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Highly efficient removal of tetracycline and methyl violet 2B from aqueous solution using the bimetallic FeZn-ZIFs catalyst

  • Thu T. A. Le , Bao H. Dang , Thanh Q. C. Nguyen , Dam P. Nguyen and Giao H. Dang EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: November 8, 2023
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Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 12 Issue 1

Abstract

Residual antibiotics and organic dyes in wastewater have gained the current challenge all over the world because of their toxicity to humans and the environment. In this study, the bimetallic porous FeZn-ZIFs materials were successfully prepared under mild conditions at room temperature and atmospheric pressure and characterized by various techniques. The FeZn-ZIFs were used as a heterogeneous catalyst to remove tetracycline antibiotics (TC) and methyl violet 2B dyes (MV) in an aqueous solution by activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and peroxydisulfate (PDS), respectively. The catalytic activity of FeZn-ZIFs towards TC and MV under different oxidant dosages, the catalyst dosage, the initial pollutant concentration, contact time, and reaction temperature were optimized. The results indicated that FeZn-ZIFs was an efficient catalyst for removing TC and MV based on advanced oxidant processes, having a removal capacity of 92% at TC concentration of 50 mg·L−1 and 95% MV concentration of 20 mg·L−1. More importantly, this bimetallic catalyst was identified the superior structural stability when the removal efficiency of TC and MV was maintained at approximately 90% after five cycles. In short, the FeZn-ZIFs and PMS/PDS system exhibited a promising application prospect for antibiotic and dye-containing wastewater treatment.

Graphical abstract

Keywords: advanced oxidation process; bimetallic; methyl violet 2B; tetracycline; zeolitic imidazolate framework

1 Introduction

Environmental contamination, especially water pollution, has been a global concern that needs to be addressed due to its severe impact on organisms and ecosystems [1]. Along with the growth of population, industrialization, and modernization, the amount of wastewater increased drastically, often containing organic dyes, antibiotic residues, heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial chemicals…[2]. This wastewater poses a threat to the environment and quality of human life [3]. For instance, the antibiotic residues found in wastewater can form antibiotic resistance genes that make the infections caused by resisted bacteria have become complicated and costly for treatment [4,5]. Meanwhile, the presence of dyes in the aqueous environment is proven to be toxic and relates to several dreadful human diseases, including skin irritation, kidney failure, intestinal tract infection, and even carcinogenicity [6]. Typically, tetracycline antibiotic (TC) and methyl violet 2B dye (MV) are the organic compounds which have been commonly used to fulfill human needs. TC is the world’s second most widely used antibacterial chemical and one of the primary antibiotics used in the treatment of human diseases, aquaculture, and livestock production [7]. However, the hydrophilic and hard to metabolize completely by human or animal organisms nature of TC leads to its considerable persistence in water bodies [8]. On the other hand, MV is a cationic triphenylmethane dye widely used in textile industries, paper printing, ink making, and other fields [9,10]. This dye gives an intensive violet color when dissolved in water, even with small concentrations [11]. Because of their complex and durable chemical structure with many aromatic rings, they usually accumulate in aquatic environments. Remarkably, these contaminants are not only toxic but also stable to heat, light, and hardly biologically degradable [12–14]. Therefore, a variety of methods for removing antibiotics and dye from aquatic environments have been extensively investigated, including adsorption, coagulation, flocculation, membrane filtration, photocatalytic degradation, and biological treatment [15–18]. Among these methods, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have attracted the attention of scientists due to their mineralization ability to organic contaminants present in wastewater [19,20]. Namely, AOPs involve the generation of highly reactive radical species, which are powerful oxidizing agents and capable of attacking a wide variety of organic molecules to nontoxic and simple molecules based on the oxidants including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), peroxymonosulfate (PMS) ( HSO 5 − ), peroxydisulfate (PDS) ( S 2 O 8 2 − ), ozone (O3), and permanganate ( MnO 4 − ) [21]. There are many ways to activate the oxidant agent in the AOPs, such as thermal excitation, ultraviolet radiation, and other methods that require additional energy [22]. Recently, the heterogeneous catalytic system consisting of transition metals (Co, Zn, Mn, and Fe) and PMS/PDS has been shown to degrade antibiotics and dye efficiently [23]. However, because of interactions with strong oxidizing agents, the catalyst material needs to ensure durability and certain requirements such as porous nature, a large specific surface, high stability, and diverse structure and composition to bring high efficiency [24]. Therefore, designing heterogeneous catalysts with outstanding properties to activate the oxidant effectively is challenging for scientists.

Accordingly, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are the potential candidates for the AOPs because of their inherent superior properties such as large pore volume, tunable porosity, ultrahigh specific surface area, high thermal stability, and molecular and structural diversity [25,26]. Namely, ZIFs is a subclass of metal-organic framework material that is structurally similar to zeolite, but its composition is a combination of both inorganic ions and organic bridges [27]. Typically, ZIFs are formed from the metallic nodes (i.e., Zn and Co) and linked together by imidazolate organic bridges through self-assembly arrangement. ZIFs have become attractive to scientists in many fields, such as adsorption, catalysis, gas storage, chemical separation, and drug delivery [28,29]. Some researchers have reported that ZIFs are highly effective for removing antibiotics and dyes. Indeed, Li et al. prepared ZIF-8 for the adsorption of TC and oxytetracycline (OTC) which the maximum adsorption capacities for TC and OTC were 303 and 312.5 mg·g−1, respectively [30]. The proposed adsorption mechanism likely involved π–π interactions between the conjugated groups in TC/OTC and the imidazole rings of ZIF-8. In addition, the presence of metal in ZIFs also contributes to promoting the catalytic potential of the material for the decomposition process and eliminating the toxicity of the pollutant. In 2021, Tran and Nguyen reported a facile method to synthesize ZIF-67 under a one-step hydrothermal reaction from cobalt salt in methanol with high photostability and easy reusability [31]. In a neutral medium, more than 88% of methyl orange (MO) was degraded within 1 h with the presence of as-prepared ZIF-67. Recently, many research articles have suggested that combining two metal centers in a ZIF structure can improve many outstanding properties of the material and bring high catalytic ability. Namely, Abuzalat et al. successfully synthesized the bimetallic Co/Zn-ZIF-8 as an efficient catalyst to promote H2O2 oxidation to remove MO dye [32]. The Co/Zn-ZIF-8/H2O2 system successfully decolorized more than 90% MO (10 mg·L−1) at pH 6.5 within only about 50 min.

In this study, a green and straightforward strategy is proposed to synthesize the bimetallic FeZn-ZIFs as a heterogeneous catalyst for removing pollutants based on AOPs. The properties of Fe-doped ZIF-8 are also investigated and characterized. Herein, TC antibiotic and methyl violet 2B dye are used as a pollutant model. The removal behavior of FeZn-ZIFs is examined in detail, including catalyst dosage, oxidant dosage, different concentrations of TC and MV, contact time, and reaction temperature. Furthermore, the stability of the catalyst is also determined through the efficiency of reusability and structural characterization reanalysis using Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) methods.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

2-Methylimidazole (2-MIm, C4H6N2, 99%) was purchased from Acros. Zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, 99%), iron (ii) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4·7H2O, 99%), potassium peroxydisulfate (PDS, K2S2O8, 99.5%), MV 2B (C24H28ClN3, 80% dye content) and methanol (MeOH, CH3OH, 99.5%) were purchased from Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd, China. Potassium PMS, (KHSO5·0.5KHSO4·0.5K2SO4, containing 47% KHSO5) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. TC hydrochloride (C22H24N2O8·HCl) was purchased from Bomei, China, with a high purity grade. All the reagents were used as received without further purification.

2.2 Synthesis of FeZn-ZIFs

FeZn-ZIFs were synthesized by the solvothermal method, as reported in a previous study with slight modifications [33]. For the synthesis of the FeZn-ZIFs, 4.5 mmol of Zn(NO3)2·6H2O and 0.5 mmol of FeSO4·7H2O were completely dissolved in 25 mL MeOH. Next, this homogenized mixture was added dropwise into 25 mL MeOH solution containing 20 mmol of 2-MIm under magnetic stirring. A light yellow suspension was gradually formed, which was then aged 24 h at room temperature. Subsequently, the crystals were collected by centrifugation at 4,000 rpm within 10 min, purified in MeOH several times, dried overnight at 60°C, and obtained light–yellow FeZn-ZIFs powder.

Besides, some other heterogeneous catalysts, including ZIF-8, ZnCo-ZIFs, CuZn-ZIFs, and FeCo-ZIFs, were also synthesized based on the reported procedures with slight modifications for comparison. Herein, ZIF-8 crystals were prepared by solvothermal reaction of Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (1.485 g, 5 mmol) and 2-MIm (1.64 g, 20 mmol) in 40 mL MeOH [34]. Similarly, ZnCo-ZIFs were also synthesized by the solvothermal method of Co(NO3)2·6H2O (0.873 g, 3 mmol), Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.297 g, 1 mmol) and 2-MIm (1.3136 g, 16 mmol) in 30 mL MeOH [35]. For the synthesis of the CuZn-ZIFs, crystals were obtained by reaction of Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.891 g, 3 mmol), Cu(NO3)2·3H2O (0.242 g, 1 mmol) and 2-MIm (1.3136 g, 16 mmol) in 40 mL MeOH [36]. Finally, FeCo-ZIFs were synthesized by Co(NO3)2·6H2O (0.7275 g, 2.5 mmol), FeSO4·7H2O (0.139 g, 0.5 mmol), and 2-MIm (3.9408 g, 48 mmol) in 40 mL MeOH [37].

2.3 Characterization of FeZn-ZIFs

PXRD patterns of FeZn-ZIFs particles were collected on an Empyrean-PANanlytical powder diffractometer with a scan range of 2θ recorded from 5 to 80 degrees. FT-IR was attained using PerkinElmer MIR/NIR Frontier instrument and recorded from 400 to 4,000 cm−1. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the powder was conducted in the N2 gas from a temperature of 800°C with a heating rate of 10°C·min−1 using LabSys Evo TG-DSC 1600 instrument. Surface morphology and particle size were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Hitachi S-4800). Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) was used to analyze the elemental components present in the material. The specific surface areas of the samples were calculated using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method.

2.4 Catalyst experiments

TC antibiotic and MV 2B dye were used as a pollutant model to evaluate the catalytic activity of the FeZn-ZIFs material in the presence of potassium PMS and potassium PDS, respectively. Typically, a certain amount of the as-prepared catalyst sample (0–0.5 g·L−1) was dispersed into 10 mL of pollutant solution in a different concentration (5–70 mg·L−1) with the presence of the oxidant dosage (0–0.5 g·L−1). The mixture was performed under magnetic stirring at various time intervals (15–75 min) and temperatures (from room temperature to 70°C). After the reaction, the catalyst and solution were separated by filtration and centrifugation. A UV–visible spectrophotometer was used to analyze the residual concentrations of TC and MV at wavelengths 357 and 583 nm, respectively. The removal efficiency was computed by the following equation:

(1) Removal efficiency ( % ) = C 0 − C t C 0 × 100

where C 0 and C t are the initial TC and MV concentration (mg·L−1) and the pollutant concentration at time t, respectively (mg·L−1).

A 100 mg·L−1 stock solution of pollutants was prepared by dissolving 0.01 g of the pollutants in 100 mL of distilled water. The other pollutant concentrations used in the experiment were done by diluting the stock solution with suitable volumes of distilled water. In particular, because hydrolysis and precipitation of TC in water can occur, the TC stock solution was renewed just before each use.

2.5 Reusability of FeZn-ZIFs

The reusability of FeZn-ZIF catalyst was carried out under the optimal condition of the TC and MV removal. After each iteration, the catalyst was separated by centrifugation, washed several times with MeOH, and dried overnight at 60°C to recover for the next cycle. Upon completion, the recovered catalyst was re-tested to demonstrate its structural stability by PXRD and FT-IR methods.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Characterization of FeZn-ZIFs catalyst

The FeZn-ZIFs catalyst was synthesized by solvothermal method at room temperature and MeOH solvent according to a previously reported procedure by Yang et al. with slightly modified [33]. The PXRD analysis was analyzed to examine the crystal structure of FeZn-ZIFs compared with ZIF-8, as presented in Figure 1(a).

Figure 1 (a) PXRD patterns of ZIF-8 and FeZn-ZIFs, (b) FT-IR patterns of 2-MIm and FeZn-ZIFs, (c) TGA curve of FeZn-ZIFs, (d) EDX spectrum of FeZn-ZIFs, and (e) SEM images of FeZn-ZIFs.
Figure 1

(a) PXRD patterns of ZIF-8 and FeZn-ZIFs, (b) FT-IR patterns of 2-MIm and FeZn-ZIFs, (c) TGA curve of FeZn-ZIFs, (d) EDX spectrum of FeZn-ZIFs, and (e) SEM images of FeZn-ZIFs.

The result showed that FeZn-ZIFs exhibited a similar PXRD spectrum as the pristine ZIF-8 with the prominent peaks indexed to (011), (002), (112), (022), (013), (222), (114), (233), (134), and (334) corresponding to 2θ values of 7.3°, 10.3°, 12.7°, 14.9°, 16.3°, 22.1°, 24.9°, 25.5°, and 26.5°, respectively. Notably, a characteristic peak with an obvious signal existed at 2θ of 7.3° in both PXRD patterns of FeZn-ZIFs and ZIF-8, indicating that they were highly crystalline, which was in excellent agreement with a previous report [38]. Thus, the comparison of PXRD results demonstrated the isomorphic substitution of Fe2+ and Zn2+, which could be due to the similar ionic size between these two elements [39]. In other words, Fe2+ partially replaced Zn2+ and formed the bimetallic framework FeZn-ZIFs without breaking the original structure of ZIF-8.

The FT-IR spectra were recorded to confirm the presence of functional groups and chemical bonds in the FeZn-ZIFs. The results are shown in Figure 1(b). The bands appearing in the range of 600–1,500 cm−1 could be attributed to imidazole stretching and bending modes which were supposed to be the bridge of metal nodes presented in both 2-MIm and FeZn-ZIFs. Notably, the presence of the major absorbance peak at 1,846.1 cm−1 indicated the N-H stretching vibration in FT-IR of 2-MIm, whereas it completely disappeared in FT-IR of FeZn-ZIFs, demonstrating that de-protonation of N-H group of 2-MIm. Instead, a new absorption band at 421.6 cm−1 was assigned to the Fe–N or Zn–N stretching, consistent with the previous report of Zhou and co-workers [40]. More than that, the EDX measurement verified the presence of the elements, including C, N, especially Fe, and Zn, which validated the incorporation of both Fe and Zn within the same framework (Figure 1(d)).

The morphology and particle size were observed through scanning electron microscopy (Figure 1(e)). The result exhibited the rhombic dodecahedron structure of FeZn-ZIFs. The particle size distribution was uneven in the ratio and fluctuated from 100 nm to 5 μm. Accordingly, the initial metal salt source, stirring speed, a ratio of metal salt and 2-MIm, as well as the temperature of the reaction system are the factors affecting the surface morphology and the size of the crystals [41]. Additionally, the BET analysis of FeZn-ZIFs showed that the specific surface area was at 1,171.7 m2·g−1 (Figure S5). The thermal stability of FeZn-ZIFs was studied by TGA, as displayed in Figure 1(c). The result showed that the weight was slightly undermined when increasing the temperature to 100°C, and a sharp decline occurred between 350°C and 700°C, which is caused by the framework collapse of the material in the high temperature. Based on the previous discussion, the combination of Fe and Zn in the same structural framework not only preserves the inherent thermal stability of ZIFs but also creates a new material with a more diverse composition, providing multiple catalytic sites that promise to bring new materials with more potential applications.

3.2 Catalyst activity of FeZn-ZIFs on TC and MV treatment

The catalytic potential of FeZn-ZIFs was investigated using the removal of TC and MV based on AOPs. An oxidizing agent is one of the important factors in this process. Therefore, the dosage of oxidant was investigated and observed in Figure 2. The result indicated that enhancing oxidant dosage caused an increment in the efficiency of the TC and MV removal. In the absence of oxidant, the efficiency removal of the TC (the initial concentration of 50 mg·L−1) and MV (the initial concentration of 20 mg·L−1) was 57% and 27%, respectively. This may be the adsorption capacity of FeZn-ZIFs due to the porous nature and the large specific surface area (1,171.7 m2·g−1). However, the main purpose of this study is pollutant degradation through the AOPs, so PMS and PDS were added to the process removal of TC and MV, respectively, to create the sulfate radicals ( SO 4 ˙ − ) under the catalysis of FeZn-ZIFs according to Eqs. 2–5 [42,43]:

(2) Fe 2 + + HSO 5 − → Fe 3 + + SO 4 ˙ − + OH −

(3) Fe 2 + + S 2 O 8 2 − → Fe 3 + + SO 4 ˙ − + SO 4 2 −

(4) SO 4 • − + H 2 O → SO 4 2 − + ˙ OH + H +

(5) SO 4 ˙ − + ˙ OH + MV → By-products + CO 2 + H 2 O + SO 4 2 −

Figure 2 Effect of oxidant dosage on TC and MV removal efficiency. TC: catalyst dosage = 0.1 g·L−1, [TC] = 50 mg·L−1, time = 30 min, and room temperature. MV: catalyst dosage = 0.1 g·L−1, [MV] = 20 mg·L−1, time = 30 min, and room temperature.
Figure 2

Effect of oxidant dosage on TC and MV removal efficiency. TC: catalyst dosage = 0.1 g·L−1, [TC] = 50 mg·L−1, time = 30 min, and room temperature. MV: catalyst dosage = 0.1 g·L−1, [MV] = 20 mg·L−1, time = 30 min, and room temperature.

Besides, some reports suggested that adding a large amount of PMS or PDS can generate more free radicals and boost the pollutant removal efficiency in the heterogeneous reaction but excessive PMS or PDS can quench free radicals and be detrimental to the process [44,45]. Moreover, sulfate is a free radical with a strong oxidizing ability, so it can affect the durability of the catalyst structure if used excessively. So, the use of large amounts of oxidant is not necessary. Hence, the following catalytic experiments were carried out under the oxidant dosage at 0.4 g·L−1 for TC and 0.3 g·L−1 for MV.

The bimetallic FeZn-ZIFs play a catalytic role in activating the oxidant (PMS or PDS) to generate sulfate radicals. Therefore, the FeZn-ZIFs dosage was investigated to consider its effect on removing TC and MV (Figure 3). As shown in Figure 3, the catalytic performance was obviously improved by increasing the catalyst concentration from 0 to 0.5 g·L−1. Namely, TC removal efficiency increased from 70% to 92% when the catalyst dosage increased from 0 to 0.5 g·L−1 while the removal capacity for MV increased from 76% to 96%, respectively. Actually, a higher catalyst concentration can provide more active sites, which is conducive to the activation of oxidants and promotes the degradation efficiency of pollutants. However, the result showed that the TC removal efficiency at the catalyst dosages of 0.4 and 0.5 g·L−1 was maintained at 92%. For MV, when the catalyst concentration increased from 0.3 to 0.5 g·L−1, the removal efficiency of TC was improved slightly. This increase in pollutant removal efficiency may be due to active-species production. Although a large number of catalysts can provide more active sites to activate the oxidant, an excessive amount of FeZn-ZIFs stalls the reaction due to its rapid reaction with SO 4 ˙ − and S 2 O 8 2 − [46], the scavenging effect of oxidants toward radicals [47], and the self-combination reactions of radicals [48], resulting in lower efficiency of contaminant removal in systems ((Eqs. 6 and 7).

(6) SO 4 ˙ − + Fe 2 + → Fe 3 + + SO 4 2 −

(7) S 2 O 8 ˙ 2 − + 2 Fe 2 + → 2SO 4 2 − + 2 Fe 3 +

Figure 3 Effect of FeZn-ZIFs dosage on TC and MV removal efficiency. TC: PMS dosage = 0.4 g·L−1, [TC] = 50 mg·L−1, time = 30 min, and room temperature. MV: PDS dosage = 0.3 g·L−1, [MV] = 20 mg·L−1, time = 30 min, and room temperature.
Figure 3

Effect of FeZn-ZIFs dosage on TC and MV removal efficiency. TC: PMS dosage = 0.4 g·L−1, [TC] = 50 mg·L−1, time = 30 min, and room temperature. MV: PDS dosage = 0.3 g·L−1, [MV] = 20 mg·L−1, time = 30 min, and room temperature.

Therefore, the optimal dosage of FeZn-ZIFs catalyst was determined at 0.4 and 0.3 g·L−1 for TC and MV removal, respectively.

Different concentrations of TC and MV were analyzed to determine the impact of the initial concentration of pollutants on removal capacity. The reaction results are displayed in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Effect of initial concentration of (a) TC and (b) MV on the removal efficiency. TC: PMS dosage = 0.4 g·L−1, catalyst dosage = 0.4 g·L−1, time = 30 min, and room temperature, (b) MV: PDS dosage = 0.3 g·L−1, catalyst dosage = 0.3 g·L−1, time = 30 min, and room temperature.
Figure 4

Effect of initial concentration of (a) TC and (b) MV on the removal efficiency. TC: PMS dosage = 0.4 g·L−1, catalyst dosage = 0.4 g·L−1, time = 30 min, and room temperature, (b) MV: PDS dosage = 0.3 g·L−1, catalyst dosage = 0.3 g·L−1, time = 30 min, and room temperature.

The survey of TC removal reaction was performed with a range of initial concentrations from 10 to 70 mg·L−1. The TC removal effect decreased as the initial concentration of TC increased. Obviously, the TC removal efficiency by the FeZn-ZIFs/PMS reaction system is high. The proof was this system removed 97% of 10 mg·L−1 TC and 86% at a high TC concentration of 70 mg·L−1. The removal ability of antibiotics is due to the interaction between them and the free radicals formed at the active sites on the catalyst surface in the AOPs. When the TC concentration is high, there is competitive adsorption between oxidants and pollutants on the catalyst surface and the increase of the pollutant molecule around the active sites results in inhibiting the penetration of oxidants to the surface of the catalyst [49]. Thereby, the number of available active sites is reduced and affects the overall process efficiency. The removal efficiency for the various TC concentrations at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 mg·L−1 were gained 97%, 96%, 94%, 93%, 92%, 88%, and 86%, respectively. This study chose the TC concentration at 50 mg·L−1 as the optimal concentration.

Besides, the effect of initial MV concentration on the it removal efficiency was examined with different levels from 5 to 30 mg·L−1. Figure 4 represents that removal efficiency increased when the initial MV concentration increased from 5 to 20 mg·L−1, corresponding from 86% to 95%, respectively. This can be explained by the fact that at the low concentration, the collision frequency between the active sites on the surface of the catalyst and dye molecules is decreased and causes a reduction in the MV removal efficiency [50]. However, when the concentration continued to increase to 25 and 30 mg·L−1, the removal efficiency decreased at 91% and 92%, respectively. This may be due to the fixation time in the reaction of 30 min, which is not enough for the FeZn-ZIFs/PDS system to remove MV at higher concentrations. Thereby, the initial concentration of MV was chosen 20 mg·L−1 to conduct the next experiments.

Reaction time is one of the important parameters regarding the reaction rate. Besides, the longer the reaction time, the higher the cost. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the time at a reasonable level to both achieve pollutant removal efficiency and boost the economic efficiency of the entire process. In this study, the effect of reaction time was performed by conducting experiments at different time intervals from 15 to 75 min (Figure 5). The result showed that the longer the reaction time, the higher the pollutant removal efficiency. Specifically, the TC and MV removal efficiency of FeZn-ZIFs in the presence of oxidant was quite fast, with values of 79% and 82%, respectively, after only 15 min. When the time increased to 30 min, the performance increased to 92% for TC and 95% for MV. This can be explained that the longer the time, the higher the ability of FeZn-ZIFs to activate PMS/PDS to produce sulfate radicals and create conditions for the pollutant to decompose more. However, at time levels after 30 min, the removal efficiency of both TC and MV tended to remain in equilibrium, with values ranging from 90% to 91% for TC and 95–96% for MV. Therefore, 30 min was an appropriate time for both TC and MV removal processes.

Figure 5 Effect of reaction time on TC and MV removal efficiency. TC: PMS dosage = 0.4 g·L−1, catalyst dosage = 0.4 g·L−1, [TC] = 50 mg·L−1, and room temperature. MV: PDS dosage = 0.3 g·L−1, catalyst dosage = 0.3 g·L−1, [MV] = 20 mg·L−1, and room temperature.
Figure 5

Effect of reaction time on TC and MV removal efficiency. TC: PMS dosage = 0.4 g·L−1, catalyst dosage = 0.4 g·L−1, [TC] = 50 mg·L−1, and room temperature. MV: PDS dosage = 0.3 g·L−1, catalyst dosage = 0.3 g·L−1, [MV] = 20 mg·L−1, and room temperature.

Temperature is also one of the essential parameters for pollutant removal studies because it is directly related to the kinetics and reaction rate. The TC and MV removal experiments were performed at room temperature, 50°C, 60°C, and 70°C, respectively, as shown in Figure 6. It is clearly indicated that the removal capacity of TC and MV was influenced by the temperature, even though the augment was not obvious. The performance was only 1% to 2% difference at the survey levels. Namely, the TC removal efficiency ranged from 90% to 92% and 95% to 96% for MV when the temperature was increased from room temperature to 70°C. Higher temperatures increased the reaction rate between the oxidizing agent and the catalyst, thus increasing the rate of generation of oxidizing species to boost the pollutant removal efficiency [50]. However, this is only true for the MV removal reaction system. Typically, at room temperature and 50°C, the removal efficiency reached 95% and increased slightly to 96% when the temperature was at 60°C and 70°C. For TC, the removal efficiency tended to slightly decrease with increasing temperature, but it did not change significantly. In terms of economy, a lower temperature might reduce the process cost, so the room temperature was chosen as the most suitable temperature for this process.

Figure 6 Effect of reaction temperature on TC and MV removal efficiency. TC: PMS dosage = 0.4 g·L−1, catalyst dosage = 0.4 g·L−1, [TC] = 50 mg·L−1, and time = 30 min. MV: PDS dosage = 0.3 g·L−1, catalyst dosage = 0.3 g·L−1, [MV] = 20 mg·L−1, and time = 30 min.
Figure 6

Effect of reaction temperature on TC and MV removal efficiency. TC: PMS dosage = 0.4 g·L−1, catalyst dosage = 0.4 g·L−1, [TC] = 50 mg·L−1, and time = 30 min. MV: PDS dosage = 0.3 g·L−1, catalyst dosage = 0.3 g·L−1, [MV] = 20 mg·L−1, and time = 30 min.

3.3 The efficiency of TC and MV removal using FeZn-ZIFs in comparison with other catalysts

In addition to the above investigations, the bimetallic FeZn-ZIFs are also used to compare the catalytic activity with other heterogeneous catalysts, including ZIF-8, ZnCo-ZIFs, CuZn-ZIFs, and FeCo-ZIFs under the same conditions for each pollutant. The optimum conditions for TC and MV removal included oxidant dosage, catalyst dosage, initial pollutant concentration, reaction time, and reaction temperature from previous experiments were used. For TC, they were 0.4 g·L−1 PMS, 0.4 g·L−1 catalyst, 50 mg·L−1 TC, 30 min, and room temperature, respectively. The optimal conditions of MV removal were 0.3 g·L−1 PDS, 0.3 g·L−1 catalyst, 20 mg·L−1 MV, 30 min, and room temperature, respectively. The experiments were conducted and recorded based on the removal efficiency of TC and MV as presented in Table 1.

Table 1

Comparison of TC and MV removal efficiency among heterogeneous catalysts and FeZn-ZIFs

The heterogeneous catalysts FeZn-ZIFs ZIF-8 ZnCo-ZIFs CuZn-ZIFs FeCo-ZIFs
The removal efficiency of TC (%) 92 74 78 87 89
The removal efficiency of MV (%) 95 90 87 90 88

In this experiment, the catalytic efficiency of FeZn-ZIFs was highest in both TC and MV removal processes. The result indicated that when using pristine ZIF-8, the removal efficiency of TC was not as good as that of the bimetallic FeZn-ZIFs. Namely, ZIF-8 removed 74% TC; meanwhile, FeZn-ZIFs reached 92% in the same conditions. Similarly, the MV removal efficiency of ZIF-8 was 5% lower than that of FeZn-ZIFs. This showed that metal doping in the structural framework of ZIFs has contributed to an increase the catalytic activity of ZIFs. Besides, some heterogeneous catalysts also showed the removal capability of TC and MV, possibly depending on the nature of the ZIFs and the activity of the active sites contained in that material in the following mechanism [23,51]:

(8) S 2 O 8 2 − + M n → M n + 1 + SO 4 ˙ − + SO 4 2 −

(9) HSO 5 − + M n → M n + 1 + SO 4 ˙ − + OH −

where M is transition metal (such as Fe0, Fe2+, Cu2+, Co2+, Zn2+…) and n is the corresponding valence.

In addition, the related studies on the methods to degrade organic pollutants by different materials in recent years were summarized in Table 2. Despite the difficulty in comparing FeZn-ZIFs with other reported materials due to diverse experimental conditions and methods. However, compared with the previous literatures presented in the summary table, the as-synthesized FeZn-ZIFs in this study have better catalytic performance for TC and MV removal.

Table 2

Comparison of some reported materials and methods for removal capacities for TC and MV in recent years

Catalyst Process C (mg·L−1) Catalyst dosage (g·L−1) Time (min) Removal efficiency (%) Ref
AgO/MgO/FeO@Si3N4 Adsorption [TC] = 30 0.6 90 80 [52]
Cu2O/ZIF-8 Visible-light photocatalytic [TC] = 50 0.4 120 73.5 [53]
HNTs@g-C3N4/Au/CdS UV photocatalytic [TC] = 20 0.5 120 87.4 [54]
Fe2Co1/NPC Electro-Fenton [TC] = 20 0.3 60 91 [55]
Fe-LBH PDS-AOPs [TC] = 20 1 30 85 [56]
CoP@Co2P PMS-AOPs [TC] = 20 0.05 60 84.7 [57]
ZnS Adsorption [MV] = 25 0.08 120 91.4 [58]
BiFeO3@TiO2 Visible light photocatalytic [MV] = 15 1 120 93 [59]
TiO2/Pt UV photocatalytic [MV] = 10 2 20 78 [60]
Co3O4 NPs UV photocatalytic [MV] = 10 1 45 92 [61]
CuAl2O4 Sunlight photocatalytic [MV] = 10 1 3 h 89 [62]
Fe-UiO-66 Photo-Fenton [MV] = 20 0.3 160 92 [63]
FeZn-ZIFs PMS-AOPs [TC] = 50 0.4 30 92 This study
FeZn-ZIFs PDS-AOPs [MV] = 20 0.3 30 94 This study

3.4 The efficiency of FeZn-ZIFs reusability after TC and MV treatment

The recovery of catalysts is one of the important standards of heterogeneous catalysis [64]. The utilization of heterogeneous catalysts in the reaction system is an economically and cost-effective solution due to its reusability capacity. Therefore, the bimetallic FeZn-ZIFs catalyst evaluated the stability and reusability after using TC and MV treatment at optimal conditions. The results are shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7 Efficiency of FeZn-ZIFs reusability after TC and MV treatment under optimal conditions. TC: PMS dosage = 0.4 g·L−1, catalyst dosage = 0.4 g·L−1, [TC] = 50 mg·L−1, time = 30 min, and room temperature. MV: PDS dosage = 0.3 g·L−1, catalyst dosage = 0.3 g·L−1, [MV] = 20 mg·L−1, time = 30 min, and room temperature.
Figure 7

Efficiency of FeZn-ZIFs reusability after TC and MV treatment under optimal conditions. TC: PMS dosage = 0.4 g·L−1, catalyst dosage = 0.4 g·L−1, [TC] = 50 mg·L−1, time = 30 min, and room temperature. MV: PDS dosage = 0.3 g·L−1, catalyst dosage = 0.3 g·L−1, [MV] = 20 mg·L−1, time = 30 min, and room temperature.

Obviously, FeZn-ZIFs still had good TC and MV removal efficiency after several reusability. Namely, the removal efficiency of TC and MV decreased from 92% to 89% and 95% to 89%, respectively, after five cycles. In addition, the FeZn-ZIFs catalyst, after conducting the final cycle, was analyzed PXRD and FT-IR to confirm the structural stability. The results represented in Figure 7 showed that the peaks at the characteristic positions were maintained in the FT-IR of the recovered FeZn-ZIFs sample compared to the fresh one (Figure 8). Remarkably, the oscillation of the imidazole ring as well as the peaks at the featured positions were still guaranteed for the recovered FeZn-ZIF samples after TC and MV treatment, although there was a little change. In comparison with the fresh FeZn-ZIFs, the infrared spectrum of the reused one had a vibration stretched at 3,430.1 cm−1 (reused with TC) and 3,435.4 cm−1 (reused with MV) which was assigned to the stretching vibration of non-hydrogen bonded H2O and hydroxyl (−OH) groups [65,66]. Furthermore, the featured peaks of the metal-N binding sites are still signaled with a slight displacement from 421.6 to 422.7 cm−1 (for reused with TC) and 423.7 cm−1 (reused with MV). These discussions indicated that the structure of FeZn-ZIFs was not destroyed after five times of reusability.

Figure 8 FT-IR spectra of the FeZn-ZIFs reused after removing (a) TC, and (b) MV.
Figure 8

FT-IR spectra of the FeZn-ZIFs reused after removing (a) TC, and (b) MV.

Moreover, the crystallographic structure of the reused FeZn-ZIFs was also examined by PXRD, as shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9 PXRD pattern of FeZn-ZIFs reused after removing TC and MV.
Figure 9

PXRD pattern of FeZn-ZIFs reused after removing TC and MV.

The result revealed the well-defined diffraction peaks implied that the high crystallinity of the samples was maintained. The characteristic peaks were also in good agreement with the original FeZn-ZIFs, but the intensity and width of the peak tended to a slightly different. This can be explained based on the atomic radius of iron before and after performing the catalytic role. Accordingly, the presence of iron in the original bimetallic FeZn-ZIFs had a valence of II, but after the reaction, it was predicted that Fe2+ mostly converted to Fe3+ [23]. Herein, the Fe3+ has an atomic radius of about 0.64 Å, which is much different from that of Fe2+ of 1.26 Å, which may create a difference in the crystal structure of FeZn-ZIF compared to the original structure [67].

Additionally, the surfaces of reused FeZn-ZIFs were observed through the SEM analysis as displayed in Figure 10.

Figure 10 SEM images of the FeZn-ZIFs reused after removing (a) TC, and (b) MV.
Figure 10

SEM images of the FeZn-ZIFs reused after removing (a) TC, and (b) MV.

The results illustrated that after the removal reaction of TC and MV, the appearance coarsened more than for the fresh FeZn-ZIFs. This appearance was most likely because the generated strong oxidizing radicals acted on the surface. However, in general, no noticeable difference was found from the comparison of fresh and used FeZn-ZIFs for removing TC and MV, further confirming the good stability and durability of the bimetallic catalyst.

4 Conclusions

The FeZn-ZIFs catalyst was successfully synthesized by a facile solvothermal process and exhibited excellent oxidizing agent activation performance to eliminate TC and MV from aqueous solutions via AOPs. The physical–chemical properties were demonstrated by a series of characterization techniques, i.e., PXRD, SEM, EDX, BET, FT-IR, and TGA. Moreover, after only 30 min at room temperature, the removal efficiency of TC (50 mg·L−1) reached 92% with the PMS dosage and the catalyst dosage of 0.4 g·L−1. Simultaneously, the removal efficiency of MV (20 mg·L−1) reached 95% with the PDS dosage and catalyst dosage of 0.3 g·L−1. More significantly, the removal efficiency of TC and MV can still be maintained at about 90% after five catalytic cycles, indicating that the catalyst had good recyclability. In summary, this study has provided an additional potential material for catalytic application, which is not only highly effective in removing antibiotics and dyes but also opens up promising directions in the treatment of persistent organic pollutants in water.

tel: (+84) 292 3834267; fax: (+84) 292 383115

  1. Funding information: This research was supported by B2023-TCT-22 project funding from the Ministry of Education and Training, Vietnam. Thu T. A. Le was funded by the Master, Ph.D Scholarship Programme of Vingroup Innovation Foundation (VINIF), code VINIF.2022.ThS.089.

  2. Author contributions: Thu T. A. Le: writing – original draft, writing – review and editing, visualization; Bao H. Dang: methodology, formal analysis; Thanh Q. C. Nguyen: writing – original draft, writing – review and editing, methodology, visualization, and formal analysis; Dam P. Nguyen: resources; and Giao H. Dang: writing – original draft, writing – review and editing, methodology, resources.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The data sets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-07-07
Accepted: 2023-10-01
Published Online: 2023-11-08

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  24. Evaluation of nano-selenium biofortification characteristics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
  25. Quality of oil extracted by cold press from Nigella sativa seeds incorporated with rosemary extracts and pretreated by microwaves
  26. Heteropolyacid-loaded MOF-derived mesoporous zirconia catalyst for chemical degradation of rhodamine B
  27. Recovery of critical metals from carbonatite-type mineral wastes: Geochemical modeling investigation of (bio)hydrometallurgical leaching of REEs
  28. Photocatalytic properties of ZnFe-mixed oxides synthesized via a simple route for water remediation
  29. Attenuation of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-induced hepatic and renal toxicity by naringin nanoparticles in a rat model
  30. Novel in situ synthesis of quaternary core–shell metallic sulfide nanocomposites for degradation of organic dyes and hydrogen production
  31. Microfluidic steam-based synthesis of luminescent carbon quantum dots as sensing probes for nitrite detection
  32. Transformation of eggshell waste to egg white protein solution, calcium chloride dihydrate, and eggshell membrane powder
  33. Preparation of Zr-MOFs for the adsorption of doxycycline hydrochloride from wastewater
  34. Green nanoarchitectonics of the silver nanocrystal potential for treating malaria and their cytotoxic effects on the kidney Vero cell line
  35. Carbon emissions analysis of producing modified asphalt with natural asphalt
  36. An efficient and green synthesis of 2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones via t-BuONa-mediated oxidative condensation of 2-aminobenzamides and benzyl alcohols under solvent- and transition metal-free conditions
  37. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with mesosulfuron methyl and mesosulfuron methyl + florasulam + MCPA isooctyl to manage weeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  38. Synergism between lignite and high-sulfur petroleum coke in CO2 gasification
  39. Facile aqueous synthesis of ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS QDs with enhanced photoluminescence lifetime for selective detection of Cu(ii) ions
  40. Rapid synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Nepeta cataria leaves: An eco-friendly management of disease-causing vectors and bacterial pathogens
  41. Study on the photoelectrocatalytic activity of reduced TiO2 nanotube films for removal of methyl orange
  42. Development of a fuzzy logic model for the prediction of spark-ignition engine performance and emission for gasoline–ethanol blends
  43. Micro-impact-induced mechano-chemical synthesis of organic precursors from FeC/FeN and carbonates/nitrates in water and its extension to nucleobases
  44. Green synthesis of strontium-doped tin dioxide (SrSnO2) nanoparticles using the Mahonia bealei leaf extract and evaluation of their anticancer and antimicrobial activities
  45. A study on the larvicidal and adulticidal potential of Cladostepus spongiosus macroalgae and green-fabricated silver nanoparticles against mosquito vectors
  46. Catalysts based on nickel salt heteropolytungstates for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide
  47. Powerful antibacterial nanocomposites from Corallina officinalis-mediated nanometals and chitosan nanoparticles against fish-borne pathogens
  48. Removal behavior of Zn and alkalis from blast furnace dust in pre-reduction sinter process
  49. Environmentally friendly synthesis and computational studies of novel class of acridinedione integrated spirothiopyrrolizidines/indolizidines
  50. The mechanisms of inhibition and lubrication of clean fracturing flowback fluids in water-based drilling fluids
  51. Adsorption/desorption performance of cellulose membrane for Pb(ii)
  52. A one-pot, multicomponent tandem synthesis of fused polycyclic pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolinone/pyrrolizino[2,3-c]quinolinone hybrid heterocycles via environmentally benign solid state melt reaction
  53. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using durian rind extract and optical characteristics of surface plasmon resonance-based optical sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide
  54. Electrochemical analysis of copper-EDTA-ammonia-gold thiosulfate dissolution system
  55. Characterization of bio-oil production by microwave pyrolysis from cashew nut shells and Cassia fistula pods
  56. Green synthesis methods and characterization of bacterial cellulose/silver nanoparticle composites
  57. Photocatalytic research performance of zinc oxide/graphite phase carbon nitride catalyst and its application in environment
  58. Effect of phytogenic iron nanoparticles on the bio-fortification of wheat varieties
  59. In vitro anti-cancer and antimicrobial effects of manganese oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the Glycyrrhiza uralensis leaf extract on breast cancer cell lines
  60. Preparation of Pd/Ce(F)-MCM-48 catalysts and their catalytic performance of n-heptane isomerization
  61. Green “one-pot” fluorescent bis-indolizine synthesis with whole-cell plant biocatalysis
  62. Silica-titania mesoporous silicas of MCM-41 type as effective catalysts and photocatalysts for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide by H2O2
  63. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from molted feathers of Pavo cristatus and their antibiofilm and anticancer activities
  64. Clean preparation of rutile from Ti-containing mixed molten slag by CO2 oxidation
  65. Synthesis and characterization of Pluronic F-127-coated titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesized from extracts of Atractylodes macrocephala leaf for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties
  66. Effect of pretreatment with alkali on the anaerobic digestion characteristics of kitchen waste and analysis of microbial diversity
  67. Ameliorated antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties by Plectranthus vettiveroides root extract-mediated green synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles
  68. Microwave-accelerated pretreatment technique in green extraction of oil and bioactive compounds from camelina seeds: Effectiveness and characterization
  69. Studies on the extraction performance of phorate by aptamer-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in plasma samples
  70. Investigation of structural properties and antibacterial activity of AgO nanoparticle extract from Solanum nigrum/Mentha leaf extracts by green synthesis method
  71. Green fabrication of chitosan from marine crustaceans and mushroom waste: Toward sustainable resource utilization
  72. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  73. The enhanced adsorption properties of phosphorus from aqueous solutions using lanthanum modified synthetic zeolites
  74. Separation of graphene oxides of different sizes by multi-layer dialysis and anti-friction and lubrication performance
  75. Visible-light-assisted base-catalyzed, one-pot synthesis of highly functionalized cinnolines
  76. The experimental study on the air oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with Co–Mn–Br system
  77. Highly efficient removal of tetracycline and methyl violet 2B from aqueous solution using the bimetallic FeZn-ZIFs catalyst
  78. A thermo-tolerant cellulase enzyme produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M7, an insight into synthesis, optimization, characterization, and bio-polishing activity
  79. Exploration of ketone derivatives of succinimide for their antidiabetic potential: In vitro and in vivo approaches
  80. Ultrasound-assisted green synthesis and in silico study of 6-(4-(butylamino)-6-(diethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxypyridazine derivatives
  81. A study of the anticancer potential of Pluronic F-127 encapsulated Fe2O3 nanoparticles derived from Berberis vulgaris extract
  82. Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Consolida orientalis flowers: Identification, catalytic degradation, and biological effect
  83. Initial assessment of the presence of plastic waste in some coastal mangrove forests in Vietnam
  84. Adsorption synergy electrocatalytic degradation of phenol by active oxygen-containing species generated in Co-coal based cathode and graphite anode
  85. Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities of the aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum-mediated synthesized novel silver nanoparticles
  86. Synthesis of a silica matrix with ZnO nanoparticles for the fabrication of a recyclable photodegradation system to eliminate methylene blue dye
  87. Natural polymer fillers instead of dye and pigments: Pumice and scoria in PDMS fluid and elastomer composites
  88. Study on the preparation of glycerylphosphorylcholine by transesterification under supported sodium methoxide
  89. Wireless network handheld terminal-based green ecological sustainable design evaluation system: Improved data communication and reduced packet loss rate
  90. The optimization of hydrogel strength from cassava starch using oxidized sucrose as a crosslinking agent
  91. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Saccharum officinarum leaf extract for antiviral paint
  92. Study on the reliability of nano-silver-coated tin solder joints for flip chips
  93. Environmentally sustainable analytical quality by design aided RP-HPLC method for the estimation of brilliant blue in commercial food samples employing a green-ultrasound-assisted extraction technique
  94. Anticancer and antimicrobial potential of zinc/sodium alginate/polyethylene glycol/d-pinitol nanocomposites against osteosarcoma MG-63 cells
  95. Nanoporous carbon@CoFe2O4 nanocomposite as a green absorbent for the adsorptive removal of Hg(ii) from aqueous solutions
  96. Characterization of silver sulfide nanoparticles from actinobacterial strain (M10A62) and its toxicity against lepidopteran and dipterans insect species
  97. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Withania somnifera: Investigating antioxidant potential
  98. Effect of e-waste nanofillers on the mechanical, thermal, and wear properties of epoxy-blend sisal woven fiber-reinforced composites
  99. Magnesium nanohydroxide (2D brucite) as a host matrix for thymol and carvacrol: Synthesis, characterization, and inhibition of foodborne pathogens
  100. Synergistic inhibitive effect of a hybrid zinc oxide-benzalkonium chloride composite on the corrosion of carbon steel in a sulfuric acidic solution
  101. Review Articles
  102. Role and the importance of green approach in biosynthesis of nanopropolis and effectiveness of propolis in the treatment of COVID-19 pandemic
  103. Gum tragacanth-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles, characterization, and their applications as a bactericide, catalyst, antioxidant, and peroxidase mimic
  104. Green-processed nano-biocomposite (ZnO–TiO2): Potential candidates for biomedical applications
  105. Reaction mechanisms in microwave-assisted lignin depolymerisation in hydrogen-donating solvents
  106. Recent progress on non-noble metal catalysts for the deoxydehydration of biomass-derived oxygenates
  107. Rapid Communication
  108. Phosphorus removal by iron–carbon microelectrolysis: A new way to achieve phosphorus recovery
  109. Special Issue: Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications (Guest Editors: Arpita Roy and Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli)
  110. Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications
  111. Nano-encapsulated tanshinone IIA in PLGA-PEG-COOH inhibits apoptosis and inflammation in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury
  112. Green fabrication of silver nanoparticles using Melia azedarach ripened fruit extract, their characterization, and biological properties
  113. Green-synthesized nanoparticles and their therapeutic applications: A review
  114. Antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity potential of synthesized silver nanoparticles from the Cassia alata leaf aqueous extract
  115. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Callisia fragrans leaf extract and its anticancer activity against MCF-7, HepG2, KB, LU-1, and MKN-7 cell lines
  116. Algae-based green AgNPs, AuNPs, and FeNPs as potential nanoremediators
  117. Green synthesis of Kickxia elatine-induced silver nanoparticles and their role as anti-acetylcholinesterase in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
  118. Phytocrystallization of silver nanoparticles using Cassia alata flower extract for effective control of fungal skin pathogens
  119. Antibacterial wound dressing with hydrogel from chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol from the red cabbage extract loaded with silver nanoparticles
  120. Leveraging of mycogenic copper oxide nanostructures for disease management of Alternaria blight of Brassica juncea
  121. Nanoscale molecular reactions in microbiological medicines in modern medical applications
  122. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO/β-cyclodextrin/nicotinic acid nanocomposite and its biological and environmental application
  123. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles via Taxus wallichiana Zucc. plant-derived Taxol: Novel utilization as anticancer, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antiurolithic potential
  124. Recyclability and catalytic characteristics of copper oxide nanoparticles derived from bougainvillea plant flower extract for biomedical application
  125. Phytofabrication, characterization, and evaluation of novel bioinspired selenium–iron (Se–Fe) nanocomposites using Allium sativum extract for bio-potential applications
  126. Erratum
  127. Erratum to “Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2023-0122
Keywords for this article
advanced oxidation process; bimetallic; methyl violet 2B; tetracycline; zeolitic imidazolate framework
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Value-added utilization of coal fly ash and recycled polyvinyl chloride in door or window sub-frame composites
  3. High removal efficiency of volatile phenol from coking wastewater using coal gasification slag via optimized adsorption and multi-grade batch process
  4. Evolution of surface morphology and properties of diamond films by hydrogen plasma etching
  5. Removal efficiency of dibenzofuran using CuZn-zeolitic imidazole frameworks as a catalyst and adsorbent
  6. Rapid and efficient microwave-assisted extraction of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. heartwood and subsequent synthesis of gold nanoparticles
  7. The catalytic characteristics of 2-methylnaphthalene acylation with AlCl3 immobilized on Hβ as Lewis acid catalyst
  8. Biodegradation of synthetic PVP biofilms using natural materials and nanoparticles
  9. Rutin-loaded selenium nanoparticles modulated the redox status, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways associated with pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy in mice
  10. Optimization of apigenin nanoparticles prepared by planetary ball milling: In vitro and in vivo studies
  11. Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Origanum onites leaves: Cytotoxic, apoptotic, and necrotic effects on Capan-1, L929, and Caco-2 cell lines
  12. Exergy analysis of a conceptual CO2 capture process with an amine-based DES
  13. Construction of fluorescence system of felodipine–tetracyanovinyl–2,2′-bipyridine complex
  14. Excellent photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B over Bi2O3 supported on Zn-MOF nanocomposites under visible light
  15. Optimization-based control strategy for a large-scale polyhydroxyalkanoates production in a fed-batch bioreactor using a coupled PDE–ODE system
  16. Effectiveness of pH and amount of Artemia urumiana extract on physical, chemical, and biological attributes of UV-fabricated biogold nanoparticles
  17. Geranium leaf-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their transcriptomic effects on Candida albicans
  18. Synthesis, characterization, anticancer, anti-inflammatory activities, and docking studies of 3,5-disubstituted thiadiazine-2-thiones
  19. Synthesis and stability of phospholipid-encapsulated nano-selenium
  20. Putative anti-proliferative effect of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) seed and its nano-formulation
  21. Enrichment of low-grade phosphorites by the selective leaching method
  22. Electrochemical analysis of the dissolution of gold in a copper–ethylenediamine–thiosulfate system
  23. Characterisation of carbonate lake sediments as a potential filler for polymer composites
  24. Evaluation of nano-selenium biofortification characteristics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
  25. Quality of oil extracted by cold press from Nigella sativa seeds incorporated with rosemary extracts and pretreated by microwaves
  26. Heteropolyacid-loaded MOF-derived mesoporous zirconia catalyst for chemical degradation of rhodamine B
  27. Recovery of critical metals from carbonatite-type mineral wastes: Geochemical modeling investigation of (bio)hydrometallurgical leaching of REEs
  28. Photocatalytic properties of ZnFe-mixed oxides synthesized via a simple route for water remediation
  29. Attenuation of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-induced hepatic and renal toxicity by naringin nanoparticles in a rat model
  30. Novel in situ synthesis of quaternary core–shell metallic sulfide nanocomposites for degradation of organic dyes and hydrogen production
  31. Microfluidic steam-based synthesis of luminescent carbon quantum dots as sensing probes for nitrite detection
  32. Transformation of eggshell waste to egg white protein solution, calcium chloride dihydrate, and eggshell membrane powder
  33. Preparation of Zr-MOFs for the adsorption of doxycycline hydrochloride from wastewater
  34. Green nanoarchitectonics of the silver nanocrystal potential for treating malaria and their cytotoxic effects on the kidney Vero cell line
  35. Carbon emissions analysis of producing modified asphalt with natural asphalt
  36. An efficient and green synthesis of 2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones via t-BuONa-mediated oxidative condensation of 2-aminobenzamides and benzyl alcohols under solvent- and transition metal-free conditions
  37. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with mesosulfuron methyl and mesosulfuron methyl + florasulam + MCPA isooctyl to manage weeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  38. Synergism between lignite and high-sulfur petroleum coke in CO2 gasification
  39. Facile aqueous synthesis of ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS QDs with enhanced photoluminescence lifetime for selective detection of Cu(ii) ions
  40. Rapid synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Nepeta cataria leaves: An eco-friendly management of disease-causing vectors and bacterial pathogens
  41. Study on the photoelectrocatalytic activity of reduced TiO2 nanotube films for removal of methyl orange
  42. Development of a fuzzy logic model for the prediction of spark-ignition engine performance and emission for gasoline–ethanol blends
  43. Micro-impact-induced mechano-chemical synthesis of organic precursors from FeC/FeN and carbonates/nitrates in water and its extension to nucleobases
  44. Green synthesis of strontium-doped tin dioxide (SrSnO2) nanoparticles using the Mahonia bealei leaf extract and evaluation of their anticancer and antimicrobial activities
  45. A study on the larvicidal and adulticidal potential of Cladostepus spongiosus macroalgae and green-fabricated silver nanoparticles against mosquito vectors
  46. Catalysts based on nickel salt heteropolytungstates for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide
  47. Powerful antibacterial nanocomposites from Corallina officinalis-mediated nanometals and chitosan nanoparticles against fish-borne pathogens
  48. Removal behavior of Zn and alkalis from blast furnace dust in pre-reduction sinter process
  49. Environmentally friendly synthesis and computational studies of novel class of acridinedione integrated spirothiopyrrolizidines/indolizidines
  50. The mechanisms of inhibition and lubrication of clean fracturing flowback fluids in water-based drilling fluids
  51. Adsorption/desorption performance of cellulose membrane for Pb(ii)
  52. A one-pot, multicomponent tandem synthesis of fused polycyclic pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolinone/pyrrolizino[2,3-c]quinolinone hybrid heterocycles via environmentally benign solid state melt reaction
  53. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using durian rind extract and optical characteristics of surface plasmon resonance-based optical sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide
  54. Electrochemical analysis of copper-EDTA-ammonia-gold thiosulfate dissolution system
  55. Characterization of bio-oil production by microwave pyrolysis from cashew nut shells and Cassia fistula pods
  56. Green synthesis methods and characterization of bacterial cellulose/silver nanoparticle composites
  57. Photocatalytic research performance of zinc oxide/graphite phase carbon nitride catalyst and its application in environment
  58. Effect of phytogenic iron nanoparticles on the bio-fortification of wheat varieties
  59. In vitro anti-cancer and antimicrobial effects of manganese oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the Glycyrrhiza uralensis leaf extract on breast cancer cell lines
  60. Preparation of Pd/Ce(F)-MCM-48 catalysts and their catalytic performance of n-heptane isomerization
  61. Green “one-pot” fluorescent bis-indolizine synthesis with whole-cell plant biocatalysis
  62. Silica-titania mesoporous silicas of MCM-41 type as effective catalysts and photocatalysts for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide by H2O2
  63. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from molted feathers of Pavo cristatus and their antibiofilm and anticancer activities
  64. Clean preparation of rutile from Ti-containing mixed molten slag by CO2 oxidation
  65. Synthesis and characterization of Pluronic F-127-coated titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesized from extracts of Atractylodes macrocephala leaf for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties
  66. Effect of pretreatment with alkali on the anaerobic digestion characteristics of kitchen waste and analysis of microbial diversity
  67. Ameliorated antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties by Plectranthus vettiveroides root extract-mediated green synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles
  68. Microwave-accelerated pretreatment technique in green extraction of oil and bioactive compounds from camelina seeds: Effectiveness and characterization
  69. Studies on the extraction performance of phorate by aptamer-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in plasma samples
  70. Investigation of structural properties and antibacterial activity of AgO nanoparticle extract from Solanum nigrum/Mentha leaf extracts by green synthesis method
  71. Green fabrication of chitosan from marine crustaceans and mushroom waste: Toward sustainable resource utilization
  72. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  73. The enhanced adsorption properties of phosphorus from aqueous solutions using lanthanum modified synthetic zeolites
  74. Separation of graphene oxides of different sizes by multi-layer dialysis and anti-friction and lubrication performance
  75. Visible-light-assisted base-catalyzed, one-pot synthesis of highly functionalized cinnolines
  76. The experimental study on the air oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with Co–Mn–Br system
  77. Highly efficient removal of tetracycline and methyl violet 2B from aqueous solution using the bimetallic FeZn-ZIFs catalyst
  78. A thermo-tolerant cellulase enzyme produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M7, an insight into synthesis, optimization, characterization, and bio-polishing activity
  79. Exploration of ketone derivatives of succinimide for their antidiabetic potential: In vitro and in vivo approaches
  80. Ultrasound-assisted green synthesis and in silico study of 6-(4-(butylamino)-6-(diethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxypyridazine derivatives
  81. A study of the anticancer potential of Pluronic F-127 encapsulated Fe2O3 nanoparticles derived from Berberis vulgaris extract
  82. Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Consolida orientalis flowers: Identification, catalytic degradation, and biological effect
  83. Initial assessment of the presence of plastic waste in some coastal mangrove forests in Vietnam
  84. Adsorption synergy electrocatalytic degradation of phenol by active oxygen-containing species generated in Co-coal based cathode and graphite anode
  85. Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities of the aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum-mediated synthesized novel silver nanoparticles
  86. Synthesis of a silica matrix with ZnO nanoparticles for the fabrication of a recyclable photodegradation system to eliminate methylene blue dye
  87. Natural polymer fillers instead of dye and pigments: Pumice and scoria in PDMS fluid and elastomer composites
  88. Study on the preparation of glycerylphosphorylcholine by transesterification under supported sodium methoxide
  89. Wireless network handheld terminal-based green ecological sustainable design evaluation system: Improved data communication and reduced packet loss rate
  90. The optimization of hydrogel strength from cassava starch using oxidized sucrose as a crosslinking agent
  91. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Saccharum officinarum leaf extract for antiviral paint
  92. Study on the reliability of nano-silver-coated tin solder joints for flip chips
  93. Environmentally sustainable analytical quality by design aided RP-HPLC method for the estimation of brilliant blue in commercial food samples employing a green-ultrasound-assisted extraction technique
  94. Anticancer and antimicrobial potential of zinc/sodium alginate/polyethylene glycol/d-pinitol nanocomposites against osteosarcoma MG-63 cells
  95. Nanoporous carbon@CoFe2O4 nanocomposite as a green absorbent for the adsorptive removal of Hg(ii) from aqueous solutions
  96. Characterization of silver sulfide nanoparticles from actinobacterial strain (M10A62) and its toxicity against lepidopteran and dipterans insect species
  97. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Withania somnifera: Investigating antioxidant potential
  98. Effect of e-waste nanofillers on the mechanical, thermal, and wear properties of epoxy-blend sisal woven fiber-reinforced composites
  99. Magnesium nanohydroxide (2D brucite) as a host matrix for thymol and carvacrol: Synthesis, characterization, and inhibition of foodborne pathogens
  100. Synergistic inhibitive effect of a hybrid zinc oxide-benzalkonium chloride composite on the corrosion of carbon steel in a sulfuric acidic solution
  101. Review Articles
  102. Role and the importance of green approach in biosynthesis of nanopropolis and effectiveness of propolis in the treatment of COVID-19 pandemic
  103. Gum tragacanth-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles, characterization, and their applications as a bactericide, catalyst, antioxidant, and peroxidase mimic
  104. Green-processed nano-biocomposite (ZnO–TiO2): Potential candidates for biomedical applications
  105. Reaction mechanisms in microwave-assisted lignin depolymerisation in hydrogen-donating solvents
  106. Recent progress on non-noble metal catalysts for the deoxydehydration of biomass-derived oxygenates
  107. Rapid Communication
  108. Phosphorus removal by iron–carbon microelectrolysis: A new way to achieve phosphorus recovery
  109. Special Issue: Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications (Guest Editors: Arpita Roy and Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli)
  110. Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications
  111. Nano-encapsulated tanshinone IIA in PLGA-PEG-COOH inhibits apoptosis and inflammation in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury
  112. Green fabrication of silver nanoparticles using Melia azedarach ripened fruit extract, their characterization, and biological properties
  113. Green-synthesized nanoparticles and their therapeutic applications: A review
  114. Antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity potential of synthesized silver nanoparticles from the Cassia alata leaf aqueous extract
  115. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Callisia fragrans leaf extract and its anticancer activity against MCF-7, HepG2, KB, LU-1, and MKN-7 cell lines
  116. Algae-based green AgNPs, AuNPs, and FeNPs as potential nanoremediators
  117. Green synthesis of Kickxia elatine-induced silver nanoparticles and their role as anti-acetylcholinesterase in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
  118. Phytocrystallization of silver nanoparticles using Cassia alata flower extract for effective control of fungal skin pathogens
  119. Antibacterial wound dressing with hydrogel from chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol from the red cabbage extract loaded with silver nanoparticles
  120. Leveraging of mycogenic copper oxide nanostructures for disease management of Alternaria blight of Brassica juncea
  121. Nanoscale molecular reactions in microbiological medicines in modern medical applications
  122. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO/β-cyclodextrin/nicotinic acid nanocomposite and its biological and environmental application
  123. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles via Taxus wallichiana Zucc. plant-derived Taxol: Novel utilization as anticancer, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antiurolithic potential
  124. Recyclability and catalytic characteristics of copper oxide nanoparticles derived from bougainvillea plant flower extract for biomedical application
  125. Phytofabrication, characterization, and evaluation of novel bioinspired selenium–iron (Se–Fe) nanocomposites using Allium sativum extract for bio-potential applications
  126. Erratum
  127. Erratum to “Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
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