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miRNA-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in prolactinomas

  • Wang Jichao , Guo Jing , Wang Fei , Cao Lei , Liu Qian , Feng Jie , Wang Hongyun , Gao Hua and Zhang Yazhuo EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: July 13, 2019
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 17 Issue 1

Abstract

Prolactinomas are the most frequently observed pituitary adenomas (PAs), and 5%–18% tumors were resistant to the dopamine agonists (DAs). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) dysfunction play a key role in tumorigenesis. Agilent miRNA and an expression chip were used for six prolactinomas and three normal pituitary specimens. Differentially expressed genes were confirmed by RT-qPCR. The level of DDR1 and SAT1 was determined with tissue micro-array (TMA) and western blot. A MMQ cell line was used for functional experiments. We have identified 5-miRNA and 12 target gene signatures of prolactinomas through gene ontology analysis. miRNA-199a-5p was selected for experiments that integrated the results from prolactinomas specimens and a rat prolactinoma model induced by 17-b-estradiol. Tumors with low miRNA-199a-5p had a significantly invasive behavior and a higher tumor volume (p<0.05). DDR1 and SAT1, target genes of miRNA-199a-5p, had higher H-scores in the invasive group than those of the non-invasive group through TMA. An overexpression of miRNA-119a-5p suppressed the PRL secretion and the cell viability through upregulated the apoptosis level in MMQ cells (p<0.01). Furthermore, we found the target genes expression of DDR1 and SAT1 were affected by miRNA-199a-5p regardless of mRNA levels or protein levels. This study provided evidence that downregulation of miRNA-199a-5p may contribute to prolactinoma tumorigenesis.

Keywords: Prolactinomas; miRNA-199a-5p; tumorigenesis; DDR1; SAT1

1 Introduction

Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are the second most common intracranial tumors, and prolactinomas are the most common subtype. Most prolactinomas respond well to DAs. DAs are the first choice to treat hyperprolactinemia [1]. Guidelines suggest that treatment withdrawal may be considered after 2 years if certain criteria are met, but many patients require long-term therapy [2]. However, 5-18% prolactinomas do not respond to the treatment, even at high doses of DAs [3]. The main shortcoming of DAs is the long-term medication compared to surgery. Cabergoline is generally favored as the treatment of choice, although this drug may have the same increased risk of clinically relevant cardiac valvulopathy in prolactinomas as it does in Parkinson’s disease [4]. Bromocriptine-resistant tumors are more frequently invasive than bromocriptine-responsive tumors, with a high Ki-67 index that is a predictive sign of poor prognosis in women with resistant prolactinoma [5, 6]. The molecular mechanisms underlying DA-resistant prolactinomas have not been fully explained.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression and are differentially expressed among normal tissues and cancers [7]. miRNAs bind to the 3ʹ-untranslated regions (3ʹ-UTR) of target mRNAs, blocking translation or inducing mRNA degradation [8]. The differential expression of miRNA plays an important role in the human tumorigenesis. miRNAs can induce the disorder of the cell cycle which is related to the initiation and development of PAs, indicating that dysregulation of miRNA expression is involved in the etiology of PAs [9]. For example, miRNA-1, miRNA-195 and miRNA-206 are complementary to cyclin D1 (CCND1) and to upregulate CCND1 expression, which causes the tumorigenesis and malignant transformation of PA [10, 11]. miRNA-9 represses the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) gene and its spliced variant and increases the synthesis and secretion of prolactin (PRL) in MMQ cells [12]. There are nine upregulated miRNAs and three downregulated miRNAs in drug-resistant prolactinoma patients compared to drug-sensitive patients [13]. miRNA-26b and miRNA-128 play the antagonistic role in the colony formation experiment and transwell experiment of AtT-20 cell line [14]. Finally, miRNA-34b, miRNA-326, miRNA-432, miRNA-548c-3p, miRNA-570 and miRNA-603, for which overexpression and/or activation of their target genes play a key role in pituitary tumorigenesis, were drastically and consistently downregulated in somatotroph adenomas [15].

In this study, 5-miRNA and 12 target genes signature of prolactinomas was identified compared to those of normal pituitary according to microarray hybridization. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the suppression of miRNA-199a-5p suppressed the cell differentiation and invasive behavior of pituitary tumor cells. We determined that miRNA-199a-5p controlled the MMQ cell proliferation through inhibiting the expression of the discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinase (DDR1) and spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1).

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Patients and tissue specimens

The files of the Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, from May 2008 through July 2014 were examined for PA cases. Histologically, 42 prolactinoma cases were diagnosed according to the endocrine-related tumor classification of 2017 World Health Organization [16]. The standard of invasion and recurrence was adopted a as described previously [17]. There were seven patients that showed recurrence according to the standard. The study was agreed upon by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Tiantan Hospital affiliated with Capital Medical University. All subjects signed the informed consent.

2.2 Animal and Cell culture

Adult Fisher 344 rats were housed at 20°C–23°C in this study. A previously reported method [17] was used to develop prolactinomas. MMQ cells were purchased from China Institute of Cell Line Resources. Cells were cultured with F12 culture (2.5% fetal bovine serum and 10% horse serum). According to the manufacturer’s protocol, pEGFP-N1-miRNA199a-5p or pEGFP-N1-miRNA199a-5p-NC (BGI, Beijing, China) was transfected in 1×106 MMQ cells.

2.3 Microarray hybridization

Total RNA was isolated and purified using TRIzol reagent (Ambion, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) and assayed using an Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100 (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Samples with a 28S to 18S rRNA ratio ≥ 0.7 number and 2100 RNA integrity (RIN)≥7.0 were used to generate labeled targets. According to the protocol, total RNA was amplified and labeled using a One-Color Low Input Quick Amp Labeling Kit (Agilent). RNeasy Mini Kit (QIAGEN) was used for purifying labeled complementary RNA (cRNA). Each slide was hybridized with 1.65μg Cy3-labeled cRNA using a Gene Expression Hybridization Kit (Agilent Technologies) and a hybridization oven (Agilent Technologies). After 17 hours of hybridization, the slides were washed with a Gene Expression Wash Buffer Kit (Agilent Technologies) and scanned on a Microarray Scanner (Agilent Technologies).

The miRNA molecules were labeled through the miRNA Complete Labeling and Hyb Kit (Agilent Technologies). Then each slide was hybridized with 100 ng Cy3-labeled RNAat 55℃, 20 rpm for 20 h. The slides were washed with a Gene Expression Wash Buffer Kit (Agilent Technologies) and scanned on a Microarray Scanner (Agilent Technologies). The significance threshold criteria were a false discovery rate (FDR) less than 0.05 and a fold change greater than 2.

2.4 Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR)

Total RNA was extracted from frozen PAs (~10 mg) using the RNeasy® Mini Kit (Qiagen) and synthetic the first strand cDNA. PCR and RT-PCR was performed as described previously [18], using the Applied Bio-systems 7500 Fast System (Life Technologies). The fold-change in differential expressions for each gene was calculated using the comparative CT method (also known as the 2−ΔΔCT method) [18].

2.5 Immunohistochemistry (IHC) Staining

Tissue microarray (TMA) construction and staining protocol were performed as described method. Primary antibodies used were D2R (1:1000, Abcam), DDR1 (1:1000, Thermo Fisher) and SAT1 (1:800, Thermo Fisher). The primary antibody concentration was based on pre-experimental results. The slides were scanned with Aperio Scanscope software using Aperio AT2. Staining value of slides (0-300) was evaluated as describes previously [19].

2.6 SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and western blot analyses

The methods of protein extraction and the concentration measure were previously described [19]. 40 μg protein/ lane was loaded onto 4–12% the gels. The antibodies against DDR1 (1:1000, Thermo Fisher), Bax (1:2000, Abcam), Bcl 2 (1:2000, Abcam), SAT1 (1:1000, Thermo Fisher) and GAPDH (1:8000, Sigma) were incubated overnight. Blots were visualized by chemiluminescence (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and image was performed by the Amersham Imager 600.

2.7 Cell proliferation and apoptosis assay

miRNA-199a-5p or miRNA-199a-5p-NC (30nM) was transfected in 1×106 MMQ cells. MMQ cells were adjusted to a density of 1×105 cells/ml after 24h transfection. A 100 μL volume of cell suspension was plated into each well of 96-well plates and cultured. After 24h, 48h and 72h, we added 20 μL of 3-(4,5-diethylthiazol-2-yl)-5(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium an inner salt solution to each well and incubated it for an additional 4 h. The absorbance at 490 nm in each well was measured using an ELISA plate reader (Thermo). Apoptosis was determined with the Annexin V & PI Apoptosis Detection Kit (Roche Diagnostics). MMQ cell was transfected with miRNA 199a-5p or miRNA199a-5p-NC, incubated for 72 h and analyzed using a flow cytometry (Mark II, Merk), following the kit instructions.

2.8 Statistical analysis

χ2 tests were used for the significance of clinicopathological data. One-way ANOVA tests were used to analyze the differential expression of DDR1, Bcl2 and Bax in MMQ cells. P-values are two-sided and 0.05 was adopted as the significance level.

3 Results

3.1 Patient characteristics of the cohort

42 prolactinomas specimens were retrospectively studied which had sufficient material for standard hematoxylin & eosin staining and IHC, including samples from 12 males and 30 females (median age 41 years, range 14–62 years). The tumor sizes ranged from 0.06–15.66 cm3 (mean±SD = 3.05 ± 4.26 cm3). Based on the Knosp classification, the samples were divided into 21 invasive PA (IPA) cases and 21 non-invasive PA (nIPA) cases. Patient characteristics are provided in Table 1. High D2R expressing specimens (H-Score>150) consisted of 12/21 IPA cases and 19/21 nIPA cases (χ2 =6.035, p=0.014). High ER expressing specimens (H-Score>150) consisted of 6/21 and 19/21 IPA and nIPA cases, respectively (χ2=16.70, p=0.001). Recurrence was found in 5/21 IPA cases and 2/21 nIPA cases (χ2=1.543, p=0.214).

Table 1

The clinicopathological data in 42 prolactinomas cases.

Category InvasiveProlactinoma
Non-Invasivep-Value
Cases2121
AgeRange14-5718-62p>0.05
Mean±SD31.3±10.734.8±13.2
SexMales105p=0.107
Females1116
PRL(ng/ml)1138±237682±317p<0.05
Tumor size<3.05cm3714p=0.031
≥3.05cm3147
D2RH-Score<15092p=0.014
H-Score≥1501219
ERαH-Score<150152p=0.000
H-Score≥150619
RecurrenceYes52p=0.214
No1619

3.2 Expression profile of prolactinomas

Compared to normal pituitary tissue, 4,225 genes and 151 miRNAs were abnormally expressed (p<0.05 and FDR both <0.01, with fold change >2.0 or <0.5) in prolactinoma specimens. Among the significant differentially expressed RNAs, 581 displayed a fold-change >10, including 330 upregulated mRNAs and 251 downregulated mRNAs. Among the differentially expressed miRNAs, 68 displayed a fold-change >10, including 22 upregulated miRNAs and 46 downregulated miRNAs. The association of miRNAs and their target genes was verified by databases using MicroT v5.0, MicroT-v4, TargetMiner, miRTarBase, TargetScan, TarBase and MiRDB databases. Gene ontology analysis indicated that the biological functions of differentially expressed proteins were related to an amacrine cell differentiation, regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding, cell type specific apoptotic process, neural retina development and cell fate commitment. Gene pathway analysis showed that a calcium signaling pathway, melanogenesis and a thyroid hormone signaling pathway were involved in pathogenesis and cell differentiation (Figure 1). After bioinformatics analysis, we found 12 microRNA and 35 target genes involved in the tumor genesis and invasive behavior of prolactinomas.

Figure 1 Gene Ontology analysis of prolactinomas. A: Differentially expressed mRNAs (fold change > 2 and false discovery rate q< 0.1) between the invasive and non-invasive groups of tissue were analyzed using hierarchical clustering. Each row represents a single mRNA and each column represents an individual sample. Red indicates relatively high expression and green indicates relatively low expression. B: KEGG pathways. KEGG pathway analysis showed the calcium signaling pathway, melanogenesis and the thyroid hormone signaling pathway were involved in pathogenesis and cell differentiation.
Figure 1

Gene Ontology analysis of prolactinomas. A: Differentially expressed mRNAs (fold change > 2 and false discovery rate q< 0.1) between the invasive and non-invasive groups of tissue were analyzed using hierarchical clustering. Each row represents a single mRNA and each column represents an individual sample. Red indicates relatively high expression and green indicates relatively low expression. B: KEGG pathways. KEGG pathway analysis showed the calcium signaling pathway, melanogenesis and the thyroid hormone signaling pathway were involved in pathogenesis and cell differentiation.

3.3 Validation of candidate genes using RT-qPCR

5 miRNAs and 12 target genes confirmed the difference of the PCR experiment among 20 prolactinomas and 5 pituitary tissues. miRNA-1-3p, miRNA-137, miRNA-142-3p, miRNA-146-5p and miRNA-199a-5p were downregulated to 0.068 fold, 0.039 fold, 0.582 fold, 0.532 fold and 0.121 fold, respectively, compared to normal pituitary tissue (Figure 2A). In our animal model, miRNA-1-3p, miRNA-137 and miRNA-199a-5p were downregulated to 0.143 fold, 0.435 fold and 0.224 fold, respectively, compared to normal rat pituitary (Figure 2B).

Figure 2 A novel miRNA–gene network regulating prolactinoma formation in patients and animals. RT-qPCR analysis of five miRNAs and 12 target genes confirmed changes in mRNA levels. A: Five miRNAs from prolactinoma specimens. B: Similar changes in miRNA-1-3p, miRNA-137 and miRNA-199a-5p in the animal model. C: mRNA levels of miRNA-199a-5p target genes in prolactinomas. D: mRNA levels of miRNA-199a-5p target genes in the animal model.
Figure 2

A novel miRNA–gene network regulating prolactinoma formation in patients and animals. RT-qPCR analysis of five miRNAs and 12 target genes confirmed changes in mRNA levels. A: Five miRNAs from prolactinoma specimens. B: Similar changes in miRNA-1-3p, miRNA-137 and miRNA-199a-5p in the animal model. C: mRNA levels of miRNA-199a-5p target genes in prolactinomas. D: mRNA levels of miRNA-199a-5p target genes in the animal model.

Statistically significant differences were observed between miRNA-199a-5p target genes mRNA levels in the invasive groups compared to those in the non-invasive groups (Figure 2C). There were significant statistical differences of the mRNA levels of DDR1, SACS and SAT1 in the rat prolactinoma model compared to those of the sham group (Figure 2D). There were no differences in miRNA-1-3p target genes between invasive and non-invasive tumors although there were differences between tumors and normal pituitaries.

3.4 The association between miRNA-199a-5p target gene level and clinicopathologic parameters

To ensure the role of DDR1 and SAT1 in prolactinomas, we analyzed the relationship between H-scores of DDR1 and SAT1 staining and clinicopathologic features (Figure 3A). The number of DDR1 and SAT1 elevated cases (H-Score>150) were 18/21 and 12/21 in the IPA group, and 11/21 and 5/21 in the nIPA group (χ2=5.459, p=0.019; χ2=4.842, p=0.028). The levels of DDR1 and SAT1 in IPAs were 2.1 fold and 1.9 fold higher, respectively, than in nIPAs by western blot analysis (Figure 3B). In addition, DDR1 elevated cases were more prevalent in males (13/15) than in females (16/27; χ2=3.389, p=0.066), while SAT1 high level cases were more frequent in males (9/15) than in females (8/27; χ2=3.692, p=0.055). There was no statistic difference found between tumor size and either DDR1 (χ2=2.785, p=0.095) or SAT1 (χ2=2.471, p=0.116) in supplementary Table 1.

Figure 3 Analysis of miRNA-199a-5p target genes in prolactinoma specimens. A: IHC analysis of DDR1 and SAT1 expression in prolactinomas. Bar=60 μM. B: Western blotting analysis of DDR1 and SAT1 expression in prolactinomas.
Figure 3

Analysis of miRNA-199a-5p target genes in prolactinoma specimens. A: IHC analysis of DDR1 and SAT1 expression in prolactinomas. Bar=60 μM. B: Western blotting analysis of DDR1 and SAT1 expression in prolactinomas.

Through a TargetScan database, we found that miRNA-199a-5p binds the 3ʹUTR of DDR1 and SAT1 (Figure 4A). We measured the DDR1 and SAT1 promoter methylation levels in prolactinomas. The DDR1 promoter (chr6:30860565-30861035) methylation levels were 58.1% in the IPA group and 78.4% in the nIPA group (p=0.001). The SAT1 promoter (chrX: 23802619-23803387) methylation levels were 30.6% in the IPA group and 59.6% in the nIPA group (p=0.04). We also observed downregulation of DDR1 and SAT1 after miRNA-199a-5p overexpression in MMQ cells whether the mRNA or protein levels (Figure 4B and 4C). We also checked the mRNA level of D2DR and PRL related to the effect of DAs treatment in prolactinomas. The mRNA level of D2DR in miRNA-199a-5p group was 0.18±0.07 folds of that of miRNA-199a-5p-NC group (p<0.05). There was no statistical difference of SACS protein after miRNA-199a-5p transfection.

Figure 4 miRNA-199a-5p controlled the expression of DDR1 and SAT1 in MMQ cells. A: miRNA-199a-5p targeted the 3ʹUTR of DDR1 and SAT1. B: RT-qPCR data from target genes of miRNA-199a-5p and genes relate to DAs treatment. C: Western blots of DDR1 and SAT1. * compared to miRNA-199a-5p-NC n=3.
Figure 4

miRNA-199a-5p controlled the expression of DDR1 and SAT1 in MMQ cells. A: miRNA-199a-5p targeted the 3ʹUTR of DDR1 and SAT1. B: RT-qPCR data from target genes of miRNA-199a-5p and genes relate to DAs treatment. C: Western blots of DDR1 and SAT1. * compared to miRNA-199a-5p-NC n=3.

3.5 miRNA-199a-5p could affect cell viability and induce the apoptosis in MMQ cell line

miR-199a-5p plays the antitumor role in esophageal cancer, bladder cancer, head and neck cancer [20, 21, 22]. After transfection of miRNA-199a-5p into MMQ cells, assessment of cell viability suggested that miRNA-199a-5p inhibited MMQ cell viability compared to the vector miRNA-199a-5p-NC group (Figure 5A). Significant inhibition of PRL secretion was observed at 72 h (Figure 5B). Annexin positive percent was 13.4% in miRNA-199a-5p group and 3.8% in NC group. PI positive percent was 8.3% in miRNA-199a-5p group and 2.2% in NC group. Statistical assays showed that Annexin V-positive cell was significantly elevated after transfection of miRNA-199a-5p (Figure 5C). Quantitative analysis of Bax and Bcl2 protein expression was performed using a scanning densitometer. The Bcl2/Bax ratio was increased more than fivefold after transfection of miRNA-199a-5p than that of NC group (Figure 5D).

Figure 5 miRNA-199a-5p acted as an anti-tumor miRNA in MMQ cells. A: The effect on cell viability by MTS experiment. B: The effect on PRL secretion. C: The effect on apoptosis assessed by the Annexin V & PI apoptosis detection kit with MARK II. Green: GFP; Orange: PI; Red: Annexin V. D: Western blots of Bcl-2 and Bax.
Figure 5

miRNA-199a-5p acted as an anti-tumor miRNA in MMQ cells. A: The effect on cell viability by MTS experiment. B: The effect on PRL secretion. C: The effect on apoptosis assessed by the Annexin V & PI apoptosis detection kit with MARK II. Green: GFP; Orange: PI; Red: Annexin V. D: Western blots of Bcl-2 and Bax.

4 Discussion

The differential miRNA expression modified the phenotypes of cancers. miRNAs played the key role in chemotherapy resistance, and could be manipulated, either alone or in combination to improve the treatment response and the increase in cure rates. The mechanisms of miRNA were involved in apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, invasion, metabolism and angiogenesis. In this study, we found numerous deregulated miRNAs in prolactinomas, and confirmed changes in five miRNAs and 12 target genes at the mRNA level. Gene ontology analysis indicated that the biological functions of differentially expressed proteins were related to amacrine cell differentiation, regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding, cell type specific apoptotic process, neural retina development and cell fate commitment.

Functional studies showed that miRNA-199a-5p inhibited cell proliferation and activated the apoptosis in the MMQ cell line, suggesting a critical role in prolactinomas tumorigenesis. The miRNA-199 family members were encoded within introns of the dynamin gene in the opposite orientation to the host gene [23]. As tumor suppressors, miRNA-199a-3p significantly reduced the level of CD44 in osteosarcoma [24]. miRNA-199a-3p could inhibit the level of Smad1 which played the antagonistic role to miRNA-199a-3p on prostate cancer cells [25]. miRNA-199a-3p played the inhibitor role of metastasis, migration and angiogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma through reducing the VEGF secretion and VEGFR1/2 levels of interstitial cells [26]. In the current study, DDR1, KLHL29, SACS and SAT1 were verified as target genes of miRNA-199a-5p including MicroT V5.0, MicroT-v4, TargetMiner, miRTarBase, TargetScan, TarBase and MiRDB. The mRNA levels of miRNA-199a-5p’s target genes were further investigated between patient specimens and animal model specimens. In the current study we found DDR1-positive cases in 18/21 of IPA patients and in 11/21 of nIPA patients. Compared to normal pituitary, there were statistical differences between DDR1 and SAT1 levels in both patient prolactinomas and animal models according to RT-PCR and western-blot experiment. We speculated the main target genes of miRNA-199a-5p were DDR1 and SAT1, partly in prolactinomas.

DDRs, comprised of DDR1 and DDR2, are receptor tyrosine kinases and regulate important aspects of cellular processes, for example, cell proliferation, cell migration, adhesion and extracellular matrix remodeling [27,28]. DDR1 was first shown in Dictyostelium discoideum to be activated by various types of collagen [29]. As murine leukemia kinase inhibitors, some of them were found to inhibit DDR kinase activity [30]. Hypoxia increases the level of DDR1 and the secretion metallopeptidase 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9, then promotes PA cell proliferation and cell invasion [31, 32]. miR-199a-5p overexpression down regulates the levels of DDR1, MMP2, N-cadherin and vimentin and down regulates the level of E-cadherin in colorectal cancer cell lines [33]. In our experiment, miRNA-199a-5p obviously reduced cell viability and induced the reversal of Bcl2/Bax rate in MMQ cells. Flow cytology showed that the Annexin V positive cell rate increased more than twofold after miRNA-199a-5p overexpression. miR-199a-5p also down regulated the protein level of DDR1 of MMQ cells. We hypothesized that miRNA-199a-5p would inhibit the protein synthesis of DDR1 by targeting the 3ʹUTR of DDR1 mRNA and increasing the degradation of DDR1 mRNA according to the TargetScan database. We also found SAT1 was consistently associated with the invasiveness of prolactinomas. miRNA-199a-5p overexpression inhibiting the protein levels of DDR1 in MMQ cells.

Reduction of dopamine receptor subtype 2 (DRD2) may cause the DA resistance in prolactinomas [34]. The miRNA-9 expression showed a negative correlation with the DRD2 gene and its short isoform which led to an increase in PRL synthesis and secretion [35]. SACS was rich between the central nervous system and skeletal muscles, however poor in the pancreas. Mutations of the SACS gene were associated with Charlevoix‐Saguenay syndrome [36]. SACS impair the function of intermediate filaments in many cell lines [37]. SAT1, a limiting enzyme of polyamine catabolism, possessed the tumor-suppressive properties in H1299 cells xenograft [38], growth arrest of HeLa cells [39] and apoptotic cell death in glioblastoma cells [40]. We also found the SAT1 was associated consistently with the invasiveness of prolactinomas. Our result indicated that there was a negative correlation between SAT1 and apoptosis because miRNA-199a-5p could inhibit SAT1 expression and induce the apoptosis of MMQ cells.

In conclusion, miRNAs play a key role in prolactinoma tumorigenesis, progression and aggressiveness. Dysregulation of miRNA-199-a-5p results in aberrant overexpression of target genes such as DDR1 and SAT which could induce the hyperproliferation of pituitary cells. However, much remains to be learned in order to fully understand the mechanisms of the onset, progression and drug resistance of prolactinomas.

Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation of China (7162035), the Beijing High-level Talent Plan (2015-3040), the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 81502141), the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (2015AA020504).

  1. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

  2. Supplemental Material: The online version of this article offers supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0035)

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Received: 2018-05-30
Accepted: 2018-10-08
Published Online: 2019-07-13

© 2019 Wang Jichao et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
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  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0036
Keywords for this article
Prolactinomas; miRNA-199a-5p; tumorigenesis; DDR1; SAT1
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Research on correlation of compositions with oestrogenic activity of Cistanche based on LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology
  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
  4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive features of Bryonia alba L.: As a possible alternative in treating rheumatism
  5. High efficiency liposome fusion induced by reducing undesired membrane peptides interaction
  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
  8. Development of a validated spectrofluorimetric method for assay of sotalol hydrochloride in tablets and human plasma: application for stability-indicating studies
  9. Topological Indices of Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugates’ Molecular Structure in Cancer Treatment
  10. Thermodynamic properties of the bubble growth process in a pool boiling of water-ethanol mixture two-component system
  11. Critical Roles of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Apoptosis and Autophagy of Astrocytes Induced by Methamphetamine
  12. Characteristics of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of Soil Moisture under Different Land Use in Dry Hot Valley of Yuanmou
  13. Specific, highly sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method for quantification of daclatasvir in HCV human plasma patients and in tablets dosage form
  14. Chromium-modified cobalt molybdenum nitrides as catalysts for ammonia synthesis
  15. Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells treated with ginsenoside Rh2 regulate the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo
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  17. Computational Analysis of new Degree-based descriptors of oxide networks
  18. The Use Of Chemical Composition And Additives To Classify Petrol And Diesel Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry And Chemometric Analysis: A Uk Study
  19. Minimal Energy Tree with 4 Branched Vertices
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  22. Energy storage analysis of R125 in UIO-66 and MOF-5 nanoparticles: A molecular simulation study
  23. Velvet Antler compounds targeting major cell signaling pathways in osteosarcoma - a new insight into mediating the process of invasion and metastasis in OS
  24. Effects of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract, Capping Agents, on the Synthesis of Pure And Cu Doped ZnO-Nanoparticles: A Green Approach and Microbial Activity
  25. Aqueous Micro-hydration of Na+(H2O)n=1-7 Clusters: DFT Study
  26. A proposed image-based detection of methamidophos pesticide using peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence system
  27. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
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  30. Dynamic Changes in MMP1 and TIMP1 in the Antifibrotic Process of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Rats with Liver Fibrosis
  31. The Optimization and Production of Ginkgolide B Lipid Microemulsion
  32. Photodynamic Therapy Enhanced the Antitumor Effects of Berberine on HeLa Cells
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  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
  38. miRNA-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in prolactinomas
  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
  41. Preparation and spectroscopic studies of Fe(II), Ru(II), Pd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base containing terephthalaldehyde and their transfer hydrogenation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction
  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
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  50. Preparation of ternary ZnO/Ag/cellulose and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation property on phenol and benzene in VOCs
  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
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  55. Synthesis of Co3O4 Nano Aggregates by Co-precipitation Method and its Catalytic and Fuel Additive Applications
  56. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antiprotoscolices potential of ethanol extracts of selected plants species against Echinococcus granulosus: In-vitro study
  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
  58. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS
  59. Biodiesel Production by Lipids From Indonesian strain of Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris
  60. Miscibility studies of polystyrene/polyvinyl chloride blend in presence of organoclay
  61. Antibacterial Activities of Transition Metal complexes of Mesocyclic Amidine 1,4-diazacycloheptane (DACH)
  62. Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis and in vitro screening of their cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line
  63. Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys in Different pH Environments by SSRT Method
  64. Various Combinations of Flame Retardants for Poly (vinyl chloride)
  65. Phenolic compounds and biological activities of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains
  66. Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement
  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
  68. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction
  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
  70. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque
  71. A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  72. Conceptual DFT as a Novel Chemoinformatics Tool for Studying the Chemical Reactivity Properties of the Amatoxin Family of Fungal Peptides
  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
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