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Rapid and efficient microwave-assisted extraction of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. heartwood and subsequent synthesis of gold nanoparticles

  • Thana Thanayutsiri , Prasopchai Patrojanasophon , Praneet Opanasopit , Tanasait Ngawhirunpat , Wanida Laiwattanapaisal and Theerasak Rojanarata EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: January 6, 2023
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Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 12 Issue 1

Abstract

Since microwave (MW)-assisted synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using Caesalpinia sappan (CS) extract as both a reducing and stabilizing agent is currently unavailable, a MW-based synthesis protocol was investigated and presented for the first time in this work. In addition, to rapidly prepare the reactant for this purpose, the MW-assisted extraction of CS heartwood was studied. From the optimization experiments, it was found that the extraction using the MW irradiation at 300 W for 3 min produced the extract with high and reproducible brazilin content which could be readily used for the synthesis of AuNPs. Under the optimal synthesis conditions, roughly spherical CS-AuNPs with an average diameter size of 49.6 nm and acceptable 28-day stability were obtained within only 1 min. The resulting CS-AuNPs were capable of selective binding to Fe2+, Fe3+, and Al3+, leading to particle aggregation as well as noticeable change of color and shift of UV-Vis absorption maxima. From these results, CS-AuNPs could be fabricated via this fast, green, and efficient route. Furthermore, their potential application for colorimetric sensing of certain metal ions was preliminarily explored and proposed in this work.

Keywords: microwave; extraction; synthesis; gold nanoparticles; Caesalpinia sappan Linn.

1 Introduction

Currently, green and sustainable routes to the fabrication of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), versatile materials with a wide range of applications have become the focus of interest [1,2]. In terms of energy efficiency, microwave (MW) irradiation provides more rapid and uniform heating, compared to conventional heating which relies on conduction/convection, due to internal heating arising from dipolar polarization and ionic conduction. This phenomenon usually results in shorter reaction time, lower energy consumption as well as better yield, properties, homogeneity, and reproducibility of AuNP products [3]. In the aspect related to the reagents used, several plant extracts can act as an excellent green reducing agent and stabilizing/capping agent for the synthesis of AuNPs as it is easily obtainable, safe, and inexpensive, thereby precluding the use of hazardous chemicals [4]. For these reasons, a large number of works on the MW-assisted synthesis of AuNPs via the use of plant extracts have been published in recent years [5–8].

Caesalpinia sappan Linn. (CS), commonly known as Brazil or Sappan wood, is a plant distributed in Southeast Asia. This dried heartwood has been used as a dye for textile, ingredient in food and beverage as well as a medicinal agent with various pharmacological activities, e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities [9]. Among the chemical constituents naturally occurring in CS heartwood, brazilin is the major colored compound containing heterotetracyclic structure. It can act as a reducing agent since it has a tendency to be oxidized to brazilein, a compound with one fewer hydroxyl group because it is replaced by the carbonyl functional group. From the review, the use of CS extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the synthesis of AuNPs is still limited. Until now there is the only work by Chartarrayawadee et al. in which conventional heating was used for both the extraction of CS heartwood and the subsequent synthesis of AuNPs using the resulting extract [10]. Despite the successful fabrication of AuNPs, the overall process in that work was relatively time-consuming and required elaborate procedure such as lyophilization of the extract and overnight incubation of the synthesis reaction. In addition, the possible application of the CS-AuNPs obtained has not yet been studied or proposed.

To fill these research gaps, the aim of this work was to investigate a MW-assisted procedure for the synthesis of AuNPs using CS heartwood extract. Apart from this, since the reports about the MW-accelerated extraction of CS heartwood without the use of organic solvents are still limited, a green and rapid MW-based protocol for the extraction of CS heartwood using only water as a solvent was also investigated. In many studies, it has been reported that MW irradiation causes disruption of plant cells, thereby facilitating the mass transfer of solvent into the plant material and the release of the plant constituents [11]. Therefore, it is more efficient extraction method than conventional heating in terms of the requirement of less solvent and energy consumption, higher yield, and faster operation [12]. After the synthesis, CS-AuNPs were characterized and the metal-binding capability was primarily examined. Therefore, this is the first report that presented rapid and efficient routes to the extraction of CS heartwood and subsequent synthesis of AuNPs using MW irradiation. Additionally, the potential application of the resulting CS-AuNPs for colorimetric sensing of certain metals was preliminarily explored and proposed.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials and reagents

Tetrachloroauric acid trihydrate (HAuCl4·3H2O), FeSO4·7H2O, FeCl3·6H2O, K2SO4, CaSO4·2H2O, ZnSO4·7H2O, MgSO4·7H2O, and Al2(SO4)3·18H2O were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Missouri, USA). CS heartwood powder was purchased from a local market in Thailand. A brazilin standard with a purity of >99% was purchased from Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemical Ltd, China. All other chemicals were of analytical grade. Distilled water was used throughout the work. Prior to use for the synthesis of CS-AuNPs, all glassware was cleaned using freshly prepared aqua regia solution (HCl:HNO3, 3:1 by volume) and then rinsed thoroughly with water.

2.2 Extraction of CS heartwood

2.2.1 MW-assisted extraction

One gram of CS heartwood powder was added to 20 mL of water in a 50 mL-MW vessel. The samples were irradiated with MW (100, 200, or 300 W) using a MWe synthesizer (Discover SP, CEM Corporation, USA) set in a fixed power mode. After 1, 2, and 3 min, heating was stopped. The samples were collected by immediately immersing the tubes in ice and then subjected to centrifugation at 10,000 rpm and filtration through a 0.45 µm membrane filter. The clear extract was stored at 4°C until further use.

2.2.2 Extraction using conventional heating

One gram of CS heartwood powder was added to 20 mL of boiling water while stirring in a 50 mL vessel, which was immersed in a water bath set at 100°C. At 5, 15, 30, and 60 min, the samples were collected in the same manner as that of MW-assisted extraction. The clear extract was stored at 4°C until further use.

2.3 Determination of brazilin content in CS extract

The contents of brazilin in the CS extracts were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Agilent 1200 Infinity, Agilent Technologies, USA) following the method described by Warinhomhaun et al. [13]. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) by gradient elution with methanol and 2.5% v/v acetic acid as the gradient mixtures. The injection volume was 20 μL. The flow rate was 1 mL·min−1, the detection wavelength was 280 nm and the column temperature was 35°C. The retention time of brazilin was 10.2 min. From the analysis results, the extraction method which gave the highest brazilin content in the extract was used for the preparation of the CS extract employed for the synthesis of AuNPs.

2.4 MW-assisted synthesis of CS-AuNPs

CS-AuNPs were synthesized by the reduction of HAuCl4 using the CS extract as a reducing agent and stabilizing agent. For this purpose, a MW synthesizer (Discover SP, CEM Corporation, USA) set in a dynamic control mode was used. To establish the optimized synthesis protocol, 5 mL of HAuCl4 solution of different concentrations (0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 mM) was mixed with the CS extract of different volumes (200, 400, and 600 µL). The synthesis was carried out at 50°C, 60°C, 70°C with the reaction time of 0.5, 1, 2 min. After the MW irradiation, the solutions were rapidly cooled by immersing the reaction vessels in the ice bath to stop the reaction. Finally, the CS-AuNPs were stored at 4°C in a refrigerator until further use.

2.5 Characterization of CS-AuNPs

The synthesized CS-AuNPs were characterized in several aspects. The physical appearance, i.e., color and clarity were examined visually and the colloidal property was confirmed by Tyndall effect using a laser beam. The ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectra were recorded on a multimode plate reader (Victor Nivo, PerkinElmer, USA). To study the chemical functionality, the solution of CS-AuNPs was centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 15 min and the precipitate was collected and then dried at 70°C overnight. The dried CS-AuNPs were analyzed by Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectrometry (Thermo Nicolet Nexus 4700 FTIR spectrometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) using the KBr disc method. The FTIR spectra of CS-AuNPs and freeze-dried CS extract were compared. The mean hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential of AuNPs were recorded by Zetasizer Nano-ZS (Malvern Instruments, UK). The morphology and particle size of CS-AuNPs were also studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (Philips® Model TECNAI 20) with 80 kV accelerating voltage.

2.6 Stability study of CS-AuNPs

The solutions of CS-AuNPs prepared by using MW irradiation and conventional heating were kept at 4°C. After 28 days, the particle size as measured by zetasizer was compared to that of Day 0.

2.7 Preliminary study of metal binding property of CS-AuNPs

Since brazilein is capable of binding to certain metals, the study was conducted to preliminarily investigate whether fabricated CS-AuNPs could bind to metals and result in the aggregation and color change or not. The binding experiment was done by mixing 100 µL of CS-AuNPs solution with 100 µL 20 mM Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+, K+, Ca2+, Zn2+, and Mg2+ solution. The reaction was left at room temperature for 10 min. Then, the UV-Vis absorption spectra were recorded to observe a shift of maximum wavelength.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Optimal condition for MW-assisted extraction of CS heartwood

While organic solvents [14] or mixtures of organic solvents and water such as ethanol/water [13,15] were employed for the extraction of brazilin from CS heartwood in most previous studies, in this work only water was used as an extractant so that the resulting extract could be subsequently used for the synthesis of AuNPs without removal of organic solvents. Since MW-assisted extraction is superior to conventional methods for extraction of plant materials in terms of fast and deep internal heating, it was chosen in this work. To establish the optimal condition for the MW-assisted extraction of CS heartwood, the effects of MW power level and irradiation time on the yield of brazilin in the extract were evaluated. As shown in Figure 1a, more brazilin was extracted when higher power and longer irradiation time were used. However, since the MW synthesizer used in this study would terminate the irradiation after 3 min to avoid the over-the-limit of the generated pressure when the maximum power of 300 W was used, the irradiation using 300 W for 3 min was chosen for the extraction. Under this condition, the yield of brazilin was 13.1 ± 0.4% w/w.

Figure 1 Brazilin contents in the CS-heartwood extract obtained from MW-assisted extraction (a) and extraction using conventional heating at 100°C (b) (n = 3).
Figure 1

Brazilin contents in the CS-heartwood extract obtained from MW-assisted extraction (a) and extraction using conventional heating at 100°C (b) (n = 3).

In comparison to the extraction carried out by heating the plant samples in a water bath at 100°C, MW-assisted extraction was found to be more efficient since the conventional method gave a significantly lower brazilin yield (9.72 ± 1.56% w/w) and it required a much longer extraction time (30 min) (Figure 1b). In several works, it was evidenced that MW irradiation caused disruption of plant cells and facilitated the mass transfer of solvent into the plant material, thereby promoting the efficient release of the plant constituents [11]. Additionally, the shorter heating time might help avoid the degradation and oxidation of brazilin to brazilein [9], allowing the better retention and availability of brazilin in the extract. Because of the more reliable heating processes which were efficiently controlled by a MW synthesizer, the better batch-to-batch reproducibility of the brazilin content was accomplished, as seen by the lower standard deviation values (bars) than those of the extraction using conventional heating. Therefore, it can be concluded that MW-assisted extraction was a faster as well as more efficient and energy-saving means of preparing the CS extract used as the reactant for the synthesis of AuNPs. Apart from that, since CS extract is known to have pharmacological activities, the MW-based protocol established in this study may be applied to the preparation of a high-brazilin aqueous CS extract for medicinal uses or studies.

3.2 Optimal condition for MW-assisted synthesis and characteristics of CS-AuNPs

The as-prepared CS extract from the optimal MW-assisted extraction was used for the MW-mediated synthesis of AuNPs. Since the temperature plays an important role in the synthesis of AuNPs, several studies reported that a MW system with precise temperature control function produced AuNPs with a highly reproducible diameter as well as the narrow size distribution [16,17]. The synthesis in this work was carried out by using a dynamic control mode of the MW synthesizer. In this mode, the temperature could be set and maintained at the desired level by constantly adjusting the MW power during the course of the reaction. To optimize the synthesis reaction, the varied volumes of the extract and concentrations of HAuCl4 solution were initially tested while keeping the heating constant at 60°C for 1 min. The results showed that different compositions of the reactants produced the AuNP solutions with apparently different colors (Figure 2). The use of too low concentration of HAuCl4 solution reactant (0.5 mM) gave the low yields of AuNPs, as indicated by pale pink or yellow color of the product solutions. On the other hand, at a high concentration of HAuCl4 solution (2.5 mM) used together with the large volumes of the CS extract (400 and 600 μL), the solutions of CS-AuNPs appeared in dark color. It was probable that the large excess of functional groups of the CS extract at high concentrations might cause side reactions and/or affect the reduction process of gold ions, therefore producing the AuNPs with undesirable properties [10]. Of the reactants tested, those composed of 5 mL of 1.5 mM HAuCl4 solution and 400 µL of the CS extract gave a red-wine colored solution and contained the smallest AuNPs. Based on this finding, the parameters related to MW irradiation were further optimized. While temperature and time of MW heating significantly affected the formation and the characteristics of AuNPs prepared by using different reducing agents in several studies [17–20], these two parameters had less pronounced effects on the resulting AuNPs, compared to the reactant composition, since they all gave similar red solutions (Figure 3). However, as determined by the zetasizer, the smallest particle size of CS-AuNPs with a narrow size distribution was obtained from a 1 min MW irradiation in which the temperature was kept constant at 60°C.

Figure 2 Color of solutions (shown in circle) and particle size distribution of CS-AuNPs obtained from the MW-assisted synthesis using different volumes of the extract and concentrations of HAuCl4 solution. The reactions were conducted by MW irradiation at 60°C for 1 min.
Figure 2

Color of solutions (shown in circle) and particle size distribution of CS-AuNPs obtained from the MW-assisted synthesis using different volumes of the extract and concentrations of HAuCl4 solution. The reactions were conducted by MW irradiation at 60°C for 1 min.

Figure 3 Color of solutions (shown in circle) and particle size distribution of CS-AuNPs obtained from the MW-assisted synthesis using different heating temperatures and reaction times. The reactions were conducted using the reactants composed of 5 mL of 1.5 mM HAuCl4 solution and 400 µL of the CS extract.
Figure 3

Color of solutions (shown in circle) and particle size distribution of CS-AuNPs obtained from the MW-assisted synthesis using different heating temperatures and reaction times. The reactions were conducted using the reactants composed of 5 mL of 1.5 mM HAuCl4 solution and 400 µL of the CS extract.

The solution of CS-AuNPs prepared under this condition had a red-wine color (Figure 4a) with a UV-Vis absorption peak at 544 nm (Figure 4b). Light scattering was observed when a laser beam passed through the solution (Figure 4a), indicating the colloidal characteristic of AuNPs. From the TEM photograph, CS-AuNPs had a roughly spherical shape (Figure 5) with an average diameter of 17.7 ± 4.4 nm. As determined by the zetasizer, the hydrodynamic size of CS-AuNPs was 49.6 ± 0.4 nm. The zeta potential of CS-AuNPs was about −13.6 mV, probably due to the negatively charge of brazilein and other phytochemicals, e.g., phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins in the CS extract which capped on the AuNPs [14].

Figure 4 Color and Tyndall effect (a) and UV-Vis spectrum of CS-AuNP solution (b).
Figure 4

Color and Tyndall effect (a) and UV-Vis spectrum of CS-AuNP solution (b).

Figure 5 TEM image of CS-AuNPs.
Figure 5

TEM image of CS-AuNPs.

FTIR spectrum of CS-AuNPs (Figure 6) was recorded in order to confirm the synthesis reaction and study the presence of functional groups. By comparing the FTIR spectrum of CS-AuNPs with that of CS extract, both of them showed a broadband peak at 3,400 cm−1 due to stretching vibrations of the hydroxyl group overlapping with the C–H stretching vibrations peak at 2,923 cm−1. In the low-wavenumber region, the two spectra also had similar peaks. However, the spectrum of CS-AuNPs showed a peak at 1,507 nm−1, representing C═O stretching, which was absent in the spectrum of CS extract due to the formation of the carbonyl group in brazilein after the hydroxyl group of brazilin underwent the oxidation reaction [21]. The results confirmed that the main capping compound on the CS-AuNPs surface was brazilein.

Figure 6 FTIR spectra of CS-AuNPs (red line) and CS extracts (blue line).
Figure 6

FTIR spectra of CS-AuNPs (red line) and CS extracts (blue line).

Chartarrayawadee et al. reported the synthesis of CS-AuNPs using conventional heating [10]. In that work, the CS extract which was lyophilized after the extraction by conventional heating at 80°C for 3 h was reconstituted into the solution and then mixed with HAuCl4 solution. Subsequently, the mixture was stirred overnight (12 h) at room temperature followed by heating the solution at 90°C for 1 h, resulting in quasi-spherical and short-length earthworm-like shaped CS-AuNPs with the average hydrodynamic size of 49 nm, which was comparable to those obtained from MW-assisted synthesis in this study (50 nm). However, since the use of MW irradiation significantly shortened the time required for both extraction of CS heartwood to 3 min and the synthesis of CS-AuNPs to only 1 min. Furthermore, the CS extract after the removal of plant debris could be readily used for the synthesis of CS-AuNPs without lyophilization. Thus, the MW-based procedure was more rapid and feasible.

3.3 Stability of CS-AuNPs

After the storage of CS-AuNPs solutions at 4°C for 28 days, the particle size of CS-AuNPs obtained from the MW-assisted synthesis increased from 49.6 ± 4.7 to 78.9 ± 13.2 nm (Figure 7). Nevertheless, it was smaller than 100 nm, which still met the definition of nanoparticles. In contrast, CS-AuNPs which were prepared by the conventional method, using the same composition of reactant, temperature, and time as those used in the MW-assisted synthesis, became larger from 73.7 ± 5.4 to 134.7 ± 11.1 nm. This finding demonstrated that even though the synthesis was conducted under the same conditions, the CS-AuNPs obtained from different means of heating possessed different characteristics. It was probable that MW irradiation provided the synthesis reaction with MW effects, i.e., those resulting from the material and wave interactions and the dipolar polarization, in addition to the effects of efficient heating [18–20]. It can be concluded that CS extract was efficient in stabilizing AuNPs over a period of time and CS-AuNPs obtained from the MW-based method were more stable than those synthesized by using conventional, convective heating.

Figure 7 The average hydrodynamic particle size of CS-AuNPs prepared by MW irradiation (MW) and conventional heating after storage at 4°C for 28 days (n = 3).
Figure 7

The average hydrodynamic particle size of CS-AuNPs prepared by MW irradiation (MW) and conventional heating after storage at 4°C for 28 days (n = 3).

3.4 Metal ion binding property of CS-AuNPs

Since brazilein forms stable coordination complexes with certain metal ions [22,23], the metal binding ability of CS-AuNPs in which brazilein was present on the surface as the capping agent was preliminarily investigated. After the addition of Fe2+, Fe3+, or Al3+ to the CS-AuNPs solution, the color change from red to purple was clearly observed whereas negligible alteration was seen with other ions (Figure 8a). In addition, the presence of Fe2+, Fe3+, or Al3+ shifted the absorption bands of CS-AuNPs solution from 544 to 555 nm (Figure 8b). The TEM photograph revealed that, Fe2+, Fe3+, and Al3+ were capable of binding to CS-AuNPs and inducing the aggregation of particles (Figure 8c), leading to the chromogenic and spectral changes. These results implied that CS-AuNPs had the potential for use as a colorimetric sensor for selective detection of these ions, e.g., aluminum hydroxide in antacid, ferrous sulfate in supplements, and contaminating ions in water or pharmaceutical preparations. For this purpose, the optimization of the reaction conditions, e.g., pH and quantity of AuNPs used in the assay, and the validation of the developed analytical method must be further investigated.

Figure 8 Color of the reaction solutions after the addition of metal ions to the CS-AuNPs solution (water was used as a blank) (a), shift of absorption bands due to Fe2+, Fe3+, or Al3+ (b), and TEM photograph of the CS-AuNPs aggregation induced by Fe2+ (c).
Figure 8

Color of the reaction solutions after the addition of metal ions to the CS-AuNPs solution (water was used as a blank) (a), shift of absorption bands due to Fe2+, Fe3+, or Al3+ (b), and TEM photograph of the CS-AuNPs aggregation induced by Fe2+ (c).

4 Conclusions

The MW-based methods for the extraction of CS heartwood and subsequent synthesis of AuNPs using the extract as both a reducing and stabilizing agent were reported. By the MW irradiation, the extraction was accomplished in 3 min, yielding the extract containing high and reproducible brazilin content which could be readily used for the synthesis of AuNPs. Under the optimized synthesis conditions, i.e., the reactant composition, MW heating time, and reaction temperature, spherical CS-AuNPs with small size and acceptable stability were obtained within 1 min. Furthermore, the resulting CS-AuNPs were capable of selective binding to Fe2+, Fe3+, and Al3+ and inducing particle aggregation. This phenomenon led to the noticeable change of color and shift of UV-Vis absorption maxima, implying their potential for colorimetric sensing of these metal ions.

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from Thailand Research Fund (TRF) through the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program Scholarship Grant No. PHD/0142/2560 for Thana Thanayutsiri. We also thank Mr Anthony Phonpituck for his valuable help in editing and proofreading the manuscript.

  1. Funding information: The study is funded by grant number PHD/0142/2560 from Thailand Research Fund (TRF) through the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program Scholarship.

  2. Author contributions: Thana Thanayutsiri: conceptualization, investigation, data collection, formal analysis, methodology, writing – original draft, visualization; Prasopchai Patrojanasophon: formal analysis, visualization; Praneet Opanasopit: formal analysis, methodology; Tanasait Ngawhirunpat: formal analysis, methodology; Wanida Laiwattanapaisal: formal analysis, writing – review and editing; Theerasak Rojanarata: project administration, conceptualization, supervision, formal analysis, methodology, validation, writing – original draft, writing – review and editing, visualization.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2022-09-09
Revised: 2022-11-22
Accepted: 2022-12-19
Published Online: 2023-01-06

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  12. Exergy analysis of a conceptual CO2 capture process with an amine-based DES
  13. Construction of fluorescence system of felodipine–tetracyanovinyl–2,2′-bipyridine complex
  14. Excellent photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B over Bi2O3 supported on Zn-MOF nanocomposites under visible light
  15. Optimization-based control strategy for a large-scale polyhydroxyalkanoates production in a fed-batch bioreactor using a coupled PDE–ODE system
  16. Effectiveness of pH and amount of Artemia urumiana extract on physical, chemical, and biological attributes of UV-fabricated biogold nanoparticles
  17. Geranium leaf-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their transcriptomic effects on Candida albicans
  18. Synthesis, characterization, anticancer, anti-inflammatory activities, and docking studies of 3,5-disubstituted thiadiazine-2-thiones
  19. Synthesis and stability of phospholipid-encapsulated nano-selenium
  20. Putative anti-proliferative effect of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) seed and its nano-formulation
  21. Enrichment of low-grade phosphorites by the selective leaching method
  22. Electrochemical analysis of the dissolution of gold in a copper–ethylenediamine–thiosulfate system
  23. Characterisation of carbonate lake sediments as a potential filler for polymer composites
  24. Evaluation of nano-selenium biofortification characteristics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
  25. Quality of oil extracted by cold press from Nigella sativa seeds incorporated with rosemary extracts and pretreated by microwaves
  26. Heteropolyacid-loaded MOF-derived mesoporous zirconia catalyst for chemical degradation of rhodamine B
  27. Recovery of critical metals from carbonatite-type mineral wastes: Geochemical modeling investigation of (bio)hydrometallurgical leaching of REEs
  28. Photocatalytic properties of ZnFe-mixed oxides synthesized via a simple route for water remediation
  29. Attenuation of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-induced hepatic and renal toxicity by naringin nanoparticles in a rat model
  30. Novel in situ synthesis of quaternary core–shell metallic sulfide nanocomposites for degradation of organic dyes and hydrogen production
  31. Microfluidic steam-based synthesis of luminescent carbon quantum dots as sensing probes for nitrite detection
  32. Transformation of eggshell waste to egg white protein solution, calcium chloride dihydrate, and eggshell membrane powder
  33. Preparation of Zr-MOFs for the adsorption of doxycycline hydrochloride from wastewater
  34. Green nanoarchitectonics of the silver nanocrystal potential for treating malaria and their cytotoxic effects on the kidney Vero cell line
  35. Carbon emissions analysis of producing modified asphalt with natural asphalt
  36. An efficient and green synthesis of 2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones via t-BuONa-mediated oxidative condensation of 2-aminobenzamides and benzyl alcohols under solvent- and transition metal-free conditions
  37. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with mesosulfuron methyl and mesosulfuron methyl + florasulam + MCPA isooctyl to manage weeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  38. Synergism between lignite and high-sulfur petroleum coke in CO2 gasification
  39. Facile aqueous synthesis of ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS QDs with enhanced photoluminescence lifetime for selective detection of Cu(ii) ions
  40. Rapid synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Nepeta cataria leaves: An eco-friendly management of disease-causing vectors and bacterial pathogens
  41. Study on the photoelectrocatalytic activity of reduced TiO2 nanotube films for removal of methyl orange
  42. Development of a fuzzy logic model for the prediction of spark-ignition engine performance and emission for gasoline–ethanol blends
  43. Micro-impact-induced mechano-chemical synthesis of organic precursors from FeC/FeN and carbonates/nitrates in water and its extension to nucleobases
  44. Green synthesis of strontium-doped tin dioxide (SrSnO2) nanoparticles using the Mahonia bealei leaf extract and evaluation of their anticancer and antimicrobial activities
  45. A study on the larvicidal and adulticidal potential of Cladostepus spongiosus macroalgae and green-fabricated silver nanoparticles against mosquito vectors
  46. Catalysts based on nickel salt heteropolytungstates for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide
  47. Powerful antibacterial nanocomposites from Corallina officinalis-mediated nanometals and chitosan nanoparticles against fish-borne pathogens
  48. Removal behavior of Zn and alkalis from blast furnace dust in pre-reduction sinter process
  49. Environmentally friendly synthesis and computational studies of novel class of acridinedione integrated spirothiopyrrolizidines/indolizidines
  50. The mechanisms of inhibition and lubrication of clean fracturing flowback fluids in water-based drilling fluids
  51. Adsorption/desorption performance of cellulose membrane for Pb(ii)
  52. A one-pot, multicomponent tandem synthesis of fused polycyclic pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolinone/pyrrolizino[2,3-c]quinolinone hybrid heterocycles via environmentally benign solid state melt reaction
  53. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using durian rind extract and optical characteristics of surface plasmon resonance-based optical sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide
  54. Electrochemical analysis of copper-EDTA-ammonia-gold thiosulfate dissolution system
  55. Characterization of bio-oil production by microwave pyrolysis from cashew nut shells and Cassia fistula pods
  56. Green synthesis methods and characterization of bacterial cellulose/silver nanoparticle composites
  57. Photocatalytic research performance of zinc oxide/graphite phase carbon nitride catalyst and its application in environment
  58. Effect of phytogenic iron nanoparticles on the bio-fortification of wheat varieties
  59. In vitro anti-cancer and antimicrobial effects of manganese oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the Glycyrrhiza uralensis leaf extract on breast cancer cell lines
  60. Preparation of Pd/Ce(F)-MCM-48 catalysts and their catalytic performance of n-heptane isomerization
  61. Green “one-pot” fluorescent bis-indolizine synthesis with whole-cell plant biocatalysis
  62. Silica-titania mesoporous silicas of MCM-41 type as effective catalysts and photocatalysts for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide by H2O2
  63. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from molted feathers of Pavo cristatus and their antibiofilm and anticancer activities
  64. Clean preparation of rutile from Ti-containing mixed molten slag by CO2 oxidation
  65. Synthesis and characterization of Pluronic F-127-coated titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesized from extracts of Atractylodes macrocephala leaf for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties
  66. Effect of pretreatment with alkali on the anaerobic digestion characteristics of kitchen waste and analysis of microbial diversity
  67. Ameliorated antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties by Plectranthus vettiveroides root extract-mediated green synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles
  68. Microwave-accelerated pretreatment technique in green extraction of oil and bioactive compounds from camelina seeds: Effectiveness and characterization
  69. Studies on the extraction performance of phorate by aptamer-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in plasma samples
  70. Investigation of structural properties and antibacterial activity of AgO nanoparticle extract from Solanum nigrum/Mentha leaf extracts by green synthesis method
  71. Green fabrication of chitosan from marine crustaceans and mushroom waste: Toward sustainable resource utilization
  72. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  73. The enhanced adsorption properties of phosphorus from aqueous solutions using lanthanum modified synthetic zeolites
  74. Separation of graphene oxides of different sizes by multi-layer dialysis and anti-friction and lubrication performance
  75. Visible-light-assisted base-catalyzed, one-pot synthesis of highly functionalized cinnolines
  76. The experimental study on the air oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with Co–Mn–Br system
  77. Highly efficient removal of tetracycline and methyl violet 2B from aqueous solution using the bimetallic FeZn-ZIFs catalyst
  78. A thermo-tolerant cellulase enzyme produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M7, an insight into synthesis, optimization, characterization, and bio-polishing activity
  79. Exploration of ketone derivatives of succinimide for their antidiabetic potential: In vitro and in vivo approaches
  80. Ultrasound-assisted green synthesis and in silico study of 6-(4-(butylamino)-6-(diethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxypyridazine derivatives
  81. A study of the anticancer potential of Pluronic F-127 encapsulated Fe2O3 nanoparticles derived from Berberis vulgaris extract
  82. Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Consolida orientalis flowers: Identification, catalytic degradation, and biological effect
  83. Initial assessment of the presence of plastic waste in some coastal mangrove forests in Vietnam
  84. Adsorption synergy electrocatalytic degradation of phenol by active oxygen-containing species generated in Co-coal based cathode and graphite anode
  85. Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities of the aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum-mediated synthesized novel silver nanoparticles
  86. Synthesis of a silica matrix with ZnO nanoparticles for the fabrication of a recyclable photodegradation system to eliminate methylene blue dye
  87. Natural polymer fillers instead of dye and pigments: Pumice and scoria in PDMS fluid and elastomer composites
  88. Study on the preparation of glycerylphosphorylcholine by transesterification under supported sodium methoxide
  89. Wireless network handheld terminal-based green ecological sustainable design evaluation system: Improved data communication and reduced packet loss rate
  90. The optimization of hydrogel strength from cassava starch using oxidized sucrose as a crosslinking agent
  91. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Saccharum officinarum leaf extract for antiviral paint
  92. Study on the reliability of nano-silver-coated tin solder joints for flip chips
  93. Environmentally sustainable analytical quality by design aided RP-HPLC method for the estimation of brilliant blue in commercial food samples employing a green-ultrasound-assisted extraction technique
  94. Anticancer and antimicrobial potential of zinc/sodium alginate/polyethylene glycol/d-pinitol nanocomposites against osteosarcoma MG-63 cells
  95. Nanoporous carbon@CoFe2O4 nanocomposite as a green absorbent for the adsorptive removal of Hg(ii) from aqueous solutions
  96. Characterization of silver sulfide nanoparticles from actinobacterial strain (M10A62) and its toxicity against lepidopteran and dipterans insect species
  97. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Withania somnifera: Investigating antioxidant potential
  98. Effect of e-waste nanofillers on the mechanical, thermal, and wear properties of epoxy-blend sisal woven fiber-reinforced composites
  99. Magnesium nanohydroxide (2D brucite) as a host matrix for thymol and carvacrol: Synthesis, characterization, and inhibition of foodborne pathogens
  100. Synergistic inhibitive effect of a hybrid zinc oxide-benzalkonium chloride composite on the corrosion of carbon steel in a sulfuric acidic solution
  101. Review Articles
  102. Role and the importance of green approach in biosynthesis of nanopropolis and effectiveness of propolis in the treatment of COVID-19 pandemic
  103. Gum tragacanth-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles, characterization, and their applications as a bactericide, catalyst, antioxidant, and peroxidase mimic
  104. Green-processed nano-biocomposite (ZnO–TiO2): Potential candidates for biomedical applications
  105. Reaction mechanisms in microwave-assisted lignin depolymerisation in hydrogen-donating solvents
  106. Recent progress on non-noble metal catalysts for the deoxydehydration of biomass-derived oxygenates
  107. Rapid Communication
  108. Phosphorus removal by iron–carbon microelectrolysis: A new way to achieve phosphorus recovery
  109. Special Issue: Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications (Guest Editors: Arpita Roy and Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli)
  110. Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications
  111. Nano-encapsulated tanshinone IIA in PLGA-PEG-COOH inhibits apoptosis and inflammation in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury
  112. Green fabrication of silver nanoparticles using Melia azedarach ripened fruit extract, their characterization, and biological properties
  113. Green-synthesized nanoparticles and their therapeutic applications: A review
  114. Antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity potential of synthesized silver nanoparticles from the Cassia alata leaf aqueous extract
  115. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Callisia fragrans leaf extract and its anticancer activity against MCF-7, HepG2, KB, LU-1, and MKN-7 cell lines
  116. Algae-based green AgNPs, AuNPs, and FeNPs as potential nanoremediators
  117. Green synthesis of Kickxia elatine-induced silver nanoparticles and their role as anti-acetylcholinesterase in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
  118. Phytocrystallization of silver nanoparticles using Cassia alata flower extract for effective control of fungal skin pathogens
  119. Antibacterial wound dressing with hydrogel from chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol from the red cabbage extract loaded with silver nanoparticles
  120. Leveraging of mycogenic copper oxide nanostructures for disease management of Alternaria blight of Brassica juncea
  121. Nanoscale molecular reactions in microbiological medicines in modern medical applications
  122. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO/β-cyclodextrin/nicotinic acid nanocomposite and its biological and environmental application
  123. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles via Taxus wallichiana Zucc. plant-derived Taxol: Novel utilization as anticancer, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antiurolithic potential
  124. Recyclability and catalytic characteristics of copper oxide nanoparticles derived from bougainvillea plant flower extract for biomedical application
  125. Phytofabrication, characterization, and evaluation of novel bioinspired selenium–iron (Se–Fe) nanocomposites using Allium sativum extract for bio-potential applications
  126. Erratum
  127. Erratum to “Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2022-8109
Keywords for this article
microwave; extraction; synthesis; gold nanoparticles; Caesalpinia sappan Linn.
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Value-added utilization of coal fly ash and recycled polyvinyl chloride in door or window sub-frame composites
  3. High removal efficiency of volatile phenol from coking wastewater using coal gasification slag via optimized adsorption and multi-grade batch process
  4. Evolution of surface morphology and properties of diamond films by hydrogen plasma etching
  5. Removal efficiency of dibenzofuran using CuZn-zeolitic imidazole frameworks as a catalyst and adsorbent
  6. Rapid and efficient microwave-assisted extraction of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. heartwood and subsequent synthesis of gold nanoparticles
  7. The catalytic characteristics of 2-methylnaphthalene acylation with AlCl3 immobilized on Hβ as Lewis acid catalyst
  8. Biodegradation of synthetic PVP biofilms using natural materials and nanoparticles
  9. Rutin-loaded selenium nanoparticles modulated the redox status, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways associated with pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy in mice
  10. Optimization of apigenin nanoparticles prepared by planetary ball milling: In vitro and in vivo studies
  11. Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Origanum onites leaves: Cytotoxic, apoptotic, and necrotic effects on Capan-1, L929, and Caco-2 cell lines
  12. Exergy analysis of a conceptual CO2 capture process with an amine-based DES
  13. Construction of fluorescence system of felodipine–tetracyanovinyl–2,2′-bipyridine complex
  14. Excellent photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B over Bi2O3 supported on Zn-MOF nanocomposites under visible light
  15. Optimization-based control strategy for a large-scale polyhydroxyalkanoates production in a fed-batch bioreactor using a coupled PDE–ODE system
  16. Effectiveness of pH and amount of Artemia urumiana extract on physical, chemical, and biological attributes of UV-fabricated biogold nanoparticles
  17. Geranium leaf-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their transcriptomic effects on Candida albicans
  18. Synthesis, characterization, anticancer, anti-inflammatory activities, and docking studies of 3,5-disubstituted thiadiazine-2-thiones
  19. Synthesis and stability of phospholipid-encapsulated nano-selenium
  20. Putative anti-proliferative effect of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) seed and its nano-formulation
  21. Enrichment of low-grade phosphorites by the selective leaching method
  22. Electrochemical analysis of the dissolution of gold in a copper–ethylenediamine–thiosulfate system
  23. Characterisation of carbonate lake sediments as a potential filler for polymer composites
  24. Evaluation of nano-selenium biofortification characteristics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
  25. Quality of oil extracted by cold press from Nigella sativa seeds incorporated with rosemary extracts and pretreated by microwaves
  26. Heteropolyacid-loaded MOF-derived mesoporous zirconia catalyst for chemical degradation of rhodamine B
  27. Recovery of critical metals from carbonatite-type mineral wastes: Geochemical modeling investigation of (bio)hydrometallurgical leaching of REEs
  28. Photocatalytic properties of ZnFe-mixed oxides synthesized via a simple route for water remediation
  29. Attenuation of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-induced hepatic and renal toxicity by naringin nanoparticles in a rat model
  30. Novel in situ synthesis of quaternary core–shell metallic sulfide nanocomposites for degradation of organic dyes and hydrogen production
  31. Microfluidic steam-based synthesis of luminescent carbon quantum dots as sensing probes for nitrite detection
  32. Transformation of eggshell waste to egg white protein solution, calcium chloride dihydrate, and eggshell membrane powder
  33. Preparation of Zr-MOFs for the adsorption of doxycycline hydrochloride from wastewater
  34. Green nanoarchitectonics of the silver nanocrystal potential for treating malaria and their cytotoxic effects on the kidney Vero cell line
  35. Carbon emissions analysis of producing modified asphalt with natural asphalt
  36. An efficient and green synthesis of 2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones via t-BuONa-mediated oxidative condensation of 2-aminobenzamides and benzyl alcohols under solvent- and transition metal-free conditions
  37. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with mesosulfuron methyl and mesosulfuron methyl + florasulam + MCPA isooctyl to manage weeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  38. Synergism between lignite and high-sulfur petroleum coke in CO2 gasification
  39. Facile aqueous synthesis of ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS QDs with enhanced photoluminescence lifetime for selective detection of Cu(ii) ions
  40. Rapid synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Nepeta cataria leaves: An eco-friendly management of disease-causing vectors and bacterial pathogens
  41. Study on the photoelectrocatalytic activity of reduced TiO2 nanotube films for removal of methyl orange
  42. Development of a fuzzy logic model for the prediction of spark-ignition engine performance and emission for gasoline–ethanol blends
  43. Micro-impact-induced mechano-chemical synthesis of organic precursors from FeC/FeN and carbonates/nitrates in water and its extension to nucleobases
  44. Green synthesis of strontium-doped tin dioxide (SrSnO2) nanoparticles using the Mahonia bealei leaf extract and evaluation of their anticancer and antimicrobial activities
  45. A study on the larvicidal and adulticidal potential of Cladostepus spongiosus macroalgae and green-fabricated silver nanoparticles against mosquito vectors
  46. Catalysts based on nickel salt heteropolytungstates for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide
  47. Powerful antibacterial nanocomposites from Corallina officinalis-mediated nanometals and chitosan nanoparticles against fish-borne pathogens
  48. Removal behavior of Zn and alkalis from blast furnace dust in pre-reduction sinter process
  49. Environmentally friendly synthesis and computational studies of novel class of acridinedione integrated spirothiopyrrolizidines/indolizidines
  50. The mechanisms of inhibition and lubrication of clean fracturing flowback fluids in water-based drilling fluids
  51. Adsorption/desorption performance of cellulose membrane for Pb(ii)
  52. A one-pot, multicomponent tandem synthesis of fused polycyclic pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolinone/pyrrolizino[2,3-c]quinolinone hybrid heterocycles via environmentally benign solid state melt reaction
  53. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using durian rind extract and optical characteristics of surface plasmon resonance-based optical sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide
  54. Electrochemical analysis of copper-EDTA-ammonia-gold thiosulfate dissolution system
  55. Characterization of bio-oil production by microwave pyrolysis from cashew nut shells and Cassia fistula pods
  56. Green synthesis methods and characterization of bacterial cellulose/silver nanoparticle composites
  57. Photocatalytic research performance of zinc oxide/graphite phase carbon nitride catalyst and its application in environment
  58. Effect of phytogenic iron nanoparticles on the bio-fortification of wheat varieties
  59. In vitro anti-cancer and antimicrobial effects of manganese oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the Glycyrrhiza uralensis leaf extract on breast cancer cell lines
  60. Preparation of Pd/Ce(F)-MCM-48 catalysts and their catalytic performance of n-heptane isomerization
  61. Green “one-pot” fluorescent bis-indolizine synthesis with whole-cell plant biocatalysis
  62. Silica-titania mesoporous silicas of MCM-41 type as effective catalysts and photocatalysts for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide by H2O2
  63. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from molted feathers of Pavo cristatus and their antibiofilm and anticancer activities
  64. Clean preparation of rutile from Ti-containing mixed molten slag by CO2 oxidation
  65. Synthesis and characterization of Pluronic F-127-coated titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesized from extracts of Atractylodes macrocephala leaf for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties
  66. Effect of pretreatment with alkali on the anaerobic digestion characteristics of kitchen waste and analysis of microbial diversity
  67. Ameliorated antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties by Plectranthus vettiveroides root extract-mediated green synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles
  68. Microwave-accelerated pretreatment technique in green extraction of oil and bioactive compounds from camelina seeds: Effectiveness and characterization
  69. Studies on the extraction performance of phorate by aptamer-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in plasma samples
  70. Investigation of structural properties and antibacterial activity of AgO nanoparticle extract from Solanum nigrum/Mentha leaf extracts by green synthesis method
  71. Green fabrication of chitosan from marine crustaceans and mushroom waste: Toward sustainable resource utilization
  72. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  73. The enhanced adsorption properties of phosphorus from aqueous solutions using lanthanum modified synthetic zeolites
  74. Separation of graphene oxides of different sizes by multi-layer dialysis and anti-friction and lubrication performance
  75. Visible-light-assisted base-catalyzed, one-pot synthesis of highly functionalized cinnolines
  76. The experimental study on the air oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with Co–Mn–Br system
  77. Highly efficient removal of tetracycline and methyl violet 2B from aqueous solution using the bimetallic FeZn-ZIFs catalyst
  78. A thermo-tolerant cellulase enzyme produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M7, an insight into synthesis, optimization, characterization, and bio-polishing activity
  79. Exploration of ketone derivatives of succinimide for their antidiabetic potential: In vitro and in vivo approaches
  80. Ultrasound-assisted green synthesis and in silico study of 6-(4-(butylamino)-6-(diethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxypyridazine derivatives
  81. A study of the anticancer potential of Pluronic F-127 encapsulated Fe2O3 nanoparticles derived from Berberis vulgaris extract
  82. Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Consolida orientalis flowers: Identification, catalytic degradation, and biological effect
  83. Initial assessment of the presence of plastic waste in some coastal mangrove forests in Vietnam
  84. Adsorption synergy electrocatalytic degradation of phenol by active oxygen-containing species generated in Co-coal based cathode and graphite anode
  85. Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities of the aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum-mediated synthesized novel silver nanoparticles
  86. Synthesis of a silica matrix with ZnO nanoparticles for the fabrication of a recyclable photodegradation system to eliminate methylene blue dye
  87. Natural polymer fillers instead of dye and pigments: Pumice and scoria in PDMS fluid and elastomer composites
  88. Study on the preparation of glycerylphosphorylcholine by transesterification under supported sodium methoxide
  89. Wireless network handheld terminal-based green ecological sustainable design evaluation system: Improved data communication and reduced packet loss rate
  90. The optimization of hydrogel strength from cassava starch using oxidized sucrose as a crosslinking agent
  91. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Saccharum officinarum leaf extract for antiviral paint
  92. Study on the reliability of nano-silver-coated tin solder joints for flip chips
  93. Environmentally sustainable analytical quality by design aided RP-HPLC method for the estimation of brilliant blue in commercial food samples employing a green-ultrasound-assisted extraction technique
  94. Anticancer and antimicrobial potential of zinc/sodium alginate/polyethylene glycol/d-pinitol nanocomposites against osteosarcoma MG-63 cells
  95. Nanoporous carbon@CoFe2O4 nanocomposite as a green absorbent for the adsorptive removal of Hg(ii) from aqueous solutions
  96. Characterization of silver sulfide nanoparticles from actinobacterial strain (M10A62) and its toxicity against lepidopteran and dipterans insect species
  97. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Withania somnifera: Investigating antioxidant potential
  98. Effect of e-waste nanofillers on the mechanical, thermal, and wear properties of epoxy-blend sisal woven fiber-reinforced composites
  99. Magnesium nanohydroxide (2D brucite) as a host matrix for thymol and carvacrol: Synthesis, characterization, and inhibition of foodborne pathogens
  100. Synergistic inhibitive effect of a hybrid zinc oxide-benzalkonium chloride composite on the corrosion of carbon steel in a sulfuric acidic solution
  101. Review Articles
  102. Role and the importance of green approach in biosynthesis of nanopropolis and effectiveness of propolis in the treatment of COVID-19 pandemic
  103. Gum tragacanth-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles, characterization, and their applications as a bactericide, catalyst, antioxidant, and peroxidase mimic
  104. Green-processed nano-biocomposite (ZnO–TiO2): Potential candidates for biomedical applications
  105. Reaction mechanisms in microwave-assisted lignin depolymerisation in hydrogen-donating solvents
  106. Recent progress on non-noble metal catalysts for the deoxydehydration of biomass-derived oxygenates
  107. Rapid Communication
  108. Phosphorus removal by iron–carbon microelectrolysis: A new way to achieve phosphorus recovery
  109. Special Issue: Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications (Guest Editors: Arpita Roy and Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli)
  110. Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications
  111. Nano-encapsulated tanshinone IIA in PLGA-PEG-COOH inhibits apoptosis and inflammation in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury
  112. Green fabrication of silver nanoparticles using Melia azedarach ripened fruit extract, their characterization, and biological properties
  113. Green-synthesized nanoparticles and their therapeutic applications: A review
  114. Antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity potential of synthesized silver nanoparticles from the Cassia alata leaf aqueous extract
  115. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Callisia fragrans leaf extract and its anticancer activity against MCF-7, HepG2, KB, LU-1, and MKN-7 cell lines
  116. Algae-based green AgNPs, AuNPs, and FeNPs as potential nanoremediators
  117. Green synthesis of Kickxia elatine-induced silver nanoparticles and their role as anti-acetylcholinesterase in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
  118. Phytocrystallization of silver nanoparticles using Cassia alata flower extract for effective control of fungal skin pathogens
  119. Antibacterial wound dressing with hydrogel from chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol from the red cabbage extract loaded with silver nanoparticles
  120. Leveraging of mycogenic copper oxide nanostructures for disease management of Alternaria blight of Brassica juncea
  121. Nanoscale molecular reactions in microbiological medicines in modern medical applications
  122. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO/β-cyclodextrin/nicotinic acid nanocomposite and its biological and environmental application
  123. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles via Taxus wallichiana Zucc. plant-derived Taxol: Novel utilization as anticancer, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antiurolithic potential
  124. Recyclability and catalytic characteristics of copper oxide nanoparticles derived from bougainvillea plant flower extract for biomedical application
  125. Phytofabrication, characterization, and evaluation of novel bioinspired selenium–iron (Se–Fe) nanocomposites using Allium sativum extract for bio-potential applications
  126. Erratum
  127. Erratum to “Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
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