Home Carbon emissions analysis of producing modified asphalt with natural asphalt
Article Open Access

Carbon emissions analysis of producing modified asphalt with natural asphalt

  • Xiu-feng Zhang , Yun Zeng , Yong-nian Feng , Cheng-xue Zhang and Ling Zhang EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: May 19, 2023
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 12 Issue 1

Abstract

The modification mechanism of modified asphalt with natural asphalt was analyzed through Fourier transform infrared spectrum. The results show that the modification mechanism of both the natural asphalt and petroleum asphalt is mainly a physical blending process. The polar functional groups contained in natural asphalt make modified asphalt with natural asphalt have characteristic good scaling resistance and water stability. Subsequently, the carbon emissions of each link of asphalt production stage were quantified, and the influence of mining, transportation, and processing on the total carbon emissions were all analyzed by establishing the carbon emission calculation model of asphalt production. The calculation results of GREET model showed that the equivalent carbon dioxide emission (CO2e) of rock asphalt mining was only 9.4% of that of crude oil production. At the same time, the CO2e of modified asphalt with natural asphalt processing was 44.7% lower than that of petroleum asphalt, and the carbon emission of rock asphalt transportation accounted for only 1/3 of that of petroleum asphalt transportation. Furthermore, the increased energy consumption caused by petroleum asphalt transportation and modified asphalt with natural asphalt processing will partially offset the contribution of natural asphalt to reducing carbon emissions. Meanwhile, the CO2e of modified asphalt with natural asphalt was lower than that of petroleum asphalt when the content of natural asphalt exceeded 18%. Thereafter, the analytic hierarchy process calculation results showed that petroleum asphalt processing and transportation had the largest weight of carbon emissions in the production stage of modified asphalt with natural asphalt. Ultimately, it is significant to further reduce carbon emissions by increasing the content of natural asphalt, which will then inevitably lead to the reduction in the production and transportation energy consumption of petroleum asphalt.

Keywords: quantification of carbon emissions; GREET model; modified asphalt with natural asphalt; analytic hierarchy process; carbon emission weight

1 Introduction

The energy consumption for road construction is huge due to the rapid development of the road traffic industry, and the resulting greenhouse effect seriously affects the environment, manufacturing, and daily life of people as a whole [1,2,3]. According to statistics, asphalt pavement roads make up about 90% of all roads paved in Europe, with that number being 94% in the United States, 90% in Canada, and 96% in Mexico [4]. The total mileage of roads in China has exceeded 5 million kilometers, including more than 1 million kilometers of asphalt pavement by the end of 2020, and moreover, more than 90% of new roads are asphalt pavements [5,6]. Thus, if a positive outlook is to be adopted, it becomes urgent to immediately start to control and reduce greenhouse gas emissions as much as possible in the process of asphalt production and use, by strictly controlling and regulating energy consumption and greenhouse gas pollution as much as possible.

Low-carbon technologies for pavement construction have attracted more and more attention in a bid to achieve the goal of carbon reduction. Yang [7] proposed a construction technology of low carbon and thin paving for in-place thermal regeneration of high-grade asphalt pavement. The energy-saving effect and cost of warm mixing technology was calculated and analyzed, and the key indicators of low energy consumption and low carbon construction technology for asphalt pavement were proposed by Hu [8]. Peng et al. [9] proposed two types of low-carbon technologies, natural gas was used to reduce energy consumption and improve energy utilization on the energy consumption side, while low-carbon asphalt mixture with warm mixing technology was used to reduce carbon emissions from mixture volatilization. Thives and Ghisi [10] explained that warm mixing technology can save 20–70% of energy consumption of hot mix asphalt. Wang et al. [11] proved that the emission reduction capacity of asphalt rubber is stronger than that of SBS-modified asphalt. Hu and Sun [12] calculated quantitatively that the emulsified asphalt cold in-plant recycling technology can save energy by 35.3% and reduce carbon emissions by 10.71%.

To sum up, the technology of low-carbon emission reduction is mainly divided into two aspects, material production and material use. In terms of material production, the asphalt products with low energy consumption, such as emulsified asphalt, asphalt rubber, etc., are mainly adopted. In terms of material use, the warm mixing technology, producing, and paving low-carbon asphalt mixture through additives that can reduce the temperature, or the pavement recycling technology, is mainly used. Compared with the warm mixing technology with high cost and the pavement recycling technology with complex processes, it is undoubtedly an economic and environmentally friendly alternative to directly control carbon emissions from the asphalt production process by adopting cost-effective raw materials. However, emulsified asphalt has insufficient performance, and rubber modified asphalt produces too much smoke and dangerous gases. As the original and natural form of petroleum asphalt, natural asphalt contains invaluable inorganic substances, namely, calcium carbonate, and other heavy components. The average particle size of inorganic substances in natural asphalt are ground to about 5 μm when producing modified asphalt with natural asphalt in order to fully release the effective ingredients in the natural asphalt. This can help to significantly improve the performance of asphalt, thus helping build low-carbon green ecological roads. Natural asphalt is a natural pitch, which belongs to raphaelite with petroleum asphalt. It can be used directly after mining without having to go through the refining process of crude oil, and it can be transported in bulk at room temperature. The carbon emission in the production of modified asphalt with natural asphalt is lower than that of petroleum asphalt, which is a high-quality material for building a low-carbon green ecological road. The application of natural asphalt can greatly improve pavements’ overall performance, including the high-temperature stability and moisture damage resistance of pavements [13,14]. The micronized modified asphalt with natural asphalt is obtained by the grinding process. It also includes other processes after mixing natural asphalt and petroleum asphalt according to different proportions, resulting in a kind of finished modified asphalt with natural asphalt material.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an international standard for systematically and quantitatively describing various energy consumption and environmental emissions in the life cycle of a product, and to evaluate their environmental impact. The construction of asphalt pavement is complex and complicated, it thus becomes necessary to divide asphalt pavement construction into raw material production stage, transportation stage, and construction stage to calculate energy consumption generated in different links of each stage, respectively [15,16]. Carbon emission in the transportation and construction stage was mainly calculated in previous studies. It is thus necessary to study the production stage of natural asphalt raw materials based on LCA method.

Carbon emission of petroleum asphalt and modified asphalt with natural asphalt was evaluated quantitatively, and the impact of natural asphalt content on the carbon emission and the carbon emission of each production link of modified asphalt was analyzed by establishing a carbon emission calculation model in the asphalt production stage. The carbon emission weight of each link of modified asphalt with natural asphalt production stage was studied based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) calculation, which then provided the basis for energy conservation and emission reduction.

2 Raw materials

2.1 Qingchuan rock asphalt (QRA)

The technical parameters and four-component results of QRA are shown in Table 1. Also, the Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) of Qilu 70# and QRA are shown in Figure 2.

Table 1

Technical indicators of QRA

Items QRA Test method
Shape Black brown powder Visualization
Ash content (%) 21.1 T 0614
0.15 mm mesh passing rate (%) 96.4 T 0327
0.075 mm 0.15 mm mesh passing rate (%) 92.1 T 0327
Four fractions of asphalt (%) Saturated fraction 0.1 T 0618
Aromatic fraction 1.9
Resin 11.9
Asphaltene 86.1

According to the results of the four-components in Table 1, the asphaltene and resin in QRA accounts for 98% of the total composition, especially the asphaltene which made up a whopping 86.1%. Asphaltene and resin are macromolecular components that can reduce the temperature sensitivity of asphalt. According to the FTIR in Figure 1, it can be deduced that the bitumen in QRA is basically the same as that in petroleum asphalt at the chemical group. Therefore, QRA and petroleum asphalt can fuse well, and it is not easy to encounter segregation and degradation which are prominent in other polymer modifiers. The polar functional groups in QRA are mainly distributed in asphaltene and resin. The adsorption between them and aggregate is polar adsorption and chemical adsorption, which can greatly improve the adhesion between asphalt and aggregate and improve the water resistance. In addition, QRA contains minerals such as silicate, CaCO3, CaSO4, and a small amount of Fe2O3 and Al2O3, which are metal oxides, plus the existing Si–O or C–O also belong to polar functional groups.

Figure 1 FTIR curve of asphalt.
Figure 1

FTIR curve of asphalt.

2.2 Modified asphalt with natural asphalt

Modified asphalt with natural asphalt was prepared by the micronized process with QRA percentages of 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, 20%, and 25%, respectively. The penetration, softening point, and viscosity of the modified asphalt with different QRA contents were tested, and the test results are shown in Table 2. The particle size of inorganic substances in modified asphalt with natural asphalt was tested using a laser particle size analyzer. The particle size distribution is shown in Figure 2.

Table 2

Test results of modified asphalt with different QRA contents

Items Unit QRA content
7.5% 10% 12.5% 15% 17.5% 20% 25%
Penetration (25°C, 100 g, 5 s) 0.1 mm 49 42 36.8 31 27 27 19
Softening point °C 51.5 54 56 58 61.4 64.3 70.5
Viscosity of 135°C Pa·s 0.925 1.152 1.415 1.841 2.149 3.335 4.715
Viscosity of 155°C Pa·s 0.401 0.413 0.729 0.789 0.904 1.572 1.726
Figure 2 Particle size distribution of inorganic substances in modified asphalt.
Figure 2

Particle size distribution of inorganic substances in modified asphalt.

As can be seen from Table 2, with the QRA content increase, the penetration of modified asphalt with natural asphalt decreases, while the softening point and viscosity increase. This is due to the high content of asphaltene and resin in natural asphalt, which realizes the colloidal structure modification of the petroleum asphalt. With the increase in the percentage of natural asphalt, the modified asphalt gradually changes from sol–gel to gel, showing an increase in the softening point and viscosity.

The particle size distribution in Figure 2 shows that the particle size of inorganic substances in natural asphalt is controlled within 1–10 μm range, with an average particle size of 6.445 μm. This was achieved through the micronized process, and the particle size distribution, obviously enough, seems to present a normal distribution. On the one hand, as the particle size decreased, the settling speed gradually decreased corresponding to Stokes’ Law which states that “when the particle size reaches a balance between gravity and buoyancy, it can be stably suspended without settlement and segregation.” On the other hand, the particle size reduction means that the specific surface area of the material increased, which can effectively exert the advantages of modified asphalt with natural asphalt.

3 Method of carbon emission calculation

3.1 Objectives and scope

The construction of asphalt pavement is divided into raw material production stage (red box), transportation stage (blue box), and construction stage (yellow box), as shown in Figure 3. This work mainly studies the carbon emission during the production stage of using natural asphalt in modified asphalts, which is the content of the red box.

The boundary of the modified asphalt with natural asphalt’s production stage is defined as three links: asphalt mining, transportation, and processing, as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Boundary condition of modified asphalt with natural asphalt.
Figure 3

Boundary condition of modified asphalt with natural asphalt.

3.2 Life cycle inventory

Figure 3 shows the three main links of the exploitation, transportation, and processing of modified asphalt with natural asphalt and petroleum asphalt. The carbon emissions of modified asphalt with natural asphalt mainly come from the energy consumption of asphalt exploitation, diesel consumption of asphalt transportation, and energy consumption of asphalt processing.

The list of various units of the production stage of modified asphalt with natural asphalt is divided, as shown in Figure 4, taking QRA as an example.

Figure 4 Unit division of the list of production stages of modified asphalt with natural asphalt.
Figure 4

Unit division of the list of production stages of modified asphalt with natural asphalt.

3.3 Calculation model of carbon emission

Argonne National Laboratory of the United States has developed an evaluation model based on excel, and the Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET) software has also been developed to assess the impact of alternative fuels and advanced vehicle technologies on carbon emissions in the entire fuel cycle process [17]. This is convenient and efficient because of its rich database. The GREET software is used to evaluate the carbon emissions in the raw material production stage of modified asphalt with natural asphalt. The life cycle model of the modified asphalt with natural asphalt is established, and the final output results are obtained through investigating the input parameters required in the model by software calculation.

The production stage of modified asphalt with natural asphalt involves five links: rock asphalt mining, rock asphalt transportation, petroleum asphalt production, petroleum asphalt transportation, and modified asphalt with natural asphalt processing. The carbon emission value of each link is calculated as follows.

3.3.1 Petroleum asphalt

3.3.1.1 Link of crude oil production and storage

After a series of treatment of the residual oil from crude oil fine processing, petroleum asphalt is obtained. There is no link of crude oil exploitation and transportation with the existing crude oil of the processing plant as the initial raw material.

3.3.1.2 Link of petroleum asphalt processing

The existing petroleum asphalt refining process stipulates that 6.1515 kg of water, 0.6033 kg of refinery distillate gas, and 7.6062 g of refinery catalyst coke are required according to GREET model to produce 1 MMBtu petroleum asphalt. The share of other energies required by the groups is shown in Figure 5. In addition, 7.29 g CO2 gas is generated.

Figure 5 Energy required for producing 1 MMBtu petroleum asphalt.
Figure 5

Energy required for producing 1 MMBtu petroleum asphalt.

3.3.2 Modified asphalt with natural asphalt

The links of mining, transportation, and processing involved in the production of modified asphalt with natural asphalt excluding the above link of crude oil production and storage and link of petroleum asphalt processing, are calculated as follows.

3.3.2.1 Link of rock asphalt mining

Large excavators and trucks, whose main input energy is diesel, are used to remove strata, sand, and clay from the skin layer during the surface mining of rock asphalt. The model estimation is relied on in order to ensure the reasonableness of the results in the research, since the energy input data of the mining facilities are confidential. The link of rock asphalt mining is modeled with reference to the coal mining. The default data of energy input for coal mining is already in the GREET, which states that 12.2360 kg of water is required to produce 1 MMBtu rock asphalt. The share of other energies required by the groups is shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6 Energy required for producing 1 MMBtu rock asphalt.
Figure 6

Energy required for producing 1 MMBtu rock asphalt.

3.3.2.2 Link of rock asphalt transportation

The rock asphalt is broken into bulk solid after mining, and transported by railway from Qingchuan County, Sichuan Province to the asphalt refinery in Xi’an. The parameters of the railway transportation model are shown in Table 3.

Table 3

Railway transportation model parameters of natural asphalt

Parameters Value
Distance of transportation 462 km
Type of fuel Diesel
Energy intensity of fuel 0.1973 J·kg−1·m−1
Average speed of transportation 65 km·h−1

The petroleum asphalt is transported by railway from Rizhao, Shandong Province, to the asphalt refinery in Xi’an using a freight insulating tanker. The thermal insulation is essential during the link of transportation through fire tube boiler. The fuel used for the fire tube boiler is diesel, fuel oil, and fuel gas. The parameters of the railway transportation model are shown in Table 4.

Table 4

Railway transportation model parameters of petroleum asphalt

Parameters Value
Distance of transportation 1,221 km
Type of fuel Diesel, fuel oil, fuel gas
Energy intensity of fuel 0.1973 J·kg−1·m−1
Average speed of transportation 65 km·h−1
3.3.2.3 Link of modified asphalt with natural asphalt processing

The carbon emission model of production is established, as shown in Figure 7, where consumption of electricity (2,395,318 kW·h) and natural gas (1,568,350 m3) in the link of modified asphalt with natural asphalt processing is provided by Xi’an Zhongli Asphalt Co., Ltd.

Figure 7 Production model of natural asphalt and modified asphalt.
Figure 7

Production model of natural asphalt and modified asphalt.

3.4 Calculation formulas

3.4.1 Equivalent carbon dioxide

The emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O in the greenhouse gases generated by human activities have the greatest impact on the greenhouse effect according to the assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [18]. The greenhouse gas emissions of each link in the production stage of modified asphalt with natural asphalt are calculated by GREET, and the equivalent carbon dioxide (CO2e) of each link is calculated by Eq. 1 as follows:

(1) CO 2 e = greenhouse gas tonnage × GWP

where global warming potential (GWP) represents the greenhouse gas efficiency. The 100 year GWP values of CO2, CH4, and N2O are 1, 25, and 298.

3.4.2 Carbon emissions

The production stage of modified asphalt with natural asphalt is mainly divided into mining, transportation, and processing. The carbon emission of each link is determined after determining the boundary conditions for the production of modified asphalt with natural asphalt. As shown in Eq. 2, the sum of carbon emissions in each link is the total carbon emissions in the production stage of modified asphalt with natural asphalt [19].

(2) M = M min + M tran + M pro

where M is the total carbon emission in the production stage of modified asphalt with natural asphalt; M min is the carbon emission of the link of raw materials mining; M tran is the carbon emission of the link of asphalt transportation to the processing plant; M pro is the carbon emission of the link of modified asphalt with natural asphalt processing.

4 Results

The amount of natural asphalt in modified asphalt with natural asphalt is different according to different application requirements of modified asphalt with natural asphalt. The emissions of main greenhouse gas with the content of natural asphalt 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, and 50% are shown in Table 5.

Table 5

Greenhouse gas emissions of different natural asphalt contents

Emissions of greenhouse gas (kg·t−1)
Types of greenhouse gas CO2 CH4 N2O
Petroleum asphalt 267.5994 3.4723 0.0041
Modified asphalt with natural asphalt 10% 293.8405 3.4992 0.0066
15% 281.1355 3.3268 0.0064
20% 268.4305 3.1544 0.0062
25% 255.7255 2.9820 0.0060
30% 243.0205 2.8096 0.0058
40% 217.6105 2.4648 0.0054
50% 192.2005 2.1200 0.0050

The unit CO2e of each link in the production stage of petroleum asphalt and 25% modified asphalt with natural asphalt is shown in Table 6.

Table 6

CO2e of petroleum asphalt and modified asphalt with natural asphalt in each link

Link Carbon emissions (kg·t−1) CO2e (kg CO2e·t−1)
CO2 CH4 N2O
Rock asphalt mining M min 25.0642 0.0392 0.0003 26.1336
Rock asphalt transportation 7.2735 0.0093 0.0002 7.5656
Qingchuan → Xi’an M tran
Crude oil production and storage M min 194.4746 3.3571 0.0031 279.3259
Petroleum asphalt processing M pro 73.1248 0.1152 0.0010 76.3028
Petroleum asphalt transportation 18.8383 0.0241 0.0005 19.5898
Rizhao → Xi’an M tran
Modified asphalt with natural asphalt processing M pro 32.8128 0.3476 0.0024 42.2180
25% modified asphalt with natural asphalt / 332.0635
Petroleum asphalt / 355.6287

It can be seen from Table 6 that the CO2e in the link of rock asphalt mining is only 9.4% of that in the link of crude oil production and storage. The CO2e in the link of modified asphalt with natural asphalt processing is 44.7% lower than that in the link of petroleum asphalt processing, and that in the link of rock asphalt transportation account for only 1/3 of the one in the link of petroleum asphalt transportation. Therefore, rock asphalt is a low-carbon and much more environment-friendly material than petroleum asphalt as a raw material.

5 Discussion

5.1 Influence of natural asphalt content on carbon emission

The calculated results of equivalent carbon emissions are shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8 CO2e of modified asphalt with natural asphalt with different content of natural asphalt.
Figure 8

CO2e of modified asphalt with natural asphalt with different content of natural asphalt.

As shown in Figure 8, with the content of natural asphalt increasing, the CO2e of modified asphalt with natural asphalt gradually decreased. Initially, the CO2e of petroleum asphalt was 355.63 kg CO2e·t−1 in the production stage. However, when the content of natural asphalt was less than 18%, the CO2e of modified asphalt with natural asphalt was higher than that of petroleum asphalt in the production stage. This is mainly because the energy consumption in the link of transportation of petroleum asphalt increased in the production stage of modified asphalt with natural asphalt in the model, due to the fact that the processing plant of modified asphalt with natural asphalt is located in Xi’an, and the petroleum asphalt processing plant is located faraway in Shandong. This further increased energy consumption in the production stage of modified asphalt with natural asphalt. Moreover, when the content of natural asphalt is low, the low-carbon emissions of the link of rock asphalt mining and transportation are not enough to offset the carbon emissions of the link of modified asphalt with natural asphalt processing, although the energy consumption of rock asphalt mining and transportation is relatively small. However, the CO2e of modified asphalt with natural asphalt is smaller than that of petroleum asphalt as the content of rock asphalt continuously increased. When the content reached 30%, the CO2e of modified asphalt with natural asphalt was 11.4% lower than that of petroleum asphalt.

5.2 Calculation of carbon emission weight of modified asphalt with natural asphalt

In order to understand the impact of the carbon emissions of each link in the asphalt production stage on the total carbon emissions in the production stage, and to provide basic data for energy conservation and emission reduction in the production stage, the AHP was used to analyze the carbon emission weight of each link of modified asphalt with natural asphalt production stage. The calculation process is as follows.

5.2.1 Establish hierarchical structure model

The hierarchical structure model of the case is shown in Table 7.

Table 7

Carbon emission hierarchy and elements

Target hierarchy Weight coefficient of carbon emission of each link
Rule hierarchy Proportion of each link in total carbon emissions
Scale: Importance of each link
Project hierarchy Rock asphalt mining; rock asphalt transportation; crude oil production and storage; petroleum asphalt processing; modified asphalt with natural asphalt processing

5.2.2 Construct judgment matrix

The judgment matrix of the target hierarchy Y 5 × 5 is obtained, as follows, combined with the weight coefficient of carbon emission of each link of modified asphalt with natural asphalt, and the importance scale of the comparison between two elements.

Y 5 × 5 = 1 2 1 9 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 1 9 1 6 1 7 9 9 1 8 6 3 6 1 8 1 1 2 4 7 1 6 2 1

5.2.3 Calculation results

The function of eigenvalue and eigenvector is called in the Math CAD software. The eigenvalue of modified asphalt with natural asphalt in the production stage and the eigenvector ( w ⇀ ) corresponding to the maximum eigenvalue ( λ max ) are as follows:

Eigenvals 1 2 1 9 1 3 1 4 1 2 1 1 9 1 6 1 7 9 9 1 8 6 3 6 1 8 1 1 2 4 7 1 6 2 1 = 5.344 − 0.118 + 1.341 i − 0.118 − 1.341 i − 0.011 − 0.097

Eigenvec 1 2 1 9 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 1 9 1 6 1 7 9 9 1 8 6 3 6 1 8 1 1 2 4 7 1 6 2 1 , 5.344 = 0.075 0.048 0.944 0.176 0.264

That is, λ max = 5.344 and w ⇀ = (0.075 0.944 0.944 0.264) T

5.2.4 Consistency check

Coincident indicator of matrix CI = λ − n n − 1 = 5.3442 − 5 4 = 0.0861 ; When n = 5 , mean consistency index RI = 1.12 . Random inter-consistency ratio CR = CI RI = 0.0861 1.12 = 0.0768 < 0.1 .

It can be seen from the above calculation results that the AHP calculation results have satisfactory reliability.

5.2.5 Weight of carbon emissions

Normalize the object matrix λ max and its corresponding w ⇀ .

w ⇀ ¯ = w ⇀ / ∑ j = 1 5 w j = 0.050 0.032 0.626 0.117 0.175 T , where w j is the element of w ⇀ . The weight coefficient of carbon emission of each link of modified asphalt with natural asphalt in production stage with 25% and 50% content is shown in Table 8.

Table 8

Carbon emission weight of natural asphalt and modified asphalt in each link of production stage

Content of rock asphalt (%) Rock asphalt mining (%) Rock asphalt transportation (%) Petroleum asphalt processing (%) Petroleum asphalt transportation (%) Modified asphalt with natural asphalt processing (%)
25 5.0 3.2 62.6 11.7 17.5
50 7.6 3.6 57.0 11.9 19.9

As shown in Table 8, the links of petroleum asphalt processing and transportation have the highest weight of carbon emissions, accounting for 74.3% and 68.9%, with 25% and 50% content of rock asphalt, respectively, in the production stage of modified asphalt with natural asphalt. However, the link of rock asphalt mining, rock asphalt transportation, and modified asphalt with natural asphalt processing only accounted for 25.7% and 31.1% of the carbon emissions in the whole production stage. The weight of carbon emission of petroleum asphalt decreased with the increase in rock asphalt content, and this is the clear dominant factor. Three solutions should thus be adopted: increasing the content of rock asphalt; reducing energy consumption in asphalt production stage with low-carbon energy saving technology; and shortening transportation distance of petroleum asphalt, such as setting the processing plant of modified asphalt with natural asphalt near the processing plant of petroleum asphalt.

6 Conclusion

The modification mechanism of QRA was analyzed, and the carbon emission of modified asphalt with natural asphalt during the production stage was expounded based on LCA. The carbon emission calculation model in the asphalt production stage was established, the carbon emissions of each link were calculated through GREET software, and the carbon emission weights of each link of modified asphalt with natural asphalt were studied through the AHP. The conclusions drawn are as follows:

  1. QRA has a high content of asphaltene and resin, which can help realize the colloidal structure modification of the petroleum asphalt. Furthermore, natural asphalt and petroleum asphalt have good compatibility, which is a physical blending process, and the polar functional groups C═O, Si–O, C–O contained in natural asphalt make modified asphalt with natural asphalt have good peeling resistance and water stability.

  2. The CO2e in QRA extraction process is only 9.4% of the production of crude oil, and the CO2e in the modified asphalt with natural asphalt processing process is 57.0% lower than that in the petroleum asphalt refining process. In addition, the carbon emissions from QRA transportation process only account for 1/3 of that from petroleum asphalt transportation process.

  3. When QRA content exceeds 18%, the CO2e of modified asphalt with natural asphalt in the production stage is lower than that of petroleum asphalt, and when the content reaches 30%, the CO2e of modified asphalt with natural asphalt is 11.4% lower than that of petroleum asphalt.

  4. The highest weight of carbon emissions is in the production and transportation process of petroleum asphalt. When QRA content is 25% and 50%, the weight of carbon emission reaches 74.3% and 68.9%, respectively.

  1. Funding information: This research was funded by the Science and Technology Project of Shaanxi Department of Transportation (No. 20-43K).

  2. Author contributions: Xiu-feng Zhang and Yun Zeng proposed the idea of the study, and Cheng-xue Zhang established GREET carbon emission model. Yong-nian Feng provided the energy data required for model calculation and analyzed the calculation results. Ling Zhang prepared the manuscript with contributions from all co-authors. The authors applied the SDC approach for the sequence of authors.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

References

[1] Li GN, He L, Rao ZP. Research on energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission of expressway maintenance phase based on life cycle assessment. Highway. 2018;63(5):269–75. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.1668.U.20180516.2039.108.html.Search in Google Scholar

[2] Kuai HD, Xue JS, Tang H, Chen F. Quantitative study on energy consumption of road material in china based on life cycle. Road Mach Constr Mech. 2018;35(10):112–7.Search in Google Scholar

[3] Chen J, Zhao F, Liu Z, Ou X, Han H. Greenhouse gas emissions from road construction in China: A province-level analysis. J Clean Prod. 2017;168(Dec. 1):1039–47. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.243 Search in Google Scholar

[4] Mangum M. Asphalt Paving Sector Presentation. Health Effects of Occupational Exposure to Emissions from Asphalt/Bitumen Symposium. Germany: Dresden; 2006.Search in Google Scholar

[5] Zhang JX, Su C, Wang C, Jing P, Hou Y. Review of energy-saving and emission-reduction issues and technologies in the construction of road infrastructure. J Beijing Univ Technol. 2022;48(3):243–60. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.2286.T.20220215.1708.016.html.Search in Google Scholar

[6] Krantz J, Lu W, Johansson T, Olofsson T. Analysis of alternative road construction staging approaches to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. J Clean Prod. 2017;143(Feb. 1):980–8. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.023.Search in Google Scholar

[7] Yang Y. Study on construction technology of low carbon and thin paving for high grade asphalt pavement. Tianjin Constr Sci Technol. 2018;28(3):54–6.Search in Google Scholar

[8] Hu JR. Research on Low Carbon Construction Technology of Asphalt Pavement Based on Energy Consumption Calculation. Dissertation. Xian: Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology; 2019.Search in Google Scholar

[9] Peng B, Tong X, Cao S, Li W, Xu G. Carbon emission calculation method and low-carbon technology for use in expressway construction. Sustainability-Basel. 2020;12(8):1–18. 10.3390/su12083219.Search in Google Scholar

[10] Thives LP, Ghisi E. Asphalt mixtures emission and energy consumption: A review. Renew Sust Energ Rev. 2017;72:473–84. 10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.087.Search in Google Scholar

[11] Wang QZ, Wang NN, Tseng ML, Huang YM, Li NL. Waste tire recycling assessment: Road application potential and carbon emissions reduction analysis of crumb rubber modified asphalt in China. J Clean Prod. 2019;249:119411. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119411.Search in Google Scholar

[12] Hu K, Sun HX. Study on energy consumption and carbon emission of cold mixing regeneration technology in asphalt emulsion plant. North Commun. 2020;326(6):26–9. 10.15996/j.cnki.bfjt.2020.06.008.Search in Google Scholar

[13] Zhang J, Chen M, He Y, You XJ, Zhao W, Ling MQ, et al. First discovery of the tectono-strata-bound type natural asphalite in the Guangyuan, Sichuan Province. 2023;50(1):289–90. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.1167.P.20220314.1839.004.html.Search in Google Scholar

[14] Wang YN, Li B, Ren XY, Zhang ZH, Chen ZQ. Analysis of SBS modified asphalt with different aging time by regenerated infrared spectroscopy. J Mater Sci Eng. 2020;38(4):643–7, 565. 10.14136/j.cnki.issn1673-2812.2020.04.023.Search in Google Scholar

[15] Meng XC. Study on quantification of energy consumption and carbon emission during the period of asphalt pavement construction. Master dissertation. Beijing: Beijing Jiaotong University; 2020.Search in Google Scholar

[16] Gao F. Study on quantitative analysis of energy consumption and emissions during the period of asphalt pavement construction based on LCA. Master dissertation. Chongqing: Chongqing Jiaotong University; 2016.Search in Google Scholar

[17] Bergerson JA, Kofoworola O, Charpentier AD, Sleep S, Maclean HL. Life cycle Greenhouse gas emissions of current Oil Sands Technologies: surface mining and in situ applications. Env Sci Technol. 2012;46(14):7865–74. 10.1021/es300718h.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[18] Wang HW, Liu HX, Wang SC. Research on effect of environment in highway tunnel on emission of diesel engine. China J Highway Transp. 2003;(4):99–101. 10.19721/j.cnki.1001-7372.2003.04.022.Search in Google Scholar

[19] Wong E, Ho D, So S, Tsang CW, Chan EMH. Life cycle assessment of electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles using the GREET model—A comparative study. Sustainability-Basel. 2021;13(9):4872. 10.3390/su13094872.Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2022-12-05
Revised: 2023-04-06
Accepted: 2023-04-24
Published Online: 2023-05-19

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Value-added utilization of coal fly ash and recycled polyvinyl chloride in door or window sub-frame composites
  3. High removal efficiency of volatile phenol from coking wastewater using coal gasification slag via optimized adsorption and multi-grade batch process
  4. Evolution of surface morphology and properties of diamond films by hydrogen plasma etching
  5. Removal efficiency of dibenzofuran using CuZn-zeolitic imidazole frameworks as a catalyst and adsorbent
  6. Rapid and efficient microwave-assisted extraction of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. heartwood and subsequent synthesis of gold nanoparticles
  7. The catalytic characteristics of 2-methylnaphthalene acylation with AlCl3 immobilized on Hβ as Lewis acid catalyst
  8. Biodegradation of synthetic PVP biofilms using natural materials and nanoparticles
  9. Rutin-loaded selenium nanoparticles modulated the redox status, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways associated with pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy in mice
  10. Optimization of apigenin nanoparticles prepared by planetary ball milling: In vitro and in vivo studies
  11. Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Origanum onites leaves: Cytotoxic, apoptotic, and necrotic effects on Capan-1, L929, and Caco-2 cell lines
  12. Exergy analysis of a conceptual CO2 capture process with an amine-based DES
  13. Construction of fluorescence system of felodipine–tetracyanovinyl–2,2′-bipyridine complex
  14. Excellent photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B over Bi2O3 supported on Zn-MOF nanocomposites under visible light
  15. Optimization-based control strategy for a large-scale polyhydroxyalkanoates production in a fed-batch bioreactor using a coupled PDE–ODE system
  16. Effectiveness of pH and amount of Artemia urumiana extract on physical, chemical, and biological attributes of UV-fabricated biogold nanoparticles
  17. Geranium leaf-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their transcriptomic effects on Candida albicans
  18. Synthesis, characterization, anticancer, anti-inflammatory activities, and docking studies of 3,5-disubstituted thiadiazine-2-thiones
  19. Synthesis and stability of phospholipid-encapsulated nano-selenium
  20. Putative anti-proliferative effect of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) seed and its nano-formulation
  21. Enrichment of low-grade phosphorites by the selective leaching method
  22. Electrochemical analysis of the dissolution of gold in a copper–ethylenediamine–thiosulfate system
  23. Characterisation of carbonate lake sediments as a potential filler for polymer composites
  24. Evaluation of nano-selenium biofortification characteristics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
  25. Quality of oil extracted by cold press from Nigella sativa seeds incorporated with rosemary extracts and pretreated by microwaves
  26. Heteropolyacid-loaded MOF-derived mesoporous zirconia catalyst for chemical degradation of rhodamine B
  27. Recovery of critical metals from carbonatite-type mineral wastes: Geochemical modeling investigation of (bio)hydrometallurgical leaching of REEs
  28. Photocatalytic properties of ZnFe-mixed oxides synthesized via a simple route for water remediation
  29. Attenuation of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-induced hepatic and renal toxicity by naringin nanoparticles in a rat model
  30. Novel in situ synthesis of quaternary core–shell metallic sulfide nanocomposites for degradation of organic dyes and hydrogen production
  31. Microfluidic steam-based synthesis of luminescent carbon quantum dots as sensing probes for nitrite detection
  32. Transformation of eggshell waste to egg white protein solution, calcium chloride dihydrate, and eggshell membrane powder
  33. Preparation of Zr-MOFs for the adsorption of doxycycline hydrochloride from wastewater
  34. Green nanoarchitectonics of the silver nanocrystal potential for treating malaria and their cytotoxic effects on the kidney Vero cell line
  35. Carbon emissions analysis of producing modified asphalt with natural asphalt
  36. An efficient and green synthesis of 2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones via t-BuONa-mediated oxidative condensation of 2-aminobenzamides and benzyl alcohols under solvent- and transition metal-free conditions
  37. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with mesosulfuron methyl and mesosulfuron methyl + florasulam + MCPA isooctyl to manage weeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  38. Synergism between lignite and high-sulfur petroleum coke in CO2 gasification
  39. Facile aqueous synthesis of ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS QDs with enhanced photoluminescence lifetime for selective detection of Cu(ii) ions
  40. Rapid synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Nepeta cataria leaves: An eco-friendly management of disease-causing vectors and bacterial pathogens
  41. Study on the photoelectrocatalytic activity of reduced TiO2 nanotube films for removal of methyl orange
  42. Development of a fuzzy logic model for the prediction of spark-ignition engine performance and emission for gasoline–ethanol blends
  43. Micro-impact-induced mechano-chemical synthesis of organic precursors from FeC/FeN and carbonates/nitrates in water and its extension to nucleobases
  44. Green synthesis of strontium-doped tin dioxide (SrSnO2) nanoparticles using the Mahonia bealei leaf extract and evaluation of their anticancer and antimicrobial activities
  45. A study on the larvicidal and adulticidal potential of Cladostepus spongiosus macroalgae and green-fabricated silver nanoparticles against mosquito vectors
  46. Catalysts based on nickel salt heteropolytungstates for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide
  47. Powerful antibacterial nanocomposites from Corallina officinalis-mediated nanometals and chitosan nanoparticles against fish-borne pathogens
  48. Removal behavior of Zn and alkalis from blast furnace dust in pre-reduction sinter process
  49. Environmentally friendly synthesis and computational studies of novel class of acridinedione integrated spirothiopyrrolizidines/indolizidines
  50. The mechanisms of inhibition and lubrication of clean fracturing flowback fluids in water-based drilling fluids
  51. Adsorption/desorption performance of cellulose membrane for Pb(ii)
  52. A one-pot, multicomponent tandem synthesis of fused polycyclic pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolinone/pyrrolizino[2,3-c]quinolinone hybrid heterocycles via environmentally benign solid state melt reaction
  53. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using durian rind extract and optical characteristics of surface plasmon resonance-based optical sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide
  54. Electrochemical analysis of copper-EDTA-ammonia-gold thiosulfate dissolution system
  55. Characterization of bio-oil production by microwave pyrolysis from cashew nut shells and Cassia fistula pods
  56. Green synthesis methods and characterization of bacterial cellulose/silver nanoparticle composites
  57. Photocatalytic research performance of zinc oxide/graphite phase carbon nitride catalyst and its application in environment
  58. Effect of phytogenic iron nanoparticles on the bio-fortification of wheat varieties
  59. In vitro anti-cancer and antimicrobial effects of manganese oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the Glycyrrhiza uralensis leaf extract on breast cancer cell lines
  60. Preparation of Pd/Ce(F)-MCM-48 catalysts and their catalytic performance of n-heptane isomerization
  61. Green “one-pot” fluorescent bis-indolizine synthesis with whole-cell plant biocatalysis
  62. Silica-titania mesoporous silicas of MCM-41 type as effective catalysts and photocatalysts for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide by H2O2
  63. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from molted feathers of Pavo cristatus and their antibiofilm and anticancer activities
  64. Clean preparation of rutile from Ti-containing mixed molten slag by CO2 oxidation
  65. Synthesis and characterization of Pluronic F-127-coated titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesized from extracts of Atractylodes macrocephala leaf for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties
  66. Effect of pretreatment with alkali on the anaerobic digestion characteristics of kitchen waste and analysis of microbial diversity
  67. Ameliorated antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties by Plectranthus vettiveroides root extract-mediated green synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles
  68. Microwave-accelerated pretreatment technique in green extraction of oil and bioactive compounds from camelina seeds: Effectiveness and characterization
  69. Studies on the extraction performance of phorate by aptamer-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in plasma samples
  70. Investigation of structural properties and antibacterial activity of AgO nanoparticle extract from Solanum nigrum/Mentha leaf extracts by green synthesis method
  71. Green fabrication of chitosan from marine crustaceans and mushroom waste: Toward sustainable resource utilization
  72. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  73. The enhanced adsorption properties of phosphorus from aqueous solutions using lanthanum modified synthetic zeolites
  74. Separation of graphene oxides of different sizes by multi-layer dialysis and anti-friction and lubrication performance
  75. Visible-light-assisted base-catalyzed, one-pot synthesis of highly functionalized cinnolines
  76. The experimental study on the air oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with Co–Mn–Br system
  77. Highly efficient removal of tetracycline and methyl violet 2B from aqueous solution using the bimetallic FeZn-ZIFs catalyst
  78. A thermo-tolerant cellulase enzyme produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M7, an insight into synthesis, optimization, characterization, and bio-polishing activity
  79. Exploration of ketone derivatives of succinimide for their antidiabetic potential: In vitro and in vivo approaches
  80. Ultrasound-assisted green synthesis and in silico study of 6-(4-(butylamino)-6-(diethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxypyridazine derivatives
  81. A study of the anticancer potential of Pluronic F-127 encapsulated Fe2O3 nanoparticles derived from Berberis vulgaris extract
  82. Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Consolida orientalis flowers: Identification, catalytic degradation, and biological effect
  83. Initial assessment of the presence of plastic waste in some coastal mangrove forests in Vietnam
  84. Adsorption synergy electrocatalytic degradation of phenol by active oxygen-containing species generated in Co-coal based cathode and graphite anode
  85. Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities of the aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum-mediated synthesized novel silver nanoparticles
  86. Synthesis of a silica matrix with ZnO nanoparticles for the fabrication of a recyclable photodegradation system to eliminate methylene blue dye
  87. Natural polymer fillers instead of dye and pigments: Pumice and scoria in PDMS fluid and elastomer composites
  88. Study on the preparation of glycerylphosphorylcholine by transesterification under supported sodium methoxide
  89. Wireless network handheld terminal-based green ecological sustainable design evaluation system: Improved data communication and reduced packet loss rate
  90. The optimization of hydrogel strength from cassava starch using oxidized sucrose as a crosslinking agent
  91. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Saccharum officinarum leaf extract for antiviral paint
  92. Study on the reliability of nano-silver-coated tin solder joints for flip chips
  93. Environmentally sustainable analytical quality by design aided RP-HPLC method for the estimation of brilliant blue in commercial food samples employing a green-ultrasound-assisted extraction technique
  94. Anticancer and antimicrobial potential of zinc/sodium alginate/polyethylene glycol/d-pinitol nanocomposites against osteosarcoma MG-63 cells
  95. Nanoporous carbon@CoFe2O4 nanocomposite as a green absorbent for the adsorptive removal of Hg(ii) from aqueous solutions
  96. Characterization of silver sulfide nanoparticles from actinobacterial strain (M10A62) and its toxicity against lepidopteran and dipterans insect species
  97. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Withania somnifera: Investigating antioxidant potential
  98. Effect of e-waste nanofillers on the mechanical, thermal, and wear properties of epoxy-blend sisal woven fiber-reinforced composites
  99. Magnesium nanohydroxide (2D brucite) as a host matrix for thymol and carvacrol: Synthesis, characterization, and inhibition of foodborne pathogens
  100. Synergistic inhibitive effect of a hybrid zinc oxide-benzalkonium chloride composite on the corrosion of carbon steel in a sulfuric acidic solution
  101. Review Articles
  102. Role and the importance of green approach in biosynthesis of nanopropolis and effectiveness of propolis in the treatment of COVID-19 pandemic
  103. Gum tragacanth-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles, characterization, and their applications as a bactericide, catalyst, antioxidant, and peroxidase mimic
  104. Green-processed nano-biocomposite (ZnO–TiO2): Potential candidates for biomedical applications
  105. Reaction mechanisms in microwave-assisted lignin depolymerisation in hydrogen-donating solvents
  106. Recent progress on non-noble metal catalysts for the deoxydehydration of biomass-derived oxygenates
  107. Rapid Communication
  108. Phosphorus removal by iron–carbon microelectrolysis: A new way to achieve phosphorus recovery
  109. Special Issue: Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications (Guest Editors: Arpita Roy and Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli)
  110. Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications
  111. Nano-encapsulated tanshinone IIA in PLGA-PEG-COOH inhibits apoptosis and inflammation in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury
  112. Green fabrication of silver nanoparticles using Melia azedarach ripened fruit extract, their characterization, and biological properties
  113. Green-synthesized nanoparticles and their therapeutic applications: A review
  114. Antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity potential of synthesized silver nanoparticles from the Cassia alata leaf aqueous extract
  115. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Callisia fragrans leaf extract and its anticancer activity against MCF-7, HepG2, KB, LU-1, and MKN-7 cell lines
  116. Algae-based green AgNPs, AuNPs, and FeNPs as potential nanoremediators
  117. Green synthesis of Kickxia elatine-induced silver nanoparticles and their role as anti-acetylcholinesterase in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
  118. Phytocrystallization of silver nanoparticles using Cassia alata flower extract for effective control of fungal skin pathogens
  119. Antibacterial wound dressing with hydrogel from chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol from the red cabbage extract loaded with silver nanoparticles
  120. Leveraging of mycogenic copper oxide nanostructures for disease management of Alternaria blight of Brassica juncea
  121. Nanoscale molecular reactions in microbiological medicines in modern medical applications
  122. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO/β-cyclodextrin/nicotinic acid nanocomposite and its biological and environmental application
  123. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles via Taxus wallichiana Zucc. plant-derived Taxol: Novel utilization as anticancer, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antiurolithic potential
  124. Recyclability and catalytic characteristics of copper oxide nanoparticles derived from bougainvillea plant flower extract for biomedical application
  125. Phytofabrication, characterization, and evaluation of novel bioinspired selenium–iron (Se–Fe) nanocomposites using Allium sativum extract for bio-potential applications
  126. Erratum
  127. Erratum to “Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2022-8146
Keywords for this article
quantification of carbon emissions; GREET model; modified asphalt with natural asphalt; analytic hierarchy process; carbon emission weight
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Value-added utilization of coal fly ash and recycled polyvinyl chloride in door or window sub-frame composites
  3. High removal efficiency of volatile phenol from coking wastewater using coal gasification slag via optimized adsorption and multi-grade batch process
  4. Evolution of surface morphology and properties of diamond films by hydrogen plasma etching
  5. Removal efficiency of dibenzofuran using CuZn-zeolitic imidazole frameworks as a catalyst and adsorbent
  6. Rapid and efficient microwave-assisted extraction of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. heartwood and subsequent synthesis of gold nanoparticles
  7. The catalytic characteristics of 2-methylnaphthalene acylation with AlCl3 immobilized on Hβ as Lewis acid catalyst
  8. Biodegradation of synthetic PVP biofilms using natural materials and nanoparticles
  9. Rutin-loaded selenium nanoparticles modulated the redox status, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways associated with pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy in mice
  10. Optimization of apigenin nanoparticles prepared by planetary ball milling: In vitro and in vivo studies
  11. Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Origanum onites leaves: Cytotoxic, apoptotic, and necrotic effects on Capan-1, L929, and Caco-2 cell lines
  12. Exergy analysis of a conceptual CO2 capture process with an amine-based DES
  13. Construction of fluorescence system of felodipine–tetracyanovinyl–2,2′-bipyridine complex
  14. Excellent photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B over Bi2O3 supported on Zn-MOF nanocomposites under visible light
  15. Optimization-based control strategy for a large-scale polyhydroxyalkanoates production in a fed-batch bioreactor using a coupled PDE–ODE system
  16. Effectiveness of pH and amount of Artemia urumiana extract on physical, chemical, and biological attributes of UV-fabricated biogold nanoparticles
  17. Geranium leaf-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their transcriptomic effects on Candida albicans
  18. Synthesis, characterization, anticancer, anti-inflammatory activities, and docking studies of 3,5-disubstituted thiadiazine-2-thiones
  19. Synthesis and stability of phospholipid-encapsulated nano-selenium
  20. Putative anti-proliferative effect of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) seed and its nano-formulation
  21. Enrichment of low-grade phosphorites by the selective leaching method
  22. Electrochemical analysis of the dissolution of gold in a copper–ethylenediamine–thiosulfate system
  23. Characterisation of carbonate lake sediments as a potential filler for polymer composites
  24. Evaluation of nano-selenium biofortification characteristics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
  25. Quality of oil extracted by cold press from Nigella sativa seeds incorporated with rosemary extracts and pretreated by microwaves
  26. Heteropolyacid-loaded MOF-derived mesoporous zirconia catalyst for chemical degradation of rhodamine B
  27. Recovery of critical metals from carbonatite-type mineral wastes: Geochemical modeling investigation of (bio)hydrometallurgical leaching of REEs
  28. Photocatalytic properties of ZnFe-mixed oxides synthesized via a simple route for water remediation
  29. Attenuation of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-induced hepatic and renal toxicity by naringin nanoparticles in a rat model
  30. Novel in situ synthesis of quaternary core–shell metallic sulfide nanocomposites for degradation of organic dyes and hydrogen production
  31. Microfluidic steam-based synthesis of luminescent carbon quantum dots as sensing probes for nitrite detection
  32. Transformation of eggshell waste to egg white protein solution, calcium chloride dihydrate, and eggshell membrane powder
  33. Preparation of Zr-MOFs for the adsorption of doxycycline hydrochloride from wastewater
  34. Green nanoarchitectonics of the silver nanocrystal potential for treating malaria and their cytotoxic effects on the kidney Vero cell line
  35. Carbon emissions analysis of producing modified asphalt with natural asphalt
  36. An efficient and green synthesis of 2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones via t-BuONa-mediated oxidative condensation of 2-aminobenzamides and benzyl alcohols under solvent- and transition metal-free conditions
  37. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with mesosulfuron methyl and mesosulfuron methyl + florasulam + MCPA isooctyl to manage weeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  38. Synergism between lignite and high-sulfur petroleum coke in CO2 gasification
  39. Facile aqueous synthesis of ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS QDs with enhanced photoluminescence lifetime for selective detection of Cu(ii) ions
  40. Rapid synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Nepeta cataria leaves: An eco-friendly management of disease-causing vectors and bacterial pathogens
  41. Study on the photoelectrocatalytic activity of reduced TiO2 nanotube films for removal of methyl orange
  42. Development of a fuzzy logic model for the prediction of spark-ignition engine performance and emission for gasoline–ethanol blends
  43. Micro-impact-induced mechano-chemical synthesis of organic precursors from FeC/FeN and carbonates/nitrates in water and its extension to nucleobases
  44. Green synthesis of strontium-doped tin dioxide (SrSnO2) nanoparticles using the Mahonia bealei leaf extract and evaluation of their anticancer and antimicrobial activities
  45. A study on the larvicidal and adulticidal potential of Cladostepus spongiosus macroalgae and green-fabricated silver nanoparticles against mosquito vectors
  46. Catalysts based on nickel salt heteropolytungstates for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide
  47. Powerful antibacterial nanocomposites from Corallina officinalis-mediated nanometals and chitosan nanoparticles against fish-borne pathogens
  48. Removal behavior of Zn and alkalis from blast furnace dust in pre-reduction sinter process
  49. Environmentally friendly synthesis and computational studies of novel class of acridinedione integrated spirothiopyrrolizidines/indolizidines
  50. The mechanisms of inhibition and lubrication of clean fracturing flowback fluids in water-based drilling fluids
  51. Adsorption/desorption performance of cellulose membrane for Pb(ii)
  52. A one-pot, multicomponent tandem synthesis of fused polycyclic pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolinone/pyrrolizino[2,3-c]quinolinone hybrid heterocycles via environmentally benign solid state melt reaction
  53. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using durian rind extract and optical characteristics of surface plasmon resonance-based optical sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide
  54. Electrochemical analysis of copper-EDTA-ammonia-gold thiosulfate dissolution system
  55. Characterization of bio-oil production by microwave pyrolysis from cashew nut shells and Cassia fistula pods
  56. Green synthesis methods and characterization of bacterial cellulose/silver nanoparticle composites
  57. Photocatalytic research performance of zinc oxide/graphite phase carbon nitride catalyst and its application in environment
  58. Effect of phytogenic iron nanoparticles on the bio-fortification of wheat varieties
  59. In vitro anti-cancer and antimicrobial effects of manganese oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the Glycyrrhiza uralensis leaf extract on breast cancer cell lines
  60. Preparation of Pd/Ce(F)-MCM-48 catalysts and their catalytic performance of n-heptane isomerization
  61. Green “one-pot” fluorescent bis-indolizine synthesis with whole-cell plant biocatalysis
  62. Silica-titania mesoporous silicas of MCM-41 type as effective catalysts and photocatalysts for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide by H2O2
  63. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from molted feathers of Pavo cristatus and their antibiofilm and anticancer activities
  64. Clean preparation of rutile from Ti-containing mixed molten slag by CO2 oxidation
  65. Synthesis and characterization of Pluronic F-127-coated titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesized from extracts of Atractylodes macrocephala leaf for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties
  66. Effect of pretreatment with alkali on the anaerobic digestion characteristics of kitchen waste and analysis of microbial diversity
  67. Ameliorated antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties by Plectranthus vettiveroides root extract-mediated green synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles
  68. Microwave-accelerated pretreatment technique in green extraction of oil and bioactive compounds from camelina seeds: Effectiveness and characterization
  69. Studies on the extraction performance of phorate by aptamer-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in plasma samples
  70. Investigation of structural properties and antibacterial activity of AgO nanoparticle extract from Solanum nigrum/Mentha leaf extracts by green synthesis method
  71. Green fabrication of chitosan from marine crustaceans and mushroom waste: Toward sustainable resource utilization
  72. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  73. The enhanced adsorption properties of phosphorus from aqueous solutions using lanthanum modified synthetic zeolites
  74. Separation of graphene oxides of different sizes by multi-layer dialysis and anti-friction and lubrication performance
  75. Visible-light-assisted base-catalyzed, one-pot synthesis of highly functionalized cinnolines
  76. The experimental study on the air oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with Co–Mn–Br system
  77. Highly efficient removal of tetracycline and methyl violet 2B from aqueous solution using the bimetallic FeZn-ZIFs catalyst
  78. A thermo-tolerant cellulase enzyme produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M7, an insight into synthesis, optimization, characterization, and bio-polishing activity
  79. Exploration of ketone derivatives of succinimide for their antidiabetic potential: In vitro and in vivo approaches
  80. Ultrasound-assisted green synthesis and in silico study of 6-(4-(butylamino)-6-(diethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxypyridazine derivatives
  81. A study of the anticancer potential of Pluronic F-127 encapsulated Fe2O3 nanoparticles derived from Berberis vulgaris extract
  82. Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Consolida orientalis flowers: Identification, catalytic degradation, and biological effect
  83. Initial assessment of the presence of plastic waste in some coastal mangrove forests in Vietnam
  84. Adsorption synergy electrocatalytic degradation of phenol by active oxygen-containing species generated in Co-coal based cathode and graphite anode
  85. Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities of the aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum-mediated synthesized novel silver nanoparticles
  86. Synthesis of a silica matrix with ZnO nanoparticles for the fabrication of a recyclable photodegradation system to eliminate methylene blue dye
  87. Natural polymer fillers instead of dye and pigments: Pumice and scoria in PDMS fluid and elastomer composites
  88. Study on the preparation of glycerylphosphorylcholine by transesterification under supported sodium methoxide
  89. Wireless network handheld terminal-based green ecological sustainable design evaluation system: Improved data communication and reduced packet loss rate
  90. The optimization of hydrogel strength from cassava starch using oxidized sucrose as a crosslinking agent
  91. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Saccharum officinarum leaf extract for antiviral paint
  92. Study on the reliability of nano-silver-coated tin solder joints for flip chips
  93. Environmentally sustainable analytical quality by design aided RP-HPLC method for the estimation of brilliant blue in commercial food samples employing a green-ultrasound-assisted extraction technique
  94. Anticancer and antimicrobial potential of zinc/sodium alginate/polyethylene glycol/d-pinitol nanocomposites against osteosarcoma MG-63 cells
  95. Nanoporous carbon@CoFe2O4 nanocomposite as a green absorbent for the adsorptive removal of Hg(ii) from aqueous solutions
  96. Characterization of silver sulfide nanoparticles from actinobacterial strain (M10A62) and its toxicity against lepidopteran and dipterans insect species
  97. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Withania somnifera: Investigating antioxidant potential
  98. Effect of e-waste nanofillers on the mechanical, thermal, and wear properties of epoxy-blend sisal woven fiber-reinforced composites
  99. Magnesium nanohydroxide (2D brucite) as a host matrix for thymol and carvacrol: Synthesis, characterization, and inhibition of foodborne pathogens
  100. Synergistic inhibitive effect of a hybrid zinc oxide-benzalkonium chloride composite on the corrosion of carbon steel in a sulfuric acidic solution
  101. Review Articles
  102. Role and the importance of green approach in biosynthesis of nanopropolis and effectiveness of propolis in the treatment of COVID-19 pandemic
  103. Gum tragacanth-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles, characterization, and their applications as a bactericide, catalyst, antioxidant, and peroxidase mimic
  104. Green-processed nano-biocomposite (ZnO–TiO2): Potential candidates for biomedical applications
  105. Reaction mechanisms in microwave-assisted lignin depolymerisation in hydrogen-donating solvents
  106. Recent progress on non-noble metal catalysts for the deoxydehydration of biomass-derived oxygenates
  107. Rapid Communication
  108. Phosphorus removal by iron–carbon microelectrolysis: A new way to achieve phosphorus recovery
  109. Special Issue: Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications (Guest Editors: Arpita Roy and Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli)
  110. Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications
  111. Nano-encapsulated tanshinone IIA in PLGA-PEG-COOH inhibits apoptosis and inflammation in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury
  112. Green fabrication of silver nanoparticles using Melia azedarach ripened fruit extract, their characterization, and biological properties
  113. Green-synthesized nanoparticles and their therapeutic applications: A review
  114. Antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity potential of synthesized silver nanoparticles from the Cassia alata leaf aqueous extract
  115. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Callisia fragrans leaf extract and its anticancer activity against MCF-7, HepG2, KB, LU-1, and MKN-7 cell lines
  116. Algae-based green AgNPs, AuNPs, and FeNPs as potential nanoremediators
  117. Green synthesis of Kickxia elatine-induced silver nanoparticles and their role as anti-acetylcholinesterase in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
  118. Phytocrystallization of silver nanoparticles using Cassia alata flower extract for effective control of fungal skin pathogens
  119. Antibacterial wound dressing with hydrogel from chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol from the red cabbage extract loaded with silver nanoparticles
  120. Leveraging of mycogenic copper oxide nanostructures for disease management of Alternaria blight of Brassica juncea
  121. Nanoscale molecular reactions in microbiological medicines in modern medical applications
  122. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO/β-cyclodextrin/nicotinic acid nanocomposite and its biological and environmental application
  123. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles via Taxus wallichiana Zucc. plant-derived Taxol: Novel utilization as anticancer, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antiurolithic potential
  124. Recyclability and catalytic characteristics of copper oxide nanoparticles derived from bougainvillea plant flower extract for biomedical application
  125. Phytofabrication, characterization, and evaluation of novel bioinspired selenium–iron (Se–Fe) nanocomposites using Allium sativum extract for bio-potential applications
  126. Erratum
  127. Erratum to “Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 9.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/gps-2022-8146/html
Scroll to top button