Startseite Azadirachta indica leaves extract assisted green synthesis of Ag-TiO2 for degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes in aqueous medium
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Azadirachta indica leaves extract assisted green synthesis of Ag-TiO2 for degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes in aqueous medium

  • Muhammad Saeed EMAIL logo , Majid Muneer , Muhammad Kaleem Khan Khosa , Nadia Akram , Sheeba Khalid , Muhammad Adeel , Asif Nisar und Sonia Sherazi
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 13. Juli 2019
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Green Processing and Synthesis
Aus der Zeitschrift Green Processing and Synthesis Band 8 Heft 1

Abstract

Aqueous pollution due to textile industry is an important issue. Photocatalysis is one of the methods used for eradication of dyes from textile industrial effluents. In this study, the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of photo catalytic activity of Ag-TiO2 is reported. TiO2 catalysts with 2, 4, 6 and 8% loading of Ag were prepared by green methods using Azadirachta indica leaves extract as reducing agent with titanium dioxide and silver nitrate as precursor materials. Prepared catalyst was characterized by advanced techniques and was used as catalyst for degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes. Deposition of Ag greatly enhanced the catalytic efficiency of TiO2 towards degradation of dyes. Irradiation of catalyst excites electrons from conduction band of catalyst to valence band yielding an electron-hole pair. This electron-hole pair undergoes secondary reactions and produce OH∙ radicals. These active radicals take part in degradation of dyes. More than 90% dyes were degraded in 120 min. Photo catalytic degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B followed Eley-Rideal mechanism which states that dye react in fluid phase with adsorbed oxygen.

Keywords: TiO2; Ag-TiO2; Methylene blue; Rhodamine B; photo degradation; Eley-Rideal mechanism

1 Introduction

Dyes and pigments are predominantly used in different industries and a reasonable amount of these compounds go to environment through industrial effluents. As these compounds are toxic and carcinogenic in nature, therefore, their impact on the environment is a major concern. Furthermore, these dyes impart color to aqueous body blocking the penetration of sunlight and dissolution of oxygen [1, 2, 3]. Thus, a number of physical and chemical techniques such as filtration, precipitation, coagulation, adsorption and oxidation have been pursued for elimination of these toxic compounds. Photocatalytic oxidation, which is one of the viable and developing methods utilized for destruction of toxic pollutants and dyes, has increased much research enthusiasm for late years. The photocatalytic oxidation technique has a number of preferences over traditional techniques, viz less energy requirement, no requirement for sludge disposal and complete degradation of pollutants [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. TiO2 has been broadly utilized as catalyst for photocatalytic oxidation of a wide scope of pollutants because of its low cost and high stability. However, the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 has been restrained due two reasons; firstly, the rate of electron–hole pair recombination formed by irradiation is relatively high and secondly, it has wide band gap (about 3.2 eV) [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. These restrictions can be overcome by modification in electronic band structure of TiO2. This modification has been accomplished by addition of a substance like Ag that decreases the rate of recombination of electron–hole pair [15,16]. Although silver (Ag) is highly effective, however, it cannot be employed as photocatalyst because the recovery of Ag nanoparticles from reaction mixture is difficult. Immobilization of Ag nanoparticles on other substances like TiO2 is technique to produce an efficient photocatalyst for aqueous phase degradation of pollutants. Immobilization of Ag nanoparticles on TiO2 prevents the electron-hole pair recombination, thus enhancing the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 [17, 18, 19]. Different strategies have been utilized for fabrication of Ag-TiO2, however, green synthesis has received high consideration in which extract of plants is utilized as stabilizing and reducing agent. A number of plants have been used for green synthesis of nanoparticles [20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27].

In present study, Ag-TiO2 is fabricated utilizing the aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica L, locally called as neem. The prepared Ag-TiO2 was employed as photocatalyst for degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes.

2 Experimental

2.1 Materials

TiO2 (Merck), AgNO3 (Alfa Aesar), Methylene blue (Merck), Rhodamine B (commercial grade), Azadirachta indica leaves (Botanical garden, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan) and distilled water were used in this study.

2.2 Synthesis of Ag-TiO2

First, the dried leaves (20 g) of Azadirachta indica were boiled in distilled water for 2 h. Then, after cooling the mixture, the aqueous extract was separated by filtration and was used for synthesis of Ag-TiO2. For synthesis of Ag-TiO2, a 50 mL plant extract was added dropwise to a mixture containing a known amount of AgNO3 and TiO2 under continuous stirring. Afterward, the synthesized Ag-TiO2 was filtered, washed and dried at 80°C for 12 h. Ag-TiO2 catalysts with 2, 4, 6 and 8% Ag loading were prepared. The leaves of referred plant contain a variety of phytochemicals including flavonoids and phenolic components which are considered as reducing agent for reduction of Ag1+ to Ag [28, 29, 30, 31, 32].

2.3 Photocatalytic degradation experiment

The photocatalytic activity of Ag-TiO2 was demonstrated with two different solutions of Methylene blue (λmax= 660 nm) and Rhodamine B (λmax= 554 nm) in a batch reactor. A 50 mL dye solution was taken in a reactor vessel. Then, a pre-weighed amount of photocatalyst was suspended in dye solution for 30 min in dark. Finally, the reaction mixture was irradiated with UV light. Reaction samples were withdrawn from the reactor after regular time intervals and were analysed using UV– visible spectrophotometer (U-2800, HITACHI, Japan). Equation 1 was used to calculate the degradation efficiency.

(1)Degradation (%)=Ao−AAo×100

where Ao is the initial and A is the final absorbance at λMax of each dye. Effect of Ag loading, temperature and concentration on degradation of dyes was also investigated.

2.4 Reaction kinetics

The kinetics of present degradation study can be described by pseudo first order kinetics model in terms of Eley– Rideal (E-R) mechanism. This mechanism is described by Eq. 2 which transforms to Eq. 3 and Eq. 4 by considering constant pressure of oxygen and integration respectively.

(2)Rate=−dCdt=krO2(ads)C
(3)−dCdt=kC
(4)lnCoCt=kt

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Characterization

Phase investigation and crystallinity of synthesized Ag-TiO2 was performed by XRD measurement with JDX-3532 Japan X-Ray Diffractometer and the results are given in Figure 1. The XRD pattern of TiO2 is dominated with sharp and well-resolved peaks at 25°, 36°, 48° and 55° which correspond to (1-0-1), (0-0-4), (2-0-0) and (1-0-5) diffraction planes, respectively, of anatase structural phase (JCPDS# 21-1272). In spectrum of Ag-TiO2, additional peaks at 2θ 38° and 44° can be observed corresponding to face cantered cubic unit cell of Ag [33, 34, 35, 36, 37].

Figure 1 XRD pattern of TiO2 (A) and Ag-TiO2 (B).
Figure 1

XRD pattern of TiO2 (A) and Ag-TiO2 (B).

Figure 2 shows the scanning electron micrographs of TiO2 and Ag-TiO2 recorded with JSM-5910 Japan Microscope. Micrographs show that particles of TiO2 are spherical, uniform and homogeneous in morphology. Furthermore, it can also be noted that the particles are well dispersed and non-agglomerated. The Ag particles deposited on TiO2 are also well dispersed. Uniformity and smoothness in shape and homogeneous nature of

Figure 2 Scanning electron micrographs: (a) TiO2, (b) Ag-TiO2.
Figure 2

Scanning electron micrographs: (a) TiO2, (b) Ag-TiO2.

catalyst particles play an important role in reproducible catalytic activities.

The particle size distribution of prepared catalysts measured with Analysette 22 Compact, Germany is given in Figure 3. The particle sizes ranges from 0.001 to 20 μm, however, 85% of the particles have particles size equal to or less than 2μm. The surface area measured with Quanta Chrome, Nova 2200e instrument was found as 58 m2g-1 and 51 m2g-1 for TiO2 and Ag-TiO2 respectively. The decrease in surface area by deposition of Ag on TiO2 might be due to blockage of micropores by Ag nanoparticles.

Figure 3 Particle size distribution of the catalysts particles: (A) TiO2, (B) Ag-TiO2.
Figure 3

Particle size distribution of the catalysts particles: (A) TiO2, (B) Ag-TiO2.

3.2 Photocatalytic activity

Separate degradation experiments were performed with solutions of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dye for evaluation of catalytic activity of biosynthesized Ag-TiO2. This investigation was performed by suspending a 0.1 g 6% Ag-TiO2 catalyst in 50 mL of 100 mg/ L dye solution at 40°C and the resulting data in terms of Ct/Co (Co and Ct represents initial concentration of dye and concentration of dye at different time interval respectively) is given in Figure 4. This data is derived from measurement of absorbance at different time interval at λmax of each dye. The data presented in Figure 4 indicates that fabrication of Ag enhanced the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 for degradation of dyes. Similarly, the effect of Ag loading on photocatalytic activity of TiO2 was also investigated. For this purpose, degradation of Methylene blue dye was studied with 2, 4, 6 and 8% loading of Ag under identical experimental

Figure 4a Photo degradation of Methylene blue dye catalyzed by TiO2 (A) and Ag-TiO2 (B) in aqueous medium.
Figure 4a

Photo degradation of Methylene blue dye catalyzed by TiO2 (A) and Ag-TiO2 (B) in aqueous medium.

conditions. It was found that 65, 84, 97 and 78% of dye degraded after 120 min of reaction with 2, 4, 6 and 8% Ag-TiO2 as catalyst respectively. Higher concentration of Ag block the active center of TiO2, therefore, the photocatalytic activity decreased at higher Ag loading. Hence, 6% loading of Ag was considered as optimum loading [38,39]. It is proposed that heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation reaction takes place through the creation of positive hole (hVB+)in valence band and photo excited electron (eCB−)in the conduction band of catalyst by irradiation. These positive holes and photo excited electrons produce OH∙ radicals by a series of secondary reactions. These OH∙ radicals are highly reactive species which attack on dye molecules and produce degradation products. The positive hole reacts with water molecule and produces OH∙ radical and H+. Similarly, superoxide anion is formed by reaction of electron with oxygen which produces OH∙ radical by a

Figure 4b Photo degradation of Rhodamine B dye catalyzed by TiO2 (A) and Ag-TiO2 (B) in aqueous medium.
Figure 4b

Photo degradation of Rhodamine B dye catalyzed by TiO2 (A) and Ag-TiO2 (B) in aqueous medium.

series of further reaction. The proposed mechanism was confirmed by performing the degradation experiments with Methylene blue dye in absence of irradiation. The results showed that degradation efficiency [30] in absence of light was much lower in comparison to degradation efficiency under irradiation (97%). In another experiment, the degradation efficiency was observed as 48% in the presence of isopropyl alcohol, OH∙ radical scavenger [40]. These results support the proposed mechanism. The proposed mechanism can be summarized as follows:

(5)Catalyst+Irradiation→hVB++eCB−
(6)hVB++H2O→OH⋅+H+
(7)eCB−+O2→O2−
(8)H++O2−→HO2
(9)HO2→H2O2+O2
(10)H2O2→OH⋅
(11)OH⋅+Dye  molecules→Degradation  products

The deposition of Ag reinforces the catalytic activities of TiO2 because the Ag nanoparticles prevent the recombination of positive holes and photo excited electrons [36,37,41,42].

3.3 Effect of temperature

Generally, temperature affects the rate of reactions, therefore, we explored the temperature dependence of present catalytic system. For this purpose, separate catalytic experiments were performed with 50 mL of 100 mg/L dye solution over 0.1 g of 6% Ag-TiO2 at 30, 40 and 50°C. The results are given in Figure 5. It can be noted that temperature does not affect significantly the rate of reaction in present study. It is due the fact that photochemical reactions are generally less temperature dependent [4,5]. The experimental data at different temperatures was analysed according to pseudo first order kinetics equation (Eq. 4) and results are given in Figure 6. The slop of straight lines gives the rate constants which are given in Table 1. The activation energy determined

Figure 5 Ag-TiO2 catalyzed photo degradation of (a) Methylene blue dye and (b) Rhodamine B dye, both at various temperatures.
Figure 5

Ag-TiO2 catalyzed photo degradation of (a) Methylene blue dye and (b) Rhodamine B dye, both at various temperatures.

Figure 6 Kinetics of Ag-TiO2 catalyzed photo degradation of (a) Methylene blue dye and (b) Rhodamine B dye, both at various temperatures.
Figure 6

Kinetics of Ag-TiO2 catalyzed photo degradation of (a) Methylene blue dye and (b) Rhodamine B dye, both at various temperatures.

Table 1

Rate constants of Ag-TiO2 catalyzed photo degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dye at various temperatures.

T (°C)Methylene blueRhodamine B
k (per min)R2k (per min)R2
300.01410.9840.00950.0981
400.01890.9790.01390.976
500.02210.9910.01570.991

by application of Arrhenius equation to rate constants at various temperature was found to be 27.1 and 20.4 kJ/mol for photo degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dye respectively.

3.4 Effect of initial concentration of dye

To investigate the effect of initial concentration of dye on rate of reaction, separate experiments were performed with 100, 200 and 300 mg/L as initial concentration of dyes. Photocatalytic degradation experiments for Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dye were performed at 40°C with 6% Ag-TiO2 catalyst. It was found that 97, 79 and 60% of Methylene blue dye degraded with 100, 200 and 300 mg/ L as initial concentration after 120 min of reaction respectively. Similarly, 90, 74 and 58% Rhodamine B dye degraded after 120 min of reaction with 100, 200 and 300 mg/ L as initial concentration respectively. The experimental data with various initial concentration of dyes was analysed according to first order kinetic equation (Eq. 4) and the results are given in Figure 7. The rate constants determined from the slops of straight lines in Figure 7 are given in Table 2. The data listed in Table 2 shows that rate constants decreases with increase in initial concentration of dye.

Figure 7 Kinetics of Ag-TiO2 catalyzed photo degradation of (a) Methylene blue dye and (b) Rhodamine B dye, both with various initial concentrations.
Figure 7

Kinetics of Ag-TiO2 catalyzed photo degradation of (a) Methylene blue dye and (b) Rhodamine B dye, both with various initial concentrations.

It can be noted that increase in concentration causes a decrease in degradation efficiency, which is due to two reasons. Frist, the concentrated solution becomes more intense in colour which results in hindrance to penetration of radiations to the catalyst surface. Secondly, as other experimental conditions are same, so the ratio of number of OH∙ radicals to number of molecules of dye decreases with increase in concentration, hence, the rate of reaction decreases with increase in initial concentration of dye [4,5,36,37,43,44].

3.5 Effect of pH

pH of reaction mixture is also an experimental parameter that affects the photo degradation efficiency of dyes. The

Table 2

Rate constants of Ag-TiO2 catalyzed photo degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dye with various initial concentrations of dyes.

Conc. (mg/L)Methylene blueRhodamine B
k (per min)R2k (per min)R2
1000.01890.9790.01390.976
2000.01250.9790.00910.969
3000.00950.9810.00680.959

surface charge of titania changes with variation of solution pH and changes the catalytic activity of TiO2 particles. The surface of TiO2 becomes positive and negative in acidic and alkaline condition respectively. As both Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes are cationic dyes therefore, the alkaline condition favors the adsorption of these dyes on TiO2 surface. Furthermore, the OH∙ radicals are easier to be generated in alkaline solution due to oxidation of OH ions, thus, the degradation efficiency increases with pH [2, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50]. Therefore, both Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes have shown to degrade more at pH 10. Other researchers have also reported similar trends [36,37,51,52].

4 Conclusions

Ag-TiO2 was successfully fabricated by environmentally friendly and low cost green method using Azadirachta indica leaves extract as reducing agent and titanium dioxide and silver nitrate as precursor materials. The photo catalytic activities of prepared particles were evaluated by degrading Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes under UV irradiation. The 6% Ag-TiO2 exhibited the best catalytic activity for degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes. More than 90% dyes were degraded in 120 min. It was found that there was no loss in catalytic efficiency of prepared Ag-TiO2 catalyst after recycling it for two times. Photocatalytic degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B followed Eley-Rideal mechanism which states that dye react in fluid phase with adsorbed oxygen.

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Acknowledgment

Project No. 65-CHM-5 of GCUF-RSP is appreciated.

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Received: 2018-12-18
Accepted: 2019-05-04
Published Online: 2019-07-13
Published in Print: 2019-01-28

© 2019 Saeed et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

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  3. Flow-mode biodiesel production from palm oil using a pressurized microwave reactor
  4. Reduction of free fatty acids in waste oil for biodiesel production by glycerolysis: investigation and optimization of process parameters
  5. Saccharin: a cheap and mild acidic agent for the synthesis of azo dyes via telescoped dediazotization
  6. Optimization of lipase-catalyzed synthesis of polyethylene glycol stearate in a solvent-free system
  7. Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Platanus orientalis leaf extract for antifungal activity
  8. Ultrasound assisted chemical activation of peanut husk for copper removal
  9. Room temperature silanization of Fe3O4 for the preparation of phenyl functionalized magnetic adsorbent for dispersive solid phase extraction for the extraction of phthalates in water
  10. Evaluation of the saponin green extraction from Ziziphus spina-christi leaves using hydrothermal, microwave and Bain-Marie water bath heating methods
  11. Oxidation of dibenzothiophene using the heterogeneous catalyst of tungsten-based carbon nanotubes
  12. Calcined sodium silicate as an efficient and benign heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification of natural lecithin to L-α-glycerophosphocholine
  13. Synergistic effect between CO2 and H2O2 on ethylbenzene oxidation catalyzed by carbon supported heteropolyanion catalysts
  14. Hydrocyanation of 2-arylmethyleneindan-1,3-diones using potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) as a nontoxic cyanating agent
  15. Green synthesis of hydratropic aldehyde from α-methylstyrene catalyzed by Al2O3-supported metal phthalocyanines
  16. Environmentally benign chemical recycling of polycarbonate wastes: comparison of micro- and nano-TiO2 solid support efficiencies
  17. Medicago polymorpha-mediated antibacterial silver nanoparticles in the reduction of methyl orange
  18. Production of value-added chemicals from esterification of waste glycerol over MCM-41 supported catalysts
  19. Green synthesis of zerovalent copper nanoparticles for efficient reduction of toxic azo dyes congo red and methyl orange
  20. Optimization of the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Penicillium oxalicum GRS-1 and their antimicrobial effects against common food-borne pathogens
  21. Optimization of submerged fermentation conditions to overproduce bioethanol using two industrial and traditional Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains
  22. Extraction of In3+ and Fe3+ from sulfate solutions by using a 3D-printed “Y”-shaped microreactor
  23. Foliar-mediated Ag:ZnO nanophotocatalysts: green synthesis, characterization, pollutants degradation, and in vitro biocidal activity
  24. Green cyclic acetals production by glycerol etherification reaction with benzaldehyde using cationic acidic resin
  25. Biosynthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities assessment of fabricated selenium nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract
  26. Synthesis of high surface area magnesia by using walnut shell as a template
  27. Controllable biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using actinobacterial strains
  28. Green vegetation: a promising source of color dyes
  29. Mechano-chemical synthesis of ammonia and acetic acid from inorganic materials in water
  30. Green synthesis and structural characterization of novel N1-substituted 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones
  31. Biodiesel production from cotton oil using heterogeneous CaO catalysts from eggshells prepared at different calcination temperatures
  32. Regeneration of spent mercury catalyst for the treatment of dye wastewater by the microwave and ultrasonic spray-assisted method
  33. Green synthesis of the innovative super paramagnetic nanoparticles from the leaves extract of Fraxinus chinensis Roxb and their application for the decolourisation of toxic dyes
  34. Biogenic ZnO nanoparticles: a study of blueshift of optical band gap and photocatalytic degradation of reactive yellow 186 dye under direct sunlight
  35. Leached compounds from the extracts of pomegranate peel, green coconut shell, and karuvelam wood for the removal of hexavalent chromium
  36. Enhancement of molecular weight reduction of natural rubber in triphasic CO2/toluene/H2O systems with hydrogen peroxide for preparation of biobased polyurethanes
  37. An efficient green synthesis of novel 1H-imidazo[1,2-a]imidazole-3-amine and imidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazole-5-amine derivatives via Strecker reaction under controlled microwave heating
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  46. Green and eco-friendly synthesis of Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4: Characterization and photo-catalytic activity
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  49. Waste phenolic resin derived activated carbon by microwave-assisted KOH activation and application to dye wastewater treatment
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  51. Agricultural waste biomass-assisted nanostructures: Synthesis and application
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  53. Study of fabrication of fully aqueous solution processed SnS quantum dot-sensitized solar cell
  54. Assessment of aqueous extract of Gypsophila aretioides for inhibitory effects on calcium carbonate formation
  55. An environmentally friendly acylation reaction of 2-methylnaphthalene in solvent-free condition in a micro-channel reactor
  56. Aegle marmelos phytochemical stabilized synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles and their role against agriculture and food pathogen
  57. A reactive coupling process for co-production of solketal and biodiesel
  58. Optimization of the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-1-phenylethanol using Ispir bean as whole-cell biocatalyst
  59. Synthesis of pyrazolopyridine and pyrazoloquinoline derivatives by one-pot, three-component reactions of arylglyoxals, 3-methyl-1-aryl-1H-pyrazol-5-amines and cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of tetrapropylammonium bromide
  60. Preconcentration of morphine in urine sample using a green and solvent-free microextraction method
  61. Extraction of glycyrrhizic acid by aqueous two-phase system formed by PEG and two environmentally friendly organic acid salts - sodium citrate and sodium tartrate
  62. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Juglans regia leaf extract and assessment of their physico-chemical and biological properties
  63. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as powerful and recyclable catalysts and solvents for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/thiones
  64. Biosynthesis, characterization and anti-microbial activity of silver nanoparticle based gel hand wash
  65. Efficient and selective microwave-assisted O-methylation of phenolic compounds using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)
  66. Anticoagulant, thrombolytic and antibacterial activities of Euphorbia acruensis latex-mediated bioengineered silver nanoparticles
  67. Volcanic ash as reusable catalyst in the green synthesis of 3H-1,5-benzodiazepines
  68. Green synthesis, anionic polymerization of 1,4-bis(methacryloyl)piperazine using Algerian clay as catalyst
  69. Selenium supplementation during fermentation with sugar beet molasses and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to increase bioethanol production
  70. Biosynthetic potential assessment of four food pathogenic bacteria in hydrothermally silver nanoparticles fabrication
  71. Investigating the effectiveness of classical and eco-friendly approaches for synthesis of dialdehydes from organic dihalides
  72. Pyrolysis of palm oil using zeolite catalyst and characterization of the boil-oil
  73. Azadirachta indica leaves extract assisted green synthesis of Ag-TiO2 for degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes in aqueous medium
  74. Synthesis of vitamin E succinate catalyzed by nano-SiO2 immobilized DMAP derivative in mixed solvent system
  75. Extraction of phytosterols from melon (Cucumis melo) seeds by supercritical CO2 as a clean technology
  76. Production of uronic acids by hydrothermolysis of pectin as a model substance for plant biomass waste
  77. Biofabrication of highly pure copper oxide nanoparticles using wheat seed extract and their catalytic activity: A mechanistic approach
  78. Intelligent modeling and optimization of emulsion aggregation method for producing green printing ink
  79. Improved removal of methylene blue on modified hierarchical zeolite Y: Achieved by a “destructive-constructive” method
  80. Two different facile and efficient approaches for the synthesis of various N-arylacetamides via N-acetylation of arylamines and straightforward one-pot reductive acetylation of nitroarenes promoted by recyclable CuFe2O4 nanoparticles in water
  81. Optimization of acid catalyzed esterification and mixed metal oxide catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production from Moringa oleifera oil
  82. Kinetics and the fluidity of the stearic acid esters with different carbon backbones
  83. Aiming for a standardized protocol for preparing a process green synthesis report and for ranking multiple synthesis plans to a common target product
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  86. Microwave drying of nickel-containing residue: dielectric properties, kinetics, and energy aspects
  87. Simple and convenient two step synthesis of 5-bromo-2,3-dimethoxy-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
  88. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil
  89. The effect of activation temperature on structure and properties of blue coke-based activated carbon by CO2 activation
  90. Optimization of reaction parameters for the green synthesis of zero valent iron nanoparticles using pine tree needles
  91. Microwave-assisted protocol for squalene isolation and conversion from oil-deodoriser distillates
  92. Denitrification performance of rare earth tailings-based catalysts
  93. Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Averrhoa bilimbi L and Plum extracts and investigation on the synergistic bioactivity using in vitro models
  94. Green production of AgNPs and their phytostimulatory impact
  95. Photocatalytic activity of Ag/Ni bi-metallic nanoparticles on textile dye removal
  96. Topical Issue: Green Process Engineering / Guest Editors: Martine Poux, Patrick Cognet
  97. Modelling and optimisation of oxidative desulphurisation of tyre-derived oil via central composite design approach
  98. CO2 sequestration by carbonation of olivine: a new process for optimal separation of the solids produced
  99. Organic carbonates synthesis improved by pervaporation for CO2 utilisation
  100. Production of starch nanoparticles through solvent-antisolvent precipitation in a spinning disc reactor
  101. A kinetic study of Zn halide/TBAB-catalysed fixation of CO2 with styrene oxide in propylene carbonate
  102. Topical on Green Process Engineering
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2019-0036
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
TiO2; Ag-TiO2; Methylene blue; Rhodamine B; photo degradation; Eley-Rideal mechanism
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Studies on the preparation and properties of biodegradable polyester from soybean oil
  3. Flow-mode biodiesel production from palm oil using a pressurized microwave reactor
  4. Reduction of free fatty acids in waste oil for biodiesel production by glycerolysis: investigation and optimization of process parameters
  5. Saccharin: a cheap and mild acidic agent for the synthesis of azo dyes via telescoped dediazotization
  6. Optimization of lipase-catalyzed synthesis of polyethylene glycol stearate in a solvent-free system
  7. Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Platanus orientalis leaf extract for antifungal activity
  8. Ultrasound assisted chemical activation of peanut husk for copper removal
  9. Room temperature silanization of Fe3O4 for the preparation of phenyl functionalized magnetic adsorbent for dispersive solid phase extraction for the extraction of phthalates in water
  10. Evaluation of the saponin green extraction from Ziziphus spina-christi leaves using hydrothermal, microwave and Bain-Marie water bath heating methods
  11. Oxidation of dibenzothiophene using the heterogeneous catalyst of tungsten-based carbon nanotubes
  12. Calcined sodium silicate as an efficient and benign heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification of natural lecithin to L-α-glycerophosphocholine
  13. Synergistic effect between CO2 and H2O2 on ethylbenzene oxidation catalyzed by carbon supported heteropolyanion catalysts
  14. Hydrocyanation of 2-arylmethyleneindan-1,3-diones using potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) as a nontoxic cyanating agent
  15. Green synthesis of hydratropic aldehyde from α-methylstyrene catalyzed by Al2O3-supported metal phthalocyanines
  16. Environmentally benign chemical recycling of polycarbonate wastes: comparison of micro- and nano-TiO2 solid support efficiencies
  17. Medicago polymorpha-mediated antibacterial silver nanoparticles in the reduction of methyl orange
  18. Production of value-added chemicals from esterification of waste glycerol over MCM-41 supported catalysts
  19. Green synthesis of zerovalent copper nanoparticles for efficient reduction of toxic azo dyes congo red and methyl orange
  20. Optimization of the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Penicillium oxalicum GRS-1 and their antimicrobial effects against common food-borne pathogens
  21. Optimization of submerged fermentation conditions to overproduce bioethanol using two industrial and traditional Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains
  22. Extraction of In3+ and Fe3+ from sulfate solutions by using a 3D-printed “Y”-shaped microreactor
  23. Foliar-mediated Ag:ZnO nanophotocatalysts: green synthesis, characterization, pollutants degradation, and in vitro biocidal activity
  24. Green cyclic acetals production by glycerol etherification reaction with benzaldehyde using cationic acidic resin
  25. Biosynthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities assessment of fabricated selenium nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract
  26. Synthesis of high surface area magnesia by using walnut shell as a template
  27. Controllable biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using actinobacterial strains
  28. Green vegetation: a promising source of color dyes
  29. Mechano-chemical synthesis of ammonia and acetic acid from inorganic materials in water
  30. Green synthesis and structural characterization of novel N1-substituted 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones
  31. Biodiesel production from cotton oil using heterogeneous CaO catalysts from eggshells prepared at different calcination temperatures
  32. Regeneration of spent mercury catalyst for the treatment of dye wastewater by the microwave and ultrasonic spray-assisted method
  33. Green synthesis of the innovative super paramagnetic nanoparticles from the leaves extract of Fraxinus chinensis Roxb and their application for the decolourisation of toxic dyes
  34. Biogenic ZnO nanoparticles: a study of blueshift of optical band gap and photocatalytic degradation of reactive yellow 186 dye under direct sunlight
  35. Leached compounds from the extracts of pomegranate peel, green coconut shell, and karuvelam wood for the removal of hexavalent chromium
  36. Enhancement of molecular weight reduction of natural rubber in triphasic CO2/toluene/H2O systems with hydrogen peroxide for preparation of biobased polyurethanes
  37. An efficient green synthesis of novel 1H-imidazo[1,2-a]imidazole-3-amine and imidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazole-5-amine derivatives via Strecker reaction under controlled microwave heating
  38. Evaluation of three different green fabrication methods for the synthesis of crystalline ZnO nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract
  39. A highly efficient and multifunctional biomass supporting Ag, Ni, and Cu nanoparticles through wetness impregnation for environmental remediation
  40. Simple one-pot green method for large-scale production of mesalamine, an anti-inflammatory agent
  41. Relationships between step and cumulative PMI and E-factors: implications on estimating material efficiency with respect to charting synthesis optimization strategies
  42. A comparative sorption study of Cr3+ and Cr6+ using mango peels: kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic
  43. Effects of acid hydrolysis waste liquid recycle on preparation of microcrystalline cellulose
  44. Use of deep eutectic solvents as catalyst: A mini-review
  45. Microwave-assisted synthesis of pyrrolidinone derivatives using 1,1’-butylenebis(3-sulfo-3H-imidazol-1-ium) chloride in ethylene glycol
  46. Green and eco-friendly synthesis of Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4: Characterization and photo-catalytic activity
  47. Adsorption optimized of the coal-based material and application for cyanide wastewater treatment
  48. Aloe vera leaf extract mediated green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and assessment of their In vitro antimicrobial activity against spoilage fungi and pathogenic bacteria strains
  49. Waste phenolic resin derived activated carbon by microwave-assisted KOH activation and application to dye wastewater treatment
  50. Direct ethanol production from cellulose by consortium of Trichoderma reesei and Candida molischiana
  51. Agricultural waste biomass-assisted nanostructures: Synthesis and application
  52. Biodiesel production from rubber seed oil using calcium oxide derived from eggshell as catalyst – optimization and modeling studies
  53. Study of fabrication of fully aqueous solution processed SnS quantum dot-sensitized solar cell
  54. Assessment of aqueous extract of Gypsophila aretioides for inhibitory effects on calcium carbonate formation
  55. An environmentally friendly acylation reaction of 2-methylnaphthalene in solvent-free condition in a micro-channel reactor
  56. Aegle marmelos phytochemical stabilized synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles and their role against agriculture and food pathogen
  57. A reactive coupling process for co-production of solketal and biodiesel
  58. Optimization of the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-1-phenylethanol using Ispir bean as whole-cell biocatalyst
  59. Synthesis of pyrazolopyridine and pyrazoloquinoline derivatives by one-pot, three-component reactions of arylglyoxals, 3-methyl-1-aryl-1H-pyrazol-5-amines and cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of tetrapropylammonium bromide
  60. Preconcentration of morphine in urine sample using a green and solvent-free microextraction method
  61. Extraction of glycyrrhizic acid by aqueous two-phase system formed by PEG and two environmentally friendly organic acid salts - sodium citrate and sodium tartrate
  62. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Juglans regia leaf extract and assessment of their physico-chemical and biological properties
  63. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as powerful and recyclable catalysts and solvents for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/thiones
  64. Biosynthesis, characterization and anti-microbial activity of silver nanoparticle based gel hand wash
  65. Efficient and selective microwave-assisted O-methylation of phenolic compounds using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)
  66. Anticoagulant, thrombolytic and antibacterial activities of Euphorbia acruensis latex-mediated bioengineered silver nanoparticles
  67. Volcanic ash as reusable catalyst in the green synthesis of 3H-1,5-benzodiazepines
  68. Green synthesis, anionic polymerization of 1,4-bis(methacryloyl)piperazine using Algerian clay as catalyst
  69. Selenium supplementation during fermentation with sugar beet molasses and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to increase bioethanol production
  70. Biosynthetic potential assessment of four food pathogenic bacteria in hydrothermally silver nanoparticles fabrication
  71. Investigating the effectiveness of classical and eco-friendly approaches for synthesis of dialdehydes from organic dihalides
  72. Pyrolysis of palm oil using zeolite catalyst and characterization of the boil-oil
  73. Azadirachta indica leaves extract assisted green synthesis of Ag-TiO2 for degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes in aqueous medium
  74. Synthesis of vitamin E succinate catalyzed by nano-SiO2 immobilized DMAP derivative in mixed solvent system
  75. Extraction of phytosterols from melon (Cucumis melo) seeds by supercritical CO2 as a clean technology
  76. Production of uronic acids by hydrothermolysis of pectin as a model substance for plant biomass waste
  77. Biofabrication of highly pure copper oxide nanoparticles using wheat seed extract and their catalytic activity: A mechanistic approach
  78. Intelligent modeling and optimization of emulsion aggregation method for producing green printing ink
  79. Improved removal of methylene blue on modified hierarchical zeolite Y: Achieved by a “destructive-constructive” method
  80. Two different facile and efficient approaches for the synthesis of various N-arylacetamides via N-acetylation of arylamines and straightforward one-pot reductive acetylation of nitroarenes promoted by recyclable CuFe2O4 nanoparticles in water
  81. Optimization of acid catalyzed esterification and mixed metal oxide catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production from Moringa oleifera oil
  82. Kinetics and the fluidity of the stearic acid esters with different carbon backbones
  83. Aiming for a standardized protocol for preparing a process green synthesis report and for ranking multiple synthesis plans to a common target product
  84. Microstructure and luminescence of VO2 (B) nanoparticle synthesis by hydrothermal method
  85. Optimization of uranium removal from uranium plant wastewater by response surface methodology (RSM)
  86. Microwave drying of nickel-containing residue: dielectric properties, kinetics, and energy aspects
  87. Simple and convenient two step synthesis of 5-bromo-2,3-dimethoxy-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
  88. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil
  89. The effect of activation temperature on structure and properties of blue coke-based activated carbon by CO2 activation
  90. Optimization of reaction parameters for the green synthesis of zero valent iron nanoparticles using pine tree needles
  91. Microwave-assisted protocol for squalene isolation and conversion from oil-deodoriser distillates
  92. Denitrification performance of rare earth tailings-based catalysts
  93. Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Averrhoa bilimbi L and Plum extracts and investigation on the synergistic bioactivity using in vitro models
  94. Green production of AgNPs and their phytostimulatory impact
  95. Photocatalytic activity of Ag/Ni bi-metallic nanoparticles on textile dye removal
  96. Topical Issue: Green Process Engineering / Guest Editors: Martine Poux, Patrick Cognet
  97. Modelling and optimisation of oxidative desulphurisation of tyre-derived oil via central composite design approach
  98. CO2 sequestration by carbonation of olivine: a new process for optimal separation of the solids produced
  99. Organic carbonates synthesis improved by pervaporation for CO2 utilisation
  100. Production of starch nanoparticles through solvent-antisolvent precipitation in a spinning disc reactor
  101. A kinetic study of Zn halide/TBAB-catalysed fixation of CO2 with styrene oxide in propylene carbonate
  102. Topical on Green Process Engineering
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