable (slight changes in removal%), indicating robustness and reusability of biogenic CuO NPs for 4-NP elimination (Figure 7).

Scheme 2 Illustration of the possible formation mechanism strategy toward biological synthesis of CuO NPs using aqueous extract of wheat seeds.
Scheme 2

Illustration of the possible formation mechanism strategy toward biological synthesis of CuO NPs using aqueous extract of wheat seeds.

Scheme 3 Schematic illustration of synthetic steps for bioreduction of copper cations using aqueous wheat extract (wheat-derived fructose as bioreducing agent model).
Scheme 3

Schematic illustration of synthetic steps for bioreduction of copper cations using aqueous wheat extract (wheat-derived fructose as bioreducing agent model).

Figure 6 UV-Vis absorption spectral changes during absorption of 4-nitrophenol solution at different times using green CuO NPs.
Figure 6

UV-Vis absorption spectral changes during absorption of 4-nitrophenol solution at different times using green CuO NPs.

Figure 7 Reusability test of wheat-mediated CuO NPs catalytic efficiency toward 4-nitrophenol pollutant elimination.
Figure 7

Reusability test of wheat-mediated CuO NPs catalytic efficiency toward 4-nitrophenol pollutant elimination.

3.8 Optimization of CuO NPs synthesis

Evidently, synthesis optimization of reaction is of paramount importance in obtaining desirable shape and size of bioproduced nanoparticles. Accordingly, the optimization process of crucial criteria including pH, salt concentration, contact time and extract concentration was investigated using UV-vis spectrophotometer. In so doing, different pH of 3, 5, 7 and 9 was adjusted by 0.1 N of HCl and NaOH. The absorbance of the resulting solution exhibit that the rate of CuO NPs formation accelerates with increasing pH up to neutral pH = 7 and then gradually reduce (Figure S1). The ionization of functional groups highly likely beyond the reduction of nanoparticle production. The concentration of precursor copper salt was optimized by varying copper sulfate solution (10, 30, 50 and 80 mM) in a constant volume of wheat seed extract (10 mL). Figure S2 has clearly demonstrated that at 50 mM induces the highest amount of CuO NPs on account of readily availability of Cu+2 cations. In addition, the concentration of the wheat extract was optimized with the increase in the concentration of the wheat extract solution (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mL). The highest absorption is observed at the slightest amount of aqueous extract of wheat seed (10 mL), indicating an efficient activity of bioactive molecules present in extract solution (Figure S3). Time variation of green chemical reaction led to the best quality of shape and size of biofabricated CuO NPs which optimized at a contact time of 25 min (Figure S4).

4 Conclusion

A simple atom-economy green route for biosynthesize highly stable copper nanoparticles through aqueous wheat seed extract was successfully developed. In this assay, the aqueous wheat seed extract of Triticum aestivum showed dual function as reducing and capping/ stabilizing agent for the biofabrication of fresh CuO nanoparticles. Copper oxide nanoparticles were obtained under optimal reaction conditions of neutral pH and short time of 25 min at a temperature of 70°C. All standard techniques including UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TEM confirmed the formation of well dispersed CuO nanoparticle. The XRD pattern showed CuO NPs has a monoclinic phase with a crystal size of 20.76 nm. The TEM results indicated the formation of rather spherical NPs with an average diameter of 22 ± 1.5 nm. Visual observations of CuO nanoproduct after three months’ storage at room temperature show no dispersion, color change or sedimentation, indicating high steric/ electrostatic stabilization of wheat seed extract biomolecules. Optimum conditions for the biosynthesis of CuO NPs are pH = 7, the concentration of CuSO4, 50 mM; wheat extract concentration, 10 mL; and contact time of 25 min. It is found that biogenic CuO NPs exhibited great catalytic efficiency in removal of a toxic 4-nitrophenol pollutant from the contaminated water. Biocompatibility, facile preparation, mild reaction condition, and cost-effectiveness of this approach would open a new window to the biogenic synthesis of a wide range of other inorganic nanoparticles. However, large-scale production of nanoparticles would require more research improving the industrial know-how of plant-based synthesis method.

Acknowledgement

This study has been funded by Ghadir Khuzestan Water Company, Ahwaz, Iran (research contract No.96/001/118).

  1. Conflict of interest

    Conflict of interest statement: The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding this article.

Abbreviations

CuO

Copper Oxide

FTIR

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

NPs

Nanoparticles

4-NP

4-Nitrophenol

SEM

Scanning Electron Microscope

TEM

Transmission Electron Microscope

T.

Triticum

XPS

X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

XRD

X-Ray Powder Diffraction

UV-Vis

Visible and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy

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Received: 2019-01-23
Accepted: 2019-05-26
Published Online: 2019-07-13
Published in Print: 2019-01-28

© 2019 Buazar et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

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  3. Flow-mode biodiesel production from palm oil using a pressurized microwave reactor
  4. Reduction of free fatty acids in waste oil for biodiesel production by glycerolysis: investigation and optimization of process parameters
  5. Saccharin: a cheap and mild acidic agent for the synthesis of azo dyes via telescoped dediazotization
  6. Optimization of lipase-catalyzed synthesis of polyethylene glycol stearate in a solvent-free system
  7. Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Platanus orientalis leaf extract for antifungal activity
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  10. Evaluation of the saponin green extraction from Ziziphus spina-christi leaves using hydrothermal, microwave and Bain-Marie water bath heating methods
  11. Oxidation of dibenzothiophene using the heterogeneous catalyst of tungsten-based carbon nanotubes
  12. Calcined sodium silicate as an efficient and benign heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification of natural lecithin to L-α-glycerophosphocholine
  13. Synergistic effect between CO2 and H2O2 on ethylbenzene oxidation catalyzed by carbon supported heteropolyanion catalysts
  14. Hydrocyanation of 2-arylmethyleneindan-1,3-diones using potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) as a nontoxic cyanating agent
  15. Green synthesis of hydratropic aldehyde from α-methylstyrene catalyzed by Al2O3-supported metal phthalocyanines
  16. Environmentally benign chemical recycling of polycarbonate wastes: comparison of micro- and nano-TiO2 solid support efficiencies
  17. Medicago polymorpha-mediated antibacterial silver nanoparticles in the reduction of methyl orange
  18. Production of value-added chemicals from esterification of waste glycerol over MCM-41 supported catalysts
  19. Green synthesis of zerovalent copper nanoparticles for efficient reduction of toxic azo dyes congo red and methyl orange
  20. Optimization of the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Penicillium oxalicum GRS-1 and their antimicrobial effects against common food-borne pathogens
  21. Optimization of submerged fermentation conditions to overproduce bioethanol using two industrial and traditional Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains
  22. Extraction of In3+ and Fe3+ from sulfate solutions by using a 3D-printed “Y”-shaped microreactor
  23. Foliar-mediated Ag:ZnO nanophotocatalysts: green synthesis, characterization, pollutants degradation, and in vitro biocidal activity
  24. Green cyclic acetals production by glycerol etherification reaction with benzaldehyde using cationic acidic resin
  25. Biosynthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities assessment of fabricated selenium nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract
  26. Synthesis of high surface area magnesia by using walnut shell as a template
  27. Controllable biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using actinobacterial strains
  28. Green vegetation: a promising source of color dyes
  29. Mechano-chemical synthesis of ammonia and acetic acid from inorganic materials in water
  30. Green synthesis and structural characterization of novel N1-substituted 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones
  31. Biodiesel production from cotton oil using heterogeneous CaO catalysts from eggshells prepared at different calcination temperatures
  32. Regeneration of spent mercury catalyst for the treatment of dye wastewater by the microwave and ultrasonic spray-assisted method
  33. Green synthesis of the innovative super paramagnetic nanoparticles from the leaves extract of Fraxinus chinensis Roxb and their application for the decolourisation of toxic dyes
  34. Biogenic ZnO nanoparticles: a study of blueshift of optical band gap and photocatalytic degradation of reactive yellow 186 dye under direct sunlight
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  55. An environmentally friendly acylation reaction of 2-methylnaphthalene in solvent-free condition in a micro-channel reactor
  56. Aegle marmelos phytochemical stabilized synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles and their role against agriculture and food pathogen
  57. A reactive coupling process for co-production of solketal and biodiesel
  58. Optimization of the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-1-phenylethanol using Ispir bean as whole-cell biocatalyst
  59. Synthesis of pyrazolopyridine and pyrazoloquinoline derivatives by one-pot, three-component reactions of arylglyoxals, 3-methyl-1-aryl-1H-pyrazol-5-amines and cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of tetrapropylammonium bromide
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  61. Extraction of glycyrrhizic acid by aqueous two-phase system formed by PEG and two environmentally friendly organic acid salts - sodium citrate and sodium tartrate
  62. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Juglans regia leaf extract and assessment of their physico-chemical and biological properties
  63. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as powerful and recyclable catalysts and solvents for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/thiones
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  68. Green synthesis, anionic polymerization of 1,4-bis(methacryloyl)piperazine using Algerian clay as catalyst
  69. Selenium supplementation during fermentation with sugar beet molasses and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to increase bioethanol production
  70. Biosynthetic potential assessment of four food pathogenic bacteria in hydrothermally silver nanoparticles fabrication
  71. Investigating the effectiveness of classical and eco-friendly approaches for synthesis of dialdehydes from organic dihalides
  72. Pyrolysis of palm oil using zeolite catalyst and characterization of the boil-oil
  73. Azadirachta indica leaves extract assisted green synthesis of Ag-TiO2 for degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes in aqueous medium
  74. Synthesis of vitamin E succinate catalyzed by nano-SiO2 immobilized DMAP derivative in mixed solvent system
  75. Extraction of phytosterols from melon (Cucumis melo) seeds by supercritical CO2 as a clean technology
  76. Production of uronic acids by hydrothermolysis of pectin as a model substance for plant biomass waste
  77. Biofabrication of highly pure copper oxide nanoparticles using wheat seed extract and their catalytic activity: A mechanistic approach
  78. Intelligent modeling and optimization of emulsion aggregation method for producing green printing ink
  79. Improved removal of methylene blue on modified hierarchical zeolite Y: Achieved by a “destructive-constructive” method
  80. Two different facile and efficient approaches for the synthesis of various N-arylacetamides via N-acetylation of arylamines and straightforward one-pot reductive acetylation of nitroarenes promoted by recyclable CuFe2O4 nanoparticles in water
  81. Optimization of acid catalyzed esterification and mixed metal oxide catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production from Moringa oleifera oil
  82. Kinetics and the fluidity of the stearic acid esters with different carbon backbones
  83. Aiming for a standardized protocol for preparing a process green synthesis report and for ranking multiple synthesis plans to a common target product
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  87. Simple and convenient two step synthesis of 5-bromo-2,3-dimethoxy-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
  88. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil
  89. The effect of activation temperature on structure and properties of blue coke-based activated carbon by CO2 activation
  90. Optimization of reaction parameters for the green synthesis of zero valent iron nanoparticles using pine tree needles
  91. Microwave-assisted protocol for squalene isolation and conversion from oil-deodoriser distillates
  92. Denitrification performance of rare earth tailings-based catalysts
  93. Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Averrhoa bilimbi L and Plum extracts and investigation on the synergistic bioactivity using in vitro models
  94. Green production of AgNPs and their phytostimulatory impact
  95. Photocatalytic activity of Ag/Ni bi-metallic nanoparticles on textile dye removal
  96. Topical Issue: Green Process Engineering / Guest Editors: Martine Poux, Patrick Cognet
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  98. CO2 sequestration by carbonation of olivine: a new process for optimal separation of the solids produced
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https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2019-0040
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
copper oxide nanoparticle; wheat seed extract; biosynthesis; 4-nitrophenol removal; formation mechanism
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Studies on the preparation and properties of biodegradable polyester from soybean oil
  3. Flow-mode biodiesel production from palm oil using a pressurized microwave reactor
  4. Reduction of free fatty acids in waste oil for biodiesel production by glycerolysis: investigation and optimization of process parameters
  5. Saccharin: a cheap and mild acidic agent for the synthesis of azo dyes via telescoped dediazotization
  6. Optimization of lipase-catalyzed synthesis of polyethylene glycol stearate in a solvent-free system
  7. Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Platanus orientalis leaf extract for antifungal activity
  8. Ultrasound assisted chemical activation of peanut husk for copper removal
  9. Room temperature silanization of Fe3O4 for the preparation of phenyl functionalized magnetic adsorbent for dispersive solid phase extraction for the extraction of phthalates in water
  10. Evaluation of the saponin green extraction from Ziziphus spina-christi leaves using hydrothermal, microwave and Bain-Marie water bath heating methods
  11. Oxidation of dibenzothiophene using the heterogeneous catalyst of tungsten-based carbon nanotubes
  12. Calcined sodium silicate as an efficient and benign heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification of natural lecithin to L-α-glycerophosphocholine
  13. Synergistic effect between CO2 and H2O2 on ethylbenzene oxidation catalyzed by carbon supported heteropolyanion catalysts
  14. Hydrocyanation of 2-arylmethyleneindan-1,3-diones using potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) as a nontoxic cyanating agent
  15. Green synthesis of hydratropic aldehyde from α-methylstyrene catalyzed by Al2O3-supported metal phthalocyanines
  16. Environmentally benign chemical recycling of polycarbonate wastes: comparison of micro- and nano-TiO2 solid support efficiencies
  17. Medicago polymorpha-mediated antibacterial silver nanoparticles in the reduction of methyl orange
  18. Production of value-added chemicals from esterification of waste glycerol over MCM-41 supported catalysts
  19. Green synthesis of zerovalent copper nanoparticles for efficient reduction of toxic azo dyes congo red and methyl orange
  20. Optimization of the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Penicillium oxalicum GRS-1 and their antimicrobial effects against common food-borne pathogens
  21. Optimization of submerged fermentation conditions to overproduce bioethanol using two industrial and traditional Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains
  22. Extraction of In3+ and Fe3+ from sulfate solutions by using a 3D-printed “Y”-shaped microreactor
  23. Foliar-mediated Ag:ZnO nanophotocatalysts: green synthesis, characterization, pollutants degradation, and in vitro biocidal activity
  24. Green cyclic acetals production by glycerol etherification reaction with benzaldehyde using cationic acidic resin
  25. Biosynthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities assessment of fabricated selenium nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract
  26. Synthesis of high surface area magnesia by using walnut shell as a template
  27. Controllable biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using actinobacterial strains
  28. Green vegetation: a promising source of color dyes
  29. Mechano-chemical synthesis of ammonia and acetic acid from inorganic materials in water
  30. Green synthesis and structural characterization of novel N1-substituted 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones
  31. Biodiesel production from cotton oil using heterogeneous CaO catalysts from eggshells prepared at different calcination temperatures
  32. Regeneration of spent mercury catalyst for the treatment of dye wastewater by the microwave and ultrasonic spray-assisted method
  33. Green synthesis of the innovative super paramagnetic nanoparticles from the leaves extract of Fraxinus chinensis Roxb and their application for the decolourisation of toxic dyes
  34. Biogenic ZnO nanoparticles: a study of blueshift of optical band gap and photocatalytic degradation of reactive yellow 186 dye under direct sunlight
  35. Leached compounds from the extracts of pomegranate peel, green coconut shell, and karuvelam wood for the removal of hexavalent chromium
  36. Enhancement of molecular weight reduction of natural rubber in triphasic CO2/toluene/H2O systems with hydrogen peroxide for preparation of biobased polyurethanes
  37. An efficient green synthesis of novel 1H-imidazo[1,2-a]imidazole-3-amine and imidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazole-5-amine derivatives via Strecker reaction under controlled microwave heating
  38. Evaluation of three different green fabrication methods for the synthesis of crystalline ZnO nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract
  39. A highly efficient and multifunctional biomass supporting Ag, Ni, and Cu nanoparticles through wetness impregnation for environmental remediation
  40. Simple one-pot green method for large-scale production of mesalamine, an anti-inflammatory agent
  41. Relationships between step and cumulative PMI and E-factors: implications on estimating material efficiency with respect to charting synthesis optimization strategies
  42. A comparative sorption study of Cr3+ and Cr6+ using mango peels: kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic
  43. Effects of acid hydrolysis waste liquid recycle on preparation of microcrystalline cellulose
  44. Use of deep eutectic solvents as catalyst: A mini-review
  45. Microwave-assisted synthesis of pyrrolidinone derivatives using 1,1’-butylenebis(3-sulfo-3H-imidazol-1-ium) chloride in ethylene glycol
  46. Green and eco-friendly synthesis of Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4: Characterization and photo-catalytic activity
  47. Adsorption optimized of the coal-based material and application for cyanide wastewater treatment
  48. Aloe vera leaf extract mediated green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and assessment of their In vitro antimicrobial activity against spoilage fungi and pathogenic bacteria strains
  49. Waste phenolic resin derived activated carbon by microwave-assisted KOH activation and application to dye wastewater treatment
  50. Direct ethanol production from cellulose by consortium of Trichoderma reesei and Candida molischiana
  51. Agricultural waste biomass-assisted nanostructures: Synthesis and application
  52. Biodiesel production from rubber seed oil using calcium oxide derived from eggshell as catalyst – optimization and modeling studies
  53. Study of fabrication of fully aqueous solution processed SnS quantum dot-sensitized solar cell
  54. Assessment of aqueous extract of Gypsophila aretioides for inhibitory effects on calcium carbonate formation
  55. An environmentally friendly acylation reaction of 2-methylnaphthalene in solvent-free condition in a micro-channel reactor
  56. Aegle marmelos phytochemical stabilized synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles and their role against agriculture and food pathogen
  57. A reactive coupling process for co-production of solketal and biodiesel
  58. Optimization of the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-1-phenylethanol using Ispir bean as whole-cell biocatalyst
  59. Synthesis of pyrazolopyridine and pyrazoloquinoline derivatives by one-pot, three-component reactions of arylglyoxals, 3-methyl-1-aryl-1H-pyrazol-5-amines and cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of tetrapropylammonium bromide
  60. Preconcentration of morphine in urine sample using a green and solvent-free microextraction method
  61. Extraction of glycyrrhizic acid by aqueous two-phase system formed by PEG and two environmentally friendly organic acid salts - sodium citrate and sodium tartrate
  62. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Juglans regia leaf extract and assessment of their physico-chemical and biological properties
  63. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as powerful and recyclable catalysts and solvents for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/thiones
  64. Biosynthesis, characterization and anti-microbial activity of silver nanoparticle based gel hand wash
  65. Efficient and selective microwave-assisted O-methylation of phenolic compounds using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)
  66. Anticoagulant, thrombolytic and antibacterial activities of Euphorbia acruensis latex-mediated bioengineered silver nanoparticles
  67. Volcanic ash as reusable catalyst in the green synthesis of 3H-1,5-benzodiazepines
  68. Green synthesis, anionic polymerization of 1,4-bis(methacryloyl)piperazine using Algerian clay as catalyst
  69. Selenium supplementation during fermentation with sugar beet molasses and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to increase bioethanol production
  70. Biosynthetic potential assessment of four food pathogenic bacteria in hydrothermally silver nanoparticles fabrication
  71. Investigating the effectiveness of classical and eco-friendly approaches for synthesis of dialdehydes from organic dihalides
  72. Pyrolysis of palm oil using zeolite catalyst and characterization of the boil-oil
  73. Azadirachta indica leaves extract assisted green synthesis of Ag-TiO2 for degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes in aqueous medium
  74. Synthesis of vitamin E succinate catalyzed by nano-SiO2 immobilized DMAP derivative in mixed solvent system
  75. Extraction of phytosterols from melon (Cucumis melo) seeds by supercritical CO2 as a clean technology
  76. Production of uronic acids by hydrothermolysis of pectin as a model substance for plant biomass waste
  77. Biofabrication of highly pure copper oxide nanoparticles using wheat seed extract and their catalytic activity: A mechanistic approach
  78. Intelligent modeling and optimization of emulsion aggregation method for producing green printing ink
  79. Improved removal of methylene blue on modified hierarchical zeolite Y: Achieved by a “destructive-constructive” method
  80. Two different facile and efficient approaches for the synthesis of various N-arylacetamides via N-acetylation of arylamines and straightforward one-pot reductive acetylation of nitroarenes promoted by recyclable CuFe2O4 nanoparticles in water
  81. Optimization of acid catalyzed esterification and mixed metal oxide catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production from Moringa oleifera oil
  82. Kinetics and the fluidity of the stearic acid esters with different carbon backbones
  83. Aiming for a standardized protocol for preparing a process green synthesis report and for ranking multiple synthesis plans to a common target product
  84. Microstructure and luminescence of VO2 (B) nanoparticle synthesis by hydrothermal method
  85. Optimization of uranium removal from uranium plant wastewater by response surface methodology (RSM)
  86. Microwave drying of nickel-containing residue: dielectric properties, kinetics, and energy aspects
  87. Simple and convenient two step synthesis of 5-bromo-2,3-dimethoxy-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
  88. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil
  89. The effect of activation temperature on structure and properties of blue coke-based activated carbon by CO2 activation
  90. Optimization of reaction parameters for the green synthesis of zero valent iron nanoparticles using pine tree needles
  91. Microwave-assisted protocol for squalene isolation and conversion from oil-deodoriser distillates
  92. Denitrification performance of rare earth tailings-based catalysts
  93. Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Averrhoa bilimbi L and Plum extracts and investigation on the synergistic bioactivity using in vitro models
  94. Green production of AgNPs and their phytostimulatory impact
  95. Photocatalytic activity of Ag/Ni bi-metallic nanoparticles on textile dye removal
  96. Topical Issue: Green Process Engineering / Guest Editors: Martine Poux, Patrick Cognet
  97. Modelling and optimisation of oxidative desulphurisation of tyre-derived oil via central composite design approach
  98. CO2 sequestration by carbonation of olivine: a new process for optimal separation of the solids produced
  99. Organic carbonates synthesis improved by pervaporation for CO2 utilisation
  100. Production of starch nanoparticles through solvent-antisolvent precipitation in a spinning disc reactor
  101. A kinetic study of Zn halide/TBAB-catalysed fixation of CO2 with styrene oxide in propylene carbonate
  102. Topical on Green Process Engineering
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