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Facile aqueous synthesis of ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS QDs with enhanced photoluminescence lifetime for selective detection of Cu(ii) ions

  • Nande Mgedle , Olanrewaju A. Aladesuyi , Thabang Calvin Lebepe , Vuyelwa Ncapayi and Oluwatobi Samuel Oluwafemi EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: May 31, 2023
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Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 12 Issue 1

Abstract

Quaternary quantum dots (QDs) have recently gained more attention due to their low toxicity, tunable wavelength, reduced or no blueshift emission upon overcoating, improved photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield, and PL lifetime when compared to their binary (II–VI) and ternary (I–III–VI) counterparts. In this work, the aqueous synthesis of ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell quaternary QDs as a nanosensor for the selective detection of Cu2+ ions was reported. The as-synthesized QDs were spherical, with a particle diameter of 3.66 ± 0.81 nm, and emitted in the first near-infrared window (725 nm) with an average decay PL lifetime of 43.69 ns. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the QDs were of the wurtzite structure, while the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed GSH capping through the sulphur–metal bond. Furthermore, the fluorometric study shows that the developed multi-shell QDs were selective towards Cu2+ ions compared to other metal ions via fluorescence quenching with a limit of detection of 1.4 µM, which is below the acceptable limit in drinking water.

Keywords: quantum dots; ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell; lifetime; emission; absolute quantum yield

1 Introduction

Semiconductor nanocrystals, also known as quantum dots (QDs), have recently received a lot of attention due to their exemplary photoluminescence (PL) properties, such as wide excitation spectra, narrow symmetrical emission spectra, tunable emission wavelengths, high PL quantum yields (PLQYs), and photochemical stabilities [1,2]. Previously, binary (II–VI) QDs have been developed; however, the toxic nature has limited their applications, especially in biological and biomedical fields [3,4]. For this reason, low toxic and biocompatible ternary QDs (I–III–VI), such as CuInS and AgInS, have been proposed [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. Nonetheless, the optical properties of these QDs are not comparable to those of binary QDs. Overcoating ternary QDs with a high bandgap inorganic material, such as ZnS and ZnSe, have been proposed as one of the effective methods to improve the optical properties of ternary QDs [15,16]. Passivated QDs have been reported to exhibit enhanced PLQY and improved intensities due to the removal of surface defects [17]. However, a blueshift in the emission wavelength upon passivation has been reported. This blueshift has been attributed to the interdiffusion of the metal ion (Zn ions) into the surface of the core (e.g., copper indium sulfide [CIS]) [18]. Hence, quaternary (I–II–III–IV) QDs have been developed as an emerging strategy to reduce the blue-shifted emission. This can be achieved, for example, by adding Zn ions with CIS precursor, thus reducing the displacement of Cu2+ and In3+ ions by the Zn2+ ions upon passivation. Jiao et al. [19] observed an enhanced quantum yield of 30.8% for zinc copper indium sulfide (ZCIS)/ZnS core/shell QDs, as against that of the ZCIS core (14.7%). The result showed no blue-shifted emission upon passivation; the quaternary QDs showed tunable emission ranging from 535 to 645 nm. In another development, Zheng et al. [20] synthesized less-toxic quaternary ZnCuInS QDs with tunable emission ranging from 564 to 650 nm. Thus, having such quaternary material with emission in the near-infrared window is highly desirable. Quaternary QDs could be synthesized via organic synthetic routes such as the hot-injection method and hydrothermal techniques. However, these methods involve the use of high reaction temperatures, toxic and expensive chemicals, etc. In addition, the QDs synthesized via organic synthesis methods are hydrophobic in nature, which limits their biological applications. Hence, there is a need for the development of a direct, economically, and environmentally friendlier method. Therefore, in this study, aqueous synthesis was used [21,22].

Water pollution remains a global issue as this have a negative effect on humans and the environment [23,24,25]. Fluorescent nanoprobes such as QDs have been used as a greener method for detecting various toxic heavy metal ions [26,27,28,29,30]. The concentration of Cu2+ in drinking water needs to be highly monitored, especially those distributed using copper pipes, as there is a possibility for the corrosion of copper plumbing [31]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the maximum accepted Cu2+ ion concentration in drinking water is 1.33 ppm [32]. The consumption of high concentrations of Cu2+ ions results in extreme toxicity and a threat to the health and the ecosystem. The long-term risks of Cu2+ include diabetes, anaemia, kidney disorders, liver damage, and death [33]. Hence, it is paramount to determine the actual amount of Cu2+ ions in solutions.

This study reports for the first time, as far as the authors know, the aqueous synthesis of ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell QDs with enhanced PL lifetime, PLQY, and reduced blue-shifted emission after passivation. Herein, we further passivate the single-shell QDs by a second shell to further red shift the emission wavelength and improve the PLQY. The ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, PL, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to characterize the as-synthesized ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell quaternary QDs. The multi-shell QDs were then used for sensing Cu2+ via fluorescent quenching. The ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS nanoprobes exhibit a selective detection of Cu2+ amidst other interfering metal ions.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

Iron(iii) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O), copper(ii) chloride (CuCl2), indium chloride (InCl3), sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7), l-glutathione reduced (GSH), sodium sulphide (Na2S), zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(O2CCH3)2(H2O)2), thiourea (CH4N2S), hydrochloride (HCl), ethanol (CH3CH2OH), mercury chloride (HgCl2), cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate (Cd(NO3)2·4H2O), and nickel(ii) chloride hexahydrate (NiCl2·6H2O) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and used without further purification.

2.2 Synthesis of ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell QDs

Water-soluble QDs were synthesized using reflux approach by following the method of Tsolekile et al. [3] with slight modifications. In a typical reaction, ZnCuInS/ZnS core/shell QDs were synthesized by adding zinc acetate (Zn(O2CCH3)2(H2O)2), copper chloride (CuCl2), indium chloride (InCl3), GSH, sodium citrate, and sodium sulphide (Na2S) precursors followed by reflux for 45 min at 95°C to produce ZnCuInS cores. This was followed by in situ passivation with the shell material by adding (Zn(O2CCH3)2(H2O)2) and thiourea (CH4N2S). Furthermore, the reaction was refluxed for 80 min at 95°C to form ZnCuInS/ZnS core/shell QDs. The ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell QDs were synthesized by cooling the reaction solution containing ZnCuInS/ZnS core/shell QDs to 80°C followed by the second addition of the shell precursors such as zinc acetate (Zn(O2CCH3)2(H2O)2) and thiourea (CH4N2S). The reaction mixture was further refluxed at 95°C for 80 min followed by cooling and purification with ethanol (QDs: 1:3 ethanol). After purification, the mixture was centrifuged, and ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell QDs were collected.

2.3 Sensing

A method by Muthivhi et al. [34] was followed with slight modifications for the sensing of Cu2+ ion. In a typical experiment, 200 µL of ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS multi/shell QDs was added to 2 mL of Cu2+ ions at different concentrations from 0 to 10 µM. The resultant mixture was left for 2 min to ensure proper ion interaction and incubation. Thereafter, the PL spectra were recorded at 450 nm excitation wavelength at room temperature. The same procedure was repeated for the selectivity studies. About 10 µM of Hg2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Mg2+, and Fe3+ was mixed with 200 µM of the QDs followed by analysis. The selectivity of ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS multi/shell QDs towards Cu2+ was further evaluated by repeating the same procedure for a mixture of Cu2+ ion with interfering ions of Hg2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Mg2+, and Fe3+ ions. In the mixture, the ratio of Cu2+ ion to other metal ions was 1:1.

2.4 Characterization

The UV-vis spectra were acquired using Lambda 25, PerkinElmer UV-vis spectrophotometer in the range of 200–700 nm, while the emission, lifetime, and relative QYs were recorded using spectrofluorometer FS5 (Edinburgh instruments). The surface chemistry of the as-synthesized quaternary QDs was analysed using FTIR, while the morphology and elemental composition (EDS) were investigated using HRTEM JEOL 2100 at 200 kV. XRD patterns were obtained using an advanced D8 Bruker X-ray diffractometer with a monochromatic Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15406 nm) at room temperature. Scanning was performed at 2θ ranging from 5° to 90° in steps of 0.017°·s−1, with the accelerating voltage and current flux set at 40 kV and 30 mA, respectively.

3 Results and discussion

The absorption spectra showed no excitonic features for ZnCuInS, ZnCuInS/ZnS, and ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS QDs (Figure 1a). This could be attributed to the joint effect of broad size distribution, irregular composition distribution, and various intra-bandgap states [22]. The bandgap was recorded to be 3.46, 3.69, and 4.39 eV for ZnCuInS, ZnCuInS/ZnS, and ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS QDs, respectively (Table 1). The PL properties of the as-synthesized QDs are shown in Figure 1. The ZnCuInS core, ZnCuInS/ZnS core/shell, and ZnCuInS/ZnS multi-shell QDs showed emission at 725, 720 and 725 nm, respectively (Table 1). The blue-shifted emission after the first shell formation could be attributed to the interdiffusion of Zn ions upon passivation [35]. The multi-shell QDs showed red-shifted emission from the single-shell QDs. The absolute QY of ZnCuInS core, ZnCuInS/ZnS core/shell, and ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell QDs is 1.28%, 4.11%, and 6.44%, respectively (Table 1). These results indicate that passivation of ZCIS core QDs with the shell material removed surface trap states and suppressed the recombination process (Table 1 and Figure 1b).

Figure 1 (a) Absorption and (b) PL spectra of ZCIS, ZCIS/ZnS core/shell, and ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell QDs.
Figure 1

(a) Absorption and (b) PL spectra of ZCIS, ZCIS/ZnS core/shell, and ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell QDs.

Table 1

Optical properties of the synthesized QDs

QD Band gap (eV) Emission (nm) PLQY (%) τ 1 (ns) τ 2 (ns) τ Average (ns)
ZCIS 3.46 725.00 1.28 2.51 37.10 19.81
ZCIS/ZnS 3.69 720.00 4.11 2.59 68.59 35.59
ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS 4.39 725.00 6.44 4.38 82.99 43.69

Time-resolved PL measurements were carried out to understand the charge carrier lifetime of the synthesized QDs. The decay curve was fitted by bi-exponential fitting, as shown in Figure 2. The average decay lifetime of the as-synthesized ZnCuInS, ZnCuInS/ZnS, and ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell QDs was found to be 19.81, 35.59, and 43.69 ns, respectively, as shown in Table 1 and Figure 2. This indicates that overcoating QDs with a second ZnS shell further passivates the core and inhibits the structural defects.

Figure 2 PL lifetime spectra of ZCIS, ZCIS/ZnS core/shell, and ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell QDs.
Figure 2

PL lifetime spectra of ZCIS, ZCIS/ZnS core/shell, and ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell QDs.

The typical FTIR spectra of the as-prepared QDs (Figure 3) showed an –OH peak at around 3,294 cm−1. The characteristics –C═O– and N–H deformation were observed at 1,575 and 1,377 cm−1, respectively. The GSH has –SH– vibrations at around 2,524 cm−1. The absence of this peak indicates that the capping of GSH with QDs occurred through thiol and metal coordination [3,36]. The XRD patterns (Figure 3b) of the ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell QDs consist of three distinct peaks at 2θ: 27.93°, 47.06°, and 55.12° corresponding to (112), (204), and (302), which are consistent with those of the zinc blende crystalline planes (JCPDS 05-0566 number) [25,26]. The typical HRTEM analysis (Figure 3c) revealed that the as-synthesized ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS QDs were spherical and mono-dispersed. The particle size distribution indicates an average size of 3.66 ± 0.81 nm. In addition, the increase in the particle size from 2.97 nm of the core/shell (TEM not shown here) to 3.66 nm of the core/shell/shell and the change in the emission position in Figure 1 suggest the formation of multi-shell QDs. The EDS spectra of the multi-shell quaternary QDs (Figure 3d) show the corresponding elements of the core and the shell material, i.e. Zn, Cu, In, and S. The presence of C and O is ascribed to the capping agent, GSH. In contrast, the sulphur present is ascribed to the GSH and Zn–Cu–In–S QDs.

Figure 3 (a) FTIR spectrum of ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell QDs; (b) XRD spectrum of ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell QDs; (c) HRTEM image of ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell QDs, inset size distribution; and (d) EDS spectrum of ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell QDs.
Figure 3

(a) FTIR spectrum of ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell QDs; (b) XRD spectrum of ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell QDs; (c) HRTEM image of ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell QDs, inset size distribution; and (d) EDS spectrum of ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell QDs.

The sensing of Cu2+ was investigated at various incubation times (Figure 4). The fluorescent intensity increases with the incubation time, reaching the maximum at 2 min, and the intensity remains constant even at longer reaction times. Hence, 2 min was chosen as the optimized incubation time for the proper interaction between Cu2+ ions and QD.

Figure 4 Effects of reaction time on the PL intensity of ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell QDs mixed with 0.025 µM Cu2+.
Figure 4

Effects of reaction time on the PL intensity of ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell QDs mixed with 0.025 µM Cu2+.

Different concentrations of Cu2+ ions (0.025–10 µM) were also sensed to determine the limit of detection (LOD) (Figure 5). The results showed that an increase in the concentration of Cu2+ ions resulted in a decreased fluorescence intensity of the QDs. The quenching behaviour of AIS-ZnS QDs fluorescence by Cu2+ ions could be explained using the Stern–Volmer equation, which is as follows:

(1) F 0 F = 1 + K SV [ C ]

where F 0 represents the blank QD intensity, F is the QDs with the analyte (Cu2+) fluorescence intensity, K SV is the Stern–Volmer constant, and C is the concentration of the analyte [12].

Figure 5 (a) PL spectra of ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell QDs at different concentrations of Cu2+ ions (0.025–10 µM) and (b) corresponding Stern–Volmer plot (0.5–10 µM).
Figure 5

(a) PL spectra of ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell QDs at different concentrations of Cu2+ ions (0.025–10 µM) and (b) corresponding Stern–Volmer plot (0.5–10 µM).

The LOD for Cu2+ was calculated to be 1.4 µM with an R 2 of 0.98 using the relation:

(2) LOD = ( 3 . 3 * SD ) m

where SD is the standard deviation of the blank QDs, and S is the slope of the calibration curve [36]. The comparison of the calculated LOD with previous reports is shown in Table 2.

Table 2

Comparison of Cu2+ detection using different nanosensors

Probe Linear range LOD Reference
PEG-ZnS QD@ZIF-67 3–500 nM 0.96 nM [37]
CdSe/ZnS QD @PESM 10–1,000 µg·L−1 4.27 µg·L−1 [38]
CdTe QDs 0.5–40 ng·mL−1 0.088 ng·mL−1 [39]
APBA-CdTe QDs 0.01–20 µM 7.6 µM [40]
CIZS/ZnS QDs 0.020–20 μM 6.7 nM [19]
ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS QDs 0.025–10 µM 1.4 µM This work

The selectivity study was conducted using 10 µM concentrations of Cu2+ and metal ions (Figure 6a). The results showed that Cu2+ ions significantly quenched the fluorescence intensity compared to other metal ions. Furthermore, a mixture of Cu2+ ions with each of the interfering metal ions was added to the aqueous solution of the QD (Figure 6b). The result showed that the extent of GSH-capped multi-shell QD fluorescence intensity quenching by Cu2+ ions was not affected by the presence of other metal ions, thus depicting its selectivity towards Cu2+. The selectivity of ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell QDs has been attributed to the strong affinity between Cu2+ and the capping molecule GSH, which tends to produce a strong ligand–metal complex more than other metal ions [36].

Figure 6 (a) Effect of different metal ions on the intensity of the as-synthesized multi-shell quaternary QDs and (b) selectivity of the multi-shell quaternary QDs towards Cu2+ in the presence of other metal ions at a concentration of 10 μM.
Figure 6

(a) Effect of different metal ions on the intensity of the as-synthesized multi-shell quaternary QDs and (b) selectivity of the multi-shell quaternary QDs towards Cu2+ in the presence of other metal ions at a concentration of 10 μM.

4 Conclusions

In summary, water-soluble ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell quaternary QDs were synthesized. The as-synthesized multi-shell quaternary QDs were spherical in shape with an average particle diameter of 3.66 ± 0.81 nm. The EDS indicated the presence of Zn, Cu, In, and S. However, the FTIR analysis confirmed the GSH capping on the multi-shell quaternary QDs through S-metal bonding. The XRD results confirmed the formation of zinc blende crystalline structure. The absolute QY was improved to 6.14% for ZCIS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell quaternary QDs compared to ZCIS and ZCIS/ZnS QDs. In addition, the multi-shell quaternary QDs show the highest average optical lifetime of 43.69 ns, making them an ideal material for near-infrared imaging applications. The developed QDs were sensitive and selective towards Cu2+ ions amidst other interfering ions with an LOD that is lower than the maximum acceptable concentration (1.33 ppm) by WHO.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) under the Competitive Programme for Rated Researchers (CPRR), Grants No. 129290, the University of Johannesburg (URC), and the Faculty of Science (FRC).

  2. Author contributions: Oluwatobi Samuel Oluwafemi: conceptualization, project administration; resources; writing – review and editing, resources; Nande Mgedle: writing – original draft, methodology, formal analysis; Olanrewaju A. Aladesuyi: writing – editing, formal analysis; Vuyelwa Ncapayi: formal analysis; Thabang Calvin Lebepe: formal analysis, visualization.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated and analysed during this study are available from the corresponding author upon a reasonable request.

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Received: 2022-12-27
Revised: 2023-03-23
Accepted: 2023-04-20
Published Online: 2023-05-31

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Value-added utilization of coal fly ash and recycled polyvinyl chloride in door or window sub-frame composites
  3. High removal efficiency of volatile phenol from coking wastewater using coal gasification slag via optimized adsorption and multi-grade batch process
  4. Evolution of surface morphology and properties of diamond films by hydrogen plasma etching
  5. Removal efficiency of dibenzofuran using CuZn-zeolitic imidazole frameworks as a catalyst and adsorbent
  6. Rapid and efficient microwave-assisted extraction of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. heartwood and subsequent synthesis of gold nanoparticles
  7. The catalytic characteristics of 2-methylnaphthalene acylation with AlCl3 immobilized on Hβ as Lewis acid catalyst
  8. Biodegradation of synthetic PVP biofilms using natural materials and nanoparticles
  9. Rutin-loaded selenium nanoparticles modulated the redox status, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways associated with pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy in mice
  10. Optimization of apigenin nanoparticles prepared by planetary ball milling: In vitro and in vivo studies
  11. Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Origanum onites leaves: Cytotoxic, apoptotic, and necrotic effects on Capan-1, L929, and Caco-2 cell lines
  12. Exergy analysis of a conceptual CO2 capture process with an amine-based DES
  13. Construction of fluorescence system of felodipine–tetracyanovinyl–2,2′-bipyridine complex
  14. Excellent photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B over Bi2O3 supported on Zn-MOF nanocomposites under visible light
  15. Optimization-based control strategy for a large-scale polyhydroxyalkanoates production in a fed-batch bioreactor using a coupled PDE–ODE system
  16. Effectiveness of pH and amount of Artemia urumiana extract on physical, chemical, and biological attributes of UV-fabricated biogold nanoparticles
  17. Geranium leaf-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their transcriptomic effects on Candida albicans
  18. Synthesis, characterization, anticancer, anti-inflammatory activities, and docking studies of 3,5-disubstituted thiadiazine-2-thiones
  19. Synthesis and stability of phospholipid-encapsulated nano-selenium
  20. Putative anti-proliferative effect of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) seed and its nano-formulation
  21. Enrichment of low-grade phosphorites by the selective leaching method
  22. Electrochemical analysis of the dissolution of gold in a copper–ethylenediamine–thiosulfate system
  23. Characterisation of carbonate lake sediments as a potential filler for polymer composites
  24. Evaluation of nano-selenium biofortification characteristics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
  25. Quality of oil extracted by cold press from Nigella sativa seeds incorporated with rosemary extracts and pretreated by microwaves
  26. Heteropolyacid-loaded MOF-derived mesoporous zirconia catalyst for chemical degradation of rhodamine B
  27. Recovery of critical metals from carbonatite-type mineral wastes: Geochemical modeling investigation of (bio)hydrometallurgical leaching of REEs
  28. Photocatalytic properties of ZnFe-mixed oxides synthesized via a simple route for water remediation
  29. Attenuation of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-induced hepatic and renal toxicity by naringin nanoparticles in a rat model
  30. Novel in situ synthesis of quaternary core–shell metallic sulfide nanocomposites for degradation of organic dyes and hydrogen production
  31. Microfluidic steam-based synthesis of luminescent carbon quantum dots as sensing probes for nitrite detection
  32. Transformation of eggshell waste to egg white protein solution, calcium chloride dihydrate, and eggshell membrane powder
  33. Preparation of Zr-MOFs for the adsorption of doxycycline hydrochloride from wastewater
  34. Green nanoarchitectonics of the silver nanocrystal potential for treating malaria and their cytotoxic effects on the kidney Vero cell line
  35. Carbon emissions analysis of producing modified asphalt with natural asphalt
  36. An efficient and green synthesis of 2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones via t-BuONa-mediated oxidative condensation of 2-aminobenzamides and benzyl alcohols under solvent- and transition metal-free conditions
  37. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with mesosulfuron methyl and mesosulfuron methyl + florasulam + MCPA isooctyl to manage weeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  38. Synergism between lignite and high-sulfur petroleum coke in CO2 gasification
  39. Facile aqueous synthesis of ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS QDs with enhanced photoluminescence lifetime for selective detection of Cu(ii) ions
  40. Rapid synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Nepeta cataria leaves: An eco-friendly management of disease-causing vectors and bacterial pathogens
  41. Study on the photoelectrocatalytic activity of reduced TiO2 nanotube films for removal of methyl orange
  42. Development of a fuzzy logic model for the prediction of spark-ignition engine performance and emission for gasoline–ethanol blends
  43. Micro-impact-induced mechano-chemical synthesis of organic precursors from FeC/FeN and carbonates/nitrates in water and its extension to nucleobases
  44. Green synthesis of strontium-doped tin dioxide (SrSnO2) nanoparticles using the Mahonia bealei leaf extract and evaluation of their anticancer and antimicrobial activities
  45. A study on the larvicidal and adulticidal potential of Cladostepus spongiosus macroalgae and green-fabricated silver nanoparticles against mosquito vectors
  46. Catalysts based on nickel salt heteropolytungstates for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide
  47. Powerful antibacterial nanocomposites from Corallina officinalis-mediated nanometals and chitosan nanoparticles against fish-borne pathogens
  48. Removal behavior of Zn and alkalis from blast furnace dust in pre-reduction sinter process
  49. Environmentally friendly synthesis and computational studies of novel class of acridinedione integrated spirothiopyrrolizidines/indolizidines
  50. The mechanisms of inhibition and lubrication of clean fracturing flowback fluids in water-based drilling fluids
  51. Adsorption/desorption performance of cellulose membrane for Pb(ii)
  52. A one-pot, multicomponent tandem synthesis of fused polycyclic pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolinone/pyrrolizino[2,3-c]quinolinone hybrid heterocycles via environmentally benign solid state melt reaction
  53. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using durian rind extract and optical characteristics of surface plasmon resonance-based optical sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide
  54. Electrochemical analysis of copper-EDTA-ammonia-gold thiosulfate dissolution system
  55. Characterization of bio-oil production by microwave pyrolysis from cashew nut shells and Cassia fistula pods
  56. Green synthesis methods and characterization of bacterial cellulose/silver nanoparticle composites
  57. Photocatalytic research performance of zinc oxide/graphite phase carbon nitride catalyst and its application in environment
  58. Effect of phytogenic iron nanoparticles on the bio-fortification of wheat varieties
  59. In vitro anti-cancer and antimicrobial effects of manganese oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the Glycyrrhiza uralensis leaf extract on breast cancer cell lines
  60. Preparation of Pd/Ce(F)-MCM-48 catalysts and their catalytic performance of n-heptane isomerization
  61. Green “one-pot” fluorescent bis-indolizine synthesis with whole-cell plant biocatalysis
  62. Silica-titania mesoporous silicas of MCM-41 type as effective catalysts and photocatalysts for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide by H2O2
  63. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from molted feathers of Pavo cristatus and their antibiofilm and anticancer activities
  64. Clean preparation of rutile from Ti-containing mixed molten slag by CO2 oxidation
  65. Synthesis and characterization of Pluronic F-127-coated titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesized from extracts of Atractylodes macrocephala leaf for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties
  66. Effect of pretreatment with alkali on the anaerobic digestion characteristics of kitchen waste and analysis of microbial diversity
  67. Ameliorated antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties by Plectranthus vettiveroides root extract-mediated green synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles
  68. Microwave-accelerated pretreatment technique in green extraction of oil and bioactive compounds from camelina seeds: Effectiveness and characterization
  69. Studies on the extraction performance of phorate by aptamer-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in plasma samples
  70. Investigation of structural properties and antibacterial activity of AgO nanoparticle extract from Solanum nigrum/Mentha leaf extracts by green synthesis method
  71. Green fabrication of chitosan from marine crustaceans and mushroom waste: Toward sustainable resource utilization
  72. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  73. The enhanced adsorption properties of phosphorus from aqueous solutions using lanthanum modified synthetic zeolites
  74. Separation of graphene oxides of different sizes by multi-layer dialysis and anti-friction and lubrication performance
  75. Visible-light-assisted base-catalyzed, one-pot synthesis of highly functionalized cinnolines
  76. The experimental study on the air oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with Co–Mn–Br system
  77. Highly efficient removal of tetracycline and methyl violet 2B from aqueous solution using the bimetallic FeZn-ZIFs catalyst
  78. A thermo-tolerant cellulase enzyme produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M7, an insight into synthesis, optimization, characterization, and bio-polishing activity
  79. Exploration of ketone derivatives of succinimide for their antidiabetic potential: In vitro and in vivo approaches
  80. Ultrasound-assisted green synthesis and in silico study of 6-(4-(butylamino)-6-(diethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxypyridazine derivatives
  81. A study of the anticancer potential of Pluronic F-127 encapsulated Fe2O3 nanoparticles derived from Berberis vulgaris extract
  82. Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Consolida orientalis flowers: Identification, catalytic degradation, and biological effect
  83. Initial assessment of the presence of plastic waste in some coastal mangrove forests in Vietnam
  84. Adsorption synergy electrocatalytic degradation of phenol by active oxygen-containing species generated in Co-coal based cathode and graphite anode
  85. Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities of the aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum-mediated synthesized novel silver nanoparticles
  86. Synthesis of a silica matrix with ZnO nanoparticles for the fabrication of a recyclable photodegradation system to eliminate methylene blue dye
  87. Natural polymer fillers instead of dye and pigments: Pumice and scoria in PDMS fluid and elastomer composites
  88. Study on the preparation of glycerylphosphorylcholine by transesterification under supported sodium methoxide
  89. Wireless network handheld terminal-based green ecological sustainable design evaluation system: Improved data communication and reduced packet loss rate
  90. The optimization of hydrogel strength from cassava starch using oxidized sucrose as a crosslinking agent
  91. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Saccharum officinarum leaf extract for antiviral paint
  92. Study on the reliability of nano-silver-coated tin solder joints for flip chips
  93. Environmentally sustainable analytical quality by design aided RP-HPLC method for the estimation of brilliant blue in commercial food samples employing a green-ultrasound-assisted extraction technique
  94. Anticancer and antimicrobial potential of zinc/sodium alginate/polyethylene glycol/d-pinitol nanocomposites against osteosarcoma MG-63 cells
  95. Nanoporous carbon@CoFe2O4 nanocomposite as a green absorbent for the adsorptive removal of Hg(ii) from aqueous solutions
  96. Characterization of silver sulfide nanoparticles from actinobacterial strain (M10A62) and its toxicity against lepidopteran and dipterans insect species
  97. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Withania somnifera: Investigating antioxidant potential
  98. Effect of e-waste nanofillers on the mechanical, thermal, and wear properties of epoxy-blend sisal woven fiber-reinforced composites
  99. Magnesium nanohydroxide (2D brucite) as a host matrix for thymol and carvacrol: Synthesis, characterization, and inhibition of foodborne pathogens
  100. Synergistic inhibitive effect of a hybrid zinc oxide-benzalkonium chloride composite on the corrosion of carbon steel in a sulfuric acidic solution
  101. Review Articles
  102. Role and the importance of green approach in biosynthesis of nanopropolis and effectiveness of propolis in the treatment of COVID-19 pandemic
  103. Gum tragacanth-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles, characterization, and their applications as a bactericide, catalyst, antioxidant, and peroxidase mimic
  104. Green-processed nano-biocomposite (ZnO–TiO2): Potential candidates for biomedical applications
  105. Reaction mechanisms in microwave-assisted lignin depolymerisation in hydrogen-donating solvents
  106. Recent progress on non-noble metal catalysts for the deoxydehydration of biomass-derived oxygenates
  107. Rapid Communication
  108. Phosphorus removal by iron–carbon microelectrolysis: A new way to achieve phosphorus recovery
  109. Special Issue: Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications (Guest Editors: Arpita Roy and Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli)
  110. Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications
  111. Nano-encapsulated tanshinone IIA in PLGA-PEG-COOH inhibits apoptosis and inflammation in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury
  112. Green fabrication of silver nanoparticles using Melia azedarach ripened fruit extract, their characterization, and biological properties
  113. Green-synthesized nanoparticles and their therapeutic applications: A review
  114. Antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity potential of synthesized silver nanoparticles from the Cassia alata leaf aqueous extract
  115. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Callisia fragrans leaf extract and its anticancer activity against MCF-7, HepG2, KB, LU-1, and MKN-7 cell lines
  116. Algae-based green AgNPs, AuNPs, and FeNPs as potential nanoremediators
  117. Green synthesis of Kickxia elatine-induced silver nanoparticles and their role as anti-acetylcholinesterase in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
  118. Phytocrystallization of silver nanoparticles using Cassia alata flower extract for effective control of fungal skin pathogens
  119. Antibacterial wound dressing with hydrogel from chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol from the red cabbage extract loaded with silver nanoparticles
  120. Leveraging of mycogenic copper oxide nanostructures for disease management of Alternaria blight of Brassica juncea
  121. Nanoscale molecular reactions in microbiological medicines in modern medical applications
  122. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO/β-cyclodextrin/nicotinic acid nanocomposite and its biological and environmental application
  123. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles via Taxus wallichiana Zucc. plant-derived Taxol: Novel utilization as anticancer, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antiurolithic potential
  124. Recyclability and catalytic characteristics of copper oxide nanoparticles derived from bougainvillea plant flower extract for biomedical application
  125. Phytofabrication, characterization, and evaluation of novel bioinspired selenium–iron (Se–Fe) nanocomposites using Allium sativum extract for bio-potential applications
  126. Erratum
  127. Erratum to “Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2022-8155
Keywords for this article
quantum dots; ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS multi-shell; lifetime; emission; absolute quantum yield
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Value-added utilization of coal fly ash and recycled polyvinyl chloride in door or window sub-frame composites
  3. High removal efficiency of volatile phenol from coking wastewater using coal gasification slag via optimized adsorption and multi-grade batch process
  4. Evolution of surface morphology and properties of diamond films by hydrogen plasma etching
  5. Removal efficiency of dibenzofuran using CuZn-zeolitic imidazole frameworks as a catalyst and adsorbent
  6. Rapid and efficient microwave-assisted extraction of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. heartwood and subsequent synthesis of gold nanoparticles
  7. The catalytic characteristics of 2-methylnaphthalene acylation with AlCl3 immobilized on Hβ as Lewis acid catalyst
  8. Biodegradation of synthetic PVP biofilms using natural materials and nanoparticles
  9. Rutin-loaded selenium nanoparticles modulated the redox status, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways associated with pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy in mice
  10. Optimization of apigenin nanoparticles prepared by planetary ball milling: In vitro and in vivo studies
  11. Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Origanum onites leaves: Cytotoxic, apoptotic, and necrotic effects on Capan-1, L929, and Caco-2 cell lines
  12. Exergy analysis of a conceptual CO2 capture process with an amine-based DES
  13. Construction of fluorescence system of felodipine–tetracyanovinyl–2,2′-bipyridine complex
  14. Excellent photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B over Bi2O3 supported on Zn-MOF nanocomposites under visible light
  15. Optimization-based control strategy for a large-scale polyhydroxyalkanoates production in a fed-batch bioreactor using a coupled PDE–ODE system
  16. Effectiveness of pH and amount of Artemia urumiana extract on physical, chemical, and biological attributes of UV-fabricated biogold nanoparticles
  17. Geranium leaf-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their transcriptomic effects on Candida albicans
  18. Synthesis, characterization, anticancer, anti-inflammatory activities, and docking studies of 3,5-disubstituted thiadiazine-2-thiones
  19. Synthesis and stability of phospholipid-encapsulated nano-selenium
  20. Putative anti-proliferative effect of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) seed and its nano-formulation
  21. Enrichment of low-grade phosphorites by the selective leaching method
  22. Electrochemical analysis of the dissolution of gold in a copper–ethylenediamine–thiosulfate system
  23. Characterisation of carbonate lake sediments as a potential filler for polymer composites
  24. Evaluation of nano-selenium biofortification characteristics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
  25. Quality of oil extracted by cold press from Nigella sativa seeds incorporated with rosemary extracts and pretreated by microwaves
  26. Heteropolyacid-loaded MOF-derived mesoporous zirconia catalyst for chemical degradation of rhodamine B
  27. Recovery of critical metals from carbonatite-type mineral wastes: Geochemical modeling investigation of (bio)hydrometallurgical leaching of REEs
  28. Photocatalytic properties of ZnFe-mixed oxides synthesized via a simple route for water remediation
  29. Attenuation of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-induced hepatic and renal toxicity by naringin nanoparticles in a rat model
  30. Novel in situ synthesis of quaternary core–shell metallic sulfide nanocomposites for degradation of organic dyes and hydrogen production
  31. Microfluidic steam-based synthesis of luminescent carbon quantum dots as sensing probes for nitrite detection
  32. Transformation of eggshell waste to egg white protein solution, calcium chloride dihydrate, and eggshell membrane powder
  33. Preparation of Zr-MOFs for the adsorption of doxycycline hydrochloride from wastewater
  34. Green nanoarchitectonics of the silver nanocrystal potential for treating malaria and their cytotoxic effects on the kidney Vero cell line
  35. Carbon emissions analysis of producing modified asphalt with natural asphalt
  36. An efficient and green synthesis of 2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones via t-BuONa-mediated oxidative condensation of 2-aminobenzamides and benzyl alcohols under solvent- and transition metal-free conditions
  37. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with mesosulfuron methyl and mesosulfuron methyl + florasulam + MCPA isooctyl to manage weeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  38. Synergism between lignite and high-sulfur petroleum coke in CO2 gasification
  39. Facile aqueous synthesis of ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS QDs with enhanced photoluminescence lifetime for selective detection of Cu(ii) ions
  40. Rapid synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Nepeta cataria leaves: An eco-friendly management of disease-causing vectors and bacterial pathogens
  41. Study on the photoelectrocatalytic activity of reduced TiO2 nanotube films for removal of methyl orange
  42. Development of a fuzzy logic model for the prediction of spark-ignition engine performance and emission for gasoline–ethanol blends
  43. Micro-impact-induced mechano-chemical synthesis of organic precursors from FeC/FeN and carbonates/nitrates in water and its extension to nucleobases
  44. Green synthesis of strontium-doped tin dioxide (SrSnO2) nanoparticles using the Mahonia bealei leaf extract and evaluation of their anticancer and antimicrobial activities
  45. A study on the larvicidal and adulticidal potential of Cladostepus spongiosus macroalgae and green-fabricated silver nanoparticles against mosquito vectors
  46. Catalysts based on nickel salt heteropolytungstates for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide
  47. Powerful antibacterial nanocomposites from Corallina officinalis-mediated nanometals and chitosan nanoparticles against fish-borne pathogens
  48. Removal behavior of Zn and alkalis from blast furnace dust in pre-reduction sinter process
  49. Environmentally friendly synthesis and computational studies of novel class of acridinedione integrated spirothiopyrrolizidines/indolizidines
  50. The mechanisms of inhibition and lubrication of clean fracturing flowback fluids in water-based drilling fluids
  51. Adsorption/desorption performance of cellulose membrane for Pb(ii)
  52. A one-pot, multicomponent tandem synthesis of fused polycyclic pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolinone/pyrrolizino[2,3-c]quinolinone hybrid heterocycles via environmentally benign solid state melt reaction
  53. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using durian rind extract and optical characteristics of surface plasmon resonance-based optical sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide
  54. Electrochemical analysis of copper-EDTA-ammonia-gold thiosulfate dissolution system
  55. Characterization of bio-oil production by microwave pyrolysis from cashew nut shells and Cassia fistula pods
  56. Green synthesis methods and characterization of bacterial cellulose/silver nanoparticle composites
  57. Photocatalytic research performance of zinc oxide/graphite phase carbon nitride catalyst and its application in environment
  58. Effect of phytogenic iron nanoparticles on the bio-fortification of wheat varieties
  59. In vitro anti-cancer and antimicrobial effects of manganese oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the Glycyrrhiza uralensis leaf extract on breast cancer cell lines
  60. Preparation of Pd/Ce(F)-MCM-48 catalysts and their catalytic performance of n-heptane isomerization
  61. Green “one-pot” fluorescent bis-indolizine synthesis with whole-cell plant biocatalysis
  62. Silica-titania mesoporous silicas of MCM-41 type as effective catalysts and photocatalysts for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide by H2O2
  63. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from molted feathers of Pavo cristatus and their antibiofilm and anticancer activities
  64. Clean preparation of rutile from Ti-containing mixed molten slag by CO2 oxidation
  65. Synthesis and characterization of Pluronic F-127-coated titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesized from extracts of Atractylodes macrocephala leaf for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties
  66. Effect of pretreatment with alkali on the anaerobic digestion characteristics of kitchen waste and analysis of microbial diversity
  67. Ameliorated antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties by Plectranthus vettiveroides root extract-mediated green synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles
  68. Microwave-accelerated pretreatment technique in green extraction of oil and bioactive compounds from camelina seeds: Effectiveness and characterization
  69. Studies on the extraction performance of phorate by aptamer-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in plasma samples
  70. Investigation of structural properties and antibacterial activity of AgO nanoparticle extract from Solanum nigrum/Mentha leaf extracts by green synthesis method
  71. Green fabrication of chitosan from marine crustaceans and mushroom waste: Toward sustainable resource utilization
  72. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  73. The enhanced adsorption properties of phosphorus from aqueous solutions using lanthanum modified synthetic zeolites
  74. Separation of graphene oxides of different sizes by multi-layer dialysis and anti-friction and lubrication performance
  75. Visible-light-assisted base-catalyzed, one-pot synthesis of highly functionalized cinnolines
  76. The experimental study on the air oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with Co–Mn–Br system
  77. Highly efficient removal of tetracycline and methyl violet 2B from aqueous solution using the bimetallic FeZn-ZIFs catalyst
  78. A thermo-tolerant cellulase enzyme produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M7, an insight into synthesis, optimization, characterization, and bio-polishing activity
  79. Exploration of ketone derivatives of succinimide for their antidiabetic potential: In vitro and in vivo approaches
  80. Ultrasound-assisted green synthesis and in silico study of 6-(4-(butylamino)-6-(diethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxypyridazine derivatives
  81. A study of the anticancer potential of Pluronic F-127 encapsulated Fe2O3 nanoparticles derived from Berberis vulgaris extract
  82. Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Consolida orientalis flowers: Identification, catalytic degradation, and biological effect
  83. Initial assessment of the presence of plastic waste in some coastal mangrove forests in Vietnam
  84. Adsorption synergy electrocatalytic degradation of phenol by active oxygen-containing species generated in Co-coal based cathode and graphite anode
  85. Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities of the aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum-mediated synthesized novel silver nanoparticles
  86. Synthesis of a silica matrix with ZnO nanoparticles for the fabrication of a recyclable photodegradation system to eliminate methylene blue dye
  87. Natural polymer fillers instead of dye and pigments: Pumice and scoria in PDMS fluid and elastomer composites
  88. Study on the preparation of glycerylphosphorylcholine by transesterification under supported sodium methoxide
  89. Wireless network handheld terminal-based green ecological sustainable design evaluation system: Improved data communication and reduced packet loss rate
  90. The optimization of hydrogel strength from cassava starch using oxidized sucrose as a crosslinking agent
  91. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Saccharum officinarum leaf extract for antiviral paint
  92. Study on the reliability of nano-silver-coated tin solder joints for flip chips
  93. Environmentally sustainable analytical quality by design aided RP-HPLC method for the estimation of brilliant blue in commercial food samples employing a green-ultrasound-assisted extraction technique
  94. Anticancer and antimicrobial potential of zinc/sodium alginate/polyethylene glycol/d-pinitol nanocomposites against osteosarcoma MG-63 cells
  95. Nanoporous carbon@CoFe2O4 nanocomposite as a green absorbent for the adsorptive removal of Hg(ii) from aqueous solutions
  96. Characterization of silver sulfide nanoparticles from actinobacterial strain (M10A62) and its toxicity against lepidopteran and dipterans insect species
  97. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Withania somnifera: Investigating antioxidant potential
  98. Effect of e-waste nanofillers on the mechanical, thermal, and wear properties of epoxy-blend sisal woven fiber-reinforced composites
  99. Magnesium nanohydroxide (2D brucite) as a host matrix for thymol and carvacrol: Synthesis, characterization, and inhibition of foodborne pathogens
  100. Synergistic inhibitive effect of a hybrid zinc oxide-benzalkonium chloride composite on the corrosion of carbon steel in a sulfuric acidic solution
  101. Review Articles
  102. Role and the importance of green approach in biosynthesis of nanopropolis and effectiveness of propolis in the treatment of COVID-19 pandemic
  103. Gum tragacanth-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles, characterization, and their applications as a bactericide, catalyst, antioxidant, and peroxidase mimic
  104. Green-processed nano-biocomposite (ZnO–TiO2): Potential candidates for biomedical applications
  105. Reaction mechanisms in microwave-assisted lignin depolymerisation in hydrogen-donating solvents
  106. Recent progress on non-noble metal catalysts for the deoxydehydration of biomass-derived oxygenates
  107. Rapid Communication
  108. Phosphorus removal by iron–carbon microelectrolysis: A new way to achieve phosphorus recovery
  109. Special Issue: Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications (Guest Editors: Arpita Roy and Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli)
  110. Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications
  111. Nano-encapsulated tanshinone IIA in PLGA-PEG-COOH inhibits apoptosis and inflammation in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury
  112. Green fabrication of silver nanoparticles using Melia azedarach ripened fruit extract, their characterization, and biological properties
  113. Green-synthesized nanoparticles and their therapeutic applications: A review
  114. Antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity potential of synthesized silver nanoparticles from the Cassia alata leaf aqueous extract
  115. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Callisia fragrans leaf extract and its anticancer activity against MCF-7, HepG2, KB, LU-1, and MKN-7 cell lines
  116. Algae-based green AgNPs, AuNPs, and FeNPs as potential nanoremediators
  117. Green synthesis of Kickxia elatine-induced silver nanoparticles and their role as anti-acetylcholinesterase in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
  118. Phytocrystallization of silver nanoparticles using Cassia alata flower extract for effective control of fungal skin pathogens
  119. Antibacterial wound dressing with hydrogel from chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol from the red cabbage extract loaded with silver nanoparticles
  120. Leveraging of mycogenic copper oxide nanostructures for disease management of Alternaria blight of Brassica juncea
  121. Nanoscale molecular reactions in microbiological medicines in modern medical applications
  122. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO/β-cyclodextrin/nicotinic acid nanocomposite and its biological and environmental application
  123. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles via Taxus wallichiana Zucc. plant-derived Taxol: Novel utilization as anticancer, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antiurolithic potential
  124. Recyclability and catalytic characteristics of copper oxide nanoparticles derived from bougainvillea plant flower extract for biomedical application
  125. Phytofabrication, characterization, and evaluation of novel bioinspired selenium–iron (Se–Fe) nanocomposites using Allium sativum extract for bio-potential applications
  126. Erratum
  127. Erratum to “Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
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