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Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Juglans regia leaf extract and assessment of their physico-chemical and biological properties

  • Marjan Asemani and Navideh Anarjan EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: May 25, 2019
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Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 8 Issue 1

Abstract

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were green synthesized using walnut leaf extract. Effects of three synthesis parameters namely; amount copper salt (1-4 g), amount of walnut leaf extract (10-40 mL) and furnace temperature (300-500°C), on the particle size as manifested in broad absorption peak (λmax, nm), concentration (absorbance), antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the fabricated CuO NPs were studied using response surface methodology, based on Box behnken experimental design. The spherical and crystalline monodispersed fabricated CuO NPs with mean particle size of 80 nm, were achieved using optimum synthesis parameters including 1 g copper salt, 14 mL walnut leaf extract and 490°C of furnace temperature. The fabricated CuO NPs at these conditions had maximum antioxidant activity of 83.64% and minimum MIC value of 1.78% w/v against E. coli, with λmax and absorbance values of 226 nm, 4.44% a.u., respectively.

Keywords: copper oxide nanoparticles; walnut leaf extract; green synthesis; antioxidant activity; minimum inhibitory concentration

1 Introduction

Among metal oxide, copper oxide has gained more attention in the last decade, due to its distinctive properties such as high temperature superconductivity, spin dynamics and electron correlation effects, which those increase widely its applications as heterogeneous catalysts, antioxidants, drug delivery agents, and imaging agents in field of biomedicine [1,2]. Furthermore, copper oxide is inexpensive antimicrobial agent when compared to inorganic bactericidal agents such as silver and gold, and has longer shelf life as compared to other organic antimicrobial agents [1]. All the mentioned properties of copper oxide drastically increase when it fabricates in nano-size scale. In fact, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) due to their extremely unusual crystal morphologies and high surface area to volume ratio, have unique physical, chemical and biological properties [1,3].

Development of a non-toxic, clean, reliable, cost-effective, eco-friendly and biocompatible processes to NPs fabrication is one of the great interests of researchers in the last decade to replace them with common physical and chemical synthesis methods, which those are high energy consuming with intensive capital cost and utilize toxic chemicals and non-polar solvents in their processes [4]. Green synthesis of NPs with plants and their derivatives extract, have gained more attentions during last years, due to the presence of the numerous natural reductants (i.e., polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, ascorbic acids and sugars) and stabilizers (i.e., proteins, carbohydrates, gums and pectic substances) [5, 6, 7]. Numerous researches have been done on green synthesis of CuO NPs with plant extract such as tea leaf, coffee powder and Eichhornia crassipes extracts [8,9].

Walnut (–regia L.) leaf contains numerous main bioactive compounds such as, malic acid, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acids, quercetin O-pentoside, sucrose, disaccharide, α-tocopherol and tocopherol isomer, and phenolic compounds which those can be effectively utilized as reducing and stabilizing mediators in the NPs production such as silver NPs [10].

Present study focused on i) possible application of the walnut leaf extract in the CuO NPs fabrication, ii) optimization of the synthesis process using response surface methodology to achieved CuO NPs with appropriate physico-chemical attributes, and iii) valuation of antibacterial activities of the formed CuO NPs using walnut leaf extract.

2 Materials and method

Walnut fresh leaves, same in size and colour, and free of microbial damages, were collected locally from a walnut garden in Tabriz, Iran. Copper nitrate, Cu(NO3)2, Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), methanol, ethanol, nutrient agar and Mueller Hinton broth were provided from Merck Company (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Resazurin reagent was purchased from (Sigma-Aldrich, United State of America). E. coli (PPTCC 1270) was obtained from the microbial Persian type culture collection (PTCC, Tehran, Iran). All the solutions in the present study were prepared using deionized double distilled water (DI).

2.1 Preparation of walnut leaf extract and synthesis of CuO NPs

Provided walnut leaves were washed three time using DI water to remove their surface contaminations and shade dried at room temperature (30°C) during a week. A domestic miller (MX-GX1521; Panasonic, Tokyo, Japan) was utilized to prepare walnut dried powder and in order to prepare walnut leaf extract, 5 g dried powder was added into 100 mL of boiling DI water for 1 h, and after cooling the mixture solution, it was filtered (Whatman No. 40 filter paper) and the extract was then collected in dark bottle and kept in the refrigerator.

In order to prepare CuO NPs, 1 to 4 g of the copper nitrate was added into the defined amount of the prepared walnut leaf extract (10-40 mL) and the reaction solutions were mixed using a heater-stirred, adjusted at 500 rpm and 70°C, for 15 min and finally the samples were put in an electric furnace (FM4P, Fanazma Gostar Co., Alborz, Iran) adjusted at 300 to 500°C for 2 h. The obtained powders, as farmed CuO NPs, were then used for further studies.

2.2 Physico-chemical properties of the synthesized CuO NPs

Formation of the CuO NPs can be easily confirmed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry (UV-3600 Plus, Shimadzu Co., Tokyo, Japan) because of the surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) of the formed NPs. Due to the SPR of the fabricated CuO NPs, the solution containing CuO NPs indicated the broad absorption peak (λmax) in the wavelength ranged 200-300 nm [8]. Furthermore, fabrication of CuO NPs can be easily verified by X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD: D5000, Siemens Co. Germany) using Cu Kα radiation and compression of the obtained pattern with the standard XRD pattern for CuO NPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM, CamScan MV 2300, Tescan, Czech Republic) was utilized to assess of the structural properties and morphology of the formed CuO NPs. Antioxidant activity of the fabricated CuO NPs using walnut leaf extract had been assessed according to the scavenging ability on 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, which that was described by Vahidi et al. [11].

2.3 Antibacterial activity assess of the formed CuO NPs

Antibacterial activity of the formed CuO NPs was assessed using MIC test according to the clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) protocol [12]. In order to obtain the MIC values, serial dilutions of CuO NPs with the concentrations of 100, 50, 25, 6.25, 3.12, 1.56, 0.78 and 0.39% (W/V) were provided in a 96 well-cell plate. After that 100 and 30 μL of the sterilized MHB and Resazurin reagent were added into the wells, respectively. Finally, 100 μL provided bacteria suspension (E. coli) adjusted to 0.5 McFarland standards have been added into the wells. The turbidity of the poured wells were measured at wavelength of 625 nm by UV-visible spectroscopy measurements (250-800 nm, Perkn Elmer, Germany), at the beginning of the test and after 24 h incubation of the 96 well-cell plate at 37°C and the MICs were determined.

2.4 Design of experiments and data analysis

Response surface methodology (RSM) has numerous advantages as compared to other statistical techniques due to its potential to generate valuable data using minimum experiment runs and assessment of their different effects such as linear, quadratic and interaction on the responses [13, 14, 15, 16]. Therefore, Box behnken design, using a block, with RSM were utilized to experimental design and optimize of the CuO NPs synthesis parameters namely; amount of copper ion concentration (X1, 1-4 g), amount of walnut leaf extract (X2, 10-40 mL) and electric furnace temperature (X3, 300-500°C), on the λmax (Y1, nm), absorbance at λmax (Y2, % a.u.), MIC (Y3), and anti-oxidant activity (Y4, %) of the mixture solutions containing CuO NPs. Response variables, as function of the synthesized parameters, were followed a second-order polynomial Eq. 1, which in this equation, B0 is a constant and Bi, Bii and Bij are the coefficients of the linear, quadratic and interaction terms.

(1)Y=β0+β1X1+β2X2+β3X3+β11X12+β22X22+         β33X32+β12X1X2+β13X1X3+β23X2X3

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) based on coefficient of determination (R2) and the terms p-value (p < 0.05) and F ratio was employed to significance determinations of the obtained reduced models [17]. In the reduced models, those terms which had insignificant effects on the responses were removed [18,19]. Two-dimensional contour plots, based on the generated models, were established only for significant (p < 0.05) interaction effects of the synthesis parameters. Numerical multiple response optimization was utilized to obtain exact values of the optimum synthesis parameters [20]. Obtained optimum synthesis parameters were used three times to synthesis CuO NPs for verification of the generated reduced models accuracy [21]. Minitab v.16 statistical software (Minitab Inc., PA, USA) was used for the design of experiments, RSM, ANOVA and optimization procedures.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Generation of response surface models

Based on the attained values for the responses (Table 1) the reduced models for the λmax, absorbance, antioxidant activity and MIC of the prepared CuO NPs, as function of copper salt, walnut leaf extract and furnace temperature were generated. Table 2 indicates regression coefficients of the models terms including main, quadratic and interaction, R2 and R2-adj, and lack of fit for the fitted models. As can be observed in Table 2, higher values of the R2 (> 0.88), R2-adj (> 0.78) and lack of fit p-value (p > 0.05) for the generated models, verified their proper precision [22,23]. The significance probability of the regression coefficients for the final reduced models presents in Table 3. As can be shown in Table 3, main effect of the copper salt had significant (p < 0.05) effects on the all studied responses. Furthermore, main and quadratic effects of furnace temperature and its interaction with copper salt had significant (p < 0.05) effects on the λmax, absorbance and antioxidant activity of the prepared CuO NPs.

Table 1

Box behnken design and response variables for synthesis of CuO NPs using walnut leaf extract.

Sample runsIon concentrationLeaf extractTemperatureλmaxAbsorbanceAntioxidantMIC
(g)amount (mL)(°C)(nm)(% a.u.)(%)(% w/v)
12.510500237.53.00086.04.100
21.010400245.02.41088.72.310
34.025500260.01.10088.11.470
42.510300246.01.31486.32.040
54.025300250.00.50085.73.000
62.525400241.01.06685.91.140
72.540500260.02.30083.41.100
82.540300258.01.18878.81.520
94.040400260.02.00990.01.670
101.025500225.05.01080.01.095
111.040400260.04.33879.71.390
122.525400290.01.07088.01.410
131.025300267.01.10083.71.250
142.525400263.01.00087.32.030
154.010400****

  1. * Out of range.

Table 2

Regression coefficients, R2, adjusted R2 (R2-adj) and probability values for the final reduced models.

Regression coefficientλmaxAbsorbanceAntioxidantMIC
(nm)(% a.u.)(%)(% w/v)
β0 (constant)283.290.51287.0601.445
β1 (main effect)9.13–0.4482.6900.683
β2 (main effect)NSNS–2.365–0.931
β 3 (main effect)–14.190.4750.375NS
β11 (quadratic effect)NSNSNS0.636
β 22 (quadratic effect)NSNSNS0.573
β 33 (quadratic effect)–19.721.838–3.060NS
β12 (interaction effect)NSNS2.295–0.793
β13 (interaction effect)13.00–1.3501.525NS
β21 (interaction effect)NSNSNSNS
β23 (interaction effect)NSNS1.225NS
R20.88280.84400.95220.8665
R2-adj0.83590.78150.89640.7831
Lack of fit0.3310.6020.5030.604

  1. NS: Non-significant.

    1: Ion concentration (g); 2: Leaf extract amount (mL);

    3: Temperature (°C).

Table 3

The significance probability (p-value) of regression coefficients for the final reduced models.

TermsλmaxAbsorbanceAntioxidantMIC
(nm)(% a.u.)(%)(% w/v)
β0 (constant)0.0000.0460.0000.000
β1 (main effect)0.0070.0320.0010.002
β2 (main effect)NSNS0.0020.000
β 3 (main effect)0.0000.0280.042NS
β11 (quadratic effect)NSNSNS0.013
β 22 (quadratic effect)NSNSNS0.020
β 33 (quadratic effect)0.0010.0000.003NS
β12 (interaction effect)NSNS0.0210.009
β13 (interaction effect)0.0070.0020.036NS
β23 (interaction effect)NSNS0.045NS

  1. NS: Non-significant.

    1: Ion concentration (g); 2: Leaf extract amount (mL);

    3: Temperature (°C).

3.2 Effects of the synthesized parameters on the λmax and absorbance of the samples

As can be realized in Table 1, λmax and absorbance of the prepared solutions containing CuO NPs varied from 225-290 nm and 0.500-5.010% a.u., respectively. Obtained results revealed that CuO NPs with smallest particle size (λmax of 225 nm) and maximum concentration (5.010% a.u.) were fabricated using synthesized parameters including amount of copper salt, amount of walnut leaf extract and furnace temperature of 1 g, 25 mL and 500°C, respectively. Furthermore, statistical analysis demonstrated that the interaction effects of the copper salt and furnace temperature had significant (p < 0.05) effects on the λmax and absorbance of the prepared solutions containing CuO NPs (Table 3). Effects of the copper salt and furnace temperature on the λmax and absorbance are indicated in Figures 1a and 1b, respectively. In the synthesis of organic NPs, the main aim is to form NPs with minimum particle size and maximum concentration which these two parameters can be manifested in minimum λmax and maximum absorbance [7]. As can be seen in Figures 1a and 1b, CuO NPs with minimum λmax and maximum absorbance could be achieved using minimum amount of copper salt and maximum furnace temperature. The obtained results can be explained by the fact that at minimum ion concentration, due to higher concentration of bioreductant compounds of the plant extract, the nucleation rate was increased and NPs were fabricated rapidly and stabilized by the presented stabilizers of the plant leaf extract [4,5]. This result was in line with finding of Eshghi et al., they fabricated silver NPs using walnut leaf extract [10].

Figure 1 Contour plots for λmax (a) and absorbance (b) of the formed CuO NPs as function of copper salt amount (g), amount of walnut leaf extract (mL) and furnace temperature (°C).
Figure 1

Contour plots for λmax (a) and absorbance (b) of the formed CuO NPs as function of copper salt amount (g), amount of walnut leaf extract (mL) and furnace temperature (°C).

3.3 Effects of the synthesized parameters on the antioxidant activity of the samples

As can be seen in Table 1, antioxidant activity of the fabricated CuO NPs is varied from 78.8 to 90%. The achieved results demonstrated that maximum antioxidant activity of the fabricated CuO NPs was obtained using synthesis conditions including amount of copper salt, amount of walnut leaf extract and furnace temperature of 4 g, 40 mL and 400°C, respectively. In addition to, statistical analysis revealed that the interaction effects of all three synthesis parameters had significant (p < 0.05) effects on the antioxidant activity of the formed CuO NPs using walnut leaf extract (Table 3). Effects of the synthesis parameters on the antioxidant activity of the formed CuO NPs indicate in Figures 2a-c. As clearly observed in Figure 2a and 2b, at minimum amount of copper salt, by increasing the amount of walnut leaf extract and furnace temperature, the fabricated CuO NPs indicated maximum antioxidant activity, respectively. The obtained results can be explained by the fact that, at lower amount of copper salt, by addition of higher amount of walnut leaf extract and subjected the prepared reaction solution into the higher temperatures, the CuO NPs with minimum particle size and maximum concentration were fabricated, as can be seen in Figure 1, which those increased antioxidant activity of the formed NPs [11]. However, as can be seen in Figure 2c, the formed CuO NPs with highest antioxidant activity was produced using maximum amount of walnut leaf extract and minimum furnace temperature.

Figure 2 Contour plots for antioxidant activity of the formed CuO NPs as function of copper salt and walnut leaf extract amounts (a), copper salt amount and furnace temperature (b), and amount of copper salt and furnace temperature (c).
Figure 2

Contour plots for antioxidant activity of the formed CuO NPs as function of copper salt and walnut leaf extract amounts (a), copper salt amount and furnace temperature (b), and amount of copper salt and furnace temperature (c).

3.4 Effects of the synthesized parameters on the MIC of the formed CuO NPs

As can be seen in Table 1, MIC of the formed CuO NPs is changed from 1.095 to 4.100% w/v. The attained results demonstrated that minimum MIC of the formed CuO NPs was gained using synthesis conditions including amount of copper salt, amount of walnut leaf extract

and furnace temperature of 1 g, 25 mL and 500°C, respectively. In addition to, statistical analysis revealed that the interaction of amounts of copper salt and walnut leaf extract had significant (p < 0.05) effect on the MIC of the fabricated CuO NPs using walnut leaf extract (Table 3). Furthermore, as clearly indicated in Figure 3, minimum MIC was attained by minimum and low amounts of copper salt and walnut leaf extract, respectively. This result could be related to the smallest particle size of the CuO NPs using walnut extract at minimum amount of the copper salt. Due to higher surface to volume ratio of the fabricated small NPs, those effectively attached to the microbial membrane and altered its permeability which in turn, caused microorganism death [14].

Figure 3 Contour plots for MIC of the formed CuO NPs as function of copper salt amount (g), amount of walnut leaf extract (mL) and furnace temperature (°C).
Figure 3

Contour plots for MIC of the formed CuO NPs as function of copper salt amount (g), amount of walnut leaf extract (mL) and furnace temperature (°C).

3.5 Optimization of processing parameters for the CuO NPs synthesis

The CuO NPs synthesized parameters were considered as optimum conditions when the formed NPs had minimum particle size (according to the λmax) and MIC, and maximum concentration (absorbance) and antioxidant activity. Figures 4a-c indicate graphical optimization area, white coloured surfaces, based on an overlaid contour

Figure 4 (a-c) Overlaid contour plot CuO NPs λmax, absorbance, antioxidant activity and MIC with acceptable levels as function of copper salt amount (g), amount of walnut leaf extract (mL) and furnace temperature (°C).
Figure 4

(a-c) Overlaid contour plot CuO NPs λmax, absorbance, antioxidant activity and MIC with acceptable levels as function of copper salt amount (g), amount of walnut leaf extract (mL) and furnace temperature (°C).

plot. Numerical multiple optimization also shown that the optimum synthesized conditions for achievement of Cu O NPs with desirable properties were obtained using 1 g of copper salt, 14 mL walnut leaf extract and 490°C of furnace temperature. At these obtained synthesized parameters, the values of λmax, absorbance, antioxidant activity and MIC of the fabricated CuO NPs were predicted as 226 nm, 4.44% a.u., 83.64% and 1.78% w/v, respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that there were non-significant differences between the experimental and predicted values of the responses at obtained optimum synthesized conditions. This result confirmed the adequacy of the generated reduced models.

3.6 Characteristics of CuO NPs at obtained optimum conditions

Formation of CuO NPs using walnut leaf extract could be evaluated based on their SPR, using UV-Vis spectral analysis. Figure 5 shows the broad emission peaks (λmax) of the synthesized CuO NPs using optimum conditions, which the peak was achieved at 226 nm. TEM analysis was done to monitor the morphology of the formed CuO NPs. TEM image of the synthesized NPs at obtained conditions indicated that the particles were monodispersed and spherical with mean particle size of 80 nm in diameter (Figure 6). XRD pattern of the formed CuO NPs using walnut leaf extract is shown in Figure 7. As clearly indicated in this figure, there were 11 peak positions with different 2θ values which were in line with the finding of Ahmed et al. [24] and confirmed the fabrication of a crystalline structure for the CuO NPs.

Figure 5 UV-Vis spectra of the mixture solution including synthesized CuO NPs at obtained optimum synthesis conditions.
Figure 5

UV-Vis spectra of the mixture solution including synthesized CuO NPs at obtained optimum synthesis conditions.

Figure 6 SEM image of synthesized CuO NPs at obtained optimum conditions.
Figure 6

SEM image of synthesized CuO NPs at obtained optimum conditions.

Figure 7 XRD pattern of synthesized CuO NPs at obtained optimum conditions.
Figure 7

XRD pattern of synthesized CuO NPs at obtained optimum conditions.

4 Conclusions

As conclusion, present study indicated that walnut leaf extract due to several natural and bioactive compounds which those are capable to reduce copper ions and convert them into the NPs and stable the fabricated CuO NPs, could be effectively utilized in green synthesis of CuO NPs. Furthermore, RSM based on the Box behnken experimental design, could significantly evaluate the effects of synthesis parameters on the selected responses of the synthesized CuO NPs. Finally, the resulted green synthesized CuO NPs indicated high antioxidant (83.64%) and antibacterial activities (MIC value of 1.78% w/v), which these properties make the fabricated CuO NPs more applicable in various fields such as medicine and food packaging.

Acknowledgements

The authors appreciate the supports of Islamic Azad University-Tabriz branch to accomplish this paper.

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Received: 2018-11-08
Accepted: 2019-03-27
Published Online: 2019-05-25
Published in Print: 2019-01-28

© 2019 Asemani and Anarjan, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  22. Extraction of In3+ and Fe3+ from sulfate solutions by using a 3D-printed “Y”-shaped microreactor
  23. Foliar-mediated Ag:ZnO nanophotocatalysts: green synthesis, characterization, pollutants degradation, and in vitro biocidal activity
  24. Green cyclic acetals production by glycerol etherification reaction with benzaldehyde using cationic acidic resin
  25. Biosynthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities assessment of fabricated selenium nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract
  26. Synthesis of high surface area magnesia by using walnut shell as a template
  27. Controllable biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using actinobacterial strains
  28. Green vegetation: a promising source of color dyes
  29. Mechano-chemical synthesis of ammonia and acetic acid from inorganic materials in water
  30. Green synthesis and structural characterization of novel N1-substituted 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones
  31. Biodiesel production from cotton oil using heterogeneous CaO catalysts from eggshells prepared at different calcination temperatures
  32. Regeneration of spent mercury catalyst for the treatment of dye wastewater by the microwave and ultrasonic spray-assisted method
  33. Green synthesis of the innovative super paramagnetic nanoparticles from the leaves extract of Fraxinus chinensis Roxb and their application for the decolourisation of toxic dyes
  34. Biogenic ZnO nanoparticles: a study of blueshift of optical band gap and photocatalytic degradation of reactive yellow 186 dye under direct sunlight
  35. Leached compounds from the extracts of pomegranate peel, green coconut shell, and karuvelam wood for the removal of hexavalent chromium
  36. Enhancement of molecular weight reduction of natural rubber in triphasic CO2/toluene/H2O systems with hydrogen peroxide for preparation of biobased polyurethanes
  37. An efficient green synthesis of novel 1H-imidazo[1,2-a]imidazole-3-amine and imidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazole-5-amine derivatives via Strecker reaction under controlled microwave heating
  38. Evaluation of three different green fabrication methods for the synthesis of crystalline ZnO nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract
  39. A highly efficient and multifunctional biomass supporting Ag, Ni, and Cu nanoparticles through wetness impregnation for environmental remediation
  40. Simple one-pot green method for large-scale production of mesalamine, an anti-inflammatory agent
  41. Relationships between step and cumulative PMI and E-factors: implications on estimating material efficiency with respect to charting synthesis optimization strategies
  42. A comparative sorption study of Cr3+ and Cr6+ using mango peels: kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic
  43. Effects of acid hydrolysis waste liquid recycle on preparation of microcrystalline cellulose
  44. Use of deep eutectic solvents as catalyst: A mini-review
  45. Microwave-assisted synthesis of pyrrolidinone derivatives using 1,1’-butylenebis(3-sulfo-3H-imidazol-1-ium) chloride in ethylene glycol
  46. Green and eco-friendly synthesis of Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4: Characterization and photo-catalytic activity
  47. Adsorption optimized of the coal-based material and application for cyanide wastewater treatment
  48. Aloe vera leaf extract mediated green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and assessment of their In vitro antimicrobial activity against spoilage fungi and pathogenic bacteria strains
  49. Waste phenolic resin derived activated carbon by microwave-assisted KOH activation and application to dye wastewater treatment
  50. Direct ethanol production from cellulose by consortium of Trichoderma reesei and Candida molischiana
  51. Agricultural waste biomass-assisted nanostructures: Synthesis and application
  52. Biodiesel production from rubber seed oil using calcium oxide derived from eggshell as catalyst – optimization and modeling studies
  53. Study of fabrication of fully aqueous solution processed SnS quantum dot-sensitized solar cell
  54. Assessment of aqueous extract of Gypsophila aretioides for inhibitory effects on calcium carbonate formation
  55. An environmentally friendly acylation reaction of 2-methylnaphthalene in solvent-free condition in a micro-channel reactor
  56. Aegle marmelos phytochemical stabilized synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles and their role against agriculture and food pathogen
  57. A reactive coupling process for co-production of solketal and biodiesel
  58. Optimization of the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-1-phenylethanol using Ispir bean as whole-cell biocatalyst
  59. Synthesis of pyrazolopyridine and pyrazoloquinoline derivatives by one-pot, three-component reactions of arylglyoxals, 3-methyl-1-aryl-1H-pyrazol-5-amines and cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of tetrapropylammonium bromide
  60. Preconcentration of morphine in urine sample using a green and solvent-free microextraction method
  61. Extraction of glycyrrhizic acid by aqueous two-phase system formed by PEG and two environmentally friendly organic acid salts - sodium citrate and sodium tartrate
  62. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Juglans regia leaf extract and assessment of their physico-chemical and biological properties
  63. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as powerful and recyclable catalysts and solvents for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/thiones
  64. Biosynthesis, characterization and anti-microbial activity of silver nanoparticle based gel hand wash
  65. Efficient and selective microwave-assisted O-methylation of phenolic compounds using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)
  66. Anticoagulant, thrombolytic and antibacterial activities of Euphorbia acruensis latex-mediated bioengineered silver nanoparticles
  67. Volcanic ash as reusable catalyst in the green synthesis of 3H-1,5-benzodiazepines
  68. Green synthesis, anionic polymerization of 1,4-bis(methacryloyl)piperazine using Algerian clay as catalyst
  69. Selenium supplementation during fermentation with sugar beet molasses and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to increase bioethanol production
  70. Biosynthetic potential assessment of four food pathogenic bacteria in hydrothermally silver nanoparticles fabrication
  71. Investigating the effectiveness of classical and eco-friendly approaches for synthesis of dialdehydes from organic dihalides
  72. Pyrolysis of palm oil using zeolite catalyst and characterization of the boil-oil
  73. Azadirachta indica leaves extract assisted green synthesis of Ag-TiO2 for degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes in aqueous medium
  74. Synthesis of vitamin E succinate catalyzed by nano-SiO2 immobilized DMAP derivative in mixed solvent system
  75. Extraction of phytosterols from melon (Cucumis melo) seeds by supercritical CO2 as a clean technology
  76. Production of uronic acids by hydrothermolysis of pectin as a model substance for plant biomass waste
  77. Biofabrication of highly pure copper oxide nanoparticles using wheat seed extract and their catalytic activity: A mechanistic approach
  78. Intelligent modeling and optimization of emulsion aggregation method for producing green printing ink
  79. Improved removal of methylene blue on modified hierarchical zeolite Y: Achieved by a “destructive-constructive” method
  80. Two different facile and efficient approaches for the synthesis of various N-arylacetamides via N-acetylation of arylamines and straightforward one-pot reductive acetylation of nitroarenes promoted by recyclable CuFe2O4 nanoparticles in water
  81. Optimization of acid catalyzed esterification and mixed metal oxide catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production from Moringa oleifera oil
  82. Kinetics and the fluidity of the stearic acid esters with different carbon backbones
  83. Aiming for a standardized protocol for preparing a process green synthesis report and for ranking multiple synthesis plans to a common target product
  84. Microstructure and luminescence of VO2 (B) nanoparticle synthesis by hydrothermal method
  85. Optimization of uranium removal from uranium plant wastewater by response surface methodology (RSM)
  86. Microwave drying of nickel-containing residue: dielectric properties, kinetics, and energy aspects
  87. Simple and convenient two step synthesis of 5-bromo-2,3-dimethoxy-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
  88. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil
  89. The effect of activation temperature on structure and properties of blue coke-based activated carbon by CO2 activation
  90. Optimization of reaction parameters for the green synthesis of zero valent iron nanoparticles using pine tree needles
  91. Microwave-assisted protocol for squalene isolation and conversion from oil-deodoriser distillates
  92. Denitrification performance of rare earth tailings-based catalysts
  93. Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Averrhoa bilimbi L and Plum extracts and investigation on the synergistic bioactivity using in vitro models
  94. Green production of AgNPs and their phytostimulatory impact
  95. Photocatalytic activity of Ag/Ni bi-metallic nanoparticles on textile dye removal
  96. Topical Issue: Green Process Engineering / Guest Editors: Martine Poux, Patrick Cognet
  97. Modelling and optimisation of oxidative desulphurisation of tyre-derived oil via central composite design approach
  98. CO2 sequestration by carbonation of olivine: a new process for optimal separation of the solids produced
  99. Organic carbonates synthesis improved by pervaporation for CO2 utilisation
  100. Production of starch nanoparticles through solvent-antisolvent precipitation in a spinning disc reactor
  101. A kinetic study of Zn halide/TBAB-catalysed fixation of CO2 with styrene oxide in propylene carbonate
  102. Topical on Green Process Engineering
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2019-0025
Keywords for this article
copper oxide nanoparticles; walnut leaf extract; green synthesis; antioxidant activity; minimum inhibitory concentration
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Studies on the preparation and properties of biodegradable polyester from soybean oil
  3. Flow-mode biodiesel production from palm oil using a pressurized microwave reactor
  4. Reduction of free fatty acids in waste oil for biodiesel production by glycerolysis: investigation and optimization of process parameters
  5. Saccharin: a cheap and mild acidic agent for the synthesis of azo dyes via telescoped dediazotization
  6. Optimization of lipase-catalyzed synthesis of polyethylene glycol stearate in a solvent-free system
  7. Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Platanus orientalis leaf extract for antifungal activity
  8. Ultrasound assisted chemical activation of peanut husk for copper removal
  9. Room temperature silanization of Fe3O4 for the preparation of phenyl functionalized magnetic adsorbent for dispersive solid phase extraction for the extraction of phthalates in water
  10. Evaluation of the saponin green extraction from Ziziphus spina-christi leaves using hydrothermal, microwave and Bain-Marie water bath heating methods
  11. Oxidation of dibenzothiophene using the heterogeneous catalyst of tungsten-based carbon nanotubes
  12. Calcined sodium silicate as an efficient and benign heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification of natural lecithin to L-α-glycerophosphocholine
  13. Synergistic effect between CO2 and H2O2 on ethylbenzene oxidation catalyzed by carbon supported heteropolyanion catalysts
  14. Hydrocyanation of 2-arylmethyleneindan-1,3-diones using potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) as a nontoxic cyanating agent
  15. Green synthesis of hydratropic aldehyde from α-methylstyrene catalyzed by Al2O3-supported metal phthalocyanines
  16. Environmentally benign chemical recycling of polycarbonate wastes: comparison of micro- and nano-TiO2 solid support efficiencies
  17. Medicago polymorpha-mediated antibacterial silver nanoparticles in the reduction of methyl orange
  18. Production of value-added chemicals from esterification of waste glycerol over MCM-41 supported catalysts
  19. Green synthesis of zerovalent copper nanoparticles for efficient reduction of toxic azo dyes congo red and methyl orange
  20. Optimization of the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Penicillium oxalicum GRS-1 and their antimicrobial effects against common food-borne pathogens
  21. Optimization of submerged fermentation conditions to overproduce bioethanol using two industrial and traditional Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains
  22. Extraction of In3+ and Fe3+ from sulfate solutions by using a 3D-printed “Y”-shaped microreactor
  23. Foliar-mediated Ag:ZnO nanophotocatalysts: green synthesis, characterization, pollutants degradation, and in vitro biocidal activity
  24. Green cyclic acetals production by glycerol etherification reaction with benzaldehyde using cationic acidic resin
  25. Biosynthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities assessment of fabricated selenium nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract
  26. Synthesis of high surface area magnesia by using walnut shell as a template
  27. Controllable biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using actinobacterial strains
  28. Green vegetation: a promising source of color dyes
  29. Mechano-chemical synthesis of ammonia and acetic acid from inorganic materials in water
  30. Green synthesis and structural characterization of novel N1-substituted 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones
  31. Biodiesel production from cotton oil using heterogeneous CaO catalysts from eggshells prepared at different calcination temperatures
  32. Regeneration of spent mercury catalyst for the treatment of dye wastewater by the microwave and ultrasonic spray-assisted method
  33. Green synthesis of the innovative super paramagnetic nanoparticles from the leaves extract of Fraxinus chinensis Roxb and their application for the decolourisation of toxic dyes
  34. Biogenic ZnO nanoparticles: a study of blueshift of optical band gap and photocatalytic degradation of reactive yellow 186 dye under direct sunlight
  35. Leached compounds from the extracts of pomegranate peel, green coconut shell, and karuvelam wood for the removal of hexavalent chromium
  36. Enhancement of molecular weight reduction of natural rubber in triphasic CO2/toluene/H2O systems with hydrogen peroxide for preparation of biobased polyurethanes
  37. An efficient green synthesis of novel 1H-imidazo[1,2-a]imidazole-3-amine and imidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazole-5-amine derivatives via Strecker reaction under controlled microwave heating
  38. Evaluation of three different green fabrication methods for the synthesis of crystalline ZnO nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract
  39. A highly efficient and multifunctional biomass supporting Ag, Ni, and Cu nanoparticles through wetness impregnation for environmental remediation
  40. Simple one-pot green method for large-scale production of mesalamine, an anti-inflammatory agent
  41. Relationships between step and cumulative PMI and E-factors: implications on estimating material efficiency with respect to charting synthesis optimization strategies
  42. A comparative sorption study of Cr3+ and Cr6+ using mango peels: kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic
  43. Effects of acid hydrolysis waste liquid recycle on preparation of microcrystalline cellulose
  44. Use of deep eutectic solvents as catalyst: A mini-review
  45. Microwave-assisted synthesis of pyrrolidinone derivatives using 1,1’-butylenebis(3-sulfo-3H-imidazol-1-ium) chloride in ethylene glycol
  46. Green and eco-friendly synthesis of Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4: Characterization and photo-catalytic activity
  47. Adsorption optimized of the coal-based material and application for cyanide wastewater treatment
  48. Aloe vera leaf extract mediated green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and assessment of their In vitro antimicrobial activity against spoilage fungi and pathogenic bacteria strains
  49. Waste phenolic resin derived activated carbon by microwave-assisted KOH activation and application to dye wastewater treatment
  50. Direct ethanol production from cellulose by consortium of Trichoderma reesei and Candida molischiana
  51. Agricultural waste biomass-assisted nanostructures: Synthesis and application
  52. Biodiesel production from rubber seed oil using calcium oxide derived from eggshell as catalyst – optimization and modeling studies
  53. Study of fabrication of fully aqueous solution processed SnS quantum dot-sensitized solar cell
  54. Assessment of aqueous extract of Gypsophila aretioides for inhibitory effects on calcium carbonate formation
  55. An environmentally friendly acylation reaction of 2-methylnaphthalene in solvent-free condition in a micro-channel reactor
  56. Aegle marmelos phytochemical stabilized synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles and their role against agriculture and food pathogen
  57. A reactive coupling process for co-production of solketal and biodiesel
  58. Optimization of the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-1-phenylethanol using Ispir bean as whole-cell biocatalyst
  59. Synthesis of pyrazolopyridine and pyrazoloquinoline derivatives by one-pot, three-component reactions of arylglyoxals, 3-methyl-1-aryl-1H-pyrazol-5-amines and cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of tetrapropylammonium bromide
  60. Preconcentration of morphine in urine sample using a green and solvent-free microextraction method
  61. Extraction of glycyrrhizic acid by aqueous two-phase system formed by PEG and two environmentally friendly organic acid salts - sodium citrate and sodium tartrate
  62. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Juglans regia leaf extract and assessment of their physico-chemical and biological properties
  63. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as powerful and recyclable catalysts and solvents for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/thiones
  64. Biosynthesis, characterization and anti-microbial activity of silver nanoparticle based gel hand wash
  65. Efficient and selective microwave-assisted O-methylation of phenolic compounds using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)
  66. Anticoagulant, thrombolytic and antibacterial activities of Euphorbia acruensis latex-mediated bioengineered silver nanoparticles
  67. Volcanic ash as reusable catalyst in the green synthesis of 3H-1,5-benzodiazepines
  68. Green synthesis, anionic polymerization of 1,4-bis(methacryloyl)piperazine using Algerian clay as catalyst
  69. Selenium supplementation during fermentation with sugar beet molasses and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to increase bioethanol production
  70. Biosynthetic potential assessment of four food pathogenic bacteria in hydrothermally silver nanoparticles fabrication
  71. Investigating the effectiveness of classical and eco-friendly approaches for synthesis of dialdehydes from organic dihalides
  72. Pyrolysis of palm oil using zeolite catalyst and characterization of the boil-oil
  73. Azadirachta indica leaves extract assisted green synthesis of Ag-TiO2 for degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes in aqueous medium
  74. Synthesis of vitamin E succinate catalyzed by nano-SiO2 immobilized DMAP derivative in mixed solvent system
  75. Extraction of phytosterols from melon (Cucumis melo) seeds by supercritical CO2 as a clean technology
  76. Production of uronic acids by hydrothermolysis of pectin as a model substance for plant biomass waste
  77. Biofabrication of highly pure copper oxide nanoparticles using wheat seed extract and their catalytic activity: A mechanistic approach
  78. Intelligent modeling and optimization of emulsion aggregation method for producing green printing ink
  79. Improved removal of methylene blue on modified hierarchical zeolite Y: Achieved by a “destructive-constructive” method
  80. Two different facile and efficient approaches for the synthesis of various N-arylacetamides via N-acetylation of arylamines and straightforward one-pot reductive acetylation of nitroarenes promoted by recyclable CuFe2O4 nanoparticles in water
  81. Optimization of acid catalyzed esterification and mixed metal oxide catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production from Moringa oleifera oil
  82. Kinetics and the fluidity of the stearic acid esters with different carbon backbones
  83. Aiming for a standardized protocol for preparing a process green synthesis report and for ranking multiple synthesis plans to a common target product
  84. Microstructure and luminescence of VO2 (B) nanoparticle synthesis by hydrothermal method
  85. Optimization of uranium removal from uranium plant wastewater by response surface methodology (RSM)
  86. Microwave drying of nickel-containing residue: dielectric properties, kinetics, and energy aspects
  87. Simple and convenient two step synthesis of 5-bromo-2,3-dimethoxy-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
  88. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil
  89. The effect of activation temperature on structure and properties of blue coke-based activated carbon by CO2 activation
  90. Optimization of reaction parameters for the green synthesis of zero valent iron nanoparticles using pine tree needles
  91. Microwave-assisted protocol for squalene isolation and conversion from oil-deodoriser distillates
  92. Denitrification performance of rare earth tailings-based catalysts
  93. Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Averrhoa bilimbi L and Plum extracts and investigation on the synergistic bioactivity using in vitro models
  94. Green production of AgNPs and their phytostimulatory impact
  95. Photocatalytic activity of Ag/Ni bi-metallic nanoparticles on textile dye removal
  96. Topical Issue: Green Process Engineering / Guest Editors: Martine Poux, Patrick Cognet
  97. Modelling and optimisation of oxidative desulphurisation of tyre-derived oil via central composite design approach
  98. CO2 sequestration by carbonation of olivine: a new process for optimal separation of the solids produced
  99. Organic carbonates synthesis improved by pervaporation for CO2 utilisation
  100. Production of starch nanoparticles through solvent-antisolvent precipitation in a spinning disc reactor
  101. A kinetic study of Zn halide/TBAB-catalysed fixation of CO2 with styrene oxide in propylene carbonate
  102. Topical on Green Process Engineering
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