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Green and eco-friendly synthesis of Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4: Characterization and photo-catalytic activity

  • Muhammad Saeed EMAIL logo , Nadia Akram , Atta-ul-Haq , Syed Ali Raza Naqvi , Muhammad Usman , Muhammad Amir Abbas , Muhammad Adeel and Asif Nisar
Published/Copyright: May 18, 2019
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Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 8 Issue 1

Abstract

In this study, Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4 were synthesized by a novel and green method using leaves extract of Helianthus annuus from cobalt nitrate and silver nitrate. The synthesized particles were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction, thermal gravimetric analyses, scanning electron microscopy, particle size analyses and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The photo catalytic activities of synthesized Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4 were appraised by degrading methyl orange dye and after 120 minutes of reaction a degradation of 53 and 87% was achieved using 100 mg/L (50 mL) solution of methyl orange and 0.1 g Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4 as catalyst respectively. This green synthesis of Ag-Co3O4 proves to be an eco-benign, environmental benign, simple and effective approach for degradation of dyes in aqueous medium.

Keywords: green synthesis; Helianthus annuus, Ag-Co3O4; photo degradation; methyl orange

1 Introduction

Cobalt oxide, a p-type semiconductor, has been largely researched due to its remarkable magnetic, electrical and catalytic properties and its broad range of applications in capacitors, energy storage, field emission materials, gas sensing, magnetic semiconductors, lithium-ion batteries and heterogeneous catalysis. Co3O4 has spinel crystal structure in which Co3+ and Co2+ occupy octahedral 16d and tetrahedral 8a sites respectively. It has a direct optical band gap of 2.13 to 3.95 eV [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. Several methods such as irradiation-assisted chemical reaction, reduction reactions, sequential injection, thermal decomposition, chemical vapor deposition, sonochemical route, solgel, co-precipitation, mechano-chemical processing, combustion, chemical spray pyrolysis etc. for the synthesis of cobalt oxide have been reported. However, these synthetic methods are largely associated with several drawbacks due to the use of prolonged reaction time, high temperature complex synthesis steps, expensive equipment and high cost of synthesis. Furthermore, almost all of mentioned methods are environmentally un-friendly [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]. Hence, an alternative method for elimination or minimization of drawback associated with mentioned methods is offered by green chemistry. Green chemistry has been accepted as an inventive means for minimization of hazardous and toxic chemicals during synthesis of metal oxides particles. Green chemistry is associated with use of environmentally friendly materials which have many advantages in terms of compatibility and eco-friendliness. Green synthesis employing plants and microorganisms extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents has gained much attention in recent years due to the use of mild experimental conditions of temperature, pH and pressure [19, 20]. Plant extracts are easy to handle, non-toxic and can be processed using easy protocols. The phytochemicals such as flavonoids, saponin, phenolic acids and tannins present in plant extract are bioactive compounds and are good chelating and reducing agents for synthesis of nanoparticles which can donate hydrogen and quench singlet oxygen. The plant assisted green synthesis is more appropriate in comparison to physico-chemical methods due to redox activities of phytochemicals [21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27]. Co3O4 is one of the oxides which has been synthesized by green method extensively using various types of plants. Diallo et al. [28] have reported the biosynthesis of cobalt oxide using natural extract of Aspalathus linearis as chelating agent. Siadat [29] has used fruits of extract of Piper longum fruit for biosynthesis of Co nanoparticles. Vijayanandan and Balakrishnan [30] have used Aspergillus nidulans fungus for biosynthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles. Khalil and his co-workers [31] have reported the Sageretia thea (Osbeck.) assisted green synthesis of Co3O4 nanoparticles.

Herein, we report the green synthesis of Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4 using leaves extract of Helianthus annuus (Sun flower). The prepared particles were employed as catalysts for aqueous phase photo degradation of methyl orange.

2 Experimental

2.1 Green synthesis of Co3O4

Co3O4 was synthesized by green method using leaves extract of Helianthus annuus (Sun flower). Frist the leaves extract was prepared. For this purpose, fresh leaves were plucked from Helianthus annuus and dried in shade. About 15 g of dried leaves were washed with distilled water followed by a 3 h reflux in distilled water. Then the leaves were filtered off after cooling the mixture and the filtrate collected was used for synthesis of Co3O4 in next step. For synthesis of Co3O4, the leaves extract (50 mL) was dropped to a 0.5 M cobalt nitrate solution. The stirring of reaction mixture resulted in precipitation of Co particles. The paste obtained was washed with ethanol followed by washing with water and drying at 100°C for 12 h. The obtained powder was than calcined at 500°C for 3 h to get Co3O4.

2.2 Green synthesis of Ag-Co3O4

The deposition of Ag on Co3O4 was accomplished by green method using leaves extract of Helianthus annuus (Sun flower). In a typical experiment, 50 mL leaves extract was added drop wise to a solution containing a calculated amount of already prepared Co3O4 and AgNO3. Then the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h followed by filtration. The precipitate obtained was washed with ethanol and water and then dried at 80°C for 12 h.

2.3 Characterization

The prepared Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4 were characterized by XRD, TGA, SEM and particle size analyses. The crystalline phases of Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4 were confirmed using JDX-3532 Japan X-Ray Diffractometer. Thermal stability of Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4 were examined using Perkin Elmer 6300 USA TGA Analyzer. The morphologies of prepared particles were studied by JSM-5910 Japan Scanning Electron Microscope. The particle size distribution of prepared catalysts was measured with Analysette 22 Compact, Fritsch, Germany particle size analyzer. UV-Visible spectra of prepared particles were recorded using Perkin Elmer USA UV-Visible spectrophotometer.

2.4 Photo catalytic degradation experiment

The synthesized Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4 were tested as catalysts for degrading the methyl orange using a Pyrex glass batch reactor. For this purpose, a 50 mL solution of 100 mg/L was taken in bath reactor and 0.1 g of prepared catalyst was added to dye solution, followed by stirring for 15 min in dark to get adsorption equilibrium. Afterward, the reaction mixture was stirred in visible light. A 100 W incandescent light bulb was used for irradiation of reaction mixture. A sample of 0.5 mL was pipped out after regular interval of time. The visible spectrum of each sample was measured by a UV–visible spectrophotometer.

2.5 Reaction kinetics

The reaction kinetics is described by Eley–Rideal (E-R) mechanism in present study. According to this mechanism dye molecule reacts with adsorbed oxygen at the surface of catalyst. It is suggested that irradiation of catalyst generates an electron-hole pair between conduction and valence band. The oxygen adsorbed at the surface of catalyst is converted to superoxide anion (O2-) by reaction with electron which produce OH radical on protonation. Similarly, water reacts with hole and produces OH radical. These OH radicals are strong oxidizing species, which degrade the dye molecule into inorganic molecules [32, 33, 34, 35, 36].

The kinetics expression for proposed mechanism is given by Eq. 1, which changes to Eq. 2 on considering constant partial pressure of oxygen.

(1)−d[MO]dt=krO2(ad)[MO]
(2)−d[MO]dt=k[MO]

On integration, we get Eq. 3 which is a straight-line pseudo first order kinetics equation.

(3)InMOoMOt=kt

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Characterization

Crystalline structures and phase purity of prepared Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4 were investigated with X-rays diffraction spectroscopy and XRD patterns of Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4 are given in Figure 1. These patterns are dominated with sharp peaks indicating the crystalline nature of synthesized material. The dominant peaks at 2θ 19°, 31°, 37°, 38°, 44° and 59° correspond (1 1 1), (2 2 0), (3 1 1), (2 2 2), (4 0 0) and (5 1 1) planes of face centered cubic (FCC) spinel crystalline phase of Co3O4 respectively (JCPDS 073–1701) [33, 34, 35, 36]. In the XRD pattern of Ag-Co3O4 (spectrum b), peaks at 2θ 38° and 44° has been pronounced and an additional peak at 2θ 65° (2 2 0) appeared. These peaks correspond to face centered cubic phase of Ag (JCPDS No. 87–0597) [8, 41, 42, 43]. Goudarzi et al. [8] have assigned peaks at 2θ 38° and 44° to (1 1 1) and (2 0 0) planes of Ag respectively. Absence of any other peak in XRD pattern indicates the purity of prepared products.

Figure 1 X-rays diffraction patterns of prepared particles (a) Co3O4 and (b) Ag-Co3O4.
Figure 1

X-rays diffraction patterns of prepared particles (a) Co3O4 and (b) Ag-Co3O4.

Thermal stability of the prepared Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4 was studied by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) over temperature range 30-600°C (Figure 2). There was no significant loss in the weight of sample with temperature which shows the stable nature of prepared particles. A 4% weight loss in Ag-Co3O4 over 150°C (Figure 2b) is due to evaporation of moisture. Similarly, a 30% loss in weight of both samples over 300°C is due to decomposition of unwashed plant material.

Figure 2 Thermal gravimetric analyses of prepared particles (a) Co3O4 and (b) Ag-Co3O4.
Figure 2

Thermal gravimetric analyses of prepared particles (a) Co3O4 and (b) Ag-Co3O4.

The morphology of prepared Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4 was studied by scanning electron microscopy and the obtained micrographs are given in Figure 3. The scanning electron micrographs show that particles are plate shaped, heterogeneous, non-agglomerated and dispersed in nature.

Figure 3 Scanning electron micrographs of prepared particles (a) Co3O4 and (b) Ag-Co3O4.
Figure 3

Scanning electron micrographs of prepared particles (a) Co3O4 and (b) Ag-Co3O4.

Particle sizes determined by wet method of analysis were in the range of 1-20 μm, however 84% of the particles were in range of 2-5 μm. The overall distribution of particle size given in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Particles size distribution of prepared particles (a) Co3O4 and (b) Ag-Co3O4.
Figure 4

Particles size distribution of prepared particles (a) Co3O4 and (b) Ag-Co3O4.

UV-Visible spectrum of Co3O4 (Figure 5a) shows an absorption band at 360 nm which can be assigned to plasma resonance band of Co3O4. This absorption band arises due to electro-magnetic field induced oscillation of the electrons in conduction band. The distinguishing feature of the Co3O4 is to exhibit a surface plasmon absorption band in the regions of 350–550 nm. The absorption band in UV-Visible spectrum of Ag-Co3O4 (Figure 5b) at λmax is due to surface plasmon resonance property of silver [21, 44, 45, 46, 47].

Figure 5 UV-Visible spectra of prepared particles (a) Co3O4 and (b) Ag-Co3O4.
Figure 5

UV-Visible spectra of prepared particles (a) Co3O4 and (b) Ag-Co3O4.

3.2 Photocatalytic activity

Photo-catalytic degradation of methyl orange was studied over Ag-Co3O4 as catalyst under irradiation of visible light. It was found that 87% and 100% of 50 mL (100 mg/L) methyl orange degraded in 120 minutes of reaction time over 0.1 g of Ag-Co3O4 as catalyst at 40°C and 50°C respectively. The visible spectrum of treated dye solution is given in Figure 6. The absorbanve at λmax (480 nm) reduced with increase in reaction time, which indicates that methyl orange degraded through photo catalytic treatment. The effect of Ag on photo catalytic activity of Co3O4 was studied by catalytic treatment of dye solution over Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4 separately. It was found that declorization achieved with Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4 were 53% and 87% respectively. These results indicate that Ag-Co3O4 is an efficient catalyt for aqueous phase degradation of methyl orange. The comparison of photo catalytic activity of Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4 is given in Figure 7. The photo catalytic activities of Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4 for degradation of methyl orange can also be expressed in terms of TON (number of moles of methyl orange degraded per unit mass of catalyst) and TOF (number of moles of methyl orange degraded per unit mass of catalyst per unit time) as given in Figure 8. It was noted that there was no significant loss in TOF of both Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4 which indicates that Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4 do not lose their catalytic efficiency during degradation reaction. The dye degradation is mainly due to the generation of electron and hole on catalyst surface under irradiation. These electron and hole produce OH radicals through a series of reactions. The OH radicals are strong oxidizing species, which degrade the dye molecule into inorganic molecules. The deposition of Ag enhances the photo catalytic activity of Co3O4 by preventing the recombination of electron and hole generated under irradiation [48, 49, 50]. The dependence of catalytic activity of Co3O4 on Ag content was also studied. Ag-Co3O4 with 3% Ag was found as optimum catalyst in present study.

The photocatalytic activity of prepared Ag-Co3O4 for photo degradation of methyl orange was compared with catalytic activities of various catalysts reported in literature. The comparison of present system with other catalysts is given in Table 1.

Figure 6 Visible spectra of solution of methyl orange treated with Ag-Co3O4 catalyst at different time intervals.
Figure 6

Visible spectra of solution of methyl orange treated with Ag-Co3O4 catalyst at different time intervals.

Figure 7 Comparison of photo catalytic activity of Co3O4 (a) and Ag-Co3O4 (b) in terms of concentration of methyl orange.
Figure 7

Comparison of photo catalytic activity of Co3O4 (a) and Ag-Co3O4 (b) in terms of concentration of methyl orange.

Figure 8 Comparison of photo catalytic activity of Co3O4 (a) and Ag-Co3O4 (b) in terms of TON and TOF.
Figure 8

Comparison of photo catalytic activity of Co3O4 (a) and Ag-Co3O4 (b) in terms of TON and TOF.

Table 1

Comparison of catalytic activities of various catalysts for degradation of methyl orange (MO) in aqueous medium.

CatalystMOTime (minutes)Degradation (%)References
Ni(OH)2 (0.1 g)50 mL (200 mg/L)18060[35]
Tl2O3 (0.1 g)100 mL (10 mg/L)4074[51]
CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 (0.05 g)50 mL (10 mg/L)6089[52]
CoFe2O4-G (0.025 g)100 mL (20 mg/L)24070[53]
CoFe2O4-PANI (0.02 g)100 mL (20 mg/L)6085[54]
Cu2O/ZnAl-CLDH (0.05g)50 mL (20 mg/L)42090[55]
ZnO (0.2)50 mL (100 mg/L)6043[56]
Pt/Al2O3 (0.05 g)50 mL (100 mg/L)12060[57]
Co3O4 (0.1 g)50 mL (100 mg/L)12053This work
Ag-Co3O4 (0.1 g)50 mL (100 mg/L)120100This work

We have reported earlier [35, 56] that decomposition of dye molecule occurs at azo bond (–N=N–) as it is comparatively more spread out within the molecule. Ultimately methyl orange dye was completely mineralized to water and carbon dioxide; however, existence of benzene sulfonate, naphthoquinone, and carboxylic acids were observed with HPLC, which were then mineralized to water and carbon dioxide.

3.3 Effect of temperature

The temperature dependence of photo degradation of methyl orange over Ag-Co3O4 was studied by performing degradation experiments at 30, 40 and 50°C with 50 mL of 100 mg/L dye solution over 0.1 g Ag-Co3O4 separately. The obtained data is given in Figure 9. Although the effect of temperature on photo catalytic activity of Ag-Co3O4 is not much significant as photo reaction are generally less temperature dependent. Increase in temperature helps the reaction to compete more efficiently with electron-hole recombination as a result of increased collision frequency of molecules; leading to an enhancement of the degradation activity. The experimental data given in Figure 9 was analyzed according to kinetic equation 3 and results are given in Figure 10. The best straight lines obtained indicate that reaction follow the pseudo first order kinetics. The rate constants determined are listed in Table 2. The energy of activation was determined by applying Arrhenius equation to rate constants at various temperatures and was found to be 16 kJ/mol.

Figure 9 Time profile data of Ag-Co3O4 catalyzed photo degradation of methyl orange.
Figure 9

Time profile data of Ag-Co3O4 catalyzed photo degradation of methyl orange.

Figure 10 Analyses of experimental data of Ag-Co3O4 catalyzed photo degradation of methyl orange according to pseudo first order kinetics equation (Eq. 3).
Figure 10

Analyses of experimental data of Ag-Co3O4 catalyzed photo degradation of methyl orange according to pseudo first order kinetics equation (Eq. 3).

Table 2

Rate constants of Ag-Co3O4 catalyzed photo degradation of methyl orange.

T (°C)k (per mint)R2
300.01220.977
400.01580.987
500.01810.972

3.4 Effect of initial concentration

Similarly, the concentration dependence of photo degradation of methyl orange over Ag-Co3O4 was studied by performing degradation experiments with 50 mL of 100, 200 and 300 mg/L dye solution over 0.1 g Ag-Co3O4 at 40°C separately. The obtained data is given in Figure 11. This data was analyzed according to kinetic equation 3 and results are given in Figure 12. The rate constants determined are listed in Table 3. It can be observed that increase in concentration caused a decrease in reaction rate. At high concentration, the dye molecules block the active site of catalyst resulting in prevention of access of photons to the catalyst surface. Furthermore, the solution becomes intensely colored at high concentration which cause inhibition to penetration of photons. Furthermore, as other experimental conditions are kept constant, therefore the number of OH radicals are also constant. Hence the number of OH radical per molecule of dye decreases as the concentration is increased. That’s why degradation decreased with increase in concentration of dye in present study [50, 58, 59, 60].

Figure 11 Time profile data of Ag-Co3O4 catalyzed photo degradation of methyl orange at 40°C with various initial concentration of methyl orange.
Figure 11

Time profile data of Ag-Co3O4 catalyzed photo degradation of methyl orange at 40°C with various initial concentration of methyl orange.

Figure 12 Analyses of experimental data of Ag-Co3O4 catalyzed photo degradation of methyl orange with various initial concentration of methyl orange according to pseudo first order kinetics equation (Eq. 3).
Figure 12

Analyses of experimental data of Ag-Co3O4 catalyzed photo degradation of methyl orange with various initial concentration of methyl orange according to pseudo first order kinetics equation (Eq. 3).

Table 3

Rate constants of Ag-Co3O4 catalyzed photo degradation of methyl orange with various initial concentration of methyl orange.

MO (mg/L)k (per mint)R2
1000.01580.987
2000.01310.992
3000.00750.998

4 Conclusions

Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4 were successfully fabricated by environmentally friendly and low cost green method using Helianthus annuus (Sun flower) leaves extract from cobalt nitrate and silver nitrate and characterized by advanced techniques. The photo catalytic activities of prepared particles were evaluated by degrading methyl orange dye under irradiation of visible light. In response, 53 and 87% degradation of methyl orange achieved within 120 minutes of irradiation over Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4 as catalysts respectively. The Eley-Rideal mechanism was operative in reaction following the pseudo first order kinetics model. The method is simple, cost effective and environmental benign which could be extended for the synthesis of other metal-metal oxides.

+923469010903

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Received: 2018-06-25
Accepted: 2018-09-21
Published Online: 2019-05-18
Published in Print: 2019-01-28

© 2019 Saeed et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  4. Reduction of free fatty acids in waste oil for biodiesel production by glycerolysis: investigation and optimization of process parameters
  5. Saccharin: a cheap and mild acidic agent for the synthesis of azo dyes via telescoped dediazotization
  6. Optimization of lipase-catalyzed synthesis of polyethylene glycol stearate in a solvent-free system
  7. Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Platanus orientalis leaf extract for antifungal activity
  8. Ultrasound assisted chemical activation of peanut husk for copper removal
  9. Room temperature silanization of Fe3O4 for the preparation of phenyl functionalized magnetic adsorbent for dispersive solid phase extraction for the extraction of phthalates in water
  10. Evaluation of the saponin green extraction from Ziziphus spina-christi leaves using hydrothermal, microwave and Bain-Marie water bath heating methods
  11. Oxidation of dibenzothiophene using the heterogeneous catalyst of tungsten-based carbon nanotubes
  12. Calcined sodium silicate as an efficient and benign heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification of natural lecithin to L-α-glycerophosphocholine
  13. Synergistic effect between CO2 and H2O2 on ethylbenzene oxidation catalyzed by carbon supported heteropolyanion catalysts
  14. Hydrocyanation of 2-arylmethyleneindan-1,3-diones using potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) as a nontoxic cyanating agent
  15. Green synthesis of hydratropic aldehyde from α-methylstyrene catalyzed by Al2O3-supported metal phthalocyanines
  16. Environmentally benign chemical recycling of polycarbonate wastes: comparison of micro- and nano-TiO2 solid support efficiencies
  17. Medicago polymorpha-mediated antibacterial silver nanoparticles in the reduction of methyl orange
  18. Production of value-added chemicals from esterification of waste glycerol over MCM-41 supported catalysts
  19. Green synthesis of zerovalent copper nanoparticles for efficient reduction of toxic azo dyes congo red and methyl orange
  20. Optimization of the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Penicillium oxalicum GRS-1 and their antimicrobial effects against common food-borne pathogens
  21. Optimization of submerged fermentation conditions to overproduce bioethanol using two industrial and traditional Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains
  22. Extraction of In3+ and Fe3+ from sulfate solutions by using a 3D-printed “Y”-shaped microreactor
  23. Foliar-mediated Ag:ZnO nanophotocatalysts: green synthesis, characterization, pollutants degradation, and in vitro biocidal activity
  24. Green cyclic acetals production by glycerol etherification reaction with benzaldehyde using cationic acidic resin
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  26. Synthesis of high surface area magnesia by using walnut shell as a template
  27. Controllable biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using actinobacterial strains
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  29. Mechano-chemical synthesis of ammonia and acetic acid from inorganic materials in water
  30. Green synthesis and structural characterization of novel N1-substituted 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones
  31. Biodiesel production from cotton oil using heterogeneous CaO catalysts from eggshells prepared at different calcination temperatures
  32. Regeneration of spent mercury catalyst for the treatment of dye wastewater by the microwave and ultrasonic spray-assisted method
  33. Green synthesis of the innovative super paramagnetic nanoparticles from the leaves extract of Fraxinus chinensis Roxb and their application for the decolourisation of toxic dyes
  34. Biogenic ZnO nanoparticles: a study of blueshift of optical band gap and photocatalytic degradation of reactive yellow 186 dye under direct sunlight
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  36. Enhancement of molecular weight reduction of natural rubber in triphasic CO2/toluene/H2O systems with hydrogen peroxide for preparation of biobased polyurethanes
  37. An efficient green synthesis of novel 1H-imidazo[1,2-a]imidazole-3-amine and imidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazole-5-amine derivatives via Strecker reaction under controlled microwave heating
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  44. Use of deep eutectic solvents as catalyst: A mini-review
  45. Microwave-assisted synthesis of pyrrolidinone derivatives using 1,1’-butylenebis(3-sulfo-3H-imidazol-1-ium) chloride in ethylene glycol
  46. Green and eco-friendly synthesis of Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4: Characterization and photo-catalytic activity
  47. Adsorption optimized of the coal-based material and application for cyanide wastewater treatment
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  49. Waste phenolic resin derived activated carbon by microwave-assisted KOH activation and application to dye wastewater treatment
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  54. Assessment of aqueous extract of Gypsophila aretioides for inhibitory effects on calcium carbonate formation
  55. An environmentally friendly acylation reaction of 2-methylnaphthalene in solvent-free condition in a micro-channel reactor
  56. Aegle marmelos phytochemical stabilized synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles and their role against agriculture and food pathogen
  57. A reactive coupling process for co-production of solketal and biodiesel
  58. Optimization of the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-1-phenylethanol using Ispir bean as whole-cell biocatalyst
  59. Synthesis of pyrazolopyridine and pyrazoloquinoline derivatives by one-pot, three-component reactions of arylglyoxals, 3-methyl-1-aryl-1H-pyrazol-5-amines and cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of tetrapropylammonium bromide
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  62. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Juglans regia leaf extract and assessment of their physico-chemical and biological properties
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  65. Efficient and selective microwave-assisted O-methylation of phenolic compounds using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)
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  69. Selenium supplementation during fermentation with sugar beet molasses and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to increase bioethanol production
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  72. Pyrolysis of palm oil using zeolite catalyst and characterization of the boil-oil
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  74. Synthesis of vitamin E succinate catalyzed by nano-SiO2 immobilized DMAP derivative in mixed solvent system
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  77. Biofabrication of highly pure copper oxide nanoparticles using wheat seed extract and their catalytic activity: A mechanistic approach
  78. Intelligent modeling and optimization of emulsion aggregation method for producing green printing ink
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  80. Two different facile and efficient approaches for the synthesis of various N-arylacetamides via N-acetylation of arylamines and straightforward one-pot reductive acetylation of nitroarenes promoted by recyclable CuFe2O4 nanoparticles in water
  81. Optimization of acid catalyzed esterification and mixed metal oxide catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production from Moringa oleifera oil
  82. Kinetics and the fluidity of the stearic acid esters with different carbon backbones
  83. Aiming for a standardized protocol for preparing a process green synthesis report and for ranking multiple synthesis plans to a common target product
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  85. Optimization of uranium removal from uranium plant wastewater by response surface methodology (RSM)
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  87. Simple and convenient two step synthesis of 5-bromo-2,3-dimethoxy-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
  88. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil
  89. The effect of activation temperature on structure and properties of blue coke-based activated carbon by CO2 activation
  90. Optimization of reaction parameters for the green synthesis of zero valent iron nanoparticles using pine tree needles
  91. Microwave-assisted protocol for squalene isolation and conversion from oil-deodoriser distillates
  92. Denitrification performance of rare earth tailings-based catalysts
  93. Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Averrhoa bilimbi L and Plum extracts and investigation on the synergistic bioactivity using in vitro models
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https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2019-0005
Keywords for this article
green synthesis; Helianthus annuus, Ag-Co3O4; photo degradation; methyl orange
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Studies on the preparation and properties of biodegradable polyester from soybean oil
  3. Flow-mode biodiesel production from palm oil using a pressurized microwave reactor
  4. Reduction of free fatty acids in waste oil for biodiesel production by glycerolysis: investigation and optimization of process parameters
  5. Saccharin: a cheap and mild acidic agent for the synthesis of azo dyes via telescoped dediazotization
  6. Optimization of lipase-catalyzed synthesis of polyethylene glycol stearate in a solvent-free system
  7. Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Platanus orientalis leaf extract for antifungal activity
  8. Ultrasound assisted chemical activation of peanut husk for copper removal
  9. Room temperature silanization of Fe3O4 for the preparation of phenyl functionalized magnetic adsorbent for dispersive solid phase extraction for the extraction of phthalates in water
  10. Evaluation of the saponin green extraction from Ziziphus spina-christi leaves using hydrothermal, microwave and Bain-Marie water bath heating methods
  11. Oxidation of dibenzothiophene using the heterogeneous catalyst of tungsten-based carbon nanotubes
  12. Calcined sodium silicate as an efficient and benign heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification of natural lecithin to L-α-glycerophosphocholine
  13. Synergistic effect between CO2 and H2O2 on ethylbenzene oxidation catalyzed by carbon supported heteropolyanion catalysts
  14. Hydrocyanation of 2-arylmethyleneindan-1,3-diones using potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) as a nontoxic cyanating agent
  15. Green synthesis of hydratropic aldehyde from α-methylstyrene catalyzed by Al2O3-supported metal phthalocyanines
  16. Environmentally benign chemical recycling of polycarbonate wastes: comparison of micro- and nano-TiO2 solid support efficiencies
  17. Medicago polymorpha-mediated antibacterial silver nanoparticles in the reduction of methyl orange
  18. Production of value-added chemicals from esterification of waste glycerol over MCM-41 supported catalysts
  19. Green synthesis of zerovalent copper nanoparticles for efficient reduction of toxic azo dyes congo red and methyl orange
  20. Optimization of the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Penicillium oxalicum GRS-1 and their antimicrobial effects against common food-borne pathogens
  21. Optimization of submerged fermentation conditions to overproduce bioethanol using two industrial and traditional Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains
  22. Extraction of In3+ and Fe3+ from sulfate solutions by using a 3D-printed “Y”-shaped microreactor
  23. Foliar-mediated Ag:ZnO nanophotocatalysts: green synthesis, characterization, pollutants degradation, and in vitro biocidal activity
  24. Green cyclic acetals production by glycerol etherification reaction with benzaldehyde using cationic acidic resin
  25. Biosynthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities assessment of fabricated selenium nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract
  26. Synthesis of high surface area magnesia by using walnut shell as a template
  27. Controllable biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using actinobacterial strains
  28. Green vegetation: a promising source of color dyes
  29. Mechano-chemical synthesis of ammonia and acetic acid from inorganic materials in water
  30. Green synthesis and structural characterization of novel N1-substituted 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones
  31. Biodiesel production from cotton oil using heterogeneous CaO catalysts from eggshells prepared at different calcination temperatures
  32. Regeneration of spent mercury catalyst for the treatment of dye wastewater by the microwave and ultrasonic spray-assisted method
  33. Green synthesis of the innovative super paramagnetic nanoparticles from the leaves extract of Fraxinus chinensis Roxb and their application for the decolourisation of toxic dyes
  34. Biogenic ZnO nanoparticles: a study of blueshift of optical band gap and photocatalytic degradation of reactive yellow 186 dye under direct sunlight
  35. Leached compounds from the extracts of pomegranate peel, green coconut shell, and karuvelam wood for the removal of hexavalent chromium
  36. Enhancement of molecular weight reduction of natural rubber in triphasic CO2/toluene/H2O systems with hydrogen peroxide for preparation of biobased polyurethanes
  37. An efficient green synthesis of novel 1H-imidazo[1,2-a]imidazole-3-amine and imidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazole-5-amine derivatives via Strecker reaction under controlled microwave heating
  38. Evaluation of three different green fabrication methods for the synthesis of crystalline ZnO nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract
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  40. Simple one-pot green method for large-scale production of mesalamine, an anti-inflammatory agent
  41. Relationships between step and cumulative PMI and E-factors: implications on estimating material efficiency with respect to charting synthesis optimization strategies
  42. A comparative sorption study of Cr3+ and Cr6+ using mango peels: kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic
  43. Effects of acid hydrolysis waste liquid recycle on preparation of microcrystalline cellulose
  44. Use of deep eutectic solvents as catalyst: A mini-review
  45. Microwave-assisted synthesis of pyrrolidinone derivatives using 1,1’-butylenebis(3-sulfo-3H-imidazol-1-ium) chloride in ethylene glycol
  46. Green and eco-friendly synthesis of Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4: Characterization and photo-catalytic activity
  47. Adsorption optimized of the coal-based material and application for cyanide wastewater treatment
  48. Aloe vera leaf extract mediated green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and assessment of their In vitro antimicrobial activity against spoilage fungi and pathogenic bacteria strains
  49. Waste phenolic resin derived activated carbon by microwave-assisted KOH activation and application to dye wastewater treatment
  50. Direct ethanol production from cellulose by consortium of Trichoderma reesei and Candida molischiana
  51. Agricultural waste biomass-assisted nanostructures: Synthesis and application
  52. Biodiesel production from rubber seed oil using calcium oxide derived from eggshell as catalyst – optimization and modeling studies
  53. Study of fabrication of fully aqueous solution processed SnS quantum dot-sensitized solar cell
  54. Assessment of aqueous extract of Gypsophila aretioides for inhibitory effects on calcium carbonate formation
  55. An environmentally friendly acylation reaction of 2-methylnaphthalene in solvent-free condition in a micro-channel reactor
  56. Aegle marmelos phytochemical stabilized synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles and their role against agriculture and food pathogen
  57. A reactive coupling process for co-production of solketal and biodiesel
  58. Optimization of the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-1-phenylethanol using Ispir bean as whole-cell biocatalyst
  59. Synthesis of pyrazolopyridine and pyrazoloquinoline derivatives by one-pot, three-component reactions of arylglyoxals, 3-methyl-1-aryl-1H-pyrazol-5-amines and cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of tetrapropylammonium bromide
  60. Preconcentration of morphine in urine sample using a green and solvent-free microextraction method
  61. Extraction of glycyrrhizic acid by aqueous two-phase system formed by PEG and two environmentally friendly organic acid salts - sodium citrate and sodium tartrate
  62. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Juglans regia leaf extract and assessment of their physico-chemical and biological properties
  63. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as powerful and recyclable catalysts and solvents for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/thiones
  64. Biosynthesis, characterization and anti-microbial activity of silver nanoparticle based gel hand wash
  65. Efficient and selective microwave-assisted O-methylation of phenolic compounds using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)
  66. Anticoagulant, thrombolytic and antibacterial activities of Euphorbia acruensis latex-mediated bioengineered silver nanoparticles
  67. Volcanic ash as reusable catalyst in the green synthesis of 3H-1,5-benzodiazepines
  68. Green synthesis, anionic polymerization of 1,4-bis(methacryloyl)piperazine using Algerian clay as catalyst
  69. Selenium supplementation during fermentation with sugar beet molasses and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to increase bioethanol production
  70. Biosynthetic potential assessment of four food pathogenic bacteria in hydrothermally silver nanoparticles fabrication
  71. Investigating the effectiveness of classical and eco-friendly approaches for synthesis of dialdehydes from organic dihalides
  72. Pyrolysis of palm oil using zeolite catalyst and characterization of the boil-oil
  73. Azadirachta indica leaves extract assisted green synthesis of Ag-TiO2 for degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes in aqueous medium
  74. Synthesis of vitamin E succinate catalyzed by nano-SiO2 immobilized DMAP derivative in mixed solvent system
  75. Extraction of phytosterols from melon (Cucumis melo) seeds by supercritical CO2 as a clean technology
  76. Production of uronic acids by hydrothermolysis of pectin as a model substance for plant biomass waste
  77. Biofabrication of highly pure copper oxide nanoparticles using wheat seed extract and their catalytic activity: A mechanistic approach
  78. Intelligent modeling and optimization of emulsion aggregation method for producing green printing ink
  79. Improved removal of methylene blue on modified hierarchical zeolite Y: Achieved by a “destructive-constructive” method
  80. Two different facile and efficient approaches for the synthesis of various N-arylacetamides via N-acetylation of arylamines and straightforward one-pot reductive acetylation of nitroarenes promoted by recyclable CuFe2O4 nanoparticles in water
  81. Optimization of acid catalyzed esterification and mixed metal oxide catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production from Moringa oleifera oil
  82. Kinetics and the fluidity of the stearic acid esters with different carbon backbones
  83. Aiming for a standardized protocol for preparing a process green synthesis report and for ranking multiple synthesis plans to a common target product
  84. Microstructure and luminescence of VO2 (B) nanoparticle synthesis by hydrothermal method
  85. Optimization of uranium removal from uranium plant wastewater by response surface methodology (RSM)
  86. Microwave drying of nickel-containing residue: dielectric properties, kinetics, and energy aspects
  87. Simple and convenient two step synthesis of 5-bromo-2,3-dimethoxy-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
  88. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil
  89. The effect of activation temperature on structure and properties of blue coke-based activated carbon by CO2 activation
  90. Optimization of reaction parameters for the green synthesis of zero valent iron nanoparticles using pine tree needles
  91. Microwave-assisted protocol for squalene isolation and conversion from oil-deodoriser distillates
  92. Denitrification performance of rare earth tailings-based catalysts
  93. Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Averrhoa bilimbi L and Plum extracts and investigation on the synergistic bioactivity using in vitro models
  94. Green production of AgNPs and their phytostimulatory impact
  95. Photocatalytic activity of Ag/Ni bi-metallic nanoparticles on textile dye removal
  96. Topical Issue: Green Process Engineering / Guest Editors: Martine Poux, Patrick Cognet
  97. Modelling and optimisation of oxidative desulphurisation of tyre-derived oil via central composite design approach
  98. CO2 sequestration by carbonation of olivine: a new process for optimal separation of the solids produced
  99. Organic carbonates synthesis improved by pervaporation for CO2 utilisation
  100. Production of starch nanoparticles through solvent-antisolvent precipitation in a spinning disc reactor
  101. A kinetic study of Zn halide/TBAB-catalysed fixation of CO2 with styrene oxide in propylene carbonate
  102. Topical on Green Process Engineering
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