Startseite Separation of graphene oxides of different sizes by multi-layer dialysis and anti-friction and lubrication performance
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Separation of graphene oxides of different sizes by multi-layer dialysis and anti-friction and lubrication performance

  • Chunna Cui , Yuemei Sun und Jitao Huang EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 3. November 2023
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Green Processing and Synthesis
Aus der Zeitschrift Green Processing and Synthesis Band 12 Heft 1

Abstract

As a 2D carbon material, graphene exhibits a unique structure and outstanding properties and has been widely applied in various fields. Because the properties of graphene are closely related to their structural parameters, graphene with different size distributions is suitable for different applications. However, current methods of fine-scale separation of graphene and its derivatives have certain limitations. In this study, graphene oxide (GO) size separation using multilayer dialysis was proposed. Multiple size separation in one step was achieved by customizing the dialysis size of each layer according to the actual requirements. In this way, GOs of different sizes were separated and large-scale synthesis can be achieved using this method. Meanwhile, the anti-friction and lubrication properties of aqueous dispersion solutions of GOs of different sizes were investigated. The results indicated significant improvements of the anti-friction and lubrication properties of GO samples prepared by the proposed method, as large-scale GOs can act as lubricants by relieving, if not preventing, friction between the two friction surfaces.

Graphical abstract

GO was diffused into different size samples by dialysis. The experimental results showed that the GO in uniform size had better anti-friction and lubrication effects.

Keywords: separation; size distribution; graphene oxides; anti-friction and lubrication performance

1 Introduction

As an important nanomaterial, graphene and its oxides have a wide range of applications and have continuously attracted attention and been studied [1–4]. At present, research on the application of graphene has been widely distributed in heat conduction [5], electricity conduction [6], friction [7], composite materials [8], adsorption [9], and other aspects [10,11]. The size of graphene material has an important impact on its application performance, and the properties and application scenarios of different sizes of graphene are very different. Such as large size graphene is more suitable for the preparation of super fibers [12], high-performance absorbing graphene microflowers [13], etc. Graphene of small size is more suitable for use in the preparation of quantum dots [14], etc. In addition to differences in function, the effects on biodistribution are also different. Studies have shown that larger graphene oxide (GO) particles accumulate in the lung, and smaller GO particles are retained in the liver in mice [15]. There are still many differences in the properties of graphene of different sizes that need to be investigated.

Size separation of graphene, GO, and their derivatives has been a hot topic [16–19]. Indeed, some approaches of size separation of graphene and GO have been reported [20,21], including centrifugal separation [22,23], electrophoresis separation [24,25], filtration separation [26], pH-assisted separation [27], and others. However, these approaches have not been widely applied in the industry due to various limitations. Based on this, we propose the application of dialysis, a common washing and impurity removal approach, in the size separation of graphene.

The dialysis [28–32] is a separation and purification technology that separates small and large molecules based on the mechanism that small molecules can diffuse into water (or buffer) through semi-permeable membranes. As a physical process, the rationale of dialysis is the concentration difference of matters. Specifically, dialysis is dependent on semi-permeable membranes, which are literally refined sieves that allow only molecules with radii smaller than the mesh to pass through. Additionally, the dialysis process is a diffusion process, which is a result of Brownian movements of all molecules in the solution.

Generally, dialysis bags or dialysis membranes are used in dialysis, and the molecular weight cutoff ranges from 100 to 1,000,000, indicating small mesh diameters. In this way, impurities in GO dispersion such as residual inorganic salts can be removed during GO preparation. Based on that, separation of GO of different sizes was achieved by dialysis of GO dispersion using membrane with different mesh diameters and this approach is promising for large-scale production. The proposed multi-layer dialysis set-up can realize separation of GO of different sizes in one step.

Owing to their unique quantum size effect and surface effect, nanoparticles exhibit unique properties that enable their applications in anti-friction and lubrication field [33,34]. As a novel nanomaterial with unique 2D structure, graphene is highly promising in applications of anti-friction and lubrication [35–37]. In this study, the prepared GOs were separated into GOs of three different sizes by dialysis and the effects of GO size on its anti-friction and lubrication performance were investigated.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Preparation of GO

Graphite powder (2.0 g, mesh number = 325 mesh) was added into concentrated sulfuric acid (70 mL) in a 250 mL flask and mechanically stirred (200 rpm) in ice bath for 30 min, followed by slow addition of KMnO4 (7.0 g) to keep the suspension temperature below 5℃. Then, the reaction system was transferred to water bath at 35℃ and stirred (300 rpm) for 2 h, followed by addition of 200 mL water and 15 h stirring. After this, 5 mL of H2O2 (30%) was added to the reaction solution dropwise, resulting in a change in color from dark brown to yellow. The mixture was filtered and rinsed with 5% HCl solution (50 mL) three times to remove metallic ions, rinsed with water until neutral, and then filtered to obtain solid GO samples.

2.2 Separation of GO by multi-layer dialysis

The screen cloth was rinsed and semi-attached (relaxed with adjustable inter-layer distances) on a 50 L bucket by layers (mesh diameters of upper and lower layers were 18 and 6.5 μm, respectively). An air pump was arranged on each layer to generate bubbles and the solution was stirred to avoid sedimentation of GO. The bucket was filled with water, a 5 L dispersion of 5.0 g GO was added on the upper layer, and the air pump was turned on. After 48 h dialysis, solutions on different layers were extracted and filtered. Products on the upper layer were denoted as GO-L, products between the upper and lower layers were denoted as GO-M, and products below the lower layer were denoted as GO-S. The original GO was denoted as GO-O.

2.3 Tests of friction performance of GO

In order to have the dispersion stability of GO in pure water, a surfactant triethanolamine soap was used to modify the compatibility of water and GO. First, a certain proportion of surfactant and GO were added to pure water. Then the mixture was sonicated for 15 min, stirred in 50°C water bath for 30 min, and stored.

In this study, the friction wear performance of samples was evaluated by MS-10A four ball friction wear tester, while point contact and Grade II standard steel ball with a diameter of 12.7 mm were used. The key indicator of lubricant bearing capacity is the maximum non-seizure load (PB value), which is usually measured according to China GB/T3142-82. GO dispersions were tested under conditions of tester main axle rotation speed = 1,450 rpm, room temperature, and duration = 10 s. The samples were characterized by optical microscopy and the wear spot diameters of the three lower balls were measured. Optimized GO concentration range and friction performance of different samples were determined based on wear spot diameter (D value) and PB value. Long-term anti-wear tests were conducted according to SH/T0189-92 under conditions of load = 147 N, temperature = 75 ± 2°C, rotation speed of tester main axle = 1,200 rpm, and duration = 60 min. The wear resistance of the samples was evaluated based on the wear rate of the steel balls and the friction coefficients obtained.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Rationale of size separation

Figure 1 illustrates the separation of GO by multi-layer dialysis. As observed, the separation process is indeed a diffusion process: GOs with small layer diameters in disperse phases diffuse from high concentration dispersion into low concentration dispersion mediums via the screen cloth until equilibrium of osmotic pressure. Owing to selection by the mesh of screen cloth, GO with small layer diameters in dispersion can diffuse through, while GO with large layer diameters cannot. The multi-layer dialysis separation membrane was designed accordingly to achieve separation of GO of different sizes in one step.

Figure 1 Schematic of dialysis separation of GOs.
Figure 1

Schematic of dialysis separation of GOs.

The driving force of dialysis is the concentration difference. At early stage of dialysis, dialysis separation is fast and spontaneous as GO concentration in the upper layer was significantly higher than that in other layers. Once GOs diffused to the middle layer, GOs with large layer diameters were held in the upper layer. Then, GO with small layer diameters further diffused to the lower layer. All layers of screen cloth were semi-attached and the volumes between each two layers were adjustable. The concentration of solution was indicated by its color and the solution concentration was in descending order from the upper layer to the lower layer so that GOs with small layer diameters in the upper layer can diffuse to the lower layer while GOs with large layer diameters are held by the screen cloth, thus achieving separation of GOs of different layer diameters. Figure 2 illustrates the rationale of GO dialysis.

Figure 2 Rationale of dialysis separation of GOs.
Figure 2

Rationale of dialysis separation of GOs.

3.2 SEM of GOs and size distribution

Figure 3 shows SEM and size distribution of the GO samples. As observed, more than 87% of GO-L was in the 25–50 μm size range, more than 90% of GO-L was in the 10–25 μm size range, and more than 93% of GO-L was below 10 μm size range. The sizes of GOs on the upper layer were large and sizes of GOs on the lower layer were small. The size distribution of GO-O was in 0–60 μm. Through calculation, the average size of GO-L was 30.29 μm, the average size of GO-M was 15.85 μm, the average size of GO-S was 5.99 μm, and the average size of GO-O was 21.17 μm.

Figure 3 SEM and corresponding statistical graph of particle size distribution (Scale = 50 μm in SEM image. The statistical graph of particle size distribution of each sample is obtained by counting more than 1,000 pieces in the SEM diagram.).
Figure 3

SEM and corresponding statistical graph of particle size distribution (Scale = 50 μm in SEM image. The statistical graph of particle size distribution of each sample is obtained by counting more than 1,000 pieces in the SEM diagram.).

3.3 XRD and Raman spectrum

As shown in Figure 4 (XRD), peak positions were located at 10–13°, indicating that all samples obtained were GO. The XRD peak positions of GO-L, GO-M, and GO-S were at 2θ = 12.38°, 12.15°, and 12.09°, respectively, while that of the original sample was at 2θ = 12.11°. The full width at half maxima of GO-L, GO-M, and GO-S were 1.06°, 1.12°, and 1.18°, indicating that the disorder of GO is negative to its layer size. The grain size calculated by the Scherrer equation follows the descending order of GO-L, GO-M, GO-S, which is consistent with the SEM results.

Figure 4 XRD patterns of different “dialysis” layers GO.
Figure 4

XRD patterns of different “dialysis” layers GO.

The Raman spectrum of GO samples (Figure 5) illustrates defect-related peak positions D at 1,340–1,360 cm−1, phonon E2g induced peak positions G at 1,575–1,595 cm−1, and extremely weak peak positions 2D. Generally, the distance between the defects in graphene (LD) can be estimated by the intensity ratio of peak positions D and peak positions G (I D/I G). For GO, LD decreases and defect density increases as I D/I G decreases. I D/I G of GO-L, GO-M, and GO-S were 0.922, 0.909, and 0.890, respectively, while that of GO-O was 0.906. Hence, LD of GO-L, GO-M, and GO-S are in ascending order. This can be attributed to the increasing edge ratio induced by increasing concentration of GOs with small layer diameters. However, high defect intensity leads to small diameters of GO layers and increased ratio of defects and functional groups, which in turn results in severe edge damages. In other words, effective edges of GOs with small layer diameters decreased and peak positions D, which is originated from vibrations of graphite carbon crystalline edge, degraded. Hence, I D/I G decreased with the layer diameter of GO. In summary, Raman spectrum of GO samples indicated that the layer diameters of GO-L, GO-M, and GO-S are in descending order.

Figure 5 Raman spectrogram of different “dialysis” layers GO.
Figure 5

Raman spectrogram of different “dialysis” layers GO.

3.4 XPS spectrum

Figure 6 and Table S1 show the XPS spectra of GO-L, GO-M, GO-S, and GO-O. The C/O atomic ratio is a key indicator of oxidation of GO layers. Under constant conditions, the C/O ratio is positively related to layer diameter of GO. Hence, variation of the C/O ratio also reflects separation of GOs with different layer diameters. Figure 6(a) demonstrates that major elements of the samples obtained were carbon and oxygen. The C/O ratio of GO-L, GO-M, GO-S, and GO-O were 1.983, 1.781, 1.662, and 1.761, respectively. A possible reason is that edge intensity is negatively related to the layer diameter, while oxidation of GO occurs at edges.

Figure 6 XPS spectra: (a) original spectra, (b)–(e) are the C1s sub-peaks of GO-L, GO-M, GO-S, and GO-O, respectively.
Figure 6

XPS spectra: (a) original spectra, (b)–(e) are the C1s sub-peaks of GO-L, GO-M, GO-S, and GO-O, respectively.

The C 1s XPS spectrum of GO consists of three carbon bonds: C–C/C═C (284.6 eV), C–O (286.6–286.9 eV), and C═O (288.4–289 eV). Table S1 summarizes the percentages of different carbon bonds. The contents of C–C bonds in GO-L, GO-M, and GO-S were 0.40, 0.34, and 0.26, respectively; the content of C–C bond is negatively related to GO oxidation. The contents of C═O bonds in GO-L, GO-M, and GO-S were 0.10, 0.11, and 0.30, respectively; the content of C═O bond is positively related to GO oxidation. In summary, oxidations of GO-L, GO-M, and GO-S are in ascending order.

Similarly, trend of the peak intensity ratio of non-oxidized carbon atoms (C–C/C═C) and oxidized ones (C–O, C═O and O–C═O) can be determined based on the peak split of XPS (Figure 6(b)–(e)). The peak intensity ratio of oxidized carbon atoms of GO-L, GO-M, and GO-S is in ascending order, while that of GO-O is neither highest nor lowest. In other words, the layer diameter of GO-L, GO-M, and GO-S is in descending order.

3.5 Friction performance of GO aqueous dispersion solution

Figure 7 shows the anti-friction performance of GO as lubricant and the effects of its concentration. As shown in Figure 7(a), the PB value fluctuated slightly with the GO concentration and the optimized concentration was 0.06%. The maximum PB value obtained was 90 kgf. Indeed, long-term average friction coefficient increased significantly once the GO concentration exceeds 0.08%, which indicates good friction reduction performance at GO concentration below 0.08%. The D value at GO concentration above 0.06% was significantly lower than that at GO concentration below 0.06. Based on friction reduction performance and cost, 0.06% is supposed as the optimized GO concentration.

Figure 7 (a) Effect of GO addition concentration and as a lubricating additive on PB value and average friction coefficient of long grinding and (b) effect of GO addition concentration and as a lubricating additive on D value.
Figure 7

(a) Effect of GO addition concentration and as a lubricating additive on PB value and average friction coefficient of long grinding and (b) effect of GO addition concentration and as a lubricating additive on D value.

GO size is a key factor for lubricant friction performance as layer diameter may affect motion of GO layers during motion of lubricant: GOs with small layer diameters can easily move, while GOs with large layer diameters may induce resistances and expand the contact friction surface, resulting in good lubrication performance. The average particle sizes of GO-L, GO-M, GO-S, and GO-O were approximately 30, 16, 6, and 21 μm, respectively. Also, the PB values, long mill average friction coefficients, and D values of these samples were determined.

As observed in Figure 8, the PB value of GO decreased with its average particle size. Meanwhile, the PB value decreased and the D value increased as the size distribution range of GO samples increased, demonstrating significant effects of GO size on friction performance of lubricants. As the GO size increased, GOs with large layer diameters were decelerated under tractions owing to large layer diameter and contact area of the two friction surfaces of lubricant so that the two friction surfaces are effectively separated, while GOs with small layer diameters in metallic friction surface do not favor protective film, resulting in lower PB value, but smaller D value.

Figure 8 (a) Effect of GO lubricating additive of different particle sizes on PB value and average friction coefficient of long grinding and (b) effect of GO lubricating additive of different particle sizes on D value.
Figure 8

(a) Effect of GO lubricating additive of different particle sizes on PB value and average friction coefficient of long grinding and (b) effect of GO lubricating additive of different particle sizes on D value.

The higher the PB value the better the lubrication performance of the mixture. Smaller D values indicate better lubricity and more energy savings. Smaller values of D indicate that the force is more uniform, and the wear resistance and continuity of the mixture are better. Comparative analysis of PB and D values shows that GO with a narrower size distribution after dialysis separation, especially GO-L, has better friction lubrication performance than GO samples before separation.

4 Conclusions

We designed a new method to separate GO using cloth sieves with different pore sizes. GO samples with different diameters can be obtained simultaneously by multilayer dialysis and are characterized and tested. Specifically, GO separation was achieved by dialysis of screen cloth based on different GO layer diameters and differences in penetration speed and particle size allowed by screen cloth with different mesh diameters. The results showed that this approach is facile yet effective. The average size of GO-L is 30.29 μm intercepted by the macroporous sieve, and the average size of GO-S through the small hole screen is 5.99 μm. In addition, the anti-friction and lubrication properties of GOs of different particle sizes were investigated. The anti-friction and lubrication properties of GO aqueous dispersion solution obtained by this method were excellent, especially GO-L. As their sizes increased, GOs were decelerated under traction. For GO-L, the two friction surfaces can be effectively separated due to the large layer diameters and large contact area of the two friction surfaces of the lubricant.

  1. Funding information: This work was financially supported by the Research funding project of Ningde Normal University (2019ZDK16, 2020Y04, and 2022T10), Fujian Science and Technology Department (2023Y0038 and 2021H0062), and the 2022 Ningde industry-university-research cooperation project (2022C001).

  2. Author contributions: Chunna Cui: writing – original draft, writing – review and editing, methodology, and formal analysis; Yuemei Sun: formal analysis, visualization, and project administration; Jitao Huang: writing – original draft, project administration, and resources.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-06-27
Accepted: 2023-10-01
Published Online: 2023-11-03

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  26. Heteropolyacid-loaded MOF-derived mesoporous zirconia catalyst for chemical degradation of rhodamine B
  27. Recovery of critical metals from carbonatite-type mineral wastes: Geochemical modeling investigation of (bio)hydrometallurgical leaching of REEs
  28. Photocatalytic properties of ZnFe-mixed oxides synthesized via a simple route for water remediation
  29. Attenuation of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-induced hepatic and renal toxicity by naringin nanoparticles in a rat model
  30. Novel in situ synthesis of quaternary core–shell metallic sulfide nanocomposites for degradation of organic dyes and hydrogen production
  31. Microfluidic steam-based synthesis of luminescent carbon quantum dots as sensing probes for nitrite detection
  32. Transformation of eggshell waste to egg white protein solution, calcium chloride dihydrate, and eggshell membrane powder
  33. Preparation of Zr-MOFs for the adsorption of doxycycline hydrochloride from wastewater
  34. Green nanoarchitectonics of the silver nanocrystal potential for treating malaria and their cytotoxic effects on the kidney Vero cell line
  35. Carbon emissions analysis of producing modified asphalt with natural asphalt
  36. An efficient and green synthesis of 2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones via t-BuONa-mediated oxidative condensation of 2-aminobenzamides and benzyl alcohols under solvent- and transition metal-free conditions
  37. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with mesosulfuron methyl and mesosulfuron methyl + florasulam + MCPA isooctyl to manage weeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  38. Synergism between lignite and high-sulfur petroleum coke in CO2 gasification
  39. Facile aqueous synthesis of ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS QDs with enhanced photoluminescence lifetime for selective detection of Cu(ii) ions
  40. Rapid synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Nepeta cataria leaves: An eco-friendly management of disease-causing vectors and bacterial pathogens
  41. Study on the photoelectrocatalytic activity of reduced TiO2 nanotube films for removal of methyl orange
  42. Development of a fuzzy logic model for the prediction of spark-ignition engine performance and emission for gasoline–ethanol blends
  43. Micro-impact-induced mechano-chemical synthesis of organic precursors from FeC/FeN and carbonates/nitrates in water and its extension to nucleobases
  44. Green synthesis of strontium-doped tin dioxide (SrSnO2) nanoparticles using the Mahonia bealei leaf extract and evaluation of their anticancer and antimicrobial activities
  45. A study on the larvicidal and adulticidal potential of Cladostepus spongiosus macroalgae and green-fabricated silver nanoparticles against mosquito vectors
  46. Catalysts based on nickel salt heteropolytungstates for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide
  47. Powerful antibacterial nanocomposites from Corallina officinalis-mediated nanometals and chitosan nanoparticles against fish-borne pathogens
  48. Removal behavior of Zn and alkalis from blast furnace dust in pre-reduction sinter process
  49. Environmentally friendly synthesis and computational studies of novel class of acridinedione integrated spirothiopyrrolizidines/indolizidines
  50. The mechanisms of inhibition and lubrication of clean fracturing flowback fluids in water-based drilling fluids
  51. Adsorption/desorption performance of cellulose membrane for Pb(ii)
  52. A one-pot, multicomponent tandem synthesis of fused polycyclic pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolinone/pyrrolizino[2,3-c]quinolinone hybrid heterocycles via environmentally benign solid state melt reaction
  53. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using durian rind extract and optical characteristics of surface plasmon resonance-based optical sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide
  54. Electrochemical analysis of copper-EDTA-ammonia-gold thiosulfate dissolution system
  55. Characterization of bio-oil production by microwave pyrolysis from cashew nut shells and Cassia fistula pods
  56. Green synthesis methods and characterization of bacterial cellulose/silver nanoparticle composites
  57. Photocatalytic research performance of zinc oxide/graphite phase carbon nitride catalyst and its application in environment
  58. Effect of phytogenic iron nanoparticles on the bio-fortification of wheat varieties
  59. In vitro anti-cancer and antimicrobial effects of manganese oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the Glycyrrhiza uralensis leaf extract on breast cancer cell lines
  60. Preparation of Pd/Ce(F)-MCM-48 catalysts and their catalytic performance of n-heptane isomerization
  61. Green “one-pot” fluorescent bis-indolizine synthesis with whole-cell plant biocatalysis
  62. Silica-titania mesoporous silicas of MCM-41 type as effective catalysts and photocatalysts for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide by H2O2
  63. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from molted feathers of Pavo cristatus and their antibiofilm and anticancer activities
  64. Clean preparation of rutile from Ti-containing mixed molten slag by CO2 oxidation
  65. Synthesis and characterization of Pluronic F-127-coated titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesized from extracts of Atractylodes macrocephala leaf for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties
  66. Effect of pretreatment with alkali on the anaerobic digestion characteristics of kitchen waste and analysis of microbial diversity
  67. Ameliorated antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties by Plectranthus vettiveroides root extract-mediated green synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles
  68. Microwave-accelerated pretreatment technique in green extraction of oil and bioactive compounds from camelina seeds: Effectiveness and characterization
  69. Studies on the extraction performance of phorate by aptamer-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in plasma samples
  70. Investigation of structural properties and antibacterial activity of AgO nanoparticle extract from Solanum nigrum/Mentha leaf extracts by green synthesis method
  71. Green fabrication of chitosan from marine crustaceans and mushroom waste: Toward sustainable resource utilization
  72. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  73. The enhanced adsorption properties of phosphorus from aqueous solutions using lanthanum modified synthetic zeolites
  74. Separation of graphene oxides of different sizes by multi-layer dialysis and anti-friction and lubrication performance
  75. Visible-light-assisted base-catalyzed, one-pot synthesis of highly functionalized cinnolines
  76. The experimental study on the air oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with Co–Mn–Br system
  77. Highly efficient removal of tetracycline and methyl violet 2B from aqueous solution using the bimetallic FeZn-ZIFs catalyst
  78. A thermo-tolerant cellulase enzyme produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M7, an insight into synthesis, optimization, characterization, and bio-polishing activity
  79. Exploration of ketone derivatives of succinimide for their antidiabetic potential: In vitro and in vivo approaches
  80. Ultrasound-assisted green synthesis and in silico study of 6-(4-(butylamino)-6-(diethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxypyridazine derivatives
  81. A study of the anticancer potential of Pluronic F-127 encapsulated Fe2O3 nanoparticles derived from Berberis vulgaris extract
  82. Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Consolida orientalis flowers: Identification, catalytic degradation, and biological effect
  83. Initial assessment of the presence of plastic waste in some coastal mangrove forests in Vietnam
  84. Adsorption synergy electrocatalytic degradation of phenol by active oxygen-containing species generated in Co-coal based cathode and graphite anode
  85. Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities of the aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum-mediated synthesized novel silver nanoparticles
  86. Synthesis of a silica matrix with ZnO nanoparticles for the fabrication of a recyclable photodegradation system to eliminate methylene blue dye
  87. Natural polymer fillers instead of dye and pigments: Pumice and scoria in PDMS fluid and elastomer composites
  88. Study on the preparation of glycerylphosphorylcholine by transesterification under supported sodium methoxide
  89. Wireless network handheld terminal-based green ecological sustainable design evaluation system: Improved data communication and reduced packet loss rate
  90. The optimization of hydrogel strength from cassava starch using oxidized sucrose as a crosslinking agent
  91. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Saccharum officinarum leaf extract for antiviral paint
  92. Study on the reliability of nano-silver-coated tin solder joints for flip chips
  93. Environmentally sustainable analytical quality by design aided RP-HPLC method for the estimation of brilliant blue in commercial food samples employing a green-ultrasound-assisted extraction technique
  94. Anticancer and antimicrobial potential of zinc/sodium alginate/polyethylene glycol/d-pinitol nanocomposites against osteosarcoma MG-63 cells
  95. Nanoporous carbon@CoFe2O4 nanocomposite as a green absorbent for the adsorptive removal of Hg(ii) from aqueous solutions
  96. Characterization of silver sulfide nanoparticles from actinobacterial strain (M10A62) and its toxicity against lepidopteran and dipterans insect species
  97. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Withania somnifera: Investigating antioxidant potential
  98. Effect of e-waste nanofillers on the mechanical, thermal, and wear properties of epoxy-blend sisal woven fiber-reinforced composites
  99. Magnesium nanohydroxide (2D brucite) as a host matrix for thymol and carvacrol: Synthesis, characterization, and inhibition of foodborne pathogens
  100. Synergistic inhibitive effect of a hybrid zinc oxide-benzalkonium chloride composite on the corrosion of carbon steel in a sulfuric acidic solution
  101. Review Articles
  102. Role and the importance of green approach in biosynthesis of nanopropolis and effectiveness of propolis in the treatment of COVID-19 pandemic
  103. Gum tragacanth-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles, characterization, and their applications as a bactericide, catalyst, antioxidant, and peroxidase mimic
  104. Green-processed nano-biocomposite (ZnO–TiO2): Potential candidates for biomedical applications
  105. Reaction mechanisms in microwave-assisted lignin depolymerisation in hydrogen-donating solvents
  106. Recent progress on non-noble metal catalysts for the deoxydehydration of biomass-derived oxygenates
  107. Rapid Communication
  108. Phosphorus removal by iron–carbon microelectrolysis: A new way to achieve phosphorus recovery
  109. Special Issue: Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications (Guest Editors: Arpita Roy and Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli)
  110. Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications
  111. Nano-encapsulated tanshinone IIA in PLGA-PEG-COOH inhibits apoptosis and inflammation in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury
  112. Green fabrication of silver nanoparticles using Melia azedarach ripened fruit extract, their characterization, and biological properties
  113. Green-synthesized nanoparticles and their therapeutic applications: A review
  114. Antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity potential of synthesized silver nanoparticles from the Cassia alata leaf aqueous extract
  115. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Callisia fragrans leaf extract and its anticancer activity against MCF-7, HepG2, KB, LU-1, and MKN-7 cell lines
  116. Algae-based green AgNPs, AuNPs, and FeNPs as potential nanoremediators
  117. Green synthesis of Kickxia elatine-induced silver nanoparticles and their role as anti-acetylcholinesterase in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
  118. Phytocrystallization of silver nanoparticles using Cassia alata flower extract for effective control of fungal skin pathogens
  119. Antibacterial wound dressing with hydrogel from chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol from the red cabbage extract loaded with silver nanoparticles
  120. Leveraging of mycogenic copper oxide nanostructures for disease management of Alternaria blight of Brassica juncea
  121. Nanoscale molecular reactions in microbiological medicines in modern medical applications
  122. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO/β-cyclodextrin/nicotinic acid nanocomposite and its biological and environmental application
  123. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles via Taxus wallichiana Zucc. plant-derived Taxol: Novel utilization as anticancer, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antiurolithic potential
  124. Recyclability and catalytic characteristics of copper oxide nanoparticles derived from bougainvillea plant flower extract for biomedical application
  125. Phytofabrication, characterization, and evaluation of novel bioinspired selenium–iron (Se–Fe) nanocomposites using Allium sativum extract for bio-potential applications
  126. Erratum
  127. Erratum to “Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2023-0114
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
separation; size distribution; graphene oxides; anti-friction and lubrication performance
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Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Articles
  2. Value-added utilization of coal fly ash and recycled polyvinyl chloride in door or window sub-frame composites
  3. High removal efficiency of volatile phenol from coking wastewater using coal gasification slag via optimized adsorption and multi-grade batch process
  4. Evolution of surface morphology and properties of diamond films by hydrogen plasma etching
  5. Removal efficiency of dibenzofuran using CuZn-zeolitic imidazole frameworks as a catalyst and adsorbent
  6. Rapid and efficient microwave-assisted extraction of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. heartwood and subsequent synthesis of gold nanoparticles
  7. The catalytic characteristics of 2-methylnaphthalene acylation with AlCl3 immobilized on Hβ as Lewis acid catalyst
  8. Biodegradation of synthetic PVP biofilms using natural materials and nanoparticles
  9. Rutin-loaded selenium nanoparticles modulated the redox status, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways associated with pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy in mice
  10. Optimization of apigenin nanoparticles prepared by planetary ball milling: In vitro and in vivo studies
  11. Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Origanum onites leaves: Cytotoxic, apoptotic, and necrotic effects on Capan-1, L929, and Caco-2 cell lines
  12. Exergy analysis of a conceptual CO2 capture process with an amine-based DES
  13. Construction of fluorescence system of felodipine–tetracyanovinyl–2,2′-bipyridine complex
  14. Excellent photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B over Bi2O3 supported on Zn-MOF nanocomposites under visible light
  15. Optimization-based control strategy for a large-scale polyhydroxyalkanoates production in a fed-batch bioreactor using a coupled PDE–ODE system
  16. Effectiveness of pH and amount of Artemia urumiana extract on physical, chemical, and biological attributes of UV-fabricated biogold nanoparticles
  17. Geranium leaf-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their transcriptomic effects on Candida albicans
  18. Synthesis, characterization, anticancer, anti-inflammatory activities, and docking studies of 3,5-disubstituted thiadiazine-2-thiones
  19. Synthesis and stability of phospholipid-encapsulated nano-selenium
  20. Putative anti-proliferative effect of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) seed and its nano-formulation
  21. Enrichment of low-grade phosphorites by the selective leaching method
  22. Electrochemical analysis of the dissolution of gold in a copper–ethylenediamine–thiosulfate system
  23. Characterisation of carbonate lake sediments as a potential filler for polymer composites
  24. Evaluation of nano-selenium biofortification characteristics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
  25. Quality of oil extracted by cold press from Nigella sativa seeds incorporated with rosemary extracts and pretreated by microwaves
  26. Heteropolyacid-loaded MOF-derived mesoporous zirconia catalyst for chemical degradation of rhodamine B
  27. Recovery of critical metals from carbonatite-type mineral wastes: Geochemical modeling investigation of (bio)hydrometallurgical leaching of REEs
  28. Photocatalytic properties of ZnFe-mixed oxides synthesized via a simple route for water remediation
  29. Attenuation of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-induced hepatic and renal toxicity by naringin nanoparticles in a rat model
  30. Novel in situ synthesis of quaternary core–shell metallic sulfide nanocomposites for degradation of organic dyes and hydrogen production
  31. Microfluidic steam-based synthesis of luminescent carbon quantum dots as sensing probes for nitrite detection
  32. Transformation of eggshell waste to egg white protein solution, calcium chloride dihydrate, and eggshell membrane powder
  33. Preparation of Zr-MOFs for the adsorption of doxycycline hydrochloride from wastewater
  34. Green nanoarchitectonics of the silver nanocrystal potential for treating malaria and their cytotoxic effects on the kidney Vero cell line
  35. Carbon emissions analysis of producing modified asphalt with natural asphalt
  36. An efficient and green synthesis of 2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones via t-BuONa-mediated oxidative condensation of 2-aminobenzamides and benzyl alcohols under solvent- and transition metal-free conditions
  37. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with mesosulfuron methyl and mesosulfuron methyl + florasulam + MCPA isooctyl to manage weeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  38. Synergism between lignite and high-sulfur petroleum coke in CO2 gasification
  39. Facile aqueous synthesis of ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS QDs with enhanced photoluminescence lifetime for selective detection of Cu(ii) ions
  40. Rapid synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Nepeta cataria leaves: An eco-friendly management of disease-causing vectors and bacterial pathogens
  41. Study on the photoelectrocatalytic activity of reduced TiO2 nanotube films for removal of methyl orange
  42. Development of a fuzzy logic model for the prediction of spark-ignition engine performance and emission for gasoline–ethanol blends
  43. Micro-impact-induced mechano-chemical synthesis of organic precursors from FeC/FeN and carbonates/nitrates in water and its extension to nucleobases
  44. Green synthesis of strontium-doped tin dioxide (SrSnO2) nanoparticles using the Mahonia bealei leaf extract and evaluation of their anticancer and antimicrobial activities
  45. A study on the larvicidal and adulticidal potential of Cladostepus spongiosus macroalgae and green-fabricated silver nanoparticles against mosquito vectors
  46. Catalysts based on nickel salt heteropolytungstates for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide
  47. Powerful antibacterial nanocomposites from Corallina officinalis-mediated nanometals and chitosan nanoparticles against fish-borne pathogens
  48. Removal behavior of Zn and alkalis from blast furnace dust in pre-reduction sinter process
  49. Environmentally friendly synthesis and computational studies of novel class of acridinedione integrated spirothiopyrrolizidines/indolizidines
  50. The mechanisms of inhibition and lubrication of clean fracturing flowback fluids in water-based drilling fluids
  51. Adsorption/desorption performance of cellulose membrane for Pb(ii)
  52. A one-pot, multicomponent tandem synthesis of fused polycyclic pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolinone/pyrrolizino[2,3-c]quinolinone hybrid heterocycles via environmentally benign solid state melt reaction
  53. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using durian rind extract and optical characteristics of surface plasmon resonance-based optical sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide
  54. Electrochemical analysis of copper-EDTA-ammonia-gold thiosulfate dissolution system
  55. Characterization of bio-oil production by microwave pyrolysis from cashew nut shells and Cassia fistula pods
  56. Green synthesis methods and characterization of bacterial cellulose/silver nanoparticle composites
  57. Photocatalytic research performance of zinc oxide/graphite phase carbon nitride catalyst and its application in environment
  58. Effect of phytogenic iron nanoparticles on the bio-fortification of wheat varieties
  59. In vitro anti-cancer and antimicrobial effects of manganese oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the Glycyrrhiza uralensis leaf extract on breast cancer cell lines
  60. Preparation of Pd/Ce(F)-MCM-48 catalysts and their catalytic performance of n-heptane isomerization
  61. Green “one-pot” fluorescent bis-indolizine synthesis with whole-cell plant biocatalysis
  62. Silica-titania mesoporous silicas of MCM-41 type as effective catalysts and photocatalysts for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide by H2O2
  63. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from molted feathers of Pavo cristatus and their antibiofilm and anticancer activities
  64. Clean preparation of rutile from Ti-containing mixed molten slag by CO2 oxidation
  65. Synthesis and characterization of Pluronic F-127-coated titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesized from extracts of Atractylodes macrocephala leaf for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties
  66. Effect of pretreatment with alkali on the anaerobic digestion characteristics of kitchen waste and analysis of microbial diversity
  67. Ameliorated antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties by Plectranthus vettiveroides root extract-mediated green synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles
  68. Microwave-accelerated pretreatment technique in green extraction of oil and bioactive compounds from camelina seeds: Effectiveness and characterization
  69. Studies on the extraction performance of phorate by aptamer-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in plasma samples
  70. Investigation of structural properties and antibacterial activity of AgO nanoparticle extract from Solanum nigrum/Mentha leaf extracts by green synthesis method
  71. Green fabrication of chitosan from marine crustaceans and mushroom waste: Toward sustainable resource utilization
  72. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  73. The enhanced adsorption properties of phosphorus from aqueous solutions using lanthanum modified synthetic zeolites
  74. Separation of graphene oxides of different sizes by multi-layer dialysis and anti-friction and lubrication performance
  75. Visible-light-assisted base-catalyzed, one-pot synthesis of highly functionalized cinnolines
  76. The experimental study on the air oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with Co–Mn–Br system
  77. Highly efficient removal of tetracycline and methyl violet 2B from aqueous solution using the bimetallic FeZn-ZIFs catalyst
  78. A thermo-tolerant cellulase enzyme produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M7, an insight into synthesis, optimization, characterization, and bio-polishing activity
  79. Exploration of ketone derivatives of succinimide for their antidiabetic potential: In vitro and in vivo approaches
  80. Ultrasound-assisted green synthesis and in silico study of 6-(4-(butylamino)-6-(diethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxypyridazine derivatives
  81. A study of the anticancer potential of Pluronic F-127 encapsulated Fe2O3 nanoparticles derived from Berberis vulgaris extract
  82. Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Consolida orientalis flowers: Identification, catalytic degradation, and biological effect
  83. Initial assessment of the presence of plastic waste in some coastal mangrove forests in Vietnam
  84. Adsorption synergy electrocatalytic degradation of phenol by active oxygen-containing species generated in Co-coal based cathode and graphite anode
  85. Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities of the aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum-mediated synthesized novel silver nanoparticles
  86. Synthesis of a silica matrix with ZnO nanoparticles for the fabrication of a recyclable photodegradation system to eliminate methylene blue dye
  87. Natural polymer fillers instead of dye and pigments: Pumice and scoria in PDMS fluid and elastomer composites
  88. Study on the preparation of glycerylphosphorylcholine by transesterification under supported sodium methoxide
  89. Wireless network handheld terminal-based green ecological sustainable design evaluation system: Improved data communication and reduced packet loss rate
  90. The optimization of hydrogel strength from cassava starch using oxidized sucrose as a crosslinking agent
  91. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Saccharum officinarum leaf extract for antiviral paint
  92. Study on the reliability of nano-silver-coated tin solder joints for flip chips
  93. Environmentally sustainable analytical quality by design aided RP-HPLC method for the estimation of brilliant blue in commercial food samples employing a green-ultrasound-assisted extraction technique
  94. Anticancer and antimicrobial potential of zinc/sodium alginate/polyethylene glycol/d-pinitol nanocomposites against osteosarcoma MG-63 cells
  95. Nanoporous carbon@CoFe2O4 nanocomposite as a green absorbent for the adsorptive removal of Hg(ii) from aqueous solutions
  96. Characterization of silver sulfide nanoparticles from actinobacterial strain (M10A62) and its toxicity against lepidopteran and dipterans insect species
  97. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Withania somnifera: Investigating antioxidant potential
  98. Effect of e-waste nanofillers on the mechanical, thermal, and wear properties of epoxy-blend sisal woven fiber-reinforced composites
  99. Magnesium nanohydroxide (2D brucite) as a host matrix for thymol and carvacrol: Synthesis, characterization, and inhibition of foodborne pathogens
  100. Synergistic inhibitive effect of a hybrid zinc oxide-benzalkonium chloride composite on the corrosion of carbon steel in a sulfuric acidic solution
  101. Review Articles
  102. Role and the importance of green approach in biosynthesis of nanopropolis and effectiveness of propolis in the treatment of COVID-19 pandemic
  103. Gum tragacanth-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles, characterization, and their applications as a bactericide, catalyst, antioxidant, and peroxidase mimic
  104. Green-processed nano-biocomposite (ZnO–TiO2): Potential candidates for biomedical applications
  105. Reaction mechanisms in microwave-assisted lignin depolymerisation in hydrogen-donating solvents
  106. Recent progress on non-noble metal catalysts for the deoxydehydration of biomass-derived oxygenates
  107. Rapid Communication
  108. Phosphorus removal by iron–carbon microelectrolysis: A new way to achieve phosphorus recovery
  109. Special Issue: Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications (Guest Editors: Arpita Roy and Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli)
  110. Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications
  111. Nano-encapsulated tanshinone IIA in PLGA-PEG-COOH inhibits apoptosis and inflammation in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury
  112. Green fabrication of silver nanoparticles using Melia azedarach ripened fruit extract, their characterization, and biological properties
  113. Green-synthesized nanoparticles and their therapeutic applications: A review
  114. Antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity potential of synthesized silver nanoparticles from the Cassia alata leaf aqueous extract
  115. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Callisia fragrans leaf extract and its anticancer activity against MCF-7, HepG2, KB, LU-1, and MKN-7 cell lines
  116. Algae-based green AgNPs, AuNPs, and FeNPs as potential nanoremediators
  117. Green synthesis of Kickxia elatine-induced silver nanoparticles and their role as anti-acetylcholinesterase in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
  118. Phytocrystallization of silver nanoparticles using Cassia alata flower extract for effective control of fungal skin pathogens
  119. Antibacterial wound dressing with hydrogel from chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol from the red cabbage extract loaded with silver nanoparticles
  120. Leveraging of mycogenic copper oxide nanostructures for disease management of Alternaria blight of Brassica juncea
  121. Nanoscale molecular reactions in microbiological medicines in modern medical applications
  122. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO/β-cyclodextrin/nicotinic acid nanocomposite and its biological and environmental application
  123. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles via Taxus wallichiana Zucc. plant-derived Taxol: Novel utilization as anticancer, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antiurolithic potential
  124. Recyclability and catalytic characteristics of copper oxide nanoparticles derived from bougainvillea plant flower extract for biomedical application
  125. Phytofabrication, characterization, and evaluation of novel bioinspired selenium–iron (Se–Fe) nanocomposites using Allium sativum extract for bio-potential applications
  126. Erratum
  127. Erratum to “Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
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