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Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Platanus orientalis leaf extract for antifungal activity

  • Henam Sylvia Devi EMAIL logo , Muzaffar Ahmad Boda , Mohammad Ashraf Shah , Shazia Parveen and Abdul Hamid Wani
Published/Copyright: March 24, 2018
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Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 8 Issue 1

Abstract

In this report, aqueous phase green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticle utilizing Platanus orientalis is elucidated for the first time. The phytoconstituents of the P. orientalis leaf extract serve a dual role as reducing and capping agent during the fabrication of iron oxide nanoparticles. The role of the leaf extract in the synthesis of iron oxide has been briefly demonstrated in this work. The tailored iron oxide particles were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering technique. Nonetheless, X-ray diffraction pattern reveals the mixed phase nature of the ensuing iron oxide, i.e. α-Fe2O3 and γ-Fe2O3. The spherical oxide particles have an average diameter of 38 nm as determined from transmission electron microscopy. Infrared spectroscopy results confirmed the stabilization of iron oxide nanoparticles by the phytochemicals present in the leaf extract. Iron oxide nanoparticles show significant antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Mucor piriformis, employed as model fungi, but found to be more active toward M. piriformis.

Keywords: antifungal activity; green synthesis; iron oxide nanoparticles

1 Introduction

Platanus orientalis (P. orientalis) belonging to the Platanaceae family is known as the tree of Hippocrates in Kashmir, India, and it is locally named as chinar or boonyi in India [1]. The P. orientalis possesses antihepatotoxic, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities and elicits antiinflammatory and antinoceptive properties [2]. Tocopherol derivatives, esters of phytol with fatty acids, and several polyphenols are the rich components of this leaf extract [3, 4]. The use of leaves, flower, stem, root, or whole of plant for synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) is considered to be a green approach [5, 6]. The key active component of the leaf extract for synthesis of metal and metal oxide NPs is polyphenols [7]. Plant constituents possessing antioxidant potential such as phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and vitamins have been used for the synthesis of NPs [8]. Green synthesis of metal or metal oxide NPs using plant extracts as biogenic agents has numerous advantages such as cost-effectiveness, atom economy, simplicity, benign, nontoxic, elimination of toxic and dangerous materials, and easy availability [9].

In literature, leaf extract of Aloe vera and Ocimum sanctum were used for preparation of iron oxide NPs as an eco-friendly approach. Gel of A. vera leaf potentially acts as a bio-reducing agent for the preparation of metal oxide and metal NPs, semiconductors NPs, etc. [10, 11]. Well-formed iron oxide NPs were successfully synthesized using eucalyptus extract as reducing agent [5]. Besides monometallic oxide NPs, biosynthesis approach can also be adopted for the fabrication of hybrid or composite nanomaterials of iron oxide NPs. The biosynthesis of Ag/Fe3O4 nanocomposite has been reported for the first time by Mohaddeseh and coworkers using Euphorbia peplus L. leaf extract as a stabilizing and reducing agent [12]. Additionally, Monireh et al. [8] have reported the green synthesis of Pd/RGO/Fe3O4 nanocomposite using Withania coagulans leaf extract. Sajadi et al. [9] successfully employed the aqueous extract from the seeds of Silybum marianum L. for the preparation of Cu/Fe3O4 NPs. Further, Lotus garcinii leaf extract has been also used as effective reducing and capping agent for the biosynthesis of Ag/reduced graphene oxide/Fe3O4 nanocomposite [13].

Iron oxide has been one of the extensively investigated transition metal oxides because of its significant variable oxidation states, crystal structures, low cost, magnetic properties, and environmental friendly nature [14, 15]. Iron oxide NPs were widely used as high-performance anode in lithium ion batteries, photoelectrochemical cells, high-performance CO gas sensor, catalyst for decomposition of phenols and in oxidation of benzyl alcohols with periodic acid, in biomedical field as safe labeling of endothelial progenitor cells, in the field of environmental remediation and food analyzes, immunoassays and magnetic targeted site-specific drug delivery, electromagnetic interference shielding, microwave absorbers, nonlinear optical systems, electrochromic devices, molecular electronics, magnetic recording media, etc. [10, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. However, few works were reported on the antimicrobial activities of iron oxide NPs [25, 26]. So the authors have carried out the synthesis of iron oxide NPs using the green approach and examined their antifungal properties on Aspergillus niger and Mucor piriformis, employed as model fungi. As far as our knowledge, iron oxide NPs have been used for the first time to study their effects on the growth of fungi – A. niger and M. piriformis. The present work has highlighted the easy to scale up method for the fabrication of iron oxide NPs and also contributed to the development of less expensive nanoscale metal oxide particles in the field of antimicrobial activity. Usually, noble metal NPs were extensively designed to study antimicrobial activities. As compared with noble metals, iron oxide materials are easily available and economically beneficial. The tailored nanodimensional iron oxide particles utilizing the leaf extract of P. orientalis illustrated their significant antifungal activities.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

Fe(NO3)3·9H2O (99.8%) was obtained from Merck Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, India. Sabouraud dextrose agar and potato dextrose were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, New Delhi, India. Hexahit was brought from HPM Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd. 2nd Industrial Area Behind Haryana Bhawan, Rajasthan, India. All the chemicals were used directly without further purification as it was of analytical grade. Throughout the synthesis processes, double distilled water (DDW) was used. Leaves of P. orientalis were collected from the campus of the National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India. The collected leaves were properly cleaned, dried at room temperature in dark, and further grinded to powder. The fungal organisms A, niger and M. piriformis used for this test were obtained from the Section of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.

2.2 Leaf extract preparation

In a vial containing 50 ml of DDW, 5 g of grinded dry leaves were added, and the whole mixture was heated at 70°C with constant stirring for 30 min. The obtained leaf extract was subsequently made to cool down to room temperature. This leaf extract was then further filtered using syringe filter of pour size 0.22 mm in order to remove any impurities present.

2.3 Synthesis of nanoparticles

One gram of Fe(NO3)3·9H2O was added to 10 ml of leaf extract, and it was stirred for 1 h at 25°C. The color of the reaction mixture changed from light yellow to dark brown and slowly to red brown, indirectly indicating the formation of iron (III) oxide. To collect the sample, the reaction mixture was centrifuged two to three times at 402.48 g for 10 min and washed with alcohol twice. The obtained red-brown color sample of iron oxide was then dried at room temperature.

2.4 Antifungal activity study

The antifungal activity of the fabricated NPs was determined by agar well diffusion method. Week-old fungal cultures grown on potato dextrose medium were used to test the antifungal potential of selected NPs. Aliquots of 0.02 ml inocula from each fungal pathogen were inoculated in 20 ml of molten Sabouraud dextrose agar medium in culture tubes. The culture tubes were then homogenized between the hands and poured into 90 mm Petri plates. The culture plates were then allowed to solidify in laminar airflow chamber, and then wells were made on the agar plate using a 5 mm standard cork borer. Culture tubes, culture plates and laminar airflow used in this work were brought from Thermo Fischer Scientific, New Delhi, India. Different amounts of NPs (25, 50, and 75 μl of 0.10 mg/ml NPs) were added to respective wells. Hexahit 0.1 mg/ml (20 μl/disc) was used as standard (positive control). The effect of fabricated NPs against the fungal pathogens was evaluated and compared with the standard used during the present study. The plates were then sealed and incubated at 25±2°C for 2 days. Finally, the antifungal activity was calculated by measuring the zone of inhibition via standard scale.

3 Characterizations

3.1 Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were recorded using Hitachi 3600 SEM instrument and energy dispersive X-analysis (EDAX) by using the Thermo Fisher Scientific Ultradry (Madison, WI, USA) instrument of the Central Research Facility of the National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India.

3.2 Transmission electron microscopy

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were recorded using the JEOL 2100F TEM of the Advanced Instrumentation Research Facility, Jawaharlal Nehru University.

3.3 X-ray diffraction

X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the sample was taken using the D8 Eco Advance Brucker XRD instrument. Dried powder sample of the NPs was used to carry out the diffraction experiment.

3.4 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra were obtained by using the SpectrumTwo IR Perkin Elmer instrument. The particles were washed thoroughly, collected, and then dried at room temperature. FT-IR spectra of the particles were recorded by scanning the sample in the range of 400–4500 cm−1.

3.5 Ultraviolet-visible spectrum

All ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra were recorded on the Labtronics LT 2800V UV-vis spectrophotometer. The absorption spectra of the prepared NPs were recorded by taking the aqueous dispersion of the NPs and scanned in the range of 200–800 nm.

3.6 Dynamic light scattering

The sample was prepared by diluting the required amount of sample in DDW and sonicated for 5 min. A minimum of 10 mm of sample solution was taken and put in a glass or plastic cuvette. This cuvette was placed in the cell holder and scanned in range of 1–100 nm at room temperature. All the size and ζ potential measurements in this work have been carried out using the Zeta Sizer Nano ZS90 of Malvern Instruments Ltd. of the National Institute of Technology, Manipur, India.

4 Results and discussion

The leaf extract of P. orientalis is reported to compose of polyphenols, flavonoids, quercetin, kaempferol, glycosides, and tannins [27]. These phytochemicals are responsible for the formation of NPs [5]. The leaf extract plays a double role in the process of NP synthesis; it reduces the metallic salts to NPs and acts as stabilizing agents hindering the aggregation of the synthesized NPs. The light yellow color of the reaction mixture changes to dark brown on introducing the leaf extract and slowly to red brown, indicating the formation of iron (III) oxide particles. The leaf extract of P. orientalis may not be able to reduce Fe3+ to Fe0; instead, the organic components of the leaf extract react with the iron ions to give iron oxide NPs, as the first row transition metals are prone to oxidation [28]. The possible mechanism involved in the synthesis of iron oxide NPs is demonstrated in Figure 1. Confirmation for the formation of iron oxide NPs is given by XRD shown in Figure 2. The XRD results rule out that the iron oxide NPs as obtained is a mixture of α-Fe2O3 and γ-Fe2O3 revealed by JCPDS-39-1346 [29]. From the XRD data, it can be concluded that particles of iron oxide are crystalline in nature and free from impurities.

Figure 1: Mechanism involved in the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using the leaf extract of Platanus orientalis.
Figure 1:

Mechanism involved in the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using the leaf extract of Platanus orientalis.

Figure 2: X-ray diffraction pattern of iron oxide nanoparticles.
Figure 2:

X-ray diffraction pattern of iron oxide nanoparticles.

The studies on the morphology, surface details, and elemental composition of the fabricated iron oxide NPs are made using SEM images and EDAX. SEM images of iron oxide NPs are given in Figure 3A–C. Iron oxide particles have rough surface and are composed of cavity-like structures on the surface as highlighted in Figure 3B and C. EDAX of iron oxide NPs is given in Figure 3D, and it confirms the presence of Fe and O in the NPs system. Iron oxide NPs compose of Fe and O in weight ratio of 2:3 as given in the inset of Figure 3D. TEM images of iron oxide NPs are highlighted in Figure 4, and from the images, it can be concluded that particles of iron exhibit a spherical shape with an average diameter of 38 nm.

Figure 3: Scanning electron microscopy images of iron oxide nanoparticles (A–C). Energy dispersive X-ray analysis of iron oxide nanoparticles (D).
Figure 3:

Scanning electron microscopy images of iron oxide nanoparticles (A–C). Energy dispersive X-ray analysis of iron oxide nanoparticles (D).

Figure 4: Transmission electron microscopy images of iron oxide nanoparticles.
Figure 4:

Transmission electron microscopy images of iron oxide nanoparticles.

The size of the fabricated iron oxide particles is also determined from dynamic light scattering (DLS) and is delivered in Figure 5. DLS study revealed that particles of iron oxide are in nano range of 78–80 nm and free from unwanted/dust particles. Some few small size NPs were also observed; however, percentage or intensity of their content was very low. Size determined using DLS is in hydrodynamic size, usually the size determined are large as compared with that from TEM. Furthermore, the optical property of the iron oxide NPs was studied using UV-vis spectroscopy. The spectra of green iron oxide NPs are highlighted in Figure 6. Iron oxide NPs show absorbance at 350 nm, and it is well consistent with literature [11].

Figure 5: Dynamic light scattering data: plot of intensity vs. size.
Figure 5:

Dynamic light scattering data: plot of intensity vs. size.

Figure 6: Ultraviolet-visible spectra of iron oxide nanoparticles.
Figure 6:

Ultraviolet-visible spectra of iron oxide nanoparticles.

The FT-IR spectra of iron oxide NPs are given in Figure 7. The spectra of iron oxide NPs are composed of stretching mode of aromatic C-H at 3196 cm−1, bending vibration of H-C-H at 1315 and 1410 cm−1, C-O and C-C stretching in the range of 1000–1245 cm−1, and out of plane bending peak of C=C at 795 cm−1 [30, 31]. Fe-O-Fe stretching vibrations were observed at 663, 462, and 426 cm−1 and are highlighted in the inset of Figure 7 [32]. From this finding, it can be endorsed that iron NPs are formed and are strongly interacted with the components of the leaf extract.

Figure 7: Infrared spectra of iron oxide nanoparticles.
Figure 7:

Infrared spectra of iron oxide nanoparticles.

The fungi A. niger and M. piriformis were used as role model fungi to study the antifungal activities of iron oxide NPs. Few works were reported on the usage of iron oxide NPs as antifungal materials against these two fungi. Spherical iron oxide NPs of 30–40 nm have been used against fungal infection caused by Candida species by Nazanin, and it was reported that the NPs exhibit antifungal potential against the pathogenic Candida spp. [33]. Also, Nehra et al. [34] had successfully demonstrated antifungal activities of chitosan-coated iron oxide NPs against A. niger and four other organisms. The mean diameter of inhibition zone of the fabricated chitosan-coated NPs was in the range of 14.5–18.5 mm, which is almost comparable with our findings. Activities of iron oxide NPs are summarized in Table 1 and presented in Figure 8. NPs have large surface-to-volume ratio, so it can strongly adhere to the cell surface of fungus. Also, due to its small size, it can directly penetrate into the cell and damage the cell wall. Inactivation of fungus by iron oxide NPs involves the direct interaction between NPs and cell surfaces, which affects the permeability of membranes where NPs enter and induce oxidative stress in fungus cells, subsequently resulting in the inhibition of cell growth and eventually cell death [35]. Possibilities of membrane damage caused by direct or electrostatic interaction between iron oxide NPs and cell surfaces, cellular internalization of NPs, and the production of active oxygen species such as H2O2 in cells due to metal oxides have been reported in the literature [36]. Moreover, iron oxide NPs synthesized using P. orientalis show significant antifungal activities against M. piriformis as compared with A. niger as displayed in Figure 8A. The authors strongly believe that iron oxide NPs may have robustly interacted with the cell surface of M. piriformis that resulted in greater impact on M. piriformis. The activity of iron NPs against fungus is diagrammatically demonstrated in Figure 8C.

Table 1:

Antifungal activity of iron nanoparticles.

Sample no.Fungus typeActivity against the fungus (mm)
Control (20 μl)Fe2O3 (25 μl)Fe2O3 (50 μl)Fe2O3 (75 μl)
1Mucor piriformis29192326
2Aspergillus niger24121416

  1. Values are represented as mean±1 (SD).

Figure 8: Antifungal activity of iron oxide nanoparticles against (A) Mucor piriformis, (B) Aspergillus niger, and (C) diagrammatic presentation of the antifungal activity.
Figure 8:

Antifungal activity of iron oxide nanoparticles against (A) Mucor piriformis, (B) Aspergillus niger, and (C) diagrammatic presentation of the antifungal activity.

5 Conclusion

The use of P. orientalis leaf extract is a felicitous method for the synthesis of iron oxide NPs. The method adopted is highly benign, cost-effective, and sustainable. The iron oxide NPs fabricated using this route are stable, crystalline, free from impurities, and possess efficient antimicrobial activity. The tailored iron oxide NPs show compelling effect on the growth of the fungi M. piriformis and A. niger. The antifungal activity of iron oxide NPs against M. piriformis is 1.6-fold greater than that of A. niger, and it is attributed to the greater surface interaction of the iron NPs to M. piriformis. The application of iron oxide NPs in the field of antimicrobial activity is still in its infancy. We can draw the inference that nanoscale iron oxide particles of uniform size can be used as future antidote of fungi and hope that this work gives the readers some inspiration to explore novel routes for the synthesis of iron oxide nanomaterials of various morphology for future antimicrobial application in nanomedicine.

Acknowledgments

The authors are very thankful to DST for funding the project. The authors are grateful to Dr. Thiyam David and Dr. Henam Premananda Singh, Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology, Manipur, India, for providing technical support. We are very thankful to Dr. M. Ikram, Head of the Physics Department, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India, for allowing us to record the UV-vis spectra.

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Received: 2017-09-18
Accepted: 2018-02-02
Published Online: 2018-03-24
Published in Print: 2019-01-28

©2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  56. Aegle marmelos phytochemical stabilized synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles and their role against agriculture and food pathogen
  57. A reactive coupling process for co-production of solketal and biodiesel
  58. Optimization of the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-1-phenylethanol using Ispir bean as whole-cell biocatalyst
  59. Synthesis of pyrazolopyridine and pyrazoloquinoline derivatives by one-pot, three-component reactions of arylglyoxals, 3-methyl-1-aryl-1H-pyrazol-5-amines and cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of tetrapropylammonium bromide
  60. Preconcentration of morphine in urine sample using a green and solvent-free microextraction method
  61. Extraction of glycyrrhizic acid by aqueous two-phase system formed by PEG and two environmentally friendly organic acid salts - sodium citrate and sodium tartrate
  62. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Juglans regia leaf extract and assessment of their physico-chemical and biological properties
  63. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as powerful and recyclable catalysts and solvents for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/thiones
  64. Biosynthesis, characterization and anti-microbial activity of silver nanoparticle based gel hand wash
  65. Efficient and selective microwave-assisted O-methylation of phenolic compounds using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)
  66. Anticoagulant, thrombolytic and antibacterial activities of Euphorbia acruensis latex-mediated bioengineered silver nanoparticles
  67. Volcanic ash as reusable catalyst in the green synthesis of 3H-1,5-benzodiazepines
  68. Green synthesis, anionic polymerization of 1,4-bis(methacryloyl)piperazine using Algerian clay as catalyst
  69. Selenium supplementation during fermentation with sugar beet molasses and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to increase bioethanol production
  70. Biosynthetic potential assessment of four food pathogenic bacteria in hydrothermally silver nanoparticles fabrication
  71. Investigating the effectiveness of classical and eco-friendly approaches for synthesis of dialdehydes from organic dihalides
  72. Pyrolysis of palm oil using zeolite catalyst and characterization of the boil-oil
  73. Azadirachta indica leaves extract assisted green synthesis of Ag-TiO2 for degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes in aqueous medium
  74. Synthesis of vitamin E succinate catalyzed by nano-SiO2 immobilized DMAP derivative in mixed solvent system
  75. Extraction of phytosterols from melon (Cucumis melo) seeds by supercritical CO2 as a clean technology
  76. Production of uronic acids by hydrothermolysis of pectin as a model substance for plant biomass waste
  77. Biofabrication of highly pure copper oxide nanoparticles using wheat seed extract and their catalytic activity: A mechanistic approach
  78. Intelligent modeling and optimization of emulsion aggregation method for producing green printing ink
  79. Improved removal of methylene blue on modified hierarchical zeolite Y: Achieved by a “destructive-constructive” method
  80. Two different facile and efficient approaches for the synthesis of various N-arylacetamides via N-acetylation of arylamines and straightforward one-pot reductive acetylation of nitroarenes promoted by recyclable CuFe2O4 nanoparticles in water
  81. Optimization of acid catalyzed esterification and mixed metal oxide catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production from Moringa oleifera oil
  82. Kinetics and the fluidity of the stearic acid esters with different carbon backbones
  83. Aiming for a standardized protocol for preparing a process green synthesis report and for ranking multiple synthesis plans to a common target product
  84. Microstructure and luminescence of VO2 (B) nanoparticle synthesis by hydrothermal method
  85. Optimization of uranium removal from uranium plant wastewater by response surface methodology (RSM)
  86. Microwave drying of nickel-containing residue: dielectric properties, kinetics, and energy aspects
  87. Simple and convenient two step synthesis of 5-bromo-2,3-dimethoxy-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
  88. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil
  89. The effect of activation temperature on structure and properties of blue coke-based activated carbon by CO2 activation
  90. Optimization of reaction parameters for the green synthesis of zero valent iron nanoparticles using pine tree needles
  91. Microwave-assisted protocol for squalene isolation and conversion from oil-deodoriser distillates
  92. Denitrification performance of rare earth tailings-based catalysts
  93. Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Averrhoa bilimbi L and Plum extracts and investigation on the synergistic bioactivity using in vitro models
  94. Green production of AgNPs and their phytostimulatory impact
  95. Photocatalytic activity of Ag/Ni bi-metallic nanoparticles on textile dye removal
  96. Topical Issue: Green Process Engineering / Guest Editors: Martine Poux, Patrick Cognet
  97. Modelling and optimisation of oxidative desulphurisation of tyre-derived oil via central composite design approach
  98. CO2 sequestration by carbonation of olivine: a new process for optimal separation of the solids produced
  99. Organic carbonates synthesis improved by pervaporation for CO2 utilisation
  100. Production of starch nanoparticles through solvent-antisolvent precipitation in a spinning disc reactor
  101. A kinetic study of Zn halide/TBAB-catalysed fixation of CO2 with styrene oxide in propylene carbonate
  102. Topical on Green Process Engineering
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2017-0145
Keywords for this article
antifungal activity; green synthesis; iron oxide nanoparticles
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  54. Assessment of aqueous extract of Gypsophila aretioides for inhibitory effects on calcium carbonate formation
  55. An environmentally friendly acylation reaction of 2-methylnaphthalene in solvent-free condition in a micro-channel reactor
  56. Aegle marmelos phytochemical stabilized synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles and their role against agriculture and food pathogen
  57. A reactive coupling process for co-production of solketal and biodiesel
  58. Optimization of the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-1-phenylethanol using Ispir bean as whole-cell biocatalyst
  59. Synthesis of pyrazolopyridine and pyrazoloquinoline derivatives by one-pot, three-component reactions of arylglyoxals, 3-methyl-1-aryl-1H-pyrazol-5-amines and cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of tetrapropylammonium bromide
  60. Preconcentration of morphine in urine sample using a green and solvent-free microextraction method
  61. Extraction of glycyrrhizic acid by aqueous two-phase system formed by PEG and two environmentally friendly organic acid salts - sodium citrate and sodium tartrate
  62. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Juglans regia leaf extract and assessment of their physico-chemical and biological properties
  63. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as powerful and recyclable catalysts and solvents for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/thiones
  64. Biosynthesis, characterization and anti-microbial activity of silver nanoparticle based gel hand wash
  65. Efficient and selective microwave-assisted O-methylation of phenolic compounds using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)
  66. Anticoagulant, thrombolytic and antibacterial activities of Euphorbia acruensis latex-mediated bioengineered silver nanoparticles
  67. Volcanic ash as reusable catalyst in the green synthesis of 3H-1,5-benzodiazepines
  68. Green synthesis, anionic polymerization of 1,4-bis(methacryloyl)piperazine using Algerian clay as catalyst
  69. Selenium supplementation during fermentation with sugar beet molasses and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to increase bioethanol production
  70. Biosynthetic potential assessment of four food pathogenic bacteria in hydrothermally silver nanoparticles fabrication
  71. Investigating the effectiveness of classical and eco-friendly approaches for synthesis of dialdehydes from organic dihalides
  72. Pyrolysis of palm oil using zeolite catalyst and characterization of the boil-oil
  73. Azadirachta indica leaves extract assisted green synthesis of Ag-TiO2 for degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes in aqueous medium
  74. Synthesis of vitamin E succinate catalyzed by nano-SiO2 immobilized DMAP derivative in mixed solvent system
  75. Extraction of phytosterols from melon (Cucumis melo) seeds by supercritical CO2 as a clean technology
  76. Production of uronic acids by hydrothermolysis of pectin as a model substance for plant biomass waste
  77. Biofabrication of highly pure copper oxide nanoparticles using wheat seed extract and their catalytic activity: A mechanistic approach
  78. Intelligent modeling and optimization of emulsion aggregation method for producing green printing ink
  79. Improved removal of methylene blue on modified hierarchical zeolite Y: Achieved by a “destructive-constructive” method
  80. Two different facile and efficient approaches for the synthesis of various N-arylacetamides via N-acetylation of arylamines and straightforward one-pot reductive acetylation of nitroarenes promoted by recyclable CuFe2O4 nanoparticles in water
  81. Optimization of acid catalyzed esterification and mixed metal oxide catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production from Moringa oleifera oil
  82. Kinetics and the fluidity of the stearic acid esters with different carbon backbones
  83. Aiming for a standardized protocol for preparing a process green synthesis report and for ranking multiple synthesis plans to a common target product
  84. Microstructure and luminescence of VO2 (B) nanoparticle synthesis by hydrothermal method
  85. Optimization of uranium removal from uranium plant wastewater by response surface methodology (RSM)
  86. Microwave drying of nickel-containing residue: dielectric properties, kinetics, and energy aspects
  87. Simple and convenient two step synthesis of 5-bromo-2,3-dimethoxy-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
  88. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil
  89. The effect of activation temperature on structure and properties of blue coke-based activated carbon by CO2 activation
  90. Optimization of reaction parameters for the green synthesis of zero valent iron nanoparticles using pine tree needles
  91. Microwave-assisted protocol for squalene isolation and conversion from oil-deodoriser distillates
  92. Denitrification performance of rare earth tailings-based catalysts
  93. Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Averrhoa bilimbi L and Plum extracts and investigation on the synergistic bioactivity using in vitro models
  94. Green production of AgNPs and their phytostimulatory impact
  95. Photocatalytic activity of Ag/Ni bi-metallic nanoparticles on textile dye removal
  96. Topical Issue: Green Process Engineering / Guest Editors: Martine Poux, Patrick Cognet
  97. Modelling and optimisation of oxidative desulphurisation of tyre-derived oil via central composite design approach
  98. CO2 sequestration by carbonation of olivine: a new process for optimal separation of the solids produced
  99. Organic carbonates synthesis improved by pervaporation for CO2 utilisation
  100. Production of starch nanoparticles through solvent-antisolvent precipitation in a spinning disc reactor
  101. A kinetic study of Zn halide/TBAB-catalysed fixation of CO2 with styrene oxide in propylene carbonate
  102. Topical on Green Process Engineering
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