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Waste phenolic resin derived activated carbon by microwave-assisted KOH activation and application to dye wastewater treatment

  • Wenhai Hu , Song Cheng , Hongying Xia EMAIL logo , Libo Zhang EMAIL logo , Xin Jiang , Qi Zhang and Quan Chen
Published/Copyright: May 18, 2019
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Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 8 Issue 1

Abstract

The waste phenolic resin was utilized as the raw material to prepare activated carbon (AC) used KOH as the activating agent via microwave heating. The phenolic resin was carbonized at 500°C and then performed with a KOH/Char ratio of 4 and microwave power of 700 W for a duration of 15 min. The physic-chemical characteristics of the AC were characterized by N2 adsorption instrument, FTIR, SEM and TEM. The BET surface area and pore volume of AC were found to be 4269 m2/g and 2.396 ml/g, respectively. The activation process to generate such a phenomenally high surface area of the AC has little reported in open literatures and could pave way for preparation adsorbents that are far superior to the currently marketed adsorbents. The methylene blue (MB) was used as the model to assess its suitability to dye wastewater treatment. Towards this, the MB adsorption isotherms were conducted at three different temperatures and tested with different adsorption isotherm models. The adsorption isotherms could be modeled using Langmuir isotherm. While the kinetics could be used the pseudo-second order kinetics to describe. Thermodynamic results demonstrated that the adsorption process was a spontaneous, as well as an endothermic.

Keywords: activated carbon; microwave heating; wastewater treatment; adsorption

1 Introduction

Organic pollutants have received significant attention from the scientific community in the in recent years owe to the harmful impacts on human health and ecological environment [1]. Organic wastewater is produced from lots of industrial which include cottonocracy, plastics, and pulp manufacture [2]. The organic dyes in the wastewater can lead to considerable negative impacts on the environment which includes reducing light transmittance, cancerogenic substance and mutations in genes, as well as increase in the COD and BOD content of wastewater [3]. Hence it is imperative to treat the wastewater before being discharged into natural environment to reduce the impact on the natural environment. The dyes are harder to be biodegraded owing to their complex aromatic molecular structures as compared to other contaminant. And its removal utilizing conventional biological wastewater systems has been a challenge. Hence it is imperative to develop treatment systems that coulis effectively treat dyes economically.

The conventional techniques include coagulation [4], hyperfiltration [5], chemical oxidation [6], filter binding assay [7], biosorption [8], and ozonation [9]. However, these approaches lack the expected degree of effectiveness technologically as well as economically. Adsorption technology has attracted our attention because of its advantages among these methods. For instance, it has higher efficiency, lower cost, and relatively easy-to-adopt [10]. AC has abundant pore structure and powerful adsorption affinity, widely being used in dyes wastewater treatment [11]. The spent phenolic resin is obtained from industrial productions. Because of its low cost and higher carbon content, phenolic resin would be used as a potential raw material to prepare the phenolic resin-based carbon materials [12].

In general, AC can be prepared either using physical or chemical activation methods. Physical activation method requires the activation gas such as steam, CO2, or their compound. However, the process needs a high activation temperature for a long time, leading to low production yield and high costs [13]. Chemical activation method has been widely employed in improving AC performance such as pore volume and specific surface area. And the activation agents usually include H2SO4, HCl, KOH, NaOH, ZnCl2, K2CO3, Na2CO3 and H3PO4 [14, 15, 16, 17]. As one of the activation agents, KOH can make AC with abundant pore parameter [18, 19, 20]. Chemical activation has many advantages, which include lower activation temperatures, lower time, more abundant pore structure and higher production over physical activation [21].

Recently, microwave heating is a green heat method which has being widely applied for preparing of AC [14, 15]. The transfer of heat is not by either conduction or convection, from exterior to interior having a temperature gradient from exterior to interior being nonuniform [22]. The heating utilizing of the microwave energy is uniform as the material converting the absorbed microwave energy and heats up from within itself. The main advantage of the microwave heating are lower heating time, higher heating rate and the non-contact heating way [22, 23]. Therefore, microwave heating is applied in various manufacturing industries and considered to be a mature and promising processing technology. The present work utilizes the advantages of the microwave heating for conversion of waste phenolic resin into AC with KOH as the activating agent. The prepared AC is characterized by nitrogen adsorption isotherms, FTIR, SEM and TEM. And then the prepared AC would be used to treat the wastewater to study its adsorption performance.

2 Experimental material and method

2.1 Material

The raw material is collected from a company in China. The KOH and MB are both chemical reagent that purchased from China.

2.2 Experimental methods

Firstly, the raw material was heated via conventional coking furnace at the temperature of 500°C for 2 h under inert gas to obtain the char. 8 g char and 32 g KOH were mixed with the mass ratio of 1:4. And then the impregnated mixture was putted into microwave oven with microwave power of 700 W for 15 min. After cooling, AC was washed by HCl solution and then washed by distilled water. Finally, it filtered and dried, and stored in dry environment for characterization.

2.3 Characterization of AC

The pore structural parameters of the AC were tested by the nitrogen adsorption instrument (Autosorb-1-C, USA) at 77 K. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, Philips XL30ESEM-TMP) and transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEM-2100, Japan) was used to analyze the surface structure of the AC. The surface functional groups of AC and char were used FTIR (Thermo Nicolet Co., USA) to observe.

2.4 Adsorption isotherms

The adsorption performance of the AC was evaluated by the MB. Series of the adsorption experiments were did in the conical flasks. 0.1 g AC was mixed with the 100 ml MB solution with concentration of 200-400 mg/L, and then put into the gas bath thermostatic at the temperature of 30-50°C with the speed of 300 r/min until the equilibrium. The residual MB amount was calculated by UV-vis spectrophotometer. And then the absorbed amount of MB on AC, qe (mg/g), was calculated using the following expression:

(1)qe=(C0−Ce)V/M

where C0 (mg/L) is the initial concentrations of MB solutions, and Ce (mg/L) is the equilibrium concentrations of MB solutions. V and M are the volume of solution (L) and the weight of the adsorbent (g), respectively.

2.5 Adsorption kinetics

The kinetics experiments were also did in the conical flasks. And it was similar with the adsorption isotherms experiment. The mixed solution was sampled at regular time. The MB concentration adsorbed per time could be calculated via the following equation:

(2)qt=(C0−Ct)V/M

where Ct is MB liquid-phase concentration.

3 Result and discussion

3.1 Pore structure analysis

Figure 1 shows the N2 adsorption isotherms of AC and char [24]. This kind of adsorption isotherms is belonged to a type I isotherms on the basis of IUPAC classification. As Figure 1 shown, it manifests that absorption volume of AC is much greater than that char, demonstrating tremendous increase in the pore volume of the AC. The pore size distribution of AC and char is shown in Figure 2. As seen in Figure 2, the pore volume of the AC is obviously large in the micropore region, evidencing the reaction of KOH-C producing large quantities of micropores.

Figure 1 Nitrogen adsorption isotherm pore size distribution of the AC and char.
Figure 1

Nitrogen adsorption isotherm pore size distribution of the AC and char.

Figure 2 Pore size distribution (c) of the AC and char.
Figure 2

Pore size distribution (c) of the AC and char.

Table 1 shows the pore parameter of the AC and char [24]. Compared with the char, the total pore volume and the surface area tremendously increase for AC. Such high surface area has little reported in open literatures, which could possibly be attributed to the effectiveness of KOH activation in a microwave heating mode.

Table 1

Pore structural parameters of the char and AC.

SBETVtotDaVmicSmicSexternal VmesVmic/Vtot
(m2/g)(ml/g)(Å)(ml/g)(m2/g)(m2/g) (ml/g)(%)
Char330.04150.00.001330 0.0402.46
AC42692.39622.51.6903561708 0.70670.53

3.2 FTIR analysis of AC and char

Figure 3 shows FTIR spectra of AC and char. It can be observed that there is little different from AC and char, based on Figure 3. The spectrum of the AC has peaks at 3435, 2925, 1630 and 1120 cm−1. While the spectrum of the char has peaks at 3443, 2914, 1697, 875 and 750 cm−1. The wavebands in the region of 3440–3420 cm−1 are attributed to O-H stretching vibration [25]. The intense band at about 2925 cm-1 and its shoulder at 2914 cm−1 are attributed to C-H stretching vibration [26]. The peak at the 1697 cm-1 indicates C-C symmetrical stretching of pyrone, while the low peak at 1630 cm−1 is attributed to vibration of H-O-H from absorbed water [27, 28]. Strong peaks at 875 cm−1 belongs to poly substituted aromatic ring, while the one at 750 cm−1 corresponds to 1, 2 C=C stretching in the aromatic rings, respectively [16, 22]. Finally, the peak at 1120 cm−1 is phenol C-O stretching [29]. Compared the FTIR spectrum of char with AC, the bands of char ranging from 1679 to 1120 cm-1 disappears.

Figure 3 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of the AC and char.
Figure 3

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of the AC and char.

3.3 Adsorption isotherms

Adsorption isotherms are employed to study adsorption process, which helps to understand how the molecules are adsorbed onto the surface of AC. Four different popular adsorption isotherm models are used to analyze experiment data to choose the best model. The models attempted in this work are compiled in Table 2, which provides the details of the model equations. Table 3 lists the calculated fitting parameters of these models. The correlation coefficient (R2) of the Langmuir isotherm is the largest based on the Table 3. The adsorption amount of the MB is increase with the temperature increasing. The monolayer adsorption capacity was in the range of 460.8 to 485.4 mg/g which is far higher than the adsorption capacity of most adsorbents that has been reported in literatures.

Table 2

Adsorption isotherm models adopted in this work and their parameters.

IsothermEquationParameters
LangmuirCe is the equilibrium concentration (mg/L)
1q=1kLQoCe+1Q0Q0 (mg/g) is adsorption constant related to adsorption capacity
kL (L/g) is adsorption constant related to energy of adsorption
Freundlichln(qe)=ln(kF)+1nln(Ce)kF is adsorption constant related to adsorption capacity (mg/g).(L/mg)1/n
n is adsorption constant measuring the adsorption intensity
Dubinin-Radushkevichlnqe=lnα−βR2T2[ln(1+1C2)]2α is the adsorption capacity (mg g-1)
β is the constant related to the adsorption energy (mol2kJ-2)
Temkinqe=A+BLn(Ce)A and B are constants
Table 3

Adsorption isotherm parameters at different temperatures.

IsothermsParametersTemperature (K)
303313323
LangmuirQ0(mg/g)460.8473.9485.4
KL(L/mg)1.16671.27121.5489
R20.990.990.99
Freundlich1/n2.67852.61062.8255
KF((mg/g).(L/240.36255.13281.14
mg)1/n)
R20.990.980.94
Dubinin-α (mg g-1)374.95384.58397.64
Radushkevichβ(mol2J-2)10-811.969.967.37
E(KJ/mol)2.042.242.60
R20.900.940.98
TemkinR20.990.980.98

Table 4 summarizes the comparison of the MB adsorption capacity, BET and the Vmic/Vtot of various of AC. The MB adsorption capacity in this study is larger than those reported [30, 31, 32, 33], suggesting that the AC have great potential application in MB removal. As shown in Table 4, the BET of the AC that prepared from phenolic resin (phenolic resin-AC) is the biggest than other kinds of AC. But, the adsorption capability of the MB is only 20% more large than that AC prepared from biodiesel industry solid reside (The BET of the phenolic resin-AC is three times more than that the AC prepared from biodiesel industry solid reside). The reason may be that the micropore volume of the phenolic resin-AC has the 70% of the total volume indicating having lots of the micropore. The pore size of these micropore isn’t big enough to adsorb the MB molecule. So, the MB adsorption capability of the AC is only 20% more large than that AC prepared from biodiesel industry solid reside. Kasaoka et al. reported that adsorption occurred when the pore diameter of adsorbent at least 1.7 times as much as of the adsorbate [34]. The minimum molecular size of MB is about 0.8 nm, while the average pore sizes of phenolic resin-AC is 2.25 nm. Therefore, it is accessible adsorption MB molecule. If the pore size is not big enough, it cannot adsorb the big MB molecule. As shown in Table 4, the BET of the cashew nut-AC-1 is larger than that cashew nut-AC-2. But the MB adsorption capability of the cashew nut-AC-1 is lower than that cashew nut-AC-2. The reason is that the cashew nut-AC-1 has the bigger Vmic/Vtot. But if the BET is bigger enough, we can neglect the impact of the Vmic/Vtot on MB adsorption capability. (See the different between cashew nut-AC -0.5 and cashew nut-AC -1). Although the cashew nut-AC -0.5 has the bigger Vmic/Vtot, it also has the larger MB adsorption capability.

Table 4

The MB adsorption capability of the different kinds AC.

AdsorbentsBETVmic/Vtot (%)Adsorption capacity (mg/g)References
AC426970%485.4This study
Biodiesel industry solid reside-AC137242.11%395.3[30]
Regeneration Durian shell-AC621.5147.45%410.85[31]
Spent coal-AC123364.63%375.93[32]
Cashew nut-AC –0.5110070%277[33]
Cashew nut-AC147837%352[33]
–1.5
Cashew nut-AC –285922%263[33]
Cashew nut-AC –187558%215[33]

Langmuir isotherm most suitably represents the adsorption data. Another characteristic parameter that can be used to evaluate adsorbents on Langmuir isotherm is dimensionless factor RL, which is calculated by:

(3)RL=11+KLC0

In the above formula C0 is MB initial concentration and KL is Langmuir constant. The value of RL is depends on the type of isotherm: unfavorable (RL > 1), linear (RL = 1), favorable (0 < RL < 1), irreversible (RL = 0). The calculation RL value is 0.1717-0.5831, demonstrating the favorable of the MB adsorption onto AC. Langmuir isotherms are shown in Figure 4 at 30-50°C.

Figure 4 Langmuir isotherms for methylene blue adsorption onto AC at different temperatures.
Figure 4

Langmuir isotherms for methylene blue adsorption onto AC at different temperatures.

In addition, the adsorption process was also analyzed using Dubinin-Radushkevich model. The E (1/2β)was defined as the change in the free energy of an adsorbate in it solution moving from infinity to the surface of solid. The E is applied to estimate adsorption process whether it is physical or chemical adsorption. The E is found to be in the range from 2.04 to 2.6 KJ/mol, which indicates that the adsorption process could be predominately by physical adsorption, based on E < 8 kJ/mol.

3.4 Adsorption kinetics

Adsorption kinetics plays a formidable role in the design and sizing of the separation process equipment. Kinetics models such as Pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, intraparticle diffusion and Elovich are employed to test experiment result so as to choose the most suitable model. Table 5 lists related model parameters. The fitting parameters of these models show in Table 6. The experimental result is agreement in pseudo-second-order model and R2 approaches to 1. Compared with the experimental data (qe,exp), Table 6 also provides the calculation qe,cal using the pseudo-second-order model (qe,cal), manifesting that there are very consistent. This finding is also consistent with previous studies on the adsorption of MB on the biodiesel industry solid reside [35] and Siris seed pods [21] based-AC. Figure 5 presents Pseudo-second-order model of the MB adsorption at different initial concentration.

Table 5

Adsorption Kinetic models models adopted in this work and their parameters.

Kinetic modelsEquationParameters
Pseudo-first orderln(qe−qt)=lnqe−k1tqe is the uptake of methylene blue at equilibrium (mg/g).K1 (1/min) is the adsorption rate constant,
Pseudo-second ordertqt=1K2qe2+tqeK2 (g/mg min) is the rate constant of second-order equation
Intraparticle diffusionqt=k3t+CK3 (mg/g min1/2) is the intraparticle diffusion rate constant
Elovichqe=1blnab+1blntC is a constanta (mg/g min) is the initial adsorption rat
b (g/mg) is related to the extent of surface coverage and activation energy.
Table 6

Adsorption kinetics parameters at 30°C.

Pseudo-first-order model
C0 (mg/L)qe.exp (mg/L)qe.cal (mg/L)K(1/min) 1R2
200198.951.980.0090.97
250248.713.550.0160.92
300298.665.330.0150.89
350348.1334.470.0110.91
400397.457.550.0120.88
Pseudo-second-order model
C0 (mg/L)
qe.exp (mg/L)qe.cal (mg/L)K(g/mg min)R2
2
200198.95188.680.0181
250248.71248.760.0111
300298.66299.400.0070.99
350348.13348.430.0080.99
400397.45398.410.0040.99
C(mg/L)Intraparticle diffusion model
0qe.exp (mg/L)C (mg/g)K3 (mg/gmin1/2) R2
200198.95196.730.1390.96
250248.71245.990.1830.96
300298.66294.350.2910.95
350348.133343.310.3170.85
400397.45387.650.6860.79
Elovich kinetic models
C(mg/L) 0qe.exp (mg/L)1/blnab (mg/g)1/b (mg/g)R2
200198.95195.190.6500.96
250248.71249.010.8490.94
300298.66291.091.3680.97
350348.133339.591.5280.92
400397.45379.253.3850.89
Figure 5 Pseudo-first-order kinetics for adsorption of methylene blue onto AC at 298 K.
Figure 5

Pseudo-first-order kinetics for adsorption of methylene blue onto AC at 298 K.

3.5 Adsorption thermodynamics

The following equations are used to estimate the thermodynamic parameters of the ΔS, ΔH and ΔG:

(4)lnKd=ΔSR−ΔHRT
(5)ΔG = −RT ln(Kd)
(6)Kd=qeWCeV

With regard to MB, parameters such as ΔH and ΔS could be got via the slope and intercept of the Van’t Hoff graph of ln Kd and 1/t (Figure 6). The ΔG could be obtained by Eq. 5. Table 7 shows the activation energy and adsorption thermodynamics. The values of ΔG (-12.97, -14.03, -15.17 KJ/mol) is negative at 30-50°C, which manifest that adsorption process is spontaneous and feasible [25]. The results were similar the Moniruzzaman et al. [18]. As the temperature increases, the negative value of G decreases, indicating that MB adsorption process is easier as temperature increasing. The positive values of ΔH (19.77KJ/mol) indicates that the adsorption process has confirmed the physical adsorption. The adsorption reaction is the heat absorption property of AC based on the adsorption of MB with ΔH less than 80 kJ/mol. At the same time, positive ΔS (107.99J/mol) indicates that the affinity of AC to MB and randomness of solid interface increase [26].

Figure 6 Van’t Hoff plot lnKd versus 1/T for methylene blue adsorption on HSAAC.
Figure 6

Van’t Hoff plot lnKd versus 1/T for methylene blue adsorption on HSAAC.

Table 7

Activation energy and thermodynamic parameters.

ΔH (KJ/mol)ΔS (J/mol)ΔG (KJ/mol)
303 K313 K323 K
19.77107.99–12.97–14.03–15.17

4 Conclusion

The waste phenolic resin is a kind of solid waste, which could be used to prepare the AC by microwave heat and KOH as agent. The prepared AC is found to possess BET surface area of 4269 m2/g, average pore diameter 2.25 nm and pore volume of 2.396 cm3/g. The utility of the AC for dye wastewater applications is tested by the organic dye model of the MB, which had a monolayer adsorption capacity in the range of 460.8 to 485.4 mg/g far higher than the popular adsorbents commonly reported in literature. The adsorption isotherms were found to match with Langmuir isotherm model while the adsorption kinetics could be modelled using a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption is endothermic and spontaneously in nature based on thermodynamic result.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Specialized Research Fund for the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21567013).

List of abbreviations

Ac

Activated carbon

FTIR

Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy

SEM

Scanning electron microscope

TEM

Transmission electron microscope

MB

Methylene blue

COD

Chemical Oxygen Demand

BOD

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

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Received: 2018-08-23
Accepted: 2018-10-03
Published Online: 2019-05-18
Published in Print: 2019-01-28

© 2019 Hu et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Studies on the preparation and properties of biodegradable polyester from soybean oil
  3. Flow-mode biodiesel production from palm oil using a pressurized microwave reactor
  4. Reduction of free fatty acids in waste oil for biodiesel production by glycerolysis: investigation and optimization of process parameters
  5. Saccharin: a cheap and mild acidic agent for the synthesis of azo dyes via telescoped dediazotization
  6. Optimization of lipase-catalyzed synthesis of polyethylene glycol stearate in a solvent-free system
  7. Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Platanus orientalis leaf extract for antifungal activity
  8. Ultrasound assisted chemical activation of peanut husk for copper removal
  9. Room temperature silanization of Fe3O4 for the preparation of phenyl functionalized magnetic adsorbent for dispersive solid phase extraction for the extraction of phthalates in water
  10. Evaluation of the saponin green extraction from Ziziphus spina-christi leaves using hydrothermal, microwave and Bain-Marie water bath heating methods
  11. Oxidation of dibenzothiophene using the heterogeneous catalyst of tungsten-based carbon nanotubes
  12. Calcined sodium silicate as an efficient and benign heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification of natural lecithin to L-α-glycerophosphocholine
  13. Synergistic effect between CO2 and H2O2 on ethylbenzene oxidation catalyzed by carbon supported heteropolyanion catalysts
  14. Hydrocyanation of 2-arylmethyleneindan-1,3-diones using potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) as a nontoxic cyanating agent
  15. Green synthesis of hydratropic aldehyde from α-methylstyrene catalyzed by Al2O3-supported metal phthalocyanines
  16. Environmentally benign chemical recycling of polycarbonate wastes: comparison of micro- and nano-TiO2 solid support efficiencies
  17. Medicago polymorpha-mediated antibacterial silver nanoparticles in the reduction of methyl orange
  18. Production of value-added chemicals from esterification of waste glycerol over MCM-41 supported catalysts
  19. Green synthesis of zerovalent copper nanoparticles for efficient reduction of toxic azo dyes congo red and methyl orange
  20. Optimization of the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Penicillium oxalicum GRS-1 and their antimicrobial effects against common food-borne pathogens
  21. Optimization of submerged fermentation conditions to overproduce bioethanol using two industrial and traditional Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains
  22. Extraction of In3+ and Fe3+ from sulfate solutions by using a 3D-printed “Y”-shaped microreactor
  23. Foliar-mediated Ag:ZnO nanophotocatalysts: green synthesis, characterization, pollutants degradation, and in vitro biocidal activity
  24. Green cyclic acetals production by glycerol etherification reaction with benzaldehyde using cationic acidic resin
  25. Biosynthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities assessment of fabricated selenium nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract
  26. Synthesis of high surface area magnesia by using walnut shell as a template
  27. Controllable biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using actinobacterial strains
  28. Green vegetation: a promising source of color dyes
  29. Mechano-chemical synthesis of ammonia and acetic acid from inorganic materials in water
  30. Green synthesis and structural characterization of novel N1-substituted 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones
  31. Biodiesel production from cotton oil using heterogeneous CaO catalysts from eggshells prepared at different calcination temperatures
  32. Regeneration of spent mercury catalyst for the treatment of dye wastewater by the microwave and ultrasonic spray-assisted method
  33. Green synthesis of the innovative super paramagnetic nanoparticles from the leaves extract of Fraxinus chinensis Roxb and their application for the decolourisation of toxic dyes
  34. Biogenic ZnO nanoparticles: a study of blueshift of optical band gap and photocatalytic degradation of reactive yellow 186 dye under direct sunlight
  35. Leached compounds from the extracts of pomegranate peel, green coconut shell, and karuvelam wood for the removal of hexavalent chromium
  36. Enhancement of molecular weight reduction of natural rubber in triphasic CO2/toluene/H2O systems with hydrogen peroxide for preparation of biobased polyurethanes
  37. An efficient green synthesis of novel 1H-imidazo[1,2-a]imidazole-3-amine and imidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazole-5-amine derivatives via Strecker reaction under controlled microwave heating
  38. Evaluation of three different green fabrication methods for the synthesis of crystalline ZnO nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract
  39. A highly efficient and multifunctional biomass supporting Ag, Ni, and Cu nanoparticles through wetness impregnation for environmental remediation
  40. Simple one-pot green method for large-scale production of mesalamine, an anti-inflammatory agent
  41. Relationships between step and cumulative PMI and E-factors: implications on estimating material efficiency with respect to charting synthesis optimization strategies
  42. A comparative sorption study of Cr3+ and Cr6+ using mango peels: kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic
  43. Effects of acid hydrolysis waste liquid recycle on preparation of microcrystalline cellulose
  44. Use of deep eutectic solvents as catalyst: A mini-review
  45. Microwave-assisted synthesis of pyrrolidinone derivatives using 1,1’-butylenebis(3-sulfo-3H-imidazol-1-ium) chloride in ethylene glycol
  46. Green and eco-friendly synthesis of Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4: Characterization and photo-catalytic activity
  47. Adsorption optimized of the coal-based material and application for cyanide wastewater treatment
  48. Aloe vera leaf extract mediated green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and assessment of their In vitro antimicrobial activity against spoilage fungi and pathogenic bacteria strains
  49. Waste phenolic resin derived activated carbon by microwave-assisted KOH activation and application to dye wastewater treatment
  50. Direct ethanol production from cellulose by consortium of Trichoderma reesei and Candida molischiana
  51. Agricultural waste biomass-assisted nanostructures: Synthesis and application
  52. Biodiesel production from rubber seed oil using calcium oxide derived from eggshell as catalyst – optimization and modeling studies
  53. Study of fabrication of fully aqueous solution processed SnS quantum dot-sensitized solar cell
  54. Assessment of aqueous extract of Gypsophila aretioides for inhibitory effects on calcium carbonate formation
  55. An environmentally friendly acylation reaction of 2-methylnaphthalene in solvent-free condition in a micro-channel reactor
  56. Aegle marmelos phytochemical stabilized synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles and their role against agriculture and food pathogen
  57. A reactive coupling process for co-production of solketal and biodiesel
  58. Optimization of the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-1-phenylethanol using Ispir bean as whole-cell biocatalyst
  59. Synthesis of pyrazolopyridine and pyrazoloquinoline derivatives by one-pot, three-component reactions of arylglyoxals, 3-methyl-1-aryl-1H-pyrazol-5-amines and cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of tetrapropylammonium bromide
  60. Preconcentration of morphine in urine sample using a green and solvent-free microextraction method
  61. Extraction of glycyrrhizic acid by aqueous two-phase system formed by PEG and two environmentally friendly organic acid salts - sodium citrate and sodium tartrate
  62. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Juglans regia leaf extract and assessment of their physico-chemical and biological properties
  63. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as powerful and recyclable catalysts and solvents for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/thiones
  64. Biosynthesis, characterization and anti-microbial activity of silver nanoparticle based gel hand wash
  65. Efficient and selective microwave-assisted O-methylation of phenolic compounds using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)
  66. Anticoagulant, thrombolytic and antibacterial activities of Euphorbia acruensis latex-mediated bioengineered silver nanoparticles
  67. Volcanic ash as reusable catalyst in the green synthesis of 3H-1,5-benzodiazepines
  68. Green synthesis, anionic polymerization of 1,4-bis(methacryloyl)piperazine using Algerian clay as catalyst
  69. Selenium supplementation during fermentation with sugar beet molasses and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to increase bioethanol production
  70. Biosynthetic potential assessment of four food pathogenic bacteria in hydrothermally silver nanoparticles fabrication
  71. Investigating the effectiveness of classical and eco-friendly approaches for synthesis of dialdehydes from organic dihalides
  72. Pyrolysis of palm oil using zeolite catalyst and characterization of the boil-oil
  73. Azadirachta indica leaves extract assisted green synthesis of Ag-TiO2 for degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes in aqueous medium
  74. Synthesis of vitamin E succinate catalyzed by nano-SiO2 immobilized DMAP derivative in mixed solvent system
  75. Extraction of phytosterols from melon (Cucumis melo) seeds by supercritical CO2 as a clean technology
  76. Production of uronic acids by hydrothermolysis of pectin as a model substance for plant biomass waste
  77. Biofabrication of highly pure copper oxide nanoparticles using wheat seed extract and their catalytic activity: A mechanistic approach
  78. Intelligent modeling and optimization of emulsion aggregation method for producing green printing ink
  79. Improved removal of methylene blue on modified hierarchical zeolite Y: Achieved by a “destructive-constructive” method
  80. Two different facile and efficient approaches for the synthesis of various N-arylacetamides via N-acetylation of arylamines and straightforward one-pot reductive acetylation of nitroarenes promoted by recyclable CuFe2O4 nanoparticles in water
  81. Optimization of acid catalyzed esterification and mixed metal oxide catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production from Moringa oleifera oil
  82. Kinetics and the fluidity of the stearic acid esters with different carbon backbones
  83. Aiming for a standardized protocol for preparing a process green synthesis report and for ranking multiple synthesis plans to a common target product
  84. Microstructure and luminescence of VO2 (B) nanoparticle synthesis by hydrothermal method
  85. Optimization of uranium removal from uranium plant wastewater by response surface methodology (RSM)
  86. Microwave drying of nickel-containing residue: dielectric properties, kinetics, and energy aspects
  87. Simple and convenient two step synthesis of 5-bromo-2,3-dimethoxy-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
  88. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil
  89. The effect of activation temperature on structure and properties of blue coke-based activated carbon by CO2 activation
  90. Optimization of reaction parameters for the green synthesis of zero valent iron nanoparticles using pine tree needles
  91. Microwave-assisted protocol for squalene isolation and conversion from oil-deodoriser distillates
  92. Denitrification performance of rare earth tailings-based catalysts
  93. Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Averrhoa bilimbi L and Plum extracts and investigation on the synergistic bioactivity using in vitro models
  94. Green production of AgNPs and their phytostimulatory impact
  95. Photocatalytic activity of Ag/Ni bi-metallic nanoparticles on textile dye removal
  96. Topical Issue: Green Process Engineering / Guest Editors: Martine Poux, Patrick Cognet
  97. Modelling and optimisation of oxidative desulphurisation of tyre-derived oil via central composite design approach
  98. CO2 sequestration by carbonation of olivine: a new process for optimal separation of the solids produced
  99. Organic carbonates synthesis improved by pervaporation for CO2 utilisation
  100. Production of starch nanoparticles through solvent-antisolvent precipitation in a spinning disc reactor
  101. A kinetic study of Zn halide/TBAB-catalysed fixation of CO2 with styrene oxide in propylene carbonate
  102. Topical on Green Process Engineering
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2019-0008
Keywords for this article
activated carbon; microwave heating; wastewater treatment; adsorption
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Studies on the preparation and properties of biodegradable polyester from soybean oil
  3. Flow-mode biodiesel production from palm oil using a pressurized microwave reactor
  4. Reduction of free fatty acids in waste oil for biodiesel production by glycerolysis: investigation and optimization of process parameters
  5. Saccharin: a cheap and mild acidic agent for the synthesis of azo dyes via telescoped dediazotization
  6. Optimization of lipase-catalyzed synthesis of polyethylene glycol stearate in a solvent-free system
  7. Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Platanus orientalis leaf extract for antifungal activity
  8. Ultrasound assisted chemical activation of peanut husk for copper removal
  9. Room temperature silanization of Fe3O4 for the preparation of phenyl functionalized magnetic adsorbent for dispersive solid phase extraction for the extraction of phthalates in water
  10. Evaluation of the saponin green extraction from Ziziphus spina-christi leaves using hydrothermal, microwave and Bain-Marie water bath heating methods
  11. Oxidation of dibenzothiophene using the heterogeneous catalyst of tungsten-based carbon nanotubes
  12. Calcined sodium silicate as an efficient and benign heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification of natural lecithin to L-α-glycerophosphocholine
  13. Synergistic effect between CO2 and H2O2 on ethylbenzene oxidation catalyzed by carbon supported heteropolyanion catalysts
  14. Hydrocyanation of 2-arylmethyleneindan-1,3-diones using potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) as a nontoxic cyanating agent
  15. Green synthesis of hydratropic aldehyde from α-methylstyrene catalyzed by Al2O3-supported metal phthalocyanines
  16. Environmentally benign chemical recycling of polycarbonate wastes: comparison of micro- and nano-TiO2 solid support efficiencies
  17. Medicago polymorpha-mediated antibacterial silver nanoparticles in the reduction of methyl orange
  18. Production of value-added chemicals from esterification of waste glycerol over MCM-41 supported catalysts
  19. Green synthesis of zerovalent copper nanoparticles for efficient reduction of toxic azo dyes congo red and methyl orange
  20. Optimization of the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Penicillium oxalicum GRS-1 and their antimicrobial effects against common food-borne pathogens
  21. Optimization of submerged fermentation conditions to overproduce bioethanol using two industrial and traditional Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains
  22. Extraction of In3+ and Fe3+ from sulfate solutions by using a 3D-printed “Y”-shaped microreactor
  23. Foliar-mediated Ag:ZnO nanophotocatalysts: green synthesis, characterization, pollutants degradation, and in vitro biocidal activity
  24. Green cyclic acetals production by glycerol etherification reaction with benzaldehyde using cationic acidic resin
  25. Biosynthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities assessment of fabricated selenium nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract
  26. Synthesis of high surface area magnesia by using walnut shell as a template
  27. Controllable biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using actinobacterial strains
  28. Green vegetation: a promising source of color dyes
  29. Mechano-chemical synthesis of ammonia and acetic acid from inorganic materials in water
  30. Green synthesis and structural characterization of novel N1-substituted 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones
  31. Biodiesel production from cotton oil using heterogeneous CaO catalysts from eggshells prepared at different calcination temperatures
  32. Regeneration of spent mercury catalyst for the treatment of dye wastewater by the microwave and ultrasonic spray-assisted method
  33. Green synthesis of the innovative super paramagnetic nanoparticles from the leaves extract of Fraxinus chinensis Roxb and their application for the decolourisation of toxic dyes
  34. Biogenic ZnO nanoparticles: a study of blueshift of optical band gap and photocatalytic degradation of reactive yellow 186 dye under direct sunlight
  35. Leached compounds from the extracts of pomegranate peel, green coconut shell, and karuvelam wood for the removal of hexavalent chromium
  36. Enhancement of molecular weight reduction of natural rubber in triphasic CO2/toluene/H2O systems with hydrogen peroxide for preparation of biobased polyurethanes
  37. An efficient green synthesis of novel 1H-imidazo[1,2-a]imidazole-3-amine and imidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazole-5-amine derivatives via Strecker reaction under controlled microwave heating
  38. Evaluation of three different green fabrication methods for the synthesis of crystalline ZnO nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract
  39. A highly efficient and multifunctional biomass supporting Ag, Ni, and Cu nanoparticles through wetness impregnation for environmental remediation
  40. Simple one-pot green method for large-scale production of mesalamine, an anti-inflammatory agent
  41. Relationships between step and cumulative PMI and E-factors: implications on estimating material efficiency with respect to charting synthesis optimization strategies
  42. A comparative sorption study of Cr3+ and Cr6+ using mango peels: kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic
  43. Effects of acid hydrolysis waste liquid recycle on preparation of microcrystalline cellulose
  44. Use of deep eutectic solvents as catalyst: A mini-review
  45. Microwave-assisted synthesis of pyrrolidinone derivatives using 1,1’-butylenebis(3-sulfo-3H-imidazol-1-ium) chloride in ethylene glycol
  46. Green and eco-friendly synthesis of Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4: Characterization and photo-catalytic activity
  47. Adsorption optimized of the coal-based material and application for cyanide wastewater treatment
  48. Aloe vera leaf extract mediated green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and assessment of their In vitro antimicrobial activity against spoilage fungi and pathogenic bacteria strains
  49. Waste phenolic resin derived activated carbon by microwave-assisted KOH activation and application to dye wastewater treatment
  50. Direct ethanol production from cellulose by consortium of Trichoderma reesei and Candida molischiana
  51. Agricultural waste biomass-assisted nanostructures: Synthesis and application
  52. Biodiesel production from rubber seed oil using calcium oxide derived from eggshell as catalyst – optimization and modeling studies
  53. Study of fabrication of fully aqueous solution processed SnS quantum dot-sensitized solar cell
  54. Assessment of aqueous extract of Gypsophila aretioides for inhibitory effects on calcium carbonate formation
  55. An environmentally friendly acylation reaction of 2-methylnaphthalene in solvent-free condition in a micro-channel reactor
  56. Aegle marmelos phytochemical stabilized synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles and their role against agriculture and food pathogen
  57. A reactive coupling process for co-production of solketal and biodiesel
  58. Optimization of the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-1-phenylethanol using Ispir bean as whole-cell biocatalyst
  59. Synthesis of pyrazolopyridine and pyrazoloquinoline derivatives by one-pot, three-component reactions of arylglyoxals, 3-methyl-1-aryl-1H-pyrazol-5-amines and cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of tetrapropylammonium bromide
  60. Preconcentration of morphine in urine sample using a green and solvent-free microextraction method
  61. Extraction of glycyrrhizic acid by aqueous two-phase system formed by PEG and two environmentally friendly organic acid salts - sodium citrate and sodium tartrate
  62. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Juglans regia leaf extract and assessment of their physico-chemical and biological properties
  63. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as powerful and recyclable catalysts and solvents for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/thiones
  64. Biosynthesis, characterization and anti-microbial activity of silver nanoparticle based gel hand wash
  65. Efficient and selective microwave-assisted O-methylation of phenolic compounds using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)
  66. Anticoagulant, thrombolytic and antibacterial activities of Euphorbia acruensis latex-mediated bioengineered silver nanoparticles
  67. Volcanic ash as reusable catalyst in the green synthesis of 3H-1,5-benzodiazepines
  68. Green synthesis, anionic polymerization of 1,4-bis(methacryloyl)piperazine using Algerian clay as catalyst
  69. Selenium supplementation during fermentation with sugar beet molasses and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to increase bioethanol production
  70. Biosynthetic potential assessment of four food pathogenic bacteria in hydrothermally silver nanoparticles fabrication
  71. Investigating the effectiveness of classical and eco-friendly approaches for synthesis of dialdehydes from organic dihalides
  72. Pyrolysis of palm oil using zeolite catalyst and characterization of the boil-oil
  73. Azadirachta indica leaves extract assisted green synthesis of Ag-TiO2 for degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes in aqueous medium
  74. Synthesis of vitamin E succinate catalyzed by nano-SiO2 immobilized DMAP derivative in mixed solvent system
  75. Extraction of phytosterols from melon (Cucumis melo) seeds by supercritical CO2 as a clean technology
  76. Production of uronic acids by hydrothermolysis of pectin as a model substance for plant biomass waste
  77. Biofabrication of highly pure copper oxide nanoparticles using wheat seed extract and their catalytic activity: A mechanistic approach
  78. Intelligent modeling and optimization of emulsion aggregation method for producing green printing ink
  79. Improved removal of methylene blue on modified hierarchical zeolite Y: Achieved by a “destructive-constructive” method
  80. Two different facile and efficient approaches for the synthesis of various N-arylacetamides via N-acetylation of arylamines and straightforward one-pot reductive acetylation of nitroarenes promoted by recyclable CuFe2O4 nanoparticles in water
  81. Optimization of acid catalyzed esterification and mixed metal oxide catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production from Moringa oleifera oil
  82. Kinetics and the fluidity of the stearic acid esters with different carbon backbones
  83. Aiming for a standardized protocol for preparing a process green synthesis report and for ranking multiple synthesis plans to a common target product
  84. Microstructure and luminescence of VO2 (B) nanoparticle synthesis by hydrothermal method
  85. Optimization of uranium removal from uranium plant wastewater by response surface methodology (RSM)
  86. Microwave drying of nickel-containing residue: dielectric properties, kinetics, and energy aspects
  87. Simple and convenient two step synthesis of 5-bromo-2,3-dimethoxy-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
  88. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil
  89. The effect of activation temperature on structure and properties of blue coke-based activated carbon by CO2 activation
  90. Optimization of reaction parameters for the green synthesis of zero valent iron nanoparticles using pine tree needles
  91. Microwave-assisted protocol for squalene isolation and conversion from oil-deodoriser distillates
  92. Denitrification performance of rare earth tailings-based catalysts
  93. Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Averrhoa bilimbi L and Plum extracts and investigation on the synergistic bioactivity using in vitro models
  94. Green production of AgNPs and their phytostimulatory impact
  95. Photocatalytic activity of Ag/Ni bi-metallic nanoparticles on textile dye removal
  96. Topical Issue: Green Process Engineering / Guest Editors: Martine Poux, Patrick Cognet
  97. Modelling and optimisation of oxidative desulphurisation of tyre-derived oil via central composite design approach
  98. CO2 sequestration by carbonation of olivine: a new process for optimal separation of the solids produced
  99. Organic carbonates synthesis improved by pervaporation for CO2 utilisation
  100. Production of starch nanoparticles through solvent-antisolvent precipitation in a spinning disc reactor
  101. A kinetic study of Zn halide/TBAB-catalysed fixation of CO2 with styrene oxide in propylene carbonate
  102. Topical on Green Process Engineering
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