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Aloe vera leaf extract mediated green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and assessment of their In vitro antimicrobial activity against spoilage fungi and pathogenic bacteria strains

  • Borna Fardsadegh and Hoda Jafarizadeh-Malmiri EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: May 18, 2019
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Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 8 Issue 1

Abstract

Selenium as an essential trace element for the health of the humans was used to hydrothermally synthesis of selenium nanoparticle (Se NPs) using Aloe vera leaf extract (ALE). Effects of synthesis parameters namely; amount of ALE (1–5 ml) and amount of Na2SeO3 solution (10–30 ml), on the particle size and colour intensity of the solution containing Se NPs were studied using response surface methodology. FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, DLS analyzer and TEM were used to determine the specifications of the ALE and synthesized Se NPs. Obtained results indicated that the ALE contained several bioactive compounds, which they had hydroxyl and amide І groups in their structures and these two functional groups had key roles in the reduction of the selenium ions to form Se NPs and stabilizing of them. Furthermore, spherical fabricated Se NPs using obtained optimum synthesis parameters, 4.92 mL of ALE and 13.03 mL of Na2SeO3 solution, had colour intensity, mean particle size, zeta potential and polydispersity index values of 3.0% a.u., 50 nm, -18 mV and 0.344, respectively according to the DLS analysis. The synthesized Se NPs had also high antibacterial and antifungal activities against 4 selected pathogenic bacteria and spoilage fungi strains.

Keywords: selenium nanoparticles; hydrothermal synthesis; Aloe vera; antimicrobial activities

1 Introduction

By developments and application of nanotechnology in the past decade, metal and non-metal nanoparticles (NPs) have gained more attention because of their different attributes as compared to those of them in the bulk form. However, these unique characteristics of the NPs are drastically depended on morphology, size and size distribution of the formed NPs [1]. Among different NPs, selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) have gained a great deal of interests because of their specific biological, chemical, medicinal and pharmaceuticals properties [2]. Several studies have indicated that Se NPs can be strongly controlled the thyroid hormone metabolism, body’s defense system and numerous cancer metastases [3, 4]. In fact, selenium has a key role in the biosynthesis of the important selenoenzymes including glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase which, they are essential for the health of the humans and other mammals [5, 6, 7].

Several chemical, physical and green NPs synthesis methods have been developed and utilized to fabricate numerous NPs. However, green synthesis techniques are considered as one step, economic and eco-friendly method due to using natural bioreductants and stabilizers in the formation of the NPs [2, 8]. Plants and their derivatives extracts have been widely used in the fabrication of the NPs as compared to the microorganisms, which it can be related to the elimination of the cell culturing and isolation [2]. Aloe vera, as an important medical plant, includes peel (leaf) and gel, which several studies have been revealed that its leaf contains numerous vitamins, polysaccharides, proteins, phenolic compounds, lignin, saponins, sterols, flavonoids, enzymes and organic acids which they have essential role in the reduction of the ions to their element and form their NPs, and stabilizing of the synthesized NPs [9, 10, 11]. In the synthesis of the NPs, the main goal is formation of the NPs with minimum particle size and maximum stability [12, 13]. Several parameters are affected these characteristics of the fabricated NPs, including pH, temperature, type and concentration of the leaf extract, type and concentration of the ions precursors and other operating parameters which they are strongly depended to the utilized methods [1, 14, 15]. Response surface methodology (RSM), as combination of the mathematics and statistics, is a useful technique to model and analyze of a dependent variable, which it is influenced by several independent parameters [16]. Furthermore, RSM has several benefits, which make it highlight as compared to the classic one parameter at-a-time optimization [12].

Therefore, the present study focused on i) assessment of the potential application of the Aloe vera leaf extract (ALE) in the fabrication of the Se NPs, ii) optimization of the synthesis parameters using RSM to obtain Se NPs, under subcritical water conditions, with lower particle size and the highest stability, and iii) evaluation of the physico-chemical, bactericidal and fungicidal activities of the made Se NPs against pathogenic bacteria isolated tomato and orange spoilage fungi strains.

2 Materials and method

Aloe vera green fresh leaves with same colour, shapes and out of the physical damage were purchased from a local market (Tabriz, Iran). Sodium selenite (Na2SeO3), as selenium salt, was provided from Merck Company (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Nutrient agar (NA) and Potato dextrose agar (PDA) were provided from Himedia (Himedia Co., Mumbai, India) and Oxoid Ltd. (Hampshire, UK). To provide the solutions, deionized double distilled water (DI) was utilized.

2.1 Aloe vera leaf extract preparation

Presented contaminations on the surface of the Aloe vera leaves were removed by washing the leaves and after that, those were sliced into the small pieces and shade dried during a week, at room temperature. Using a domestic miller (MX-GX1521; Panasonic, Tokyo, Japan), 4.69 g Aloe vera dried powder was provided and added into 100 mL of boiling DI water for 5 min to obtain the leaf extract. Finally, the extract was filtered using Whatman No. 40 filter paper, and retained in the refrigerator (4°C).

2.2 Fabrication of the Se NPs using ALE

Reported literature studies revealed that, Na2SeO3 solution (10 mM) was prepared by addition of 0.263 g of its salt into the 100 mL of DI water [2, 4, 17, 18]. In typical synthesis, different amounts (1-5 mL) of ALE were mixed with various amounts (10-30 mL) of Na2SeO3 solution. Finally, the reaction solution was put into the laboratory autoclave, adjusted at 121°C and 1.5 bar, for 15 min.

2.3 Physico-chemical assay

2.3.1 FT-IR analysis

The major active biocompounds of the ALE were investigated and evaluated using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (Shimadzu 8400S, Shimadzu Co., Kyoto, Japan) with KBr pellets in the range of 4000–400 cm-1.

2.3.2 SPR of the synthesized Se NPs

Fabrication of the Se NPs can be easily observe using UV-Vis spectrophotometry (Jenway UV-Vis spectrophotometer6705, Staffordshire, UK) because of the surface Plasmon resonance of the formed Se NPs [18].

2.3.3 Colour intensity of the synthesized Se NPs

Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy can be utilized to monitor the changes in the colour of the solution containing NPs based on the absorbance, due to the formed NPs SPR [18, 19]. In fact, the colour of the solution can be correlated to the concentration of the formed NPs which, that can be manifested to the absorption in the visible range [19, 20]. Red colour of the reaction mixture solution indicates that the Se NPs by reduction of the Se ions and converting them to the elemental Se and formation of the Se NPs [21]. Several studies indicated that by synthesis of the Se NPs in the solution, its colour progressively varies from the dark yellow into the red [17, 22]. The colour intensity of the colloidal solution containing synthesized Se NPs was measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometry adjusted at 420 nm (wavelength) and stated as absorbance unit (% a.u.).

2.3.4 DLS analysis of the synthesized Se NPs

A dynamic light scattering (DLS) particle size analyzer (Malvern instruments, Zetasizer Nano ZS, Worcestershire, UK) utilized to obtain the exact values of the mean particle size (with covered stabilizing layer), zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI) and the particle size distribution (PSD) for the fabricated Se NPs at 25°C. PDI value changes from 0 to 1 and indicates the monodispersity (close to 0) and polydispersity (close to 1) of the formed NPs. Surface electric charge density of the fabricated NPs is known as zeta potential value and its high value indicates the higher physical stability of the formed NPs in the colloidal solution [10, 15, 19, 20].

2.3.5 Morphology of the synthesized Se NPs

In order to evaluate the shape and measure the exact value of the size (absolute particle size) for the fabricated Se NPs, transmission electron microscopy (TEM, CM120, Philips, Amsterdam, Netherlands) was utilized. For this reason, a drop of the solution containing fabricated Se NPs was put on a carbon-coated copper grid and monitored by the instrument which, its acceleration was 120 kV.

2.4 Antibacterial assay

Well diffusion method was utilized to evaluate the bactericidal effects of the fabricated Se NPs against to Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative (Escherchia coli) bacteria. For this analysis, 0.1 mL of the prepared bacterial suspension, containing 1.5 × 108 cfu (colony forming unit), from the provided S. aureus (PTCC 1112) and E. coli (PPTCC 1270) which these strains obtained from the microbial Persian type culture collection (PTCC, Tehran, Iran), was inoculated on the surface of the plates containing NA. Three holes with 5 mm in diameter were made in the provided plates and 10 μL of the ALE, Na2SeO3 solution and synthesized Se NPs solutions were decanted into the holes. The amended plates were put into the incubator, adjusted at 37°C, for 24 h. The created clear zone around the holes was then measured and indicated the antibacterial activities of the samples.

2.5 Antifungal activity

Fungicidal effects of the fabricated Se NPs was evaluated according to the inhibition in radial mycelial growth of Colletotrichum coccodes and Penicillium digitatum on the surface of the plates containing PDA incorporated with Se NPs. C. coccodes and P. digitatum were isolated from the local spoiled tomato and orange, respectively. According to the described method by Mohammadlou et al. [15]. From a pure culture of the mentioned fungi, 5 mm agar disks, in diameter, were isolated and put in the middle of the control (PDA) plates and those were poured with PDA and Se NPs and ALE. The provided plates were then incubated at room temperature (26 ± 2°C) for 7 days and their hyphae growth was measured daily. The fungicidal activities of the formed Se NPs were stated as fungal mycelia growth (mm) inhibition [23].

2.6 Design of experiments and data analysis

As compared to other statistical techniques, which those were based on classical one-variable-a-time, response surface methodology (RSM) has numerous advantages including generation of the various important data using minimum experiment runs and evaluation of the linear, quadratic and interaction effects of the independent parameters on the responses [10, 12, 15, 19]. Therefore, central composite design (CCD), using a block, with RSM were chosen to design of experiments and evaluate the effects of the synthesis parameters namely; amount of ALE (X1,1–5 mL) and amount of 10 mM Na2SeO3 solution (X2,10–30 mL), on the colour intensity (Y1) and particle size (Y2) of the mixture solutions containing Se NP. Response variables, colour intensity (Y1) and mean particle size (Y2) of the formed Se NPs, as function of the synthesized parameters, were followed a second-order polynomial equation (1), which in this equation, B0 is a constant and Bi, Bii and Bij are the coefficients of the linear, quadratic and interaction terms.

(1)Y=B0+B1X1+B2X2+B1X12+B2X22+B2X1X2

Coefficient of determination (R2) and its adjusted (R2- adj) were used to evaluate the suitability of the generated model. Analysis of variance based on the terms p-value (p<0.05) and F ratio was employed to significance determinations of the obtained models. Two-dimensional contour plots, based on the generated models, were established to well imagine the interaction effect of the synthesis parameters. Numerical multiple response and graphical optimizations were utilized to obtain exact values of the optimum synthesis parameters and optimum area, respectively. Three more approval experiments using obtained optimum synthesis parameters were done to verify accuracy of the generated models for prediction values of the responses within the defined ranges. Minitab v.16 statistical software (Minitab Inc., PA, USA) was used for the design of experiments, RSM, data analysis and optimization procedures.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 ALE specifications

FT-IR spectra of the ALE, shows several functional groups which those can be act as reducing and stabilizing agents in the formation of the Se NPs (Figure 1). Figure 1 indicates three centered main peaks at 572.8, 1635.52, and 3454.3 cm-1 and five weak peaks 1041, 1251.7, 1402.2, 2065.6 and 2351.1 cm-1. The widest observed peak at wavenumbers of 2900–3600 cm-1 was related to the stretching vibrations of hydroxyl groups (O-H) which had key rule in the reduction of Se ions to their elements and formation of the Se NPs. Furthermore, a minor centered peak at 1402.15 cm-1 could be related to the existence of carboxylic components [15]. The centered peak at 1635.52 cm-1, was attributed to the amide І group, which was related to the proteins and has key role in the stabilizing of formed Se NPs [10, 15, 24]. The mean pH value of ALE was about 5, indicating that the ALE is an acidic solution.

Figure 1 FT-IR spectrum of Aloe vera leaf extract.
Figure 1

FT-IR spectrum of Aloe vera leaf extract.

3.2 Generation of the models

According to the experimental design and obtained data for the responses (Table 1) the models were generated. R2 and R2-adj for the fitted models are also given in Table 2. P-Value and F ratio for the each term of the obtained models are presented in Table 3. As can be seen in Table 2, higher values of the R2 and R2-adj (> 94.00) for the both generated models, verified their suitable accuracy. Furthermore, the insignificant lack of fits (p > 0.05) of the generated models revealed their appropriate fitness to the synthesis variables (Table 2). As can be seen in Table 3, all the main, quadratic and interaction effects of the amount of ALE solution and amount of Na2SeO3 solution were effective (p < 0.05) on the particle size of the fabricated Se NPs. However, quadratic term of the amount of Na2SeO3 solution and its interaction with amount of the ALE solution had insignificant effects on the colour intensity of the mixture solution containing formed Se NPs.

Table 1

Central composite design (CCD) and response variables for processing of synthesis Se NPs.

Sample numberAmount of ALE (mL)Amount of Na2SeO3 (mL)Colour intensity (a.u.a)Particle size (nm)
ExperimentalExperimental
13.0020.002.129498
25.0020.002.601121
31.5927.070.718893
41.0020.000.556142
51.5912.921.7601315
63.0020.002.163831
73.0020.002.242741
83.0020.002.064742
94.4112.932.990923
103.0010.002.8903243
113.0030.001.635911
124.4127.071.962599
133.0020.002.195894

  1. a Absorbance unit

Table 2

Regression coefficients, R2, R2-adj, and probability values for the fitted models.

Regression coefficientColour intensity (a.u.a)Particle size (nm)
B0 (constant)1.008562073.27
B1 (main effect)1.39073424.18
B2 (main effect)–0.09638–446.54
B11 (quadratic effect)–0.1539–477.62
B22 (quadratic effect)0.0006812.59
Interaction effect β12–.00035–56.88
R299.3197.40
R-adj98.8194.79
Lack of fit (p-value)0.0570.144

  1. a Absorbance unit

    B0 is constant and Bi , Bii and, Bij are the linear, quadratic and interaction coefficient of the quadratic polynomial equation respectively.

    1. Amount of Aloe vera leaf extract (mL); 2. Amount of Na2SeO3 (mL)

Table 3

p-Value and F ratio of the regression coefficients in the obtained models.

Main effectsQuadratic effectsInteracted effects
Main effectsX1X2X11X22X12
Colour intensity (a.u.)
p-value0.0000.0090.0000.2870.931
F-ratio134.0712.97107.651.330.01
Particle size (nm)
p-value0.0020.0020.0010.0000.014
F-ratio36.9339.0648.0878.6013.64

  1. 1. Amount of Aloe vera leaf extract (mL); 2. Amount of Na2SeO3 (mL)

3.2.1 Colour intensity

During Se NPs synthesis, the colour of solution containing fabricated Se NPs were changed from dark yellow (Figure 2a) into dark red (Figure 2b). The concentration of the synthesized Se NPs can be manifested in the colour intensity of their solutions. The effects of the synthesis variables on the colour intensity of the solutions are indicated in Figure 3. The obtained results revealed that, at constant amount of the Na2SeO3 solution, by increasing the amount of the ALE, colour intensity was increased. The obtained results were in line with findings of Ahmadi et al. [10]. They found that by increasing the amount of ALE, the concentration of bioreductants increased in the mixture solutions which in turn, increased the concentration of the formed NPs as can be observed by increasing in the colour intensity. On the other hand, at constant amounts of the ALE, by increasing the amount of Na2SeO3 solution, different patterns were observed and the colour intensity was decreased. The obtained result can be explained by the fact that by increasing the amount of selenium ions in the solutions, the repulsion of the system increased due to the positive charge of the ions and the rate of nucleation decreased [12, 15, 19]. As can be seen in Table 1, the maximum colour intensity (2.99% a.u.) was obtained using 4.41 mL of ALE and 12.93 mL of Na2SeO3 solution.

Figure 2 Illustration of colour change in mixed Aloe vera leaf extract and Na2SeO3 solution: (a) before synthesis, (b) after synthesis using autoclave.
Figure 2

Illustration of colour change in mixed Aloe vera leaf extract and Na2SeO3 solution: (a) before synthesis, (b) after synthesis using autoclave.

Figure 3 Contour plot of colour intensity of the solution containing Se NPs as function of amount of Na2SeO3 solution and Aloe vera leaf extract.
Figure 3

Contour plot of colour intensity of the solution containing Se NPs as function of amount of Na2SeO3 solution and Aloe vera leaf extract.

3.2.2 Particle size (nm)

As can be seen in Table 1, the mean particle size values of the fabricated SeNPs ere varied from 121 to 3243 nm. The effects of the amount of ALE and the amount of Na2SeO3 solution on the Se NPs particle size are shown in Figure 4. The obtained results demonstrated that, the minimum particle size was obtained at maximum amount of the ALE and Na2SeO3 solution. Table 1 also indicated that minimum particle size for the fabricated Se NPs (121 nm) was achieved using 5 ml of ALE and 20 ml of Na2SeO3 solution. The obtained result can be explained by the fact that by increasing the amount of ALE in the mixture solution, the nucleation rate was increased due to the high amount of bioreductants and on the other hand by increasing the amount of the Na2SeO3 solution, the repulsion of the mixture solution increased which it prevented the agglomeration of the formed Se NPs. The obtained results were in line with finding of Mohammadlou et al. [15] and Eskandari et al. [12] in the green synthesis of the silver NPs using Pelargonium leaves and gold NPs using mushroom extracts.

Figure 4 Contour plot of particle size of the solution containing Se NPs as function of amount of Na2SeO3 solution and Aloe vera leaf extract.
Figure 4

Contour plot of particle size of the solution containing Se NPs as function of amount of Na2SeO3 solution and Aloe vera leaf extract.

3.3 Optimization of processing parameters for the synthesized Se NPs

The Se NPs synthesis parameters were considered as optimum conditions when the fabricated and achieved Se NPs highest colour intensity and the smallest mean particle size. Figure 5 indicates graphical optimization area based on an overlaid contour plot. The results revealed that the fabricated Se NPs with most desirable characteristics were obtained using synthesis conditions placed in the white coloured area. The obtained results by numerical multiple optimization also revealed that the fabrication conditions using a 4.92 mL of ALE and 13.03 mL of Na2SeO3 solution for the formation of Se NPs would give the most desirable Se NPs with colour intensity and mean particle size of the 3.0% a.u. and 33.30 nm (according to TEM analysis), respectively. Moreover, verification tests using three synthesized Se NPs solutions at obtained optimum synthesis conditions revealed that there were insignificant differences between the predicted and the experimental values of the responses which in turn, confirmed the adequacy of the generated models.

Figure 5 Overlaid contour plot of colour intensity, particle size with acceptable levels as function of amount of Na2SeO3 solution and Aloe vera leaf extract.
Figure 5

Overlaid contour plot of colour intensity, particle size with acceptable levels as function of amount of Na2SeO3 solution and Aloe vera leaf extract.

3.4 Qualifications of the fabricated Se NPs at obtained optimum conditions

3.4.1 UV-Vis spectrophotometry analysis

Formation of Se NPs using ALE and Na2SeO3 solution could be evaluated based on the fabricated Se NPs SPR, using UV-Vis spectral analysis. As can be seen in Figure 6, the broad emission peaks (λmax) of the synthesized Se NPs was achieved at 323 nm which was centered between 295 to 340 nm [25, 26, 27, 28].

Figure 6 UV-Vis spectra of the mixture solution including Na2SeO3 and Aloe vera leaf extraxt, after synthesis with exposure to microwave irradiation at obtained optimum synthesis conditions.
Figure 6

UV-Vis spectra of the mixture solution including Na2SeO3 and Aloe vera leaf extraxt, after synthesis with exposure to microwave irradiation at obtained optimum synthesis conditions.

3.4.2 DLS analysis

At obtained optimum synthesis conditions, the zeta potential value of the fabricated Se NPs was -18 mV which indicated that the formed NPs were surrounded with negatively charged groups and had high stability. The PDI value of the fabricated Se NPs was 0.344. The small value of the PDI indicated that the formed Se NPs were monodispersed. The size distribution of the synthesized Se NPs is also shown in Figure 7. However, our previous study on green synthesis of Se NPs using Pelargonium zonale indicated that Se NPs with mean particle size, PDI and zeta potential values of 136 nm, 0.321 and -24.6 mV, respectively were fabricated at obtained optimum synthesis conditions using 1.48 mL Pelargonium zonale leaf extract and 15 mL of Na2SeO3 solution [29]. The obtained results indicated that Aloe vera leaf extract could be effectively synthesized Se NPs with smaller particle size and higher stability, due to high value of the zeta potential, as compared to the Pelargonium zonale leaf extract. It could be related to strong reductant and stabilizing agents existed in Aloe vera leaf extract.

Figure 7 TEM image of the synthesized Se NPs at obtained optimum conditions.
Figure 7

TEM image of the synthesized Se NPs at obtained optimum conditions.

3.4.3 Morphology

TEM analysis was accomplished to identify the morphology of the formed Se NPs. TEM image of the fabricated Se NPs at obtained synthesis conditions showed that the particles were monodispersed and spherical with mean particle size of 50 nm in diameter (Figure 8). This spherical shape demonstrated that the thermodynamic stable fabricated Se NPs had minimum surface energy, which was in line with high value of the zeta potential [25, 26, 27, 28].

Figure 8 Size distribution of the synthesized Se NPs.
Figure 8

Size distribution of the synthesized Se NPs.

3.4.4 Antibacterial activity

Bactericidal activities of the fabricated Se NPs against to the S. aureus and E. coli during incubation are presented in Figure 9. The results revealed that, the inhibition zones could be observed for both S. aureus and E. coli bacteria. However, the diameter of the inhibition zones around the S. aureus (12 mm) was higher than that of around E. coli (10 mm). The obtained results were also in line with findings of Khiralla et al. [30] and, Srivastava and Mukhopadhyay [25], they found that the green synthesized Se NPs had high bactericidal effects on the both mentioned Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria strains.

Figure 9 Created zones of inhibition with S. aureus (A) and E. coli (B) incubated at 37°C for 24 h.
Figure 9

Created zones of inhibition with S. aureus (A) and E. coli (B) incubated at 37°C for 24 h.

3.4.5 Antifungal activity

Fungicidal activities of the fabricated Se NPs on mycelia growth of P. digitatum and C. coccodes during incubation are presented in Figures 10a and 10b, respectively. As can be seen in Figure 10a, Se NPs amended in PDA media could inhibit the mycelia growth of P. digitatum, while, the synthesized Se NPs showed low fungicidal effect on C. coccodes (Figure 10b). Several studies demonstrated that the mechanism of the fungicidal effects of Se ions were included of absorption and accumulation of them by the fungus cell which in turn, lead shrinking of the cytoplasm membrane and inhibited the cell vital activities [15, 20].

Figure 10 Mycelia growth inhibition of the synthesized Se NPs toward Penicillium digitatum (a) and Colletotrichum coccodes (b) after 7 days of incubation at 26 ± 2°C. Data are the mean value of three replicates (each replicate contains four plates).
Figure 10

Mycelia growth inhibition of the synthesized Se NPs toward Penicillium digitatum (a) and Colletotrichum coccodes (b) after 7 days of incubation at 26 ± 2°C. Data are the mean value of three replicates (each replicate contains four plates).

4 Conclusions

The obtained results from the present study revealed that Aloe vera leaf extract had several natural bioactive compounds which those could be effectively utilized in the fabrication of Se NPs without using other chemical reducing agents. Hydrothermal synthesis of Se NPs by autoclave is one of the fast and clean practical synthesis methods due to its capability to generate simultaneously high pressure and high temperature. In addition to, RSM could effectively predict the effect of the synthesis variables on the particle size and colour intensity of the colloid solutions containing Se NPs. RSM was successfully applied to develop empirical models for the prediction of the Se NPs synthesis conditions. Finally, the developed synthesized method can be utilized in the fabrication of other metal and metal oxide NPs.

Acknowledgements

The authors appreciate the financial support of the Iran Nanotechnology Initiatives Council (grant no. 125018).

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Received: 2018-08-09
Accepted: 2018-10-03
Published Online: 2019-05-18
Published in Print: 2019-01-28

© 2019 Fardsadegh et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Studies on the preparation and properties of biodegradable polyester from soybean oil
  3. Flow-mode biodiesel production from palm oil using a pressurized microwave reactor
  4. Reduction of free fatty acids in waste oil for biodiesel production by glycerolysis: investigation and optimization of process parameters
  5. Saccharin: a cheap and mild acidic agent for the synthesis of azo dyes via telescoped dediazotization
  6. Optimization of lipase-catalyzed synthesis of polyethylene glycol stearate in a solvent-free system
  7. Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Platanus orientalis leaf extract for antifungal activity
  8. Ultrasound assisted chemical activation of peanut husk for copper removal
  9. Room temperature silanization of Fe3O4 for the preparation of phenyl functionalized magnetic adsorbent for dispersive solid phase extraction for the extraction of phthalates in water
  10. Evaluation of the saponin green extraction from Ziziphus spina-christi leaves using hydrothermal, microwave and Bain-Marie water bath heating methods
  11. Oxidation of dibenzothiophene using the heterogeneous catalyst of tungsten-based carbon nanotubes
  12. Calcined sodium silicate as an efficient and benign heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification of natural lecithin to L-α-glycerophosphocholine
  13. Synergistic effect between CO2 and H2O2 on ethylbenzene oxidation catalyzed by carbon supported heteropolyanion catalysts
  14. Hydrocyanation of 2-arylmethyleneindan-1,3-diones using potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) as a nontoxic cyanating agent
  15. Green synthesis of hydratropic aldehyde from α-methylstyrene catalyzed by Al2O3-supported metal phthalocyanines
  16. Environmentally benign chemical recycling of polycarbonate wastes: comparison of micro- and nano-TiO2 solid support efficiencies
  17. Medicago polymorpha-mediated antibacterial silver nanoparticles in the reduction of methyl orange
  18. Production of value-added chemicals from esterification of waste glycerol over MCM-41 supported catalysts
  19. Green synthesis of zerovalent copper nanoparticles for efficient reduction of toxic azo dyes congo red and methyl orange
  20. Optimization of the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Penicillium oxalicum GRS-1 and their antimicrobial effects against common food-borne pathogens
  21. Optimization of submerged fermentation conditions to overproduce bioethanol using two industrial and traditional Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains
  22. Extraction of In3+ and Fe3+ from sulfate solutions by using a 3D-printed “Y”-shaped microreactor
  23. Foliar-mediated Ag:ZnO nanophotocatalysts: green synthesis, characterization, pollutants degradation, and in vitro biocidal activity
  24. Green cyclic acetals production by glycerol etherification reaction with benzaldehyde using cationic acidic resin
  25. Biosynthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities assessment of fabricated selenium nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract
  26. Synthesis of high surface area magnesia by using walnut shell as a template
  27. Controllable biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using actinobacterial strains
  28. Green vegetation: a promising source of color dyes
  29. Mechano-chemical synthesis of ammonia and acetic acid from inorganic materials in water
  30. Green synthesis and structural characterization of novel N1-substituted 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones
  31. Biodiesel production from cotton oil using heterogeneous CaO catalysts from eggshells prepared at different calcination temperatures
  32. Regeneration of spent mercury catalyst for the treatment of dye wastewater by the microwave and ultrasonic spray-assisted method
  33. Green synthesis of the innovative super paramagnetic nanoparticles from the leaves extract of Fraxinus chinensis Roxb and their application for the decolourisation of toxic dyes
  34. Biogenic ZnO nanoparticles: a study of blueshift of optical band gap and photocatalytic degradation of reactive yellow 186 dye under direct sunlight
  35. Leached compounds from the extracts of pomegranate peel, green coconut shell, and karuvelam wood for the removal of hexavalent chromium
  36. Enhancement of molecular weight reduction of natural rubber in triphasic CO2/toluene/H2O systems with hydrogen peroxide for preparation of biobased polyurethanes
  37. An efficient green synthesis of novel 1H-imidazo[1,2-a]imidazole-3-amine and imidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazole-5-amine derivatives via Strecker reaction under controlled microwave heating
  38. Evaluation of three different green fabrication methods for the synthesis of crystalline ZnO nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract
  39. A highly efficient and multifunctional biomass supporting Ag, Ni, and Cu nanoparticles through wetness impregnation for environmental remediation
  40. Simple one-pot green method for large-scale production of mesalamine, an anti-inflammatory agent
  41. Relationships between step and cumulative PMI and E-factors: implications on estimating material efficiency with respect to charting synthesis optimization strategies
  42. A comparative sorption study of Cr3+ and Cr6+ using mango peels: kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic
  43. Effects of acid hydrolysis waste liquid recycle on preparation of microcrystalline cellulose
  44. Use of deep eutectic solvents as catalyst: A mini-review
  45. Microwave-assisted synthesis of pyrrolidinone derivatives using 1,1’-butylenebis(3-sulfo-3H-imidazol-1-ium) chloride in ethylene glycol
  46. Green and eco-friendly synthesis of Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4: Characterization and photo-catalytic activity
  47. Adsorption optimized of the coal-based material and application for cyanide wastewater treatment
  48. Aloe vera leaf extract mediated green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and assessment of their In vitro antimicrobial activity against spoilage fungi and pathogenic bacteria strains
  49. Waste phenolic resin derived activated carbon by microwave-assisted KOH activation and application to dye wastewater treatment
  50. Direct ethanol production from cellulose by consortium of Trichoderma reesei and Candida molischiana
  51. Agricultural waste biomass-assisted nanostructures: Synthesis and application
  52. Biodiesel production from rubber seed oil using calcium oxide derived from eggshell as catalyst – optimization and modeling studies
  53. Study of fabrication of fully aqueous solution processed SnS quantum dot-sensitized solar cell
  54. Assessment of aqueous extract of Gypsophila aretioides for inhibitory effects on calcium carbonate formation
  55. An environmentally friendly acylation reaction of 2-methylnaphthalene in solvent-free condition in a micro-channel reactor
  56. Aegle marmelos phytochemical stabilized synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles and their role against agriculture and food pathogen
  57. A reactive coupling process for co-production of solketal and biodiesel
  58. Optimization of the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-1-phenylethanol using Ispir bean as whole-cell biocatalyst
  59. Synthesis of pyrazolopyridine and pyrazoloquinoline derivatives by one-pot, three-component reactions of arylglyoxals, 3-methyl-1-aryl-1H-pyrazol-5-amines and cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of tetrapropylammonium bromide
  60. Preconcentration of morphine in urine sample using a green and solvent-free microextraction method
  61. Extraction of glycyrrhizic acid by aqueous two-phase system formed by PEG and two environmentally friendly organic acid salts - sodium citrate and sodium tartrate
  62. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Juglans regia leaf extract and assessment of their physico-chemical and biological properties
  63. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as powerful and recyclable catalysts and solvents for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/thiones
  64. Biosynthesis, characterization and anti-microbial activity of silver nanoparticle based gel hand wash
  65. Efficient and selective microwave-assisted O-methylation of phenolic compounds using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)
  66. Anticoagulant, thrombolytic and antibacterial activities of Euphorbia acruensis latex-mediated bioengineered silver nanoparticles
  67. Volcanic ash as reusable catalyst in the green synthesis of 3H-1,5-benzodiazepines
  68. Green synthesis, anionic polymerization of 1,4-bis(methacryloyl)piperazine using Algerian clay as catalyst
  69. Selenium supplementation during fermentation with sugar beet molasses and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to increase bioethanol production
  70. Biosynthetic potential assessment of four food pathogenic bacteria in hydrothermally silver nanoparticles fabrication
  71. Investigating the effectiveness of classical and eco-friendly approaches for synthesis of dialdehydes from organic dihalides
  72. Pyrolysis of palm oil using zeolite catalyst and characterization of the boil-oil
  73. Azadirachta indica leaves extract assisted green synthesis of Ag-TiO2 for degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes in aqueous medium
  74. Synthesis of vitamin E succinate catalyzed by nano-SiO2 immobilized DMAP derivative in mixed solvent system
  75. Extraction of phytosterols from melon (Cucumis melo) seeds by supercritical CO2 as a clean technology
  76. Production of uronic acids by hydrothermolysis of pectin as a model substance for plant biomass waste
  77. Biofabrication of highly pure copper oxide nanoparticles using wheat seed extract and their catalytic activity: A mechanistic approach
  78. Intelligent modeling and optimization of emulsion aggregation method for producing green printing ink
  79. Improved removal of methylene blue on modified hierarchical zeolite Y: Achieved by a “destructive-constructive” method
  80. Two different facile and efficient approaches for the synthesis of various N-arylacetamides via N-acetylation of arylamines and straightforward one-pot reductive acetylation of nitroarenes promoted by recyclable CuFe2O4 nanoparticles in water
  81. Optimization of acid catalyzed esterification and mixed metal oxide catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production from Moringa oleifera oil
  82. Kinetics and the fluidity of the stearic acid esters with different carbon backbones
  83. Aiming for a standardized protocol for preparing a process green synthesis report and for ranking multiple synthesis plans to a common target product
  84. Microstructure and luminescence of VO2 (B) nanoparticle synthesis by hydrothermal method
  85. Optimization of uranium removal from uranium plant wastewater by response surface methodology (RSM)
  86. Microwave drying of nickel-containing residue: dielectric properties, kinetics, and energy aspects
  87. Simple and convenient two step synthesis of 5-bromo-2,3-dimethoxy-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
  88. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil
  89. The effect of activation temperature on structure and properties of blue coke-based activated carbon by CO2 activation
  90. Optimization of reaction parameters for the green synthesis of zero valent iron nanoparticles using pine tree needles
  91. Microwave-assisted protocol for squalene isolation and conversion from oil-deodoriser distillates
  92. Denitrification performance of rare earth tailings-based catalysts
  93. Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Averrhoa bilimbi L and Plum extracts and investigation on the synergistic bioactivity using in vitro models
  94. Green production of AgNPs and their phytostimulatory impact
  95. Photocatalytic activity of Ag/Ni bi-metallic nanoparticles on textile dye removal
  96. Topical Issue: Green Process Engineering / Guest Editors: Martine Poux, Patrick Cognet
  97. Modelling and optimisation of oxidative desulphurisation of tyre-derived oil via central composite design approach
  98. CO2 sequestration by carbonation of olivine: a new process for optimal separation of the solids produced
  99. Organic carbonates synthesis improved by pervaporation for CO2 utilisation
  100. Production of starch nanoparticles through solvent-antisolvent precipitation in a spinning disc reactor
  101. A kinetic study of Zn halide/TBAB-catalysed fixation of CO2 with styrene oxide in propylene carbonate
  102. Topical on Green Process Engineering
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2019-0007
Keywords for this article
selenium nanoparticles; hydrothermal synthesis; Aloe vera; antimicrobial activities
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Studies on the preparation and properties of biodegradable polyester from soybean oil
  3. Flow-mode biodiesel production from palm oil using a pressurized microwave reactor
  4. Reduction of free fatty acids in waste oil for biodiesel production by glycerolysis: investigation and optimization of process parameters
  5. Saccharin: a cheap and mild acidic agent for the synthesis of azo dyes via telescoped dediazotization
  6. Optimization of lipase-catalyzed synthesis of polyethylene glycol stearate in a solvent-free system
  7. Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Platanus orientalis leaf extract for antifungal activity
  8. Ultrasound assisted chemical activation of peanut husk for copper removal
  9. Room temperature silanization of Fe3O4 for the preparation of phenyl functionalized magnetic adsorbent for dispersive solid phase extraction for the extraction of phthalates in water
  10. Evaluation of the saponin green extraction from Ziziphus spina-christi leaves using hydrothermal, microwave and Bain-Marie water bath heating methods
  11. Oxidation of dibenzothiophene using the heterogeneous catalyst of tungsten-based carbon nanotubes
  12. Calcined sodium silicate as an efficient and benign heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification of natural lecithin to L-α-glycerophosphocholine
  13. Synergistic effect between CO2 and H2O2 on ethylbenzene oxidation catalyzed by carbon supported heteropolyanion catalysts
  14. Hydrocyanation of 2-arylmethyleneindan-1,3-diones using potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) as a nontoxic cyanating agent
  15. Green synthesis of hydratropic aldehyde from α-methylstyrene catalyzed by Al2O3-supported metal phthalocyanines
  16. Environmentally benign chemical recycling of polycarbonate wastes: comparison of micro- and nano-TiO2 solid support efficiencies
  17. Medicago polymorpha-mediated antibacterial silver nanoparticles in the reduction of methyl orange
  18. Production of value-added chemicals from esterification of waste glycerol over MCM-41 supported catalysts
  19. Green synthesis of zerovalent copper nanoparticles for efficient reduction of toxic azo dyes congo red and methyl orange
  20. Optimization of the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Penicillium oxalicum GRS-1 and their antimicrobial effects against common food-borne pathogens
  21. Optimization of submerged fermentation conditions to overproduce bioethanol using two industrial and traditional Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains
  22. Extraction of In3+ and Fe3+ from sulfate solutions by using a 3D-printed “Y”-shaped microreactor
  23. Foliar-mediated Ag:ZnO nanophotocatalysts: green synthesis, characterization, pollutants degradation, and in vitro biocidal activity
  24. Green cyclic acetals production by glycerol etherification reaction with benzaldehyde using cationic acidic resin
  25. Biosynthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities assessment of fabricated selenium nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract
  26. Synthesis of high surface area magnesia by using walnut shell as a template
  27. Controllable biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using actinobacterial strains
  28. Green vegetation: a promising source of color dyes
  29. Mechano-chemical synthesis of ammonia and acetic acid from inorganic materials in water
  30. Green synthesis and structural characterization of novel N1-substituted 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones
  31. Biodiesel production from cotton oil using heterogeneous CaO catalysts from eggshells prepared at different calcination temperatures
  32. Regeneration of spent mercury catalyst for the treatment of dye wastewater by the microwave and ultrasonic spray-assisted method
  33. Green synthesis of the innovative super paramagnetic nanoparticles from the leaves extract of Fraxinus chinensis Roxb and their application for the decolourisation of toxic dyes
  34. Biogenic ZnO nanoparticles: a study of blueshift of optical band gap and photocatalytic degradation of reactive yellow 186 dye under direct sunlight
  35. Leached compounds from the extracts of pomegranate peel, green coconut shell, and karuvelam wood for the removal of hexavalent chromium
  36. Enhancement of molecular weight reduction of natural rubber in triphasic CO2/toluene/H2O systems with hydrogen peroxide for preparation of biobased polyurethanes
  37. An efficient green synthesis of novel 1H-imidazo[1,2-a]imidazole-3-amine and imidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazole-5-amine derivatives via Strecker reaction under controlled microwave heating
  38. Evaluation of three different green fabrication methods for the synthesis of crystalline ZnO nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract
  39. A highly efficient and multifunctional biomass supporting Ag, Ni, and Cu nanoparticles through wetness impregnation for environmental remediation
  40. Simple one-pot green method for large-scale production of mesalamine, an anti-inflammatory agent
  41. Relationships between step and cumulative PMI and E-factors: implications on estimating material efficiency with respect to charting synthesis optimization strategies
  42. A comparative sorption study of Cr3+ and Cr6+ using mango peels: kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic
  43. Effects of acid hydrolysis waste liquid recycle on preparation of microcrystalline cellulose
  44. Use of deep eutectic solvents as catalyst: A mini-review
  45. Microwave-assisted synthesis of pyrrolidinone derivatives using 1,1’-butylenebis(3-sulfo-3H-imidazol-1-ium) chloride in ethylene glycol
  46. Green and eco-friendly synthesis of Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4: Characterization and photo-catalytic activity
  47. Adsorption optimized of the coal-based material and application for cyanide wastewater treatment
  48. Aloe vera leaf extract mediated green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and assessment of their In vitro antimicrobial activity against spoilage fungi and pathogenic bacteria strains
  49. Waste phenolic resin derived activated carbon by microwave-assisted KOH activation and application to dye wastewater treatment
  50. Direct ethanol production from cellulose by consortium of Trichoderma reesei and Candida molischiana
  51. Agricultural waste biomass-assisted nanostructures: Synthesis and application
  52. Biodiesel production from rubber seed oil using calcium oxide derived from eggshell as catalyst – optimization and modeling studies
  53. Study of fabrication of fully aqueous solution processed SnS quantum dot-sensitized solar cell
  54. Assessment of aqueous extract of Gypsophila aretioides for inhibitory effects on calcium carbonate formation
  55. An environmentally friendly acylation reaction of 2-methylnaphthalene in solvent-free condition in a micro-channel reactor
  56. Aegle marmelos phytochemical stabilized synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles and their role against agriculture and food pathogen
  57. A reactive coupling process for co-production of solketal and biodiesel
  58. Optimization of the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-1-phenylethanol using Ispir bean as whole-cell biocatalyst
  59. Synthesis of pyrazolopyridine and pyrazoloquinoline derivatives by one-pot, three-component reactions of arylglyoxals, 3-methyl-1-aryl-1H-pyrazol-5-amines and cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of tetrapropylammonium bromide
  60. Preconcentration of morphine in urine sample using a green and solvent-free microextraction method
  61. Extraction of glycyrrhizic acid by aqueous two-phase system formed by PEG and two environmentally friendly organic acid salts - sodium citrate and sodium tartrate
  62. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Juglans regia leaf extract and assessment of their physico-chemical and biological properties
  63. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as powerful and recyclable catalysts and solvents for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/thiones
  64. Biosynthesis, characterization and anti-microbial activity of silver nanoparticle based gel hand wash
  65. Efficient and selective microwave-assisted O-methylation of phenolic compounds using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)
  66. Anticoagulant, thrombolytic and antibacterial activities of Euphorbia acruensis latex-mediated bioengineered silver nanoparticles
  67. Volcanic ash as reusable catalyst in the green synthesis of 3H-1,5-benzodiazepines
  68. Green synthesis, anionic polymerization of 1,4-bis(methacryloyl)piperazine using Algerian clay as catalyst
  69. Selenium supplementation during fermentation with sugar beet molasses and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to increase bioethanol production
  70. Biosynthetic potential assessment of four food pathogenic bacteria in hydrothermally silver nanoparticles fabrication
  71. Investigating the effectiveness of classical and eco-friendly approaches for synthesis of dialdehydes from organic dihalides
  72. Pyrolysis of palm oil using zeolite catalyst and characterization of the boil-oil
  73. Azadirachta indica leaves extract assisted green synthesis of Ag-TiO2 for degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes in aqueous medium
  74. Synthesis of vitamin E succinate catalyzed by nano-SiO2 immobilized DMAP derivative in mixed solvent system
  75. Extraction of phytosterols from melon (Cucumis melo) seeds by supercritical CO2 as a clean technology
  76. Production of uronic acids by hydrothermolysis of pectin as a model substance for plant biomass waste
  77. Biofabrication of highly pure copper oxide nanoparticles using wheat seed extract and their catalytic activity: A mechanistic approach
  78. Intelligent modeling and optimization of emulsion aggregation method for producing green printing ink
  79. Improved removal of methylene blue on modified hierarchical zeolite Y: Achieved by a “destructive-constructive” method
  80. Two different facile and efficient approaches for the synthesis of various N-arylacetamides via N-acetylation of arylamines and straightforward one-pot reductive acetylation of nitroarenes promoted by recyclable CuFe2O4 nanoparticles in water
  81. Optimization of acid catalyzed esterification and mixed metal oxide catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production from Moringa oleifera oil
  82. Kinetics and the fluidity of the stearic acid esters with different carbon backbones
  83. Aiming for a standardized protocol for preparing a process green synthesis report and for ranking multiple synthesis plans to a common target product
  84. Microstructure and luminescence of VO2 (B) nanoparticle synthesis by hydrothermal method
  85. Optimization of uranium removal from uranium plant wastewater by response surface methodology (RSM)
  86. Microwave drying of nickel-containing residue: dielectric properties, kinetics, and energy aspects
  87. Simple and convenient two step synthesis of 5-bromo-2,3-dimethoxy-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
  88. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil
  89. The effect of activation temperature on structure and properties of blue coke-based activated carbon by CO2 activation
  90. Optimization of reaction parameters for the green synthesis of zero valent iron nanoparticles using pine tree needles
  91. Microwave-assisted protocol for squalene isolation and conversion from oil-deodoriser distillates
  92. Denitrification performance of rare earth tailings-based catalysts
  93. Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Averrhoa bilimbi L and Plum extracts and investigation on the synergistic bioactivity using in vitro models
  94. Green production of AgNPs and their phytostimulatory impact
  95. Photocatalytic activity of Ag/Ni bi-metallic nanoparticles on textile dye removal
  96. Topical Issue: Green Process Engineering / Guest Editors: Martine Poux, Patrick Cognet
  97. Modelling and optimisation of oxidative desulphurisation of tyre-derived oil via central composite design approach
  98. CO2 sequestration by carbonation of olivine: a new process for optimal separation of the solids produced
  99. Organic carbonates synthesis improved by pervaporation for CO2 utilisation
  100. Production of starch nanoparticles through solvent-antisolvent precipitation in a spinning disc reactor
  101. A kinetic study of Zn halide/TBAB-catalysed fixation of CO2 with styrene oxide in propylene carbonate
  102. Topical on Green Process Engineering
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