Home Gum tragacanth-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles, characterization, and their applications as a bactericide, catalyst, antioxidant, and peroxidase mimic
Article Open Access

Gum tragacanth-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles, characterization, and their applications as a bactericide, catalyst, antioxidant, and peroxidase mimic

  • Aruna Jyothi Kora EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: April 4, 2023
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 12 Issue 1

Abstract

Among biogenic methods employed for synthesizing various nanoparticles (NPs), gum tragacanth (TGC)-mediated NP production is important. The gum TGC not only qualifies the principles of green chemistry but also embraces unique qualities. In this perspective, the current review concentrates on the composition, uses, and exploitation of gum towards synthesizing metal NP of silver (Ag), gold (Au), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), and their characterization (UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy). In addition, applications of synthesized NP as a bactericide, catalyst, antioxidant, and peroxidase mimic are emphasized. Ag NP (13 nm) showed antibacterial action against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria at 2–12 μg‧mL−1. The exploitation of Ag NP as a bactericide makes it a candidate of choice for medicinal and pharmacological applications. The catalytic activity of Pd NP (14 nm) demonstrated borohydride reduction of methylene blue. The gum reduced/capped metal and metal oxide NP serve as redox and photocatalysts for the remediation of toxic pigments and dyes in industrial effluents. At 15 μg‧mL−1, Pd NP exhibited 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyle radical scavenging activity (95.8%) and served as an artificial enzyme mimic for colorimetric sensing of hydrogen peroxide. The industrial applications of other TGC-based nanocomposites, such as heavy metal sorption, wound dressing, drug carrier, tissue engineering, etc., are mentioned.

Keywords: gum tragacanth; synthesis; nanoparticles; bactericide; catalyst

1 Introduction

One of the most important plant gums is gum tragacanth (TGC), which is produced as a root exudate by the gummosis process from natural injuries or manmade cuts during nighttime from a group of evergreen Astragalus shrub species (A. gummifer, A. tragacantha, A. adscendens, A. microcephalus, A. kurdicus, A. brachycalyx, A. echidnaeformis, and A. gossypinus) belonging to the Fabaceae family. It is collected as twisted ribbons and flakes and produced on a commercial scale, mainly in Iran and Turkey, and the other sources of gum TGC are Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Libya, Lebanon, Israel, Afghanistan, Italy, Greece, Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria, and Russia [1,2,3,4]. The different characteristics, including physicochemical, morphology, composition, structure, solution, rheology, emulsification, and thermal properties of gum TGC, were thoroughly studied. It is an anionic, proteinaceous, arabinose-rich, acidic, complex polysaccharide categorized under the class of arabinogalactan gums and naturally available as combined salt of Na, K, Ca, and Mg. The gum is made of 30–40% of water-soluble polysaccharide fraction, known as tragacanthin. Tragacanthin is neutral, extremely branched, type II arabinogalactan with a molecular mass of ∼8.4 × 105 g‧mol−1 and different sugars, l-arabinose, d-galactose, l-fucose, d-xylose, d-mannose, and d-glucose constitute the primary structure. The water-swellable polysaccharide fraction known as bassorin, accounts for 60–70% of the gum and is made of d-galacturonic acid, d-galactose, l-fucose, d-xylose, l-arabinose, and l-rhamnose [1,2,5,6,7,8,9,10].

The root exudate gum TGC is utilized in a broad range of areas, including the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, textile, printing, and leather industries. It is possible because of its amazing qualities, including (i) superior acid, heat, and enzyme resistance; (ii) longer shelf life and microbial resistance; (iii) non-toxicity, non-allergenicity, non-carcinogenicity, non-mutagenicity, and non-teratogenicity; (iv) biocompatibility; and (v) biodegradability [1,2,4,5,7,8,9,10]. TGC is bestowed with an E413 food safety number. It is a permitted thickener, stabilizer, emulsifier, gelling agent, food-grade additive, and generally recognized as safe categorized food-grade ingredient by different governing bodies, including the food and drug administration agency, USA, European Union, and Bureau of Indian Standards, India, Food and Agricultural Organization, and specifies limits for arsenic, lead, and other heavy metals [1,3,5,7]. Its commercial exploitation as an emulsifier, film former, thickener, stabilizer, suspender, adhesive, gelling agent, glazer, foaming agent, etc., in vast food preparations (salad dressings, sauces, condiments, frozen products, baked products, milkshakes, cheese spread, nuggets, cough drops, gum drops, lozenges, and jujubes) [7,8]. This hydrocolloid also serves as a prebiotic-based dietary fibre and laxative [1,5], and biodegradable food packaging material [11].

The applications of TGC in pharmaceutical industries are numerous as it serves as a binder, suspender, emulsifier, excipient in tablets, topical ointments, creams, lotions, emulsions, suspensions; lubricating gels, and syrups [2,3,7,12]. It is also employed as a regulated release carrier for drugs, antidepressants, insecticides, antilipemic agents [1,5], pH-responsive drug-loaded hydrogel delivery system [13], burn-healing dressing [8], denture fixative [7], encapsulation systems for bone tissue engineering [14], mucoadhesive gel for silymarin release [15], and TGC/PVA hydrogel for ciprofloxacin release [16]. In the cosmetic industry, TGC is used in different personal care products (hair, skin cream, and lotions; nail polish, shaving lotion, toothpaste, and dental cream) and it is employed in printing (printer’s ink), paper (wet glue), painting (glaze binder, pigment binder in artwork), textile (print paste and sizing agent), and leather (leather dressing, leather polish) industries as well as in drilling fluids, ceramic binders, car, furniture, and floor polishers [7], bioplastic formulation [17], and TGC-graft-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/bentonite composite for dye sorption [18].

Various natural polymers, including bacterial polysaccharide gum [19], plant and tree exudate gums [20], including TGC [1,5], kondagogu [21,22,23], karaya [8], ghatti [24,25,26,27,28], olibanum [29,30,31]; extracts of plant roots [32], leaves [33,34,35], inflorescence [36], fruits [37], and seeds [38]; and bacteria [39,40,41,42] are extensively utilized as reductant, stabilizer, biotemplate, polymer backbone, and scaffold material throughout the production and post-synthetic alterations of nanoparticles (NPs) and nanocomposites [6]. The NP synthesis mediated by gum TGC qualifies various principles of green chemistry such as (i) natural availability/renewability, (ii) non-toxicity/inherently safer, (ii) aqueous solubility, (iv) dual functional role of reducer and stabilizer, and (iv) biodegradability [1,5,43].

In this perspective, the current review concentrates on the composition and food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications of gum TGC. The bioprospecting of gum towards synthesizing, especially metal NPs such as silver, gold, palladium, and platinum, and their analytical characterization with UV-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In addition, the applications of synthesized NPs as a bactericide, catalyst, antioxidant, and peroxidase mimic are emphasized. The industrial applications of other TGC-based nanocomposites are touched upon.

2 Gum TGC-mediated synthesis of NPs

Various metal NPs, including silver [5], gold [44], palladium [1], platinum, and other metal oxide NPs, were synthesized using gum TGC as a dual functional reductant and stabilizer or stabilizer for different applications [6]. They are listed in Table 1, in terms of their particle size and application. The powdered gum was stirred overnight, and the gum suspension was centrifuged to separate the insoluble, water-swellable gum fraction. The collected water-soluble aqueous gum extract was used for NP production. The images of the powder and aqueous extract of gum TGC are shown in Figure 1. The synthesis was carried out using the variable concentrations of aqueous gum extract solution (0.1–0.5%) containing metal precursor (silver nitrate, chloroauric acid, palladium chloride, hexachloroplatinic acid) by autoclaving at 121°C and 15 psi for various periods (10–60 min) in a domestic pressure cooker [1,5]. In some studies, the silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were generated by heating the reaction mixture at 45°C under ultrasonication [45] and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) by heating at 65°C under magnetic stirring [44]. In another report, TGC reduced/stabilized Ag NPs were synthesized in an alkaline medium by heating at 60°C under ultrasonication [43]. The cotton fabric impregnated with TGC and Ag NPs was prepared using the cross-linking method [46]. The NiCoFe trimetallic supported on porous carbon (NiCoFe@PC) was synthesized by gelation and the pyrolysis method employing gum TGC [47].

Table 1

Gum TGC-reduced/stabilized metal and metal oxide NPs in terms of their particle size and application

NP NP size (nm) Application Reference
Ag 13 Antibacterial agent [5]
Ag 18 Catalyst [45]
Ag 2.5–4 Antibacterial, antispasmodic, antidiarrheal agent [43]
Ag 78 Antibacterial agent [46]
Au 54 Drug carrier [44]
Pd 14 Catalyst, antioxidant, peroxidase mimic [1]
ZnO 33 Neurotoxic agent [48]
ZnO 55–80 Photocatalytic, antimicrobial agent [49]
ZnO 62 Photocatalytic, antimicrobial agent [50]
ZnO 32–43 Varistors [51]
NiO 18–43 Photocatalytic agent [53]
CeO2 20–40 Neurotoxic agent [52]
Figure 1 (a) Powder and (b) aqueous extract of gum TGC used for NP synthesis.
Figure 1

(a) Powder and (b) aqueous extract of gum TGC used for NP synthesis.

The metal oxide NPs of zinc oxide (ZnO) [48,49,50,51], cerium oxide (CeO2) [52], and nickel oxide (NiO) [53] were synthesized using gum TGC as a reducer and stabilizer; or a stabilizer by the alkaline precipitation method employing zinc nitrate, cerium nitrate, and nickel nitrate as metal precursors, respectively, and utilized for various means. The TGC reduced/stabilized metal and metal oxide NPs in terms of their particle size and application are given in Table 1. The nanocomposite of TGC/silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) was generated by ultrasonication [54]. The ferric oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) [55] and aluminium oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) [56] were synthesized with gum TGC as a biotemplate via the sol–gel method. Also, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) of MgFe2O4@γ-Al2O3 [57], magnesium ferrite [58], and Ni–Cu–Zn ferrite [59] were produced from gum TGC biotemplate by the sol–gel method. With the same protocol, MNPs of copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) were generated with TGC as a reducer and stabilizer [60]. The cotton towels impregnated with gum TGC /ZnO NPs were fabricated by electrospraying [61]. A bionanocomposite layer on the polyester fabric was made by in situ generation of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using copper acetate and gum TGC under alkaline conditions [62]. The superabsorbent TGC nanohydrogel immobilized with CdTe quantum dots and glucose oxidase (GO) enzyme was prepared [63]. The TGC/polyvinyl alcohol blended nanofibre scaffolds were synthesized by electrospinning by standardizing the variables such as mass ratio, solution concentration, polymer solution extrusion rate, electrode spacing distance, and applied voltage [9].

3 Characterization of NPs

The generated metal NPs are investigated with a wide range of characterization techniques, including UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, FTIR, zeta potential analyser, and Raman spectroscopy for optimizing the synthesis, deciphering the synthetic mechanism, and evaluating their physical, chemical, and biological properties, and activities. For instance, with a simple instrument like UV-Vis, information about characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks can be collected. While the XRD, TEM, and zeta potential provide the crystal structure, morphology, and surface charge characteristics of NPs, respectively. The FTIR and Raman spectroscopy gives information on functional groups of different biomolecules engaged in the synthesis and surface capping of NPs [2,6,64,65,66,67].

The UV-Vis absorption spectra of TGC reduced/stabilized Ag NP (Ag NP-TGC) and Au NP (Au NP-TGC) produced via autoclaving showed SPR peaks at 414 and 528 nm, respectively [5]. In the case of TGC synthesized/reduced palladium nanoparticles (Pd NP-TGC) and platinum nanoparticles (Pt NP-TGC) by autoclaving exhibited broad continuous absorption spectra in the UV-Vis [1] (Figure 2a). The produced solutions of Ag NP-TGC, Au NP-TGC, Pd NP-TGC, and Pt NP-TGC showed characteristic yellow, pink, brown, and black colours, respectively (Figure 2b), thus, further confirming the gum-mediated synthesis of NP. The XRD peaks of Ag NP-TGC and Au NP-TGC displayed distinctive face-centred cubic (fcc) crystalline structures of elemental silver (Figure 3a) and gold (Figure 3b), apparent from the (111), (200), (220), and (311) lattice planes, respectively [5]. The FTIR spectra of TGC and Ag NP-TGC demonstrated the participation of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups of the gum sugars in the reduction process of metal ions and the gum proteins in the encapsulation of NP, respectively (Figure 4) [1,5].

Figure 2 (a) UV-Vis absorption spectra of gum TGC-reduced/stabilized NPs showing SPR peaks and broad continuous absorption. (b) The synthesized solution colours of (i) Ag NP-TGC, (ii) Au NP-TGC, (iii) Pd NP-TGC, and (iv) Pt NP-TGC.
Figure 2

(a) UV-Vis absorption spectra of gum TGC-reduced/stabilized NPs showing SPR peaks and broad continuous absorption. (b) The synthesized solution colours of (i) Ag NP-TGC, (ii) Au NP-TGC, (iii) Pd NP-TGC, and (iv) Pt NP-TGC.

Figure 3 XRD patterns showing the face-centered cubic crystalline structure of (a) Ag NP-TGC and (b) Au NP-TGC.
Figure 3

XRD patterns showing the face-centered cubic crystalline structure of (a) Ag NP-TGC and (b) Au NP-TGC.

Figure 4 FTIR spectra of (a) TGC and (b) Ag NP-TGC, showing the participation of various functional groups of the gum in the metal ion reduction and encapsulation process of NP.
Figure 4

FTIR spectra of (a) TGC and (b) Ag NP-TGC, showing the participation of various functional groups of the gum in the metal ion reduction and encapsulation process of NP.

The TEM images of Ag NP-TGC and Pd NP-TGC are shown in Figure 5. The Ag NPs synthesized at optimal conditions of 0.1% gum, 1 mM silver nitrate, and 30 min of autoclaving were nearly monodisperse, spherical in shape, and showed an average particle size of 13 nm (Figure 5a). In the case of Pd NPs synthesized at standardized conditions of 0.5% gum, 0.5 mM palladium chloride, and 30 min of autoclaving, were polydisperse, anisotropic in shape, and exhibited a mean particle size of 14 nm (Figure 5b). In a different study, TGC reduced/stabilized Ag NPs produced by ultrasonic heating had particle sizes between 2.5 and 4 nm [43].

Figure 5 TEM images of Ag NP-TGC at (a) 100 nm and (b) 5 nm scale; Pd NP-TGC at (c) 100 nm and (d) 5 nm scale, demonstrating spherical and anisotropic shapes of NP.
Figure 5

TEM images of Ag NP-TGC at (a) 100 nm and (b) 5 nm scale; Pd NP-TGC at (c) 100 nm and (d) 5 nm scale, demonstrating spherical and anisotropic shapes of NP.

4 Applications of TGC-synthesized/stabilized NP

The TGC reduced/stabilized metal NPs (Ag NP, Au NP, Pd NP), metal oxide NPs (ZnO NP, CuO NP, CeO2 NP, SiO2 NP, NiO NP, Fe2O3 NP, Al2O3 NP, CuFe2O4), and other nanocomposites are employed as a bactericide, catalyst, antioxidant, peroxidase mimic, etc.

4.1 Bactericide

Size-dependent antimicrobial activities and the availability of the size- and shape-specific standardized methods for the Ag NP make a candidate of choice for different medicinal and pharmacological applications [64]. Of which, gum reduced/stabilized silver and other NPs gained importance because of the lack of chemical precursor interference, solvent toxic effects, and harmful spin-off product formation, and their outstanding stability at variable pH, temperature, salinity, and shelf life [1,21].

The Ag NP and ZnO NP synthesized/stabilized by TGC were extensively used as a bactericide towards Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The utilization of Ag NP as an antibacterial agent towards a wide range of environmental bacteria [21], human pathogenic bacteria [24], phytopathogenic bacteria [35], foodborne, and waterborne bacteria is well demonstrated. The most often used protocols for evaluating NP antibacterial action are well diffusion and broth dilution methods [35,68,69]. The action of Ag NP-TGC of 13 nm size was studied against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) bacteria in terms of inhibition zone diameter at 5 µg of loading/well, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of Ag NP are given in Table 2 [5]. The clear inhibition zones surrounding the Ag NP-laden wells of different bacterial culture plates in well diffusion assay are shown in Figure 6. The observed antibacterial activity of biogenic Ag NP against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is significantly higher than previously reported values, and biogenic Ag NP produced with plant gums are more potent bactericides in terms of concentration [64].

Table 2

The inhibition zone (at 5 µg), MIC, and MBC values observed with Ag NP-TGC against different bacterial strains in well diffusion and broth dilution assays, respectively

Bacterial strain Inhibition zone (mm) MIC (µg‧mL−1) MBC (µg‧mL−1)
P. aeruginosa 27853 10.5 ± 0 12 12
E. coli 25922 9.5 ± 0.4 2 2
E. coli 35218 5.5 ± 0 2 2
S. aureus 25923 11.5 ± 0 10 12
Figure 6 The antibacterial action in terms of inhibition zones produced by Ag NP-TGC in well diffusion assay at different NP (0–5 µg) loading/well against (a) P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, (b) E. coli ATCC 25922, (c) E. coli ATCC 35218, and (d) S. aureus ATCC 25923.
Figure 6

The antibacterial action in terms of inhibition zones produced by Ag NP-TGC in well diffusion assay at different NP (0–5 µg) loading/well against (a) P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, (b) E. coli ATCC 25922, (c) E. coli ATCC 35218, and (d) S. aureus ATCC 25923.

The TGC-coated Ag NP of 2.5–4 nm exhibited inhibition zones of 44.3 and 34.7 mm towards E. coli and S. aureus in the well diffusion method at 54 µg of Ag per well [43]. In a study carried out with a hydrogel matrix of the TGC/graphene oxide silver nanocomposite with a particle size of 13 nm prepared from flower extract, the antibacterial action was studied towards S. aureus. An inhibition zone of 14 mm was noted in the hydrogel disc agar diffusion assay [70]. In a study carried out with cotton fabric crosslinked with TGC/nano silver hydrogel, the antibacterial properties of textiles were evaluated. On the cotton fabric, the in situ TGC synthesized Ag NP of 78 nm showed 98% and 99.6% reduction of E. coli and S. aureus bacteria, respectively, at an initial bacterial load of 1 × 106 CFU‧mL−1 [46]. With urchin-shaped ZnO nanorods of 55–80 nm diameter and 240 nm length synthesized with TGC, the antibacterial and antifungal susceptibility was investigated with well diffusion and dynamic shake flask assays, against the bacteria E. coli and S. aureus and the fungus, Candida albicans. The corresponding inhibition zones were 3.3, 3.2, and 3 mm, and microbial reductions (%) were 100%, 100%, and 93% at 1 × 105 CFU‧mL−1 for agar and broth assays, respectively [49]. In a similar report, the TGC gum/ZnO NP-coated cotton fabric, the in situ TGC-synthesized, star-shaped ZnO NP of 62 nm size showed respective inhibition zones of 3.3, 3.1, and 3 mm and microbial reduction was 100%. The inhibition action is attributed to enzyme inactivation and ROS-mediated surface membrane disruption [50]. The cotton terry towels electrosprayed with TGC/ZnO NP showed inhibitory action towards E. coli and S. aureus, with 70% retention of initial inhibition after the first wash [61]. The TGC/polyvinyl alcohol blended nanofibre scaffolds with a mean diameter of 98 nm produced by electrospinning at 40/60% blend ratio, 6% polymer concentration, 15 cm electrode spacing distance, 0.5 mL‧h−1 polymer solution extrusion rate, and 20 kV applied voltage showed inhibitory action against P. aeruginosa [9].

4.2 Drug delivery vehicle

The Au NPs were exploited as drug delivery vehicles for various antibiotics, anticancer drugs, etc., which are attributed to their particle size tunability, customizable stabilizing agent for cell targeting, efficient drug loading, non-toxicity, and biological inertness [71]. The Au NP of 54 nm synthesized/capped with TGC was used as a carrier for naringin, a low water-soluble drug. The bactericidal action towards Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (E. coli, P. aeruginosa) bacteria was studied with tetrazolium microplate assay. Naringin exhibited MIC values of 68.4, 53.8, and 56.8 µg‧mL−1 towards B. subtilis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa, respectively; while the naringin-loaded Au NP showed reduced MIC values of 21.8, 18.3, and 23.5 µg‧mL−1 towards corresponding bacteria. Thus, Au NP served as an efficient drug release vehicle for naringin and enhanced the bactericidal potential of the loaded drug via increased bacterial membrane destabilization [44]. The results concur with bovine serum albumin protein-capped Au NP, functionalized with amino-glycosidic antibiotics [71].

4.3 Catalyst

Another exciting application of TGC-reduced/capped NP is the catalytic action of the produced NP. NPs function as redox catalysts by lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction, accountable to the electron relay phenomenon [25]. During borohydride reduction, NPs are exploited as redox catalysts for decolourizing different anthropogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, carcinogenic, toxic pigments, and dyes in effluents, originating from pharmaceutical, food, textile, and pigment industries [1,2,25,26,30]. The catalytic activity of Pd NP-TGC of 14 nm size was studied in the borohydride reduction of methylene blue (MB) dye. The typical absorption peak of MB at 664 nm with a hump at 612 nm did not disappear in borohydride alone. In the presence of Pd NP, borohydride reduced the dye and the characteristic peaks vanished within 2 min, as evident in the UV-Vis spectra. It was also reflected in the colour intensity change from intense blue to faint blue, as given in Figure 7 [1]. In a study with TGC-reduced/stabilized Ag NP of 18 nm size, NP demonstrated catalytic reduction of MB and Congo red with rate constants of 0.148 and 0.182 min−1, respectively [45].

Figure 7 UV-Vis absorption spectra of Pd NP-TGC-catalysed borohydride reduction of MB dye, evident from the disappearance of characteristic absorption peaks of 664 nm and 612 nm. Inset: colour of MB (a) before and (b) after Pd NP-catalysed decolourization.
Figure 7

UV-Vis absorption spectra of Pd NP-TGC-catalysed borohydride reduction of MB dye, evident from the disappearance of characteristic absorption peaks of 664 nm and 612 nm. Inset: colour of MB (a) before and (b) after Pd NP-catalysed decolourization.

The TGC-synthesized ZnO nanorods of 55–80 nm were utilized as a photocatalyst for MB degradation under UV light (400 W, 300–400 nm). The nanorods exhibited 92.2% photodegradation efficiency at 120 min, with a rate constant of 0.0027 min−1 [49]. In a study carried out with cotton fabric coated with TGC synthesized ZnO NP of 62 nm, the fabric demonstrated photocatalytic breakdown of MB under UV light with a colour difference of 41.7 and 18.2 before and after irradiation [50]. The TGC-stabilized NiO nanosheets of 18–43 nm showed 60% photodegradation efficiency at 300 min, with a rate constant of 0.028 min−1 under UV light (11 W, 315–400 nm) [53]. Under visible light, the TGC-biotemplated amorphous Al2O3 NP removed 97–95% of organic dyes, direct black 122, and reactive yellow 145, respectively [56]. When exposed to visible light, the MNP of MgFe2O4@γ-Al2O3 functioned as a magnetically separable photocatalyst and removed 98% of reactive red 195 and 93% of reactive orange 122 dyes with recyclability of 5 [57]. The MNP of magnesium ferrite degraded 95% of reactive blue 21 with recyclability of 5 under visible light [58].

In another study, TGC-reduced/capped MNP of CuFe2O4 of 60–75 nm size served as a catalyst in the potassium oxone-mediated selective oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols into aldehydes with five times recyclability [60]. The TGC-biotemplated MNP of Ni–Cu–Zn ferrite of 20 nm size was used as a catalyst for the production of hexabenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane during ultrasonic irradiation [59]. The TGC-synthesized nanocomposite of NiCoFe@PC of 17.7 nm size was exploited as a catalyst for urea electrooxidation in an alkaline condition. It demonstrated superior catalytic activity (44.6 mA‧cm−2 at 0.57 V vs Ag/AgCl) with a low onset potential (218 mV) [47].

4.4 Antioxidant

The antioxidant activity of the generated NP is evaluated using standard, sensitive, colorimetric, and stable free radical antioxidant methods such as an array of methodologies, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthinzoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging (23). The spectrum of purple-coloured DPPH showed an absorption maximum at 520 nm, and the peak diminished after the DPPH radicals were scavenged by Pd NP-TGC of 14 nm and the standard antioxidant, ascorbic acid (AA; Figure 8a). It was evident from the concomitant colour transformation from purple to pale yellow (Figure 8b). At 15 μg‧mL−1 concentration and reaction time of 60 min, Pd NP-TGC and AA demonstrated 95.8% and 96.3% of DPPH scavenging, respectively. At an equivalent dose, the acquired results were weighed with Pd NP produced by other tree gums olibanum (Pd NP-OB) and ghatti (Pd NP-GT), in terms of particle size and shape (Figure 8c). From the data, it is evident that besides the particle size and shape, the type and nature of gum capping play an essential role in determining their antioxidant properties.

Figure 8 (a) UV-Vis absorption spectra showing the DPPH radical scavenging action of Pd NP-TGC with reference to AA, evident from the disappearance of the absorption peak at 520 nm. (b) Solution colours of (i) DPPH, (ii) DPPH + Pd NP-TGC, and (iii) DPPH + AA, at 15 µg‧mL−1 concentration. (c) Comparative DPPH scavenging activity of plant gum synthesized Pd NP, in terms of their particle size and shape, at 15 µg‧mL−1 concentration and 60 min of reaction time.
Figure 8

(a) UV-Vis absorption spectra showing the DPPH radical scavenging action of Pd NP-TGC with reference to AA, evident from the disappearance of the absorption peak at 520 nm. (b) Solution colours of (i) DPPH, (ii) DPPH + Pd NP-TGC, and (iii) DPPH + AA, at 15 µg‧mL−1 concentration. (c) Comparative DPPH scavenging activity of plant gum synthesized Pd NP, in terms of their particle size and shape, at 15 µg‧mL−1 concentration and 60 min of reaction time.

4.5 Peroxidase mimic

Different metal and metal oxide NP show inherent peroxidase activity, which is widely employed for the colorimetric sensing of hydrogen peroxide, glucose, melamine, and mercury [31]. Notably, NP are preferred over natural proteinaceous enzymes, including horse radish peroxidase (HRP) for analyte detection due to the absence of intrinsic disadvantages, including limited availability, multistep, expensive purification process, limited shelf life, and environmental susceptibility [1,26,31]. However, NPs such as Pd NP-TGC gain an advantage as artificial peroxidase mimic and compete with HRP in terms of low cost, facile large-scale synthesis, ease of storage, substrate concentration resistance, and outstanding stability at variable pH, temperature, salinity, and storage time [1]. The peroxidase activity was studied by measuring the chromogen, 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) oxidation with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the presence of 14 nm-sized Pd NP-TGC at pH 3 for 30 min. The TMB oxidation was visualized by colour transformation from no colour to blue and UV-Vis absorption peak at 655 nm. The oxidation process was stopped with sulphuric acid, and the yellow-coloured reaction product was determined at 450 nm (Figure 9). Thus, the property of Pd NP as a peroxidase mimic can be served for sensing H2O2 contamination/presence in different food matrices, including water, honey, and milk.

Figure 9 The UV-Vis absorption spectra showing the peroxidase activity of Pd NP-TGC, in terms of Pd NP-TGC-catalysed TMB oxidation at 655 nm and TMB oxidation termination at 450 nm. Inset: corresponding solution colours: (a) before and (b) after acidification.
Figure 9

The UV-Vis absorption spectra showing the peroxidase activity of Pd NP-TGC, in terms of Pd NP-TGC-catalysed TMB oxidation at 655 nm and TMB oxidation termination at 450 nm. Inset: corresponding solution colours: (a) before and (b) after acidification.

5 Other applications of TGC nanocomposites

The nanocomposites of the TGC hydrogel matrix are applied for various uses in different industrial fields, which are listed in Table 3 [72]. For example, the TGC/SiO2 NP nanocomposite as fracturing fluid [54], oligochitosan-TGC NPs as gene carrier [73], TGC-g-polyamidoxime nanohydrogel as a heavy metal sorbent [74], calcium carbonate nanoparticle (CaCO3 NP) embedded hydrogel nanocomposite for lead ion sorption [75], Fe3O4/PMMA-grafted TGC nanocomposite-based sorbent for Cr(vi) removal [76], TGC/GO magnetic biosorbent hydrogel for heavy metal and dye removal [77], TGC-modified CoFe2O4 nanocomposite for acid dye removal [78], titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO2 NP)-doped TGC hydrogel nanocomposite for malachite green dye adsorption [79], bionanocomposite of carboxymethyl TGC gum-grafted-polyaniline and γFe2O3 for amoxicillin removal [80], electrospun TGC/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-blended nanofibre scaffolds as a wound dressing [9], electrospun TGC/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibrous scaffolds for wound dressing [81], curcumin release [82], electrospun TGC/poly(l-lactic acid) nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue regeneration [83], electrospun PVA/TGC/PCL hybrid nanofibrous scaffolds for skin substitute [84], TGC/PVA/halloysite nanocomposite hydrogels for bone tissue engineering [85], CdTe quantum dots, and GO-immobilized superabsorbent TGC nanohydrogel as a glucose biosensor [63], poly(aniline boronic acid)/TGC-stabilized Ag NP nanocomposite for selective mercury sensing [86], magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer nanogel for controlled quercetin release [87], gelatin/TGC/nano hydroxyapatite bone tissue engineering scaffold for controlled quercetin release [88], electrospun PLGA/TGC nanofibres for prolonged tetracycline release [89], itaconic acid-grafted TGC nanohydrogel for controlled ampicillin release [90], and TGC-lecithin nanogels for sustained cisplatin release [91].

Table 3

Applications of TGC nanocomposites in different industrial fields

TGC nanocomposite Application Reference
TGC/SiO2 NP nanocomposite Fracturing fluid [54]
Oligochitosan-TGC NPs Gene carrier [73]
TGC g-polyamidoxime nanohydrogel Heavy metal sorbent [74]
CaCO3 NP-embedded TGC hydrogel nanocomposite Lead ion sorption [75]
Fe3O4/PMMA-grafted TGC nanocomposite Cr(vi) sorbent [76]
TGC/GO magnetic biosorbent hydrogel Heavy metal and dye removal [77]
TGC-modified CoFe2O4 nanocomposite Acid dye removal [78]
TiO2 NP-doped TGC hydrogel nanocomposite Malachite green dye adsorption [79]
Carboxymethyl TGC-grafted-polyaniline and γFe2O3 Amoxicillin removal [80]
Electrospun TGC/PVA-blended nanofibre scaffolds Wound dressing [9]
Electrospun TGC/PCL nanofibrous scaffolds Wound dressing [81]
Electrospun TGC/PCL nanofibrous scaffolds Curcumin release [82]
Electrospun TGC/PCL nanofibrous scaffolds Nerve tissue regeneration [83]
Electrospun PVA/TGC/PCL hybrid nanofibrous scaffolds Skin substitute [84]
TGC/PVA/halloysite nanocomposite Bone tissue engineering [85]
CdTe quantum dots and GO-immobilized superabsorbent TGC nanohydrogel Glucose biosensor [63]
Poly(aniline boronic acid)/TGC-stabilized Ag NP nanocomposite Selective mercury sensing [86]
Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer TGC nanogel Controlled quercetin release [87]
Gelatin/TGC/nano hydroxyapatite bone tissue engineering scaffold Controlled quercetin release [88]
Electrospun PLGA/TGC nanofibres Prolonged tetracycline release [89]
Itaconic acid-grafted GC nanohydrogel Controlled ampicillin release [90]
TGC–lecithin nanogels Sustained cisplatin release [91]

6 Conclusions

The traditional use of TGC is well known in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, printing, and textile fields. Among the different biogenic methods utilized for synthesizing different NP, TGC-mediated NP production is important. The gum meets the principles of green chemistry such as dual functional reductant and stabilizer, atom economy, renewability, biodegradability, aqueous solubility, and possesses unique qualities, including superior acid, heat, enzyme resistance, longer shelf life and microbial resistance, nontoxicity, non-allergenicity, non-carcinogenicity, non-mutagenicity, non-teratogenicity, and biocompatibility. Thus, the unique qualities of the gum bestow its exploitation in synthesizing and stabilizing various metal and metal oxide NPs and nanocomposites. Furthermore, the utilization of Ag NP and ZnO NP as bactericides, Au NP as a drug carrier, Ag NP, Pd NP, ZnO NP as catalysts, and Pd NP as an antioxidant and artificial enzyme are well studied and elucidated with examples. In addition, there is ample scope for TGC-based NPs and nanocomposites in specialized fields, including tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, drug delivery, antibacterial wound dressings, biosensors, wastewater treatment, and remediation [10]. For interrupted commercial supply of gum, emphasis should be made on varietal development through plant tissue culture and vegetative propagation and gum harvesting methods of different Astragalus species [2]. Further studies are needed on this multifaceted polymer in terms of gum purification, quality control, allergen characterization, etc. The applicability of TGC and its nanocomposites can be expanded in other marketable fields by comparative evaluation of additive/synergistic effects with other exudate gums.

tel: +91 40 2712 1365, fax: +91 40 2712 5463

Acknowledgements

The author thanks Dr. M. V. Balarama Krishna, Head, Environmental Science and Nanomaterials Section, and Dr. Athyala Christian Sahayam, Head, NCCCM/BARC, for their continuous support and encouragement throughout the work.

  1. Funding information: The author states no funding was involved.

  2. Author contributions: The author alone was involved in data collection, compilation, writing, and interpretation during the manuscript preparation. The author read and approved the final manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: The author states no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.

References

[1] Kora AJ. Plant arabinogalactan gum synthesized palladium nanoparticles: Characterization and properties. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater. 2019;29(6):2054–63.10.1007/s10904-019-01164-6Search in Google Scholar

[2] Kora AJ. Exudate tree gums: Properties and applications. In Inamuddin, Ahamed MI, Boddula R, Altalhi T, editors. Polysaccharides; Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2021. p. 205–20.10.1002/9781119711414.ch10Search in Google Scholar

[3] Coppen JJW. Gums, resins and latexes of plant origin. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 1995.Search in Google Scholar

[4] Boamah PO, Afoakwah NA, Onumah J, Osei ED, Mahunu GK. Physicochemical properties, biological properties and applications of gum tragacanth-A review. Carbohydr Polym Technol Appl. 2023;5:100288.10.1016/j.carpta.2023.100288Search in Google Scholar

[5] Kora AJ, Arunachalam J. Green fabrication of silver nanoparticles by gum tragacanth (Astragalus gummifer): A dual functional reductant and stabilizer. J Nanomater. 2012;2012:869765.10.1155/2012/869765Search in Google Scholar

[6] Kora AJ. Plant and tree gums as renewable feedstocks for the photosynthesis of nanoparticles: A green chemistry approach. In Kanchi S, Ahmed S, editors. Green metal nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and their applications. USA: Scrivener Publishing LLC; 2018. p. 79–111.10.1002/9781119418900.ch3Search in Google Scholar

[7] Nussinovitch A. Miscellaneous uses of plant exudates. Plant gum exudates of the world: Sources, distribution, properties and applications. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press; 2010. p. 347–68.10.1201/9781420052244Search in Google Scholar

[8] Padil VVT, Wacławek S, Černík M, Varma RS. Tree gum-based renewable materials: Sustainable applications in nanotechnology, biomedical and environmental fields. Biotechnol Adv. 2018;36(7):1984–2016.10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.08.008Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[9] Ranjbar-Mohammadi M, Bahrami SH, Joghataei MT. Fabrication of novel nanofiber scaffolds from gum tragacanth/poly(vinyl alcohol) for wound dressing application: In vitro evaluation and antibacterial properties. Mater Sci Eng C. 2013;33(8):4935–43.10.1016/j.msec.2013.08.016Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[10] Taghavizadeh Yazdi ME, Nazarnezhad S, Mousavi SH, Sadegh Amiri M, Darroudi M, Baino F, et al. Gum tragacanth (GT): A versatile biocompatible material beyond borders. Molecules. 2021 Mar 10;26(6):1510.10.3390/molecules26061510Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[11] Mostafavi FS, Kadkhodaee R, Emadzadeh B, Koocheki A. Preparation and characterization of tragacanth–locust bean gum edible blend films. Carbohydr Polym. 2016;139:20–7.10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.11.069Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[12] Choudhary PD, Pawar HA. Recently investigated natural gums and mucilages as pharmaceutical excipients: An overview. J Pharm. 2014;2014:204849.10.1155/2014/204849Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[13] Singh B, Sharma V. Influence of polymer network parameters of tragacanth gum-based pH responsive hydrogels on drug delivery. Carbohydr Polym. 2014;101:928–40.10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.10.022Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[14] Kulanthaivel S, Rathnam VSS, Agarwal T, Pradhan S, Pal K, Giri S, et al. Gum tragacanth–alginate beads as proangiogenic–osteogenic cell encapsulation systems for bone tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B. 2017;5(22):4177–89.10.1039/C7TB00390KSearch in Google Scholar

[15] Niknia N, Kadkhodaee R. Gum tragacanth-polyvinyl alcohol cryogel and xerogel blends for oral delivery of silymarin: Structural characterization and mucoadhesive property. Carbohydr Polym. 2017;177:315–23.10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.110Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[16] Singh B, Sharma V. Crosslinking of poly(vinylpyrrolidone)/acrylic acid with tragacanth gum for hydrogels formation for use in drug delivery applications. Carbohydr Polym. 2017;157:185–95.10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.086Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[17] López-Castejón ML, Bengoechea C, García-Morales M, Martínez I. Influence of tragacanth gum in egg white based bioplastics: Thermomechanical and water uptake properties. Carbohydr Polym. 2016;152:62–9.10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.041Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[18] Sadeghi S, Moghaddam AZ, Massinaei M. Novel tunable composites based on bentonite and modified tragacanth gum for removal of acid dyes from aqueous solutions. RSC Adv. 2015;5(69):55731–45.10.1039/C5RA07979ASearch in Google Scholar

[19] Kora AJ. Xanthan Gum: A bacterial polysaccharide based natural polymer and its role in biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. In Ikram S, Ahmed S, editors. Natural polymers: Derivatives, blends and composites. Vol. 1. UK: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.; 2016. p. 81–93.Search in Google Scholar

[20] Kora AJ, Rao B. Bioprospecting of tree gums as a nanocomposite material for the synthesis of antibacterial silver nanoparticles. Natl J Life Sci. 2016;12:127–39.Search in Google Scholar

[21] Kora AJ, Sashidhar RB. Biogenic silver nanoparticles synthesized with rhamnogalacturonan gum: Antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity and its mode of action. Arab J Chem. 2018;11(3):313–23.10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.10.036Search in Google Scholar

[22] Kora AJ, Sashidhar RB, Arunachalam J. Gum kondagogu (Cochlospermum gossypium): A template for the green synthesis and stabilization of silver nanoparticles with antibacterial application. Carbohydr Polym. 2010;82(3):670–9.10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.05.034Search in Google Scholar

[23] Kora AJ. Tree gum stabilized selenium nanoparticles: Characterization and antioxidant activity. IET Nanobiotechnol. 2018;12(5):658–62.10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0310Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[24] Kora AJ, Sashidhar RB. Antibacterial activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles synthesized with gum ghatti and gum olibanum: A comparative study. J Antibiot. 2015;68(2):88–97.10.1038/ja.2014.114Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[25] Kora AJ, Rastogi L. Green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using gum ghatti (Anogeissus latifolia) and its application as an antioxidant and catalyst. Arab J Chem. 2018;11(7):1097–106.10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.06.024Search in Google Scholar

[26] Kora AJ. Multifaceted activities of plant gum synthesised platinum nanoparticles: catalytic, peroxidase, PCR enhancing and antioxidant activities. IET Nanobiotechnol. 2019;13(6):602–8.10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5407Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[27] Kora AJ, Beedu SR, Jayaraman A. Size-controlled green synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated by gum ghatti (Anogeissus latifolia) and its biological activity. Org Med Chem Lett. 2012;2(1):17.10.1186/2191-2858-2-17Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[28] Kora AJ. Synthesis, characterization and in vitro antifungal action of gum ghatti capped copper oxide nanoparticles. Biointerface Res Appl Chem. 2022;13(2):138.10.33263/BRIAC132.138Search in Google Scholar

[29] Kora AJ, Sashidhar RB, Arunachalam J. Aqueous extract of gum olibanum (Boswellia serrata): A reductant and stabilizer for the biosynthesis of antibacterial silver nanoparticles. Process Biochem. 2012;47(10):1516–20.10.1016/j.procbio.2012.06.004Search in Google Scholar

[30] Kora AJ, Rastogi L. Catalytic degradation of anthropogenic dye pollutants using palladium nanoparticles synthesized by gum olibanum, a glucuronoarabinogalactan biopolymer. Ind Crop Products. 2016;81:1–10.10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.11.055Search in Google Scholar

[31] Kora AJ, Rastogi L. Peroxidase activity of biogenic platinum nanoparticles: A colorimetric probe towards selective detection of mercuric ions in water samples. Sens Actuators B Chem. 2018;254:690–700.10.1016/j.snb.2017.07.108Search in Google Scholar

[32] Oves M, Aslam M, Rauf MA, Qayyum S, Qari HA, Khan MS, et al. Antimicrobial and anticancer activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized from the root hair extract of Phoenix dactylifera. Mater Sci Eng C. 2018;89:429–43.10.1016/j.msec.2018.03.035Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[33] Kora AJ, Jayaraman A. Leaf extract of Dendrophthoe falcata: A renewable source for the green synthesis of antibacterial silver nanoparticles. J Biobased Mater Bioenergy. 2012;6(2):158–64.10.1166/jbmb.2012.1205Search in Google Scholar

[34] Kora AJ, Mounika J, Jagadeeshwar R. Rice leaf extract synthesized silver nanoparticles: An in vitro fungicidal evaluation against Rhizoctonia solani, the causative agent of sheath blight disease in rice. Fungal Biol. 2020;124(7):671–81.10.1016/j.funbio.2020.03.012Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[35] Namburi KR, Kora AJ, Chetukuri A, Kota VSMK. Biogenic silver nanoparticles as an antibacterial agent against bacterial leaf blight causing rice phytopathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 2021;44(9):1975–88.10.1007/s00449-021-02579-7Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[36] Qayyum S, Oves M, Khan AU. Obliteration of bacterial growth and biofilm through ROS generation by facilely synthesized green silver nanoparticles. PLoS one. 2017;12(8):e0181363.10.1371/journal.pone.0181363Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[37] Oves M, Ahmar Rauf M, Aslam M, Qari HA, Sonbol H, Ahmad I, et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Conocarpus lancifolius plant extract and their antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022;29(1):460–71.10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.09.007Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[38] Kora AJ, Arunachalam J. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by the seed extract of Strychnos potatorum: a natural phytocoagulant. IET Nanobiotechnol. 2013;7(3):83–9.10.1049/iet-nbt.2013.0001Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[39] Kora AJ. Bacillus cereus, selenite-reducing bacterium from contaminated lake of an industrial area: a renewable nanofactory for the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles. Bioresour Bioprocess. 2018;5(1):30.10.1186/s40643-018-0217-5Search in Google Scholar

[40] Kora AJ, Rastogi L. Biomimetic synthesis of selenium nanoparticles by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853: An approach for conversion of selenite. J Environ Manag. 2016;181:231–6.10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.06.029Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[41] Kora AJ, Rastogi L. Bacteriogenic synthesis of selenium nanoparticles by Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 and its structural characterisation. IET Nanobiotechnol. 2017;11(2):179–84.10.1049/iet-nbt.2016.0011Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[42] Kora AJ. Gram + ve bacterium Staphylococcus aureus: A potential source for the green biosynthesis of monodispersed, smaller selenium nanoparticles. Micro Nano Lett. 2018;13(8):1155–8.10.1049/mnl.2017.0822Search in Google Scholar

[43] Ansari MJ, Rehman NU, Ibnouf E, Alalaiwe A, Ganaie MA, Zafar A. Gum acacia- and gum tragacanth-coated silver nanoparticles: synthesis, physiological stability, in-vitro, ex-vivo and in-vivo activity evaluations. Coatings. 2022;12(10):1579.10.3390/coatings12101579Search in Google Scholar

[44] Rao K, Imran M, Jabri T, Ali I, Perveen S, Ahmed S, et al. Gum tragacanth stabilized green gold nanoparticles as cargos for naringin loading: A morphological investigation through AFM. Carbohydr Polym. 2017;174:243–52.10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.071Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[45] Indana MK, Gangapuram BR, Dadigala R, Bandi R, Guttena V. A novel green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using gum tragacanth and evaluation of their potential catalytic reduction activities with methylene blue and Congo red dyes. J Anal Sci Technol. 2016;7(1):19.10.1186/s40543-016-0098-1Search in Google Scholar

[46] Montazer M, Keshvari A, Kahali P. Tragacanth gum/nano silver hydrogel on cotton fabric: In-situ synthesis and antibacterial properties. Carbohydr Polym. 2016;154:257–66.10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.084Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[47] Thamer BM, Moydeen Abdulhameed M, El-Newehy MH. Tragacanth gum hydrogel-derived trimetallic nanoparticles supported on porous carbon catalyst for urea electrooxidation. Gels. 2022;8(5):292.10.3390/gels8050292Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[48] Darroudi M, Sabouri Z, Kazemi Oskuee R, Khorsand Zak A, Kargar H, Hamid MHNA. Sol–gel synthesis, characterization, and neurotoxicity effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles using gum tragacanth. Ceram Int. 2013;39(8):9195–9.10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.05.021Search in Google Scholar

[49] Ghayempour S, Montazer M, Mahmoudi Rad M. Tragacanth gum biopolymer as reducing and stabilizing agent in biosonosynthesis of urchin-like ZnO nanorod arrays: A low cytotoxic photocatalyst with antibacterial and antifungal properties. Carbohydr Polym. 2016;136:232–41.10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[50] Ghayempour S, Montazer M. Ultrasound irradiation based in-situ synthesis of star-like Tragacanth gum/zinc oxide nanoparticles on cotton fabric. Ultrason Sonochem. 2017;34:458–65.10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.06.019Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[51] Liu T-T, Wang M-H, Su H, Chen X, Chen C, Zhang R-C. Gum tragacanth-mediated synthesis of nanocrystalline ZnO powder for use in varistors. J Electron Mater. 44(10):3430–5.10.1007/s11664-015-3871-9Search in Google Scholar

[52] Darroudi M, Sarani M, Kazemi Oskuee R, Khorsand Zak A, Amiri MS. Nanoceria: Gum mediated synthesis and in vitro viability assay. Ceram Int. 2014;40(2):2863–8.10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.10.026Search in Google Scholar

[53] Sabouri Z, Akbari A, Hosseini HA, Khatami M, Darroudi M. Tragacanth-mediate synthesis of NiO nanosheets for cytotoxicity and photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 2020;43(7):1209–18.10.1007/s00449-020-02315-7Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[54] Chauhan G, Verma A, Hazarika A, Ojha K. Rheological, structural and morphological studies of gum tragacanth and its inorganic SiO2 nanocomposite for fracturing fluid application. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng. 2017.10.1016/j.jtice.2017.08.039Search in Google Scholar

[55] Taghavi Fardood S, Ramazani A, Golfar Z, Joo S. Green Synthesis of α-Fe2O3 (hematite) nanoparticles using tragacanth gel. J Appl Chem Res. 2017;11:19–27.Search in Google Scholar

[56] Atrak K, Ramazani A, Taghavi Fardood S. Green synthesis of amorphous and gamma aluminum oxide nanoparticles by tragacanth gel and comparison of their photocatalytic activity for the degradation of organic dyes. J Mater Sci Mater Electron. 2018;29(10):8347–53.10.1007/s10854-018-8845-2Search in Google Scholar

[57] Atrak K, Ramazani A, Taghavi Fardood S. A novel sol–gel synthesis and characterization of MgFe2O4@γ–Al2O3 magnetic nanoparticles using tragacanth gel and its application as a magnetically separable photocatalyst for degradation of organic dyes under visible light. J Mater Sci Mater Electron. 2018;29(8):6702–10.10.1007/s10854-018-8656-5Search in Google Scholar

[58] Fardood ST, Golfar Z, Ramazani A. Novel sol–gel synthesis and characterization of superparamagnetic magnesium ferrite nanoparticles using tragacanth gum as a magnetically separable photocatalyst for degradation of reactive blue 21 dye and kinetic study. J Mater Sci Mater Electron. 2017;28(22):17002–8.10.1007/s10854-017-7622-ySearch in Google Scholar

[59] Taghavi Fardood S, Ramazani A, Golfar Z, Joo SW. Green synthesis using tragacanth gum and characterization of Ni–Cu–Zn ferrite nanoparticles as a magnetically separable catalyst for the synthesis of hexabenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane under ultrasonic irradiation. J Struct Chem. 2018;59(7):1730–6.10.1134/S0022476618070296Search in Google Scholar

[60] Ramazani A, Taghavi Fardood S, Hosseinzadeh Z, Sadri F, Joo SW. Green synthesis of magnetic copper ferrite nanoparticles using tragacanth gum as a biotemplate and their catalytic activity for the oxidation of alcohols. Iran J Catal. 2017;7(3):181–5.Search in Google Scholar

[61] Yazdizadeh F, Tavanai H, Alihosseini F. Electrosprayed gum tragacanth/zinc oxide nanoparticles and their application as antibacterial agent on cotton terry towel. J Text Inst. 2021;112(8):1213–23.10.1080/00405000.2020.1807787Search in Google Scholar

[62] Kahali P, Montazer M, Kamali Dolatabadi M. Sustainable copper oxide/tragacanth gum bionanocomposites with multi-purpose catalytic activities on textile. J Appl Polym Sci. 2022;139(33):e52781.10.1002/app.52781Search in Google Scholar

[63] Qasemi S, Ghaemy M. Novel superabsorbent biosensor nanohydrogel based on gum tragacanth polysaccharide for optical detection of glucose. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;151:901–8.10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.231Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[64] Kora AJ. Chapter 18 - Applications of biogenic silver nanocrystals or nanoparticles as bactericide and fungicide. In Mallakpour S, Hussain CM, editors. Industrial applications of nanocrystals. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier; 2021. p. 335–52.10.1016/B978-0-12-824024-3.00007-5Search in Google Scholar

[65] Kora AJ. Gum ghatti (Anogeissus latifolia), a proteinaceous edible biopolymer and its multifaceted biological applications. In Mishra AK, Hussain CM, Mishra SB, editors. Biopolymers: Structure, Performance and Applications. USA: Nova Science Publishers Inc.; 2017. p. 155–72.Search in Google Scholar

[66] Kora AJ. Chapter 6 - Copper-based nanopesticides. In Abd-Elsalam KA, editor. Copper Nanostructures: Next-generation of agrochemicals for sustainable agroecosystems. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier; 2022. p. 133–53.10.1016/B978-0-12-823833-2.00019-2Search in Google Scholar

[67] Kora AJ. Biosynthesis of reduced graphene oxide and its functionality as an antibacterial template. In Al-Ahmed A, Inamuddin, editors. Graphene from natural sources: Synthesis, characterization, and applications. 1st edn. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press; 2022. p. 193–205.10.1201/9781003169741-12Search in Google Scholar

[68] Kora AJ, Manjusha R, Arunachalam J. Superior bactericidal activity of SDS capped silver nanoparticles: Synthesis and characterization. Mater Sci Eng C. 2009;29(7):2104–9.10.1016/j.msec.2009.04.010Search in Google Scholar

[69] Kora AJ, Arunachalam J. Assessment of antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its mechanism of action. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011;27(5):1209–16.10.1007/s11274-010-0569-2Search in Google Scholar

[70] Sahraei R, Ghaemy M. Synthesis of modified gum tragacanth/graphene oxide composite hydrogel for heavy metal ions removal and preparation of silver nanocomposite for antibacterial activity. Carbohydr Polym. 2017;157(Supplement C):823–33.10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.10.059Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[71] Rastogi L, Kora AJ, Arunachalam J. Highly stable, protein capped gold nanoparticles as effective drug delivery vehicles for amino-glycosidic antibiotics. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2012;32(6):1571–7.10.1016/j.msec.2012.04.044Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[72] Thakur S. Gum based green nanocomposites and their applications. In Avalos Belmontes F, González FJ, López-Manchado MÁ, editors. Green-based nanocomposite materials and applications. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2023. p. 295–315.10.1007/978-3-031-18428-4_15Search in Google Scholar

[73] Fattahi A, Sadrjavadi K, Golozar MA, Varshosaz J, Fathi M-H, Mirmohammad-Sadeghi H. Preparation and characterization of oligochitosan–tragacanth nanoparticles as a novel gene carrier. Carbohydr Polym. 2013;97(2):277–83.10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.04.098Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[74] Masoumi A, Ghaemy M. Removal of metal ions from water using nanohydrogel tragacanth gum-g-polyamidoxime: isotherm and kinetic study. Carbohydr Polym. 2014;108:206–15.10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.02.083Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[75] Mallakpour S, Abdolmaleki A, Tabesh F. Ultrasonic-assisted manufacturing of new hydrogel nanocomposite biosorbent containing calcium carbonate nanoparticles and tragacanth gum for removal of heavy metal. Ultrason Sonochem. 2018;41:572–81.10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.10.022Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[76] Sadeghi S, Rad FA, Moghaddam AZ. A highly selective sorbent for removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions based on Fe3O4/poly(methyl methacrylate) grafted tragacanth gum nanocomposite: Optimization by experimental design. Mater Sci Eng C. 2014;45:136–45.10.1016/j.msec.2014.08.063Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[77] Sahraei R, Sekhavat Pour Z, Ghaemy M. Novel magnetic bio-sorbent hydrogel beads based on modified gum tragacanth/graphene oxide: Removal of heavy metals and dyes from water. J Clean Prod. 2017;142:2973–84.10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.170Search in Google Scholar

[78] Moghaddam AZ, Jazi ME, Allahrasani A, Ganjali MR, Badiei A. Removal of acid dyes from aqueous solutions using a new eco-friendly nanocomposite of CoFe2O4 modified with tragacanth gum. J Appl Polym Sci. 2020;137(17):48605.10.1002/app.48605Search in Google Scholar

[79] Sharma B, Thakur S, Mamba G, Prateek, Gupta RK, Gupta VK, et al. Titania modified gum tragacanth based hydrogel nanocomposite for water remediation. J Environ Chem Eng. 2021;9(1):104608.10.1016/j.jece.2020.104608Search in Google Scholar

[80] Mosavi SS, Zare EN, Behniafar H, Tajbakhsh M. Removal of amoxicillin antibiotic from polluted water by a magnetic bionanocomposite based on carboxymethyl tragacanth gum-grafted-polyaniline. Water. 2023;15(1):202.10.3390/w15010202Search in Google Scholar

[81] Ranjbar-Mohammadi M, Bahrami SH. Development of nanofibrous scaffolds containing gum tragacanth/poly (ε-caprolactone) for application as skin scaffolds. Mater Sci Eng C. 2015;48:71–9.10.1016/j.msec.2014.10.020Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[82] Ranjbar-Mohammadi M, Bahrami SH. Electrospun curcumin loaded poly(ε-caprolactone)/gum tragacanth nanofibers for biomedical application. Int J Biol Macromol. 2016;84:448–56.10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.12.024Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[83] Ranjbar-Mohammadi M, Prabhakaran MP, Bahrami SH, Ramakrishna S. Gum tragacanth/poly(l-lactic acid) nanofibrous scaffolds for application in regeneration of peripheral nerve damage. Carbohydr Polym. 2016;140:104–12.10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.12.012Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[84] Zarekhalili Z, Bahrami SH, Ranjbar-Mohammadi M, Milan PB. Fabrication and characterization of PVA/Gum tragacanth/PCL hybrid nanofibrous scaffolds for skin substitutes. Int J Biol Macromol. 2017;94:679–90.10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.042Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[85] Dehghan-Niri M, Vasheghani-Farahani E, Eslaminejad MB, Tavakol M, Bagheri F. Preparation of gum tragacanth/poly (vinyl alcohol)/halloysite hydrogel using electron beam irradiation with potential for bone tissue engineering. Carbohydr Polym. 2023;305:120548.10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120548Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[86] Jayeoye TJ, Sirimahachai U, Wattanasin P, Rujiralai T. Eco-friendly poly(aniline boronic acid)/gum tragacanth stabilized silver nanoparticles nanocomposite for selective sensing of Hg2+. Microchem J. 2022;182:107949.10.1016/j.microc.2022.107949Search in Google Scholar

[87] Hemmati K, Masoumi A, Ghaemy M. Tragacanth gum-based nanogel as a superparamagnetic molecularly imprinted polymer for quercetin recognition and controlled release. Carbohydr Polym. 2016;136:630–40.10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.006Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[88] Madani P, Hesaraki S, Saeedifar M, Ahmadi Nasab N. The controlled release, bioactivity and osteogenic gene expression of Quercetin-loaded gelatin/tragacanth/nano-hydroxyapatite bone tissue engineering scaffold. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 2023;34(2):217–42.10.1080/09205063.2022.2113293Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[89] Ranjbar-Mohammadi M, Zamani M, Prabhakaran MP, Bahrami SH, Ramakrishna S. Electrospinning of PLGA/gum tragacanth nanofibers containing tetracycline hydrochloride for periodontal regeneration. Mater Sci Eng C. 2016;58:521–31.10.1016/j.msec.2015.08.066Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[90] Pathania D, Verma C, Negi P, Tyagi I, Asif M, Kumar NS, et al. Novel nanohydrogel based on itaconic acid grafted tragacanth gum for controlled release of ampicillin. Carbohydr Polym. 2018;196:262–71.10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.040Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[91] Verma C, Negi P, Pathania D, Anjum S, Gupta B. Novel tragacanth gum-entrapped lecithin nanogels for anticancer drug delivery. Int J Polym Mater Polym Biomater. 2020;69(9):604–9.10.1080/00914037.2019.1596910Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2022-11-15
Revised: 2023-02-14
Accepted: 2023-03-05
Published Online: 2023-04-04

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Value-added utilization of coal fly ash and recycled polyvinyl chloride in door or window sub-frame composites
  3. High removal efficiency of volatile phenol from coking wastewater using coal gasification slag via optimized adsorption and multi-grade batch process
  4. Evolution of surface morphology and properties of diamond films by hydrogen plasma etching
  5. Removal efficiency of dibenzofuran using CuZn-zeolitic imidazole frameworks as a catalyst and adsorbent
  6. Rapid and efficient microwave-assisted extraction of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. heartwood and subsequent synthesis of gold nanoparticles
  7. The catalytic characteristics of 2-methylnaphthalene acylation with AlCl3 immobilized on Hβ as Lewis acid catalyst
  8. Biodegradation of synthetic PVP biofilms using natural materials and nanoparticles
  9. Rutin-loaded selenium nanoparticles modulated the redox status, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways associated with pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy in mice
  10. Optimization of apigenin nanoparticles prepared by planetary ball milling: In vitro and in vivo studies
  11. Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Origanum onites leaves: Cytotoxic, apoptotic, and necrotic effects on Capan-1, L929, and Caco-2 cell lines
  12. Exergy analysis of a conceptual CO2 capture process with an amine-based DES
  13. Construction of fluorescence system of felodipine–tetracyanovinyl–2,2′-bipyridine complex
  14. Excellent photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B over Bi2O3 supported on Zn-MOF nanocomposites under visible light
  15. Optimization-based control strategy for a large-scale polyhydroxyalkanoates production in a fed-batch bioreactor using a coupled PDE–ODE system
  16. Effectiveness of pH and amount of Artemia urumiana extract on physical, chemical, and biological attributes of UV-fabricated biogold nanoparticles
  17. Geranium leaf-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their transcriptomic effects on Candida albicans
  18. Synthesis, characterization, anticancer, anti-inflammatory activities, and docking studies of 3,5-disubstituted thiadiazine-2-thiones
  19. Synthesis and stability of phospholipid-encapsulated nano-selenium
  20. Putative anti-proliferative effect of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) seed and its nano-formulation
  21. Enrichment of low-grade phosphorites by the selective leaching method
  22. Electrochemical analysis of the dissolution of gold in a copper–ethylenediamine–thiosulfate system
  23. Characterisation of carbonate lake sediments as a potential filler for polymer composites
  24. Evaluation of nano-selenium biofortification characteristics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
  25. Quality of oil extracted by cold press from Nigella sativa seeds incorporated with rosemary extracts and pretreated by microwaves
  26. Heteropolyacid-loaded MOF-derived mesoporous zirconia catalyst for chemical degradation of rhodamine B
  27. Recovery of critical metals from carbonatite-type mineral wastes: Geochemical modeling investigation of (bio)hydrometallurgical leaching of REEs
  28. Photocatalytic properties of ZnFe-mixed oxides synthesized via a simple route for water remediation
  29. Attenuation of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-induced hepatic and renal toxicity by naringin nanoparticles in a rat model
  30. Novel in situ synthesis of quaternary core–shell metallic sulfide nanocomposites for degradation of organic dyes and hydrogen production
  31. Microfluidic steam-based synthesis of luminescent carbon quantum dots as sensing probes for nitrite detection
  32. Transformation of eggshell waste to egg white protein solution, calcium chloride dihydrate, and eggshell membrane powder
  33. Preparation of Zr-MOFs for the adsorption of doxycycline hydrochloride from wastewater
  34. Green nanoarchitectonics of the silver nanocrystal potential for treating malaria and their cytotoxic effects on the kidney Vero cell line
  35. Carbon emissions analysis of producing modified asphalt with natural asphalt
  36. An efficient and green synthesis of 2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones via t-BuONa-mediated oxidative condensation of 2-aminobenzamides and benzyl alcohols under solvent- and transition metal-free conditions
  37. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with mesosulfuron methyl and mesosulfuron methyl + florasulam + MCPA isooctyl to manage weeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  38. Synergism between lignite and high-sulfur petroleum coke in CO2 gasification
  39. Facile aqueous synthesis of ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS QDs with enhanced photoluminescence lifetime for selective detection of Cu(ii) ions
  40. Rapid synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Nepeta cataria leaves: An eco-friendly management of disease-causing vectors and bacterial pathogens
  41. Study on the photoelectrocatalytic activity of reduced TiO2 nanotube films for removal of methyl orange
  42. Development of a fuzzy logic model for the prediction of spark-ignition engine performance and emission for gasoline–ethanol blends
  43. Micro-impact-induced mechano-chemical synthesis of organic precursors from FeC/FeN and carbonates/nitrates in water and its extension to nucleobases
  44. Green synthesis of strontium-doped tin dioxide (SrSnO2) nanoparticles using the Mahonia bealei leaf extract and evaluation of their anticancer and antimicrobial activities
  45. A study on the larvicidal and adulticidal potential of Cladostepus spongiosus macroalgae and green-fabricated silver nanoparticles against mosquito vectors
  46. Catalysts based on nickel salt heteropolytungstates for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide
  47. Powerful antibacterial nanocomposites from Corallina officinalis-mediated nanometals and chitosan nanoparticles against fish-borne pathogens
  48. Removal behavior of Zn and alkalis from blast furnace dust in pre-reduction sinter process
  49. Environmentally friendly synthesis and computational studies of novel class of acridinedione integrated spirothiopyrrolizidines/indolizidines
  50. The mechanisms of inhibition and lubrication of clean fracturing flowback fluids in water-based drilling fluids
  51. Adsorption/desorption performance of cellulose membrane for Pb(ii)
  52. A one-pot, multicomponent tandem synthesis of fused polycyclic pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolinone/pyrrolizino[2,3-c]quinolinone hybrid heterocycles via environmentally benign solid state melt reaction
  53. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using durian rind extract and optical characteristics of surface plasmon resonance-based optical sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide
  54. Electrochemical analysis of copper-EDTA-ammonia-gold thiosulfate dissolution system
  55. Characterization of bio-oil production by microwave pyrolysis from cashew nut shells and Cassia fistula pods
  56. Green synthesis methods and characterization of bacterial cellulose/silver nanoparticle composites
  57. Photocatalytic research performance of zinc oxide/graphite phase carbon nitride catalyst and its application in environment
  58. Effect of phytogenic iron nanoparticles on the bio-fortification of wheat varieties
  59. In vitro anti-cancer and antimicrobial effects of manganese oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the Glycyrrhiza uralensis leaf extract on breast cancer cell lines
  60. Preparation of Pd/Ce(F)-MCM-48 catalysts and their catalytic performance of n-heptane isomerization
  61. Green “one-pot” fluorescent bis-indolizine synthesis with whole-cell plant biocatalysis
  62. Silica-titania mesoporous silicas of MCM-41 type as effective catalysts and photocatalysts for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide by H2O2
  63. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from molted feathers of Pavo cristatus and their antibiofilm and anticancer activities
  64. Clean preparation of rutile from Ti-containing mixed molten slag by CO2 oxidation
  65. Synthesis and characterization of Pluronic F-127-coated titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesized from extracts of Atractylodes macrocephala leaf for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties
  66. Effect of pretreatment with alkali on the anaerobic digestion characteristics of kitchen waste and analysis of microbial diversity
  67. Ameliorated antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties by Plectranthus vettiveroides root extract-mediated green synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles
  68. Microwave-accelerated pretreatment technique in green extraction of oil and bioactive compounds from camelina seeds: Effectiveness and characterization
  69. Studies on the extraction performance of phorate by aptamer-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in plasma samples
  70. Investigation of structural properties and antibacterial activity of AgO nanoparticle extract from Solanum nigrum/Mentha leaf extracts by green synthesis method
  71. Green fabrication of chitosan from marine crustaceans and mushroom waste: Toward sustainable resource utilization
  72. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  73. The enhanced adsorption properties of phosphorus from aqueous solutions using lanthanum modified synthetic zeolites
  74. Separation of graphene oxides of different sizes by multi-layer dialysis and anti-friction and lubrication performance
  75. Visible-light-assisted base-catalyzed, one-pot synthesis of highly functionalized cinnolines
  76. The experimental study on the air oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with Co–Mn–Br system
  77. Highly efficient removal of tetracycline and methyl violet 2B from aqueous solution using the bimetallic FeZn-ZIFs catalyst
  78. A thermo-tolerant cellulase enzyme produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M7, an insight into synthesis, optimization, characterization, and bio-polishing activity
  79. Exploration of ketone derivatives of succinimide for their antidiabetic potential: In vitro and in vivo approaches
  80. Ultrasound-assisted green synthesis and in silico study of 6-(4-(butylamino)-6-(diethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxypyridazine derivatives
  81. A study of the anticancer potential of Pluronic F-127 encapsulated Fe2O3 nanoparticles derived from Berberis vulgaris extract
  82. Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Consolida orientalis flowers: Identification, catalytic degradation, and biological effect
  83. Initial assessment of the presence of plastic waste in some coastal mangrove forests in Vietnam
  84. Adsorption synergy electrocatalytic degradation of phenol by active oxygen-containing species generated in Co-coal based cathode and graphite anode
  85. Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities of the aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum-mediated synthesized novel silver nanoparticles
  86. Synthesis of a silica matrix with ZnO nanoparticles for the fabrication of a recyclable photodegradation system to eliminate methylene blue dye
  87. Natural polymer fillers instead of dye and pigments: Pumice and scoria in PDMS fluid and elastomer composites
  88. Study on the preparation of glycerylphosphorylcholine by transesterification under supported sodium methoxide
  89. Wireless network handheld terminal-based green ecological sustainable design evaluation system: Improved data communication and reduced packet loss rate
  90. The optimization of hydrogel strength from cassava starch using oxidized sucrose as a crosslinking agent
  91. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Saccharum officinarum leaf extract for antiviral paint
  92. Study on the reliability of nano-silver-coated tin solder joints for flip chips
  93. Environmentally sustainable analytical quality by design aided RP-HPLC method for the estimation of brilliant blue in commercial food samples employing a green-ultrasound-assisted extraction technique
  94. Anticancer and antimicrobial potential of zinc/sodium alginate/polyethylene glycol/d-pinitol nanocomposites against osteosarcoma MG-63 cells
  95. Nanoporous carbon@CoFe2O4 nanocomposite as a green absorbent for the adsorptive removal of Hg(ii) from aqueous solutions
  96. Characterization of silver sulfide nanoparticles from actinobacterial strain (M10A62) and its toxicity against lepidopteran and dipterans insect species
  97. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Withania somnifera: Investigating antioxidant potential
  98. Effect of e-waste nanofillers on the mechanical, thermal, and wear properties of epoxy-blend sisal woven fiber-reinforced composites
  99. Magnesium nanohydroxide (2D brucite) as a host matrix for thymol and carvacrol: Synthesis, characterization, and inhibition of foodborne pathogens
  100. Synergistic inhibitive effect of a hybrid zinc oxide-benzalkonium chloride composite on the corrosion of carbon steel in a sulfuric acidic solution
  101. Review Articles
  102. Role and the importance of green approach in biosynthesis of nanopropolis and effectiveness of propolis in the treatment of COVID-19 pandemic
  103. Gum tragacanth-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles, characterization, and their applications as a bactericide, catalyst, antioxidant, and peroxidase mimic
  104. Green-processed nano-biocomposite (ZnO–TiO2): Potential candidates for biomedical applications
  105. Reaction mechanisms in microwave-assisted lignin depolymerisation in hydrogen-donating solvents
  106. Recent progress on non-noble metal catalysts for the deoxydehydration of biomass-derived oxygenates
  107. Rapid Communication
  108. Phosphorus removal by iron–carbon microelectrolysis: A new way to achieve phosphorus recovery
  109. Special Issue: Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications (Guest Editors: Arpita Roy and Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli)
  110. Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications
  111. Nano-encapsulated tanshinone IIA in PLGA-PEG-COOH inhibits apoptosis and inflammation in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury
  112. Green fabrication of silver nanoparticles using Melia azedarach ripened fruit extract, their characterization, and biological properties
  113. Green-synthesized nanoparticles and their therapeutic applications: A review
  114. Antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity potential of synthesized silver nanoparticles from the Cassia alata leaf aqueous extract
  115. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Callisia fragrans leaf extract and its anticancer activity against MCF-7, HepG2, KB, LU-1, and MKN-7 cell lines
  116. Algae-based green AgNPs, AuNPs, and FeNPs as potential nanoremediators
  117. Green synthesis of Kickxia elatine-induced silver nanoparticles and their role as anti-acetylcholinesterase in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
  118. Phytocrystallization of silver nanoparticles using Cassia alata flower extract for effective control of fungal skin pathogens
  119. Antibacterial wound dressing with hydrogel from chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol from the red cabbage extract loaded with silver nanoparticles
  120. Leveraging of mycogenic copper oxide nanostructures for disease management of Alternaria blight of Brassica juncea
  121. Nanoscale molecular reactions in microbiological medicines in modern medical applications
  122. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO/β-cyclodextrin/nicotinic acid nanocomposite and its biological and environmental application
  123. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles via Taxus wallichiana Zucc. plant-derived Taxol: Novel utilization as anticancer, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antiurolithic potential
  124. Recyclability and catalytic characteristics of copper oxide nanoparticles derived from bougainvillea plant flower extract for biomedical application
  125. Phytofabrication, characterization, and evaluation of novel bioinspired selenium–iron (Se–Fe) nanocomposites using Allium sativum extract for bio-potential applications
  126. Erratum
  127. Erratum to “Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2022-8138
Keywords for this article
gum tragacanth; synthesis; nanoparticles; bactericide; catalyst
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Value-added utilization of coal fly ash and recycled polyvinyl chloride in door or window sub-frame composites
  3. High removal efficiency of volatile phenol from coking wastewater using coal gasification slag via optimized adsorption and multi-grade batch process
  4. Evolution of surface morphology and properties of diamond films by hydrogen plasma etching
  5. Removal efficiency of dibenzofuran using CuZn-zeolitic imidazole frameworks as a catalyst and adsorbent
  6. Rapid and efficient microwave-assisted extraction of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. heartwood and subsequent synthesis of gold nanoparticles
  7. The catalytic characteristics of 2-methylnaphthalene acylation with AlCl3 immobilized on Hβ as Lewis acid catalyst
  8. Biodegradation of synthetic PVP biofilms using natural materials and nanoparticles
  9. Rutin-loaded selenium nanoparticles modulated the redox status, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways associated with pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy in mice
  10. Optimization of apigenin nanoparticles prepared by planetary ball milling: In vitro and in vivo studies
  11. Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Origanum onites leaves: Cytotoxic, apoptotic, and necrotic effects on Capan-1, L929, and Caco-2 cell lines
  12. Exergy analysis of a conceptual CO2 capture process with an amine-based DES
  13. Construction of fluorescence system of felodipine–tetracyanovinyl–2,2′-bipyridine complex
  14. Excellent photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B over Bi2O3 supported on Zn-MOF nanocomposites under visible light
  15. Optimization-based control strategy for a large-scale polyhydroxyalkanoates production in a fed-batch bioreactor using a coupled PDE–ODE system
  16. Effectiveness of pH and amount of Artemia urumiana extract on physical, chemical, and biological attributes of UV-fabricated biogold nanoparticles
  17. Geranium leaf-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their transcriptomic effects on Candida albicans
  18. Synthesis, characterization, anticancer, anti-inflammatory activities, and docking studies of 3,5-disubstituted thiadiazine-2-thiones
  19. Synthesis and stability of phospholipid-encapsulated nano-selenium
  20. Putative anti-proliferative effect of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) seed and its nano-formulation
  21. Enrichment of low-grade phosphorites by the selective leaching method
  22. Electrochemical analysis of the dissolution of gold in a copper–ethylenediamine–thiosulfate system
  23. Characterisation of carbonate lake sediments as a potential filler for polymer composites
  24. Evaluation of nano-selenium biofortification characteristics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
  25. Quality of oil extracted by cold press from Nigella sativa seeds incorporated with rosemary extracts and pretreated by microwaves
  26. Heteropolyacid-loaded MOF-derived mesoporous zirconia catalyst for chemical degradation of rhodamine B
  27. Recovery of critical metals from carbonatite-type mineral wastes: Geochemical modeling investigation of (bio)hydrometallurgical leaching of REEs
  28. Photocatalytic properties of ZnFe-mixed oxides synthesized via a simple route for water remediation
  29. Attenuation of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-induced hepatic and renal toxicity by naringin nanoparticles in a rat model
  30. Novel in situ synthesis of quaternary core–shell metallic sulfide nanocomposites for degradation of organic dyes and hydrogen production
  31. Microfluidic steam-based synthesis of luminescent carbon quantum dots as sensing probes for nitrite detection
  32. Transformation of eggshell waste to egg white protein solution, calcium chloride dihydrate, and eggshell membrane powder
  33. Preparation of Zr-MOFs for the adsorption of doxycycline hydrochloride from wastewater
  34. Green nanoarchitectonics of the silver nanocrystal potential for treating malaria and their cytotoxic effects on the kidney Vero cell line
  35. Carbon emissions analysis of producing modified asphalt with natural asphalt
  36. An efficient and green synthesis of 2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones via t-BuONa-mediated oxidative condensation of 2-aminobenzamides and benzyl alcohols under solvent- and transition metal-free conditions
  37. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with mesosulfuron methyl and mesosulfuron methyl + florasulam + MCPA isooctyl to manage weeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  38. Synergism between lignite and high-sulfur petroleum coke in CO2 gasification
  39. Facile aqueous synthesis of ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS QDs with enhanced photoluminescence lifetime for selective detection of Cu(ii) ions
  40. Rapid synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Nepeta cataria leaves: An eco-friendly management of disease-causing vectors and bacterial pathogens
  41. Study on the photoelectrocatalytic activity of reduced TiO2 nanotube films for removal of methyl orange
  42. Development of a fuzzy logic model for the prediction of spark-ignition engine performance and emission for gasoline–ethanol blends
  43. Micro-impact-induced mechano-chemical synthesis of organic precursors from FeC/FeN and carbonates/nitrates in water and its extension to nucleobases
  44. Green synthesis of strontium-doped tin dioxide (SrSnO2) nanoparticles using the Mahonia bealei leaf extract and evaluation of their anticancer and antimicrobial activities
  45. A study on the larvicidal and adulticidal potential of Cladostepus spongiosus macroalgae and green-fabricated silver nanoparticles against mosquito vectors
  46. Catalysts based on nickel salt heteropolytungstates for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide
  47. Powerful antibacterial nanocomposites from Corallina officinalis-mediated nanometals and chitosan nanoparticles against fish-borne pathogens
  48. Removal behavior of Zn and alkalis from blast furnace dust in pre-reduction sinter process
  49. Environmentally friendly synthesis and computational studies of novel class of acridinedione integrated spirothiopyrrolizidines/indolizidines
  50. The mechanisms of inhibition and lubrication of clean fracturing flowback fluids in water-based drilling fluids
  51. Adsorption/desorption performance of cellulose membrane for Pb(ii)
  52. A one-pot, multicomponent tandem synthesis of fused polycyclic pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolinone/pyrrolizino[2,3-c]quinolinone hybrid heterocycles via environmentally benign solid state melt reaction
  53. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using durian rind extract and optical characteristics of surface plasmon resonance-based optical sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide
  54. Electrochemical analysis of copper-EDTA-ammonia-gold thiosulfate dissolution system
  55. Characterization of bio-oil production by microwave pyrolysis from cashew nut shells and Cassia fistula pods
  56. Green synthesis methods and characterization of bacterial cellulose/silver nanoparticle composites
  57. Photocatalytic research performance of zinc oxide/graphite phase carbon nitride catalyst and its application in environment
  58. Effect of phytogenic iron nanoparticles on the bio-fortification of wheat varieties
  59. In vitro anti-cancer and antimicrobial effects of manganese oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the Glycyrrhiza uralensis leaf extract on breast cancer cell lines
  60. Preparation of Pd/Ce(F)-MCM-48 catalysts and their catalytic performance of n-heptane isomerization
  61. Green “one-pot” fluorescent bis-indolizine synthesis with whole-cell plant biocatalysis
  62. Silica-titania mesoporous silicas of MCM-41 type as effective catalysts and photocatalysts for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide by H2O2
  63. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from molted feathers of Pavo cristatus and their antibiofilm and anticancer activities
  64. Clean preparation of rutile from Ti-containing mixed molten slag by CO2 oxidation
  65. Synthesis and characterization of Pluronic F-127-coated titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesized from extracts of Atractylodes macrocephala leaf for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties
  66. Effect of pretreatment with alkali on the anaerobic digestion characteristics of kitchen waste and analysis of microbial diversity
  67. Ameliorated antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties by Plectranthus vettiveroides root extract-mediated green synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles
  68. Microwave-accelerated pretreatment technique in green extraction of oil and bioactive compounds from camelina seeds: Effectiveness and characterization
  69. Studies on the extraction performance of phorate by aptamer-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in plasma samples
  70. Investigation of structural properties and antibacterial activity of AgO nanoparticle extract from Solanum nigrum/Mentha leaf extracts by green synthesis method
  71. Green fabrication of chitosan from marine crustaceans and mushroom waste: Toward sustainable resource utilization
  72. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  73. The enhanced adsorption properties of phosphorus from aqueous solutions using lanthanum modified synthetic zeolites
  74. Separation of graphene oxides of different sizes by multi-layer dialysis and anti-friction and lubrication performance
  75. Visible-light-assisted base-catalyzed, one-pot synthesis of highly functionalized cinnolines
  76. The experimental study on the air oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with Co–Mn–Br system
  77. Highly efficient removal of tetracycline and methyl violet 2B from aqueous solution using the bimetallic FeZn-ZIFs catalyst
  78. A thermo-tolerant cellulase enzyme produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M7, an insight into synthesis, optimization, characterization, and bio-polishing activity
  79. Exploration of ketone derivatives of succinimide for their antidiabetic potential: In vitro and in vivo approaches
  80. Ultrasound-assisted green synthesis and in silico study of 6-(4-(butylamino)-6-(diethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxypyridazine derivatives
  81. A study of the anticancer potential of Pluronic F-127 encapsulated Fe2O3 nanoparticles derived from Berberis vulgaris extract
  82. Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Consolida orientalis flowers: Identification, catalytic degradation, and biological effect
  83. Initial assessment of the presence of plastic waste in some coastal mangrove forests in Vietnam
  84. Adsorption synergy electrocatalytic degradation of phenol by active oxygen-containing species generated in Co-coal based cathode and graphite anode
  85. Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities of the aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum-mediated synthesized novel silver nanoparticles
  86. Synthesis of a silica matrix with ZnO nanoparticles for the fabrication of a recyclable photodegradation system to eliminate methylene blue dye
  87. Natural polymer fillers instead of dye and pigments: Pumice and scoria in PDMS fluid and elastomer composites
  88. Study on the preparation of glycerylphosphorylcholine by transesterification under supported sodium methoxide
  89. Wireless network handheld terminal-based green ecological sustainable design evaluation system: Improved data communication and reduced packet loss rate
  90. The optimization of hydrogel strength from cassava starch using oxidized sucrose as a crosslinking agent
  91. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Saccharum officinarum leaf extract for antiviral paint
  92. Study on the reliability of nano-silver-coated tin solder joints for flip chips
  93. Environmentally sustainable analytical quality by design aided RP-HPLC method for the estimation of brilliant blue in commercial food samples employing a green-ultrasound-assisted extraction technique
  94. Anticancer and antimicrobial potential of zinc/sodium alginate/polyethylene glycol/d-pinitol nanocomposites against osteosarcoma MG-63 cells
  95. Nanoporous carbon@CoFe2O4 nanocomposite as a green absorbent for the adsorptive removal of Hg(ii) from aqueous solutions
  96. Characterization of silver sulfide nanoparticles from actinobacterial strain (M10A62) and its toxicity against lepidopteran and dipterans insect species
  97. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Withania somnifera: Investigating antioxidant potential
  98. Effect of e-waste nanofillers on the mechanical, thermal, and wear properties of epoxy-blend sisal woven fiber-reinforced composites
  99. Magnesium nanohydroxide (2D brucite) as a host matrix for thymol and carvacrol: Synthesis, characterization, and inhibition of foodborne pathogens
  100. Synergistic inhibitive effect of a hybrid zinc oxide-benzalkonium chloride composite on the corrosion of carbon steel in a sulfuric acidic solution
  101. Review Articles
  102. Role and the importance of green approach in biosynthesis of nanopropolis and effectiveness of propolis in the treatment of COVID-19 pandemic
  103. Gum tragacanth-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles, characterization, and their applications as a bactericide, catalyst, antioxidant, and peroxidase mimic
  104. Green-processed nano-biocomposite (ZnO–TiO2): Potential candidates for biomedical applications
  105. Reaction mechanisms in microwave-assisted lignin depolymerisation in hydrogen-donating solvents
  106. Recent progress on non-noble metal catalysts for the deoxydehydration of biomass-derived oxygenates
  107. Rapid Communication
  108. Phosphorus removal by iron–carbon microelectrolysis: A new way to achieve phosphorus recovery
  109. Special Issue: Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications (Guest Editors: Arpita Roy and Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli)
  110. Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications
  111. Nano-encapsulated tanshinone IIA in PLGA-PEG-COOH inhibits apoptosis and inflammation in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury
  112. Green fabrication of silver nanoparticles using Melia azedarach ripened fruit extract, their characterization, and biological properties
  113. Green-synthesized nanoparticles and their therapeutic applications: A review
  114. Antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity potential of synthesized silver nanoparticles from the Cassia alata leaf aqueous extract
  115. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Callisia fragrans leaf extract and its anticancer activity against MCF-7, HepG2, KB, LU-1, and MKN-7 cell lines
  116. Algae-based green AgNPs, AuNPs, and FeNPs as potential nanoremediators
  117. Green synthesis of Kickxia elatine-induced silver nanoparticles and their role as anti-acetylcholinesterase in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
  118. Phytocrystallization of silver nanoparticles using Cassia alata flower extract for effective control of fungal skin pathogens
  119. Antibacterial wound dressing with hydrogel from chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol from the red cabbage extract loaded with silver nanoparticles
  120. Leveraging of mycogenic copper oxide nanostructures for disease management of Alternaria blight of Brassica juncea
  121. Nanoscale molecular reactions in microbiological medicines in modern medical applications
  122. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO/β-cyclodextrin/nicotinic acid nanocomposite and its biological and environmental application
  123. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles via Taxus wallichiana Zucc. plant-derived Taxol: Novel utilization as anticancer, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antiurolithic potential
  124. Recyclability and catalytic characteristics of copper oxide nanoparticles derived from bougainvillea plant flower extract for biomedical application
  125. Phytofabrication, characterization, and evaluation of novel bioinspired selenium–iron (Se–Fe) nanocomposites using Allium sativum extract for bio-potential applications
  126. Erratum
  127. Erratum to “Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 9.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/gps-2022-8138/html
Scroll to top button