Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using durian rind extract and optical characteristics of surface plasmon resonance-based optical sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide

Fueangfakan Chutrakulwong; Kheamrutai Thamaphat

doi:10.1515/gps-2023-0070

Article Open Access

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using durian rind extract and optical characteristics of surface plasmon resonance-based optical sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide

Fueangfakan Chutrakulwong and Kheamrutai Thamaphat

Published/Copyright: August 9, 2023

Published by

Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Submit Manuscript Author Information

From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 12 Issue 1

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been efficaciously synthesized from AgNO₃ via an easy and green method, also called green synthesis, using Mon Thong durian (Durio zibethinus L.) rind extract. The inner shell of durian rind extract was used as an intermediary for the synthesis of AgNPs because the absorption spectra of the AgNP colloid extracted from the inner shell had a higher absorption than that of the outer shell. Additionally, we have found more fructose and glucose – which act as a reducing agent – and protein and carbohydrates – which act as the stabilizer – in a higher amount in the inner shell than the extract from the outer shell. The synthesized AgNPs were mainly spherical in shape and exhibited a relatively narrow size distribution with an average particle diameter of 10.2 ± 0.2 nm. In the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), these nanoparticles demonstrate catalytic activity. The degradation of AgNPs, including the catalytic decomposition of H₂O₂, causes a considerable change in the absorbance strength of the surface plasmon resonance band depending on the H₂O₂ concentration. Over a broad concentration range of 10⁻¹–10⁻⁶ mol·L⁻¹ H₂O₂, a good sensitivity and a linear response are achieved. This sensor’s quantification limit is found to be 0.9 µmol·L⁻¹ H₂O₂. Therefore, this optical sensor for the detection of H₂O₂ can be potentially applied in the determination of color indicators in medical or clinical diagnosis, biochemical analysis, and environmental applications.

Keywords: durian rind extract; green synthesis; hydrogen peroxide sensor; silver nanoparticles; surface plasmon resonance

1 Introduction

Considering that hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is a byproduct of processes mediated by several oxidase enzymes, determining H₂O₂ in trace amounts is a crucial and essential task. It is crucial in a variety of industries, including those related to food, medicine, clinical laboratories, and environmental analysis [1,2]. The majority of the techniques for measuring H₂O₂ that have been developed until now are based on enzymes and include spectrofluorometry [3,4,5], spectrophotometry [6,7,8], and electrochemistry [9,10,11]. Although enzyme sensitivity and selectivity are exceptional, immobilizing and stabilizing enzymes are challenging operations. It was found that sensors had poor repeatability and instability when exposed to enzymatic H₂O₂.

The construction of innovative devices and applications, including chemical sensors and biosensors, is made possible by the distinctive optical, magnetic, catalytic, and mechanical capabilities of nanoscale materials [12,13,14,15]. According to recent publications [16,17,18,19], several attempts have been made to monitor the concentration of H₂O₂ electrochemically by applying nanomaterials (using no enzymes). Due to their advantages such as high surface response activity, high catalytic efficiency, high surface-to-volume ratio, strong adsorption ability, stability, and ease of electron transfer, nanomaterial-altered electrodes are an excellent option for detecting H₂O₂. The sensors made of nanomaterials have quicker reaction times and lower detection thresholds [20]. Platinum [21,22], silver [23,24,25,26], gold [27], copper oxide [28], MnOOH [29], or silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) encapsulated in SBA-15 mesoporous silica [30] and electro-deposited on a ZnO film [31] are only a few examples of the metal or metal oxide nanoparticle-based electrodes that have been chemically changed. H₂O₂ can be detected using electro-analytical techniques.

The optical sensors and biosensors based on the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), which may be emitted by nanostructured noble metals like gold and silver, are an excellent, quick, and low-cost substitute for amperometric nanostructured sensors [32]. Briefly, the passage of electrons through the interior metal framework gets constrained when the size of a metal form shrinks from the bulk scale to the nanoscale. As a result, when incident light enters resonance with the conduction band electrons on the surfaces of metallic nanoparticles, distinct absorption bands of their UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectrum are shown. It merely referred to these oscillations in charge density as LSPR [33]. According to Endo and colleagues [34,35,36,37,38], gold nanoparticles are specifically employed for LSPR excitation and the development of corresponding optical biosensors in medical and food applications. AgNPs have a catalytic activity for the breakdown of H₂O₂, according to a number of recent research studies [23,39]. Endo et al. [40] and Alzahrani [41] synthesized polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNPs based on an LSPR-based fully optical detection method for the quantitative determination of reactive oxygen species, particularly H₂O₂. AgNPs with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) caps as a renewable LSPR-based sensor for H₂O₂ detection and measurement have been suggested by Filippo and colleagues [42].

To obtain silver colloids with nanostructures, wet chemical synthesis was frequently used [43]. Numerous nanomaterial preparations entail hazardous chemicals, poor material conversion, high energy demands, and time-consuming, inefficient purifications. Here, we instead synthesize AgNPs using a green method. There has already been some advancement in the creation of green chemistry that is safe, non-toxic, and acceptable to the environment for the production of noble metal (gold and silver) nanoparticles. For the synthesis of Au and Ag nanoparticles, green reducing agents such as citrate [44,45,46], glucose [47,48,49,50,51], ascorbic acid [52], and hydrogen peroxide [53,54,55] have been investigated. AgNPs can be made using water-soluble polymers, such as gum Arabic, gelatin, PVA, and methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose [46,56,57,58,59]. Starch has recently been used as a green capping agent [48,49,50]. Mehata [60] and Ghaseminezhad et al. [61] have published many studies on green synthesis, while Mouzaki and colleagues have provided an overview of the synthesis of AgNPs [62].

We used Mon Thong durian (Durio zibethinus L.) rind extract [63] as a reducing agent and stabilizer to reduce Ag⁺ dissolved in AgNO₃ solution to AgNPs with a narrow size distribution and demonstrated their applicability as an LSPR-based optical sensor due to the current development on green synthesis techniques for preparing metallic nanoparticles as well as on LSPR based on detection techniques and sensing devices. We make use of the fact that the analyte, H₂O₂, can be used as an active oxidant for AgNPs and demonstrate that, under suitable experimental conditions, the change in the LSPR absorbance strength caused by the degradation of the as-prepared AgNPs correlates well with the concentration of H₂O₂. These nanoparticles serve as an unconventional LSPR-based optical sensor that we employ to measure H₂O₂.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Preparation of durian rind extract

The Mon Thong durian rinds were used throughout this work. The fresh durian rinds collected during the durian season from the fruit market were cleaned, dried, and the outer layer from the inner layer was separated. Then, it was ground to powder, stored in a vacuum box, and placed at −20°C until it was used to prepare durian rind extract.

About 50 g of the durian outer layer powder was used to prepare the durian rind extract. The powder was boiled in 500 mL of deionized (DI) water for 30 min. The resulting extract was filtered through Whatman filter paper No. 1 with a pore size of 11 µm. The preparation of the inner layer of durian rind extract was the same as that of the outer layer. We stored this extract at 4°C for further experiments.

2.2 Solutions used in the experiment

AgNO₃ was used as a substrate for the synthesis of AgNPs using the reduction method. NaOH and HCl solutions were used for adjusting the pH change. AgNO₃ was purchased from Poch. When AgNO₃ was dissolved in DI water, it caused the dissociation of Ag⁺, which acts as an electron acceptor (oxidizer) in the reduction process.

2.3 Synthesis of AgNP colloid using durian rind extract as a reducing agent and stabilizer

In this experiment, durian rind was used to synthesize environmentally friendly AgNPs using the Mon Thong durian extract as both a reducing agent and stabilizer. The durian extract will act as the electron distributor to the dissociated Ag⁺ in AgNO₃ solution under light conditions as a catalyst. The process is shown as represented by Eqs. 1 and 2:

(1) AgNO 3 ( s ) ⟶ H 2 O Ag + ( aq ) + NO 3 − ( aq )

(2) Ag + ( aq ) + e − ⟶ light Ag ( s )

First, 30 mL of the durian outer shell extract was mixed with 30 mL of 1 mM AgNO₃ solution (1:1 ratio), and the pH of the solution was adjusted to 8.5. The solution was stirred with a magnetic stirrer (Stuart, CB 162) for 3 h at a light intensity of 13,430 lux and a temperature of 25 ± 1°C. The absorbance of the solution was measured in the wavelength range of 300–800 nm with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Avantes, AvaSpec-2048). The light source used was a tungsten–deuterium lamp, which generated light in the wavelength range of 177–1,100 nm. The absorbance of the solution was measured by adjusting the absorbance measurement mode (A). The extracted water from durian rind was used as a blank. The same process was repeated but the durian inner shell extract was used instead of the durian outer shell extract.

2.4 Characterization of AgNPs synthesized with the durian rind extract

The AgNPs synthesized with durian rind extract were tested for their qualitative and quantitative characteristics as follows:

UV-Vis spectrophotometer was employed to examine the absorbance of AgNPs synthesized with the extract obtained from the inner and outer shells of durian rind.
TEM (JEOL, JEM-2100) was used to examine the dispersion and shape of the AgNPs.
XRD (Bruker, D8 Advance) was used to analyze the crystalline structure of the elements.
SEM-EDX (JEOL, JSM-6610LV) was used to determine the elemental composition of AgNPs.

2.5 Optical characteristics of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based optical sensor for the detection of H₂O₂ of AgNP

To evaluate the optical characteristics of AgNP solution as SPR-based H₂O₂ sensor, 3% of different concentrations of H₂O₂ solutions diluted with phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) were introduced into the AgNP solution in the quartz cuvette at a ratio of 1:1.5. The change in its optical characteristics with time (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 min) in the visible range (350–850 nm) was monitored by a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Avantes, AvaSpec-2048), as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

Experimental procedure for SPR optical characterization of colloid AgNPs synthesized from the durian rind extract.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Durian rind extract and the conditions used in the AgNP synthesis

Before synthesizing AgNPs, the absorbance of durian rind extracted from outer and inner shells was measured. The results showed that the durian extract from the outer shell of durian rind had the highest absorbance at 320.896 nm. In contrast, the extract from the inner shell had the highest absorption at a wavelength of 323.689 nm, which was higher than that from the outer shell. Therefore, the inner shell extract was used to synthesize AgNPs.

In this experiment, the inner shell of the durian rind extract was used as an intermediary for the synthesis of AgNPs because the AgNP colloid extracted from the inner shell had a higher absorption than that of the outer shell. Moreover, the durian inner shell yielded more AgNPs than the outer shell (as presented in Figure 2). Additionally, we have found more fructose and glucose – which act as a reducing agent – and protein and carbohydrates – which act as the stabilizer – in a higher amount than the extract from the outer shell (as shown in Table 1).

Figure 2

Colloid absorbance of AgNPs synthesized using the durian rind extract: (a) outer shell of durian rind and (b) inner shell of durian rind (pH = 8.5; reaction time, 3 h) at a light intensity of 13,430 lux.

Table 1

Nutrient contents in durian rind

Substance	Substance content in the outer shell	Substance content in the inner shell
Fructose	0.93 g·100 g⁻¹	8.01 g·100 g⁻¹
Glucose	1.01 g·100 g⁻¹	2.17 g·100 g⁻¹
Protein	0.09 g·100 mL⁻¹	0.03 g·100 mL⁻¹
Carbohydrate	0.43 g·100 mL⁻¹	1.13 g·100 mL⁻¹

Therefore, at this stage, the extract from the inner shell of durian rind was recommended as a reducing agent and a stabilizer in the synthesis of AgNPs.

3.2 Effect of reaction times on the absorbance of colloid AgNPs

AgNPs were synthesized using the inner durian rind extract at a light intensity of 13,430 lux with the pH of the solution adjusted to 8.5. Then, the absorbance of the solutions was measured at reaction times of 5, 10, 30 min, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. With the formation of AgNPs, the color of the solution changed from light yellow (source extract) to yellowish-brown because of the reduction of Ag⁺ ions in AgNPs as the reaction time was increased gradually up to 12 h, as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3

Colors of colloids of AgNPs synthesized using an extract from the inner durian rind at a light intensity of 13,430 lux, pH of 8.5, and reaction times of 0 min to 12 h.

As observed in Figure 3, the color of AgNPs synthesized using the inner durian rind extract at a light intensity of 13,430 lux and pH 8.5 had a yellowish-brown color at all reaction times. This result implies that the higher the absorbance, the higher the quantity of AgNPs. Therefore, adjusting the pH of the solution to 8.5 is recommended for synthesizing AgNPs as it generates a higher quantity.

As observed in Figure 4, at a pH of 8.5, the absorbance of the synthesized AgNPs had the highest at 416 nm, which implied the small size of AgNPs. Therefore, adjusting the pH of the solution to 8.5 was recommended in synthesizing AgNPs using an extract from the inner shell of durian rind.

Figure 4

Colloidal absorbance of AgNPs synthesized using an extract from the inner durian rind at a light intensity of 13,430 lux, pH of 8.5, and reaction times of 5 min to 12 h.

Figure 4 shows the UV-Vis spectrum recorded from the formation of AgNPs in solution. The appearance of a strong and sharp plasmon band at a wavelength of maximum absorbance (λ _max) of 416 nm shows the formation of AgNP colloids. The reaction was completed within 3 h, which can be ascertained by no change in the absorbance. This value of λ _max was blue-shifted toward a shorter wavelength of approximately 416 nm at a pH value of 8.5 and the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the absorbance band was 122 nm.

3.3 Dispersion, shape, and size of AgNPs

TEM (JEOL, JEM-2100) was employed to investigate the formation of dispersion and shape of AgNPs synthesized using an extract from the inner durian rind at a light intensity of 13,430 lux and a reaction time of 12 h at a pH of 8.5. The smallest size of AgNPs is shown in Figure 5. Therefore, it can be concluded that the pH of the solution used in the AgNP synthesis (the inner shell of durian rind extract and AgNO₃) should be adjusted to 8.5 to get the smallest size of AgNPs.

Figure 5

TEM analysis results: (a) TEM image of AgNPs synthesized from 1 mM AgNO₃ solution and durian rind extract at ambient conditions (solution pH = 8.5) and (b) corresponding particle size distribution histogram of AgNPs.

The TEM results are shown in Figure 5a, which displays that AgNPs are formed in spherical shapes. Figure 5b shows a relatively narrow size distribution with an average diameter of 10.2 ± 0.2 nm, which corresponds to the XRD pattern, as illustrated in Figure 6. Figure 6 shows the XRD patterns of AgNPs synthesized using the durian rind extract. The XRD pattern shows the sharp peaks of the face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure (JCPDS file no.04-0783) with diffraction peaks at 37°, 44°, 64°, and 77° in the 2θ range of 20–80°, which correspond to the (111), (200), (220), and (311) facets of silver, respectively. Therefore, the UV-Vis spectra, TEM images, and XRD patterns are strong evidence to confirm that the method described here is an effective approach for the synthesis of AgNPs. Additionally, EDX analysis was used to estimate the elemental composition of AgNPs. Figure 7 shows that the energy of the elemental silver peak is 3 keV.

$Figure 6 X-ray diffraction patterns of the synthesized AgNPs.$

Figure 6

X-ray diffraction patterns of the synthesized AgNPs.

Figure 7

SEM-EDX spectrum of the synthesized AgNPs confirming the presence of silver.

3.4 Optical characteristics of the SPR-based optical sensor for the detection of H₂O₂ of AgNPs

3.4.1 Effect of reaction times on the wavelength and absorbance spectra of dilute H₂O₂ solution

Dilute H₂O₂ (10⁻²M) was used to determine the effect of reaction times on the wavelength and absorbance of dilute H₂O₂ solution. The results are shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8

Changes in the SPR absorbance strength with time and the addition of 10⁻²M H₂O₂ solution in the as-synthesized AgNPs solution at a volume ratio of 1:1.5.

From Figure 8, the maximum absorbance of 10⁻² M H₂O₂ is at 416 nm, which implies that the lesser the reaction time, the higher the absorbance of dilute H₂O₂.

In order to determine the effect of dilution on the SPR absorbance strength, we introduced phosphate buffer into the AgNP colloid at a ratio of 1:1.5. The change in the absorbance strength at λ _max is because of its dependence on the AgNP concentration. In this experiment, the dilution with buffer solution affects the AgNP concentration. As a result, a volume ratio of H₂O₂/colloid AgNPs is chosen as 1:1.5 to evaluate the characteristics of the SPR-based sensor.

3.4.2 Concentration of H₂O₂ and absorbance of the solution

UV-Vis spectrophotometry was employed to determine the absorbance of H₂O₂ and AgNP solution at different H₂O₂ concentration levels and a reaction time of 15 min (as shown in Figure 9).

Figure 9

Colors of H₂O₂ and AgNP solution at different H₂O₂ concentrations.

As shown in Figure 9, the color of H₂O₂ and AgNP solution faded as the concentration of H₂O₂ increased. This finding implies that the higher the concentration of H₂O₂ in the solution, the fadedness of the color of the solution increased.

The spectroscopy measurements showed the formation of AgNPs. The AgNP synthesis was verified by UV-Vis spectroscopy by determining the maximum absorbance at approximately 416 nm because of the SPR. Figure 10 represents the SPR peak at 416 nm of AgNPs, showing a sufficient dispersion, narrow size distribution, and the spherical shape of AgNPs. The addition of 1 mL of 3% H₂O₂ solution with different volumes of AgNPs leads to a decrease in the SPR absorbance of the AgNPs, leading to the bleaching of the brownish color to a clear solution of AgNPs.

Figure 10

UV-Vis absorption spectra recorded for 15 min after the addition of different concentrations of H₂O₂ solution to the solution of AgNPs at a volume ratio of 1:1.5.

3.4.3 Effect of time on changes in the reaction of AgNPs and H₂O₂ solution at different concentrations

UV-Vis spectrophotometry was employed to analyze the effect of reaction time on changes in the reaction of AgNPs and H₂O₂ solution at different concentrations, and the results are shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11

The relative changes in the reaction of AgNPs and H₂O₂ solution at a 15 min reaction time at different concentrations of H₂O₂ solution.

As observed in Figure 11, absorption shows relatively significant changes in the reactions between different concentrations of AgNPs and dilute H₂O₂ solutions between 0 and 15 min. However, it was found that the reactions became static after 15 min. This reaction pattern represents the reactions of different concentrations of AgNPs and dilute H₂O₂ solution, as observed in Figure 11. Therefore, 15 min of reaction time was recommended to apply for AgNPs (extracted from the inner layer of durian rind) to an SPR-based optical sensor for the detection of H₂O₂. The (A ₀ − A _t)/A ₀ values calculated at a reaction time of 15 min and the concentration of H₂O₂ are presented in Figure 12. As seen, the absorbance change at a reaction time decreases proportionally to the H₂O₂ concentration. It can be concluded that the optical sensor studied using the durian rind extract in synthesizing AgNPs ensures a linear response over the wide concentration range of 10⁻¹–10⁻⁶ mol·L⁻¹ H₂O₂ and might be successfully applied in analytical procedures for the determination of H₂O₂ in various samples such as vegetables and food. The quantification limit, calculated based on the criteria, is 0.9 µmol·L⁻¹.

Figure 12

Relative change in the absorbance strength of the AgNP solution 15 min after the addition of H₂O₂ solution as a function of H₂O₂ concentration.

Comparing the H₂O₂ detection performance of AgNPs extracted from durian rind with previous studies, we found that AgNPs obtained from the durian extract in our study had the lowest detection limit compared to other methods (Table 2) [24].

Table 2

Comparison of analytical performances of the methods for the determination of H₂O₂

Method	Detection limit (µM)	Linear range	References
Decomposition of particles	10	N/A	[64]
Decomposition of particles	1.60	10–80 µM	[65]
Decomposition of particles	5	10–40 µM	[66]
Decomposition of particles	112	60–600 µM	[24]
Decomposition of particles	0.9	1 µM to 0.1 M	This work

3.4.4 Mechanism of H₂O₂ detection

From Eqs. 1 and 2, the durian rind extract can be reduced to Ag⁺ to Ag⁰ because it is composed of water-soluble polysaccharides that comprise a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand ꞵ (1 → 4) linked D-glucose units and low protein content [67]. Glucose generally acts as a reducing agent in the preparation process of AgNPs. After these simple steps, the optical sensor is ready for use.

With the addition of another strong oxidizing agent as H₂O₂, the reverse process occurs, in which AgNPs are oxidized with the consequent formation of silver oxide, and peroxide is decomposed into water and oxygen [68]. The oxi-reduction occurs as described by the following chemical equations (Eqs. 3 and 4):

(3) 2Ag ( s ) + H 2 O 2 ( ag ) → 2Ag + ( aq ) + 2OH − ( aq )

(4) 2Ag + ( aq ) + 2OH − ( aq ) → Ag 2 O ( s ) + H 2 O ( l )

We observed that the intensity of the yellowish-brown color decreases with increasing H₂O₂ concentration (Figure 9), which is attributed to the oxidation of Ag⁰.

4 Conclusions and future directions

In this work, we have demonstrated a challenging alternative for the synthesis of AgNPs using the bio-waste durian rind as a low-cost biological reducing agent. By using this strategy, agricultural wastes may be used more effectively and the garbage that could have an adverse effect on the environment can be disposed of. The effective utilization of the hydroxyl groups of glucose as a reducing agent and starch or protein as a stabilizer may contribute to the green production of AgNPs from durian rind. Only spherical particles were formed, with an average diameter of 10.2 ± 0.2 nm.

Our synthesis produced AgNPs with an SPR band at 416 nm, good colloidal AgNP stability, and intermediate catalytic activity for the oxidation of H₂O₂. The SPR band’s absorbance intensity significantly varies depending on the H₂O₂ concentration due to the degradation of AgNPs due to the catalytic breakdown of H₂O₂. An SPR-based sensor for the detection of H₂O₂ is suggested based on this technique. This sensor responds linearly and with exceptional sensitivity throughout a wide range of 10⁻¹–10⁻⁶ mol·L⁻¹ H₂O₂. The quantitative limit of detection, according to our findings, is 0.9 µmol·L⁻¹ H₂O₂. The application of an SPR-based optical sensor for H₂O₂ detection and for the detection of other reactive oxygen species is possible.

H₂O₂ is a crucial chemical used in many industrial processes including textile, pharmaceutical, culinary, cleaning, and disinfection. As mentioned above, H₂O₂ detection is effective over a wide range of concentrations. For these sensors to be extensively used in the aforementioned industrial applications, we still need to improve in terms of sensitivity and selectivity for H₂O₂ in varied samples. AgNPs are a type of nanomaterial that is used to enhance the performance of sensors in various environmental conditions. To allow continuous monitoring necessary for industrial applications, further efforts will need to be made to address the sensor contamination concerns in various sample types. In conclusion, the flexible detection range, straightforward construction technique, and affordable price of optical sensors make them suitable for a variety of applications.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Division of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Krungthep and Green Synthesis and Application Laboratory, Applied Science and Engineering for Social Solution Research Unit, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi for providing measuring equipment. The authors are grateful to the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, for providing XRD measurement.

Funding information: The authors state no funding was involved.
Author contributions: Fueangfakan Chutrakulwong: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, resources, validation, writing – original draft, and writing – review and editing; Kheamrutai Thamaphat: conceptualization, methodology, resources, supervision, validation, and writing – review and editing.
Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.
Data availability statement: The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

[1] Perry SC, Pangotra D, Vieira L, Csepei LI, Sieber V, Wang L, et al. Electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from water and oxygen. Nat Rev Chem. 2019;3(1):442–58. 10.1038/s41570-019-0110-6.Search in Google Scholar

[2] Wang J, Lin Y, Chen L. Organic-phase biosensors for monitoring phenol and hydrogen peroxide in pharmaceutical antibacterial products. Analyst. 1993;118(3):277–80. 10.1039/an9931800277.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[3] Manzoori J, Amjadi M, Orooji M. Application of crude extract of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea gongylodes) as a rich source of peroxidase in the spectrofluorometric determination of hydrogen peroxide in honey samples. Anal Sci. 2006;22(9):1201–6. 10.2116/analsci.22.1201.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[4] Tang B, Zhang L, Xu K. FIA-near-infrared spectrofluorimetric trace determination of hydrogen peroxide using tricarchlorobocyanine dye (Cy.7.Cl) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Talanta. 2006;68(3):876–82. 10.1016/j.talanta.2005.06.053.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[5] Hitomi Y, Takeyasu T, Funabiki T, Kodera M. Detection of enzymatically generated hydrogen peroxide by metal-based fluorescent probe. Anal Chem. 2011;83(24):9213–6. 10.1021/ac202534g.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[6] Wei H, Wang E. Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles as peroxidase mimetics and their applications in H2O2 and glucose detection. Anal Chem. 2008;80(6):2250–4. 10.1021/ac702203f.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[7] Chang Q, Deng K, Zhu L, Jiang G, Yu C, Tang H. Determination of hydrogen peroxide with the aid of peroxidase-like Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles as the catalyst. Microchim Acta. 2009;165(3):299–305. 10.1007/s00604-008-0133-z.Search in Google Scholar

[8] Hsu CC, Lo YR, Lin YC, Shi YC, Li PL. A spectrometric method for hydrogen peroxide concentration measurement with a reusable and cost-efficient sensor. Sensors. 2015;15(10):25716–29. 10.3390/s151025716.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[9] Jin GH, Ko E, Kim MK, Tran VK, Son SE, Geng Y, et al. Graphene oxide-gold nanozyme for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide. Sensor Actuat B Chem. 2018;274(1):201–9. 10.1016/j.snb.2018.07.160.Search in Google Scholar

[10] Chen S, Yuan R, Chai Y, Hu F. Electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide using metal nanoparticles: A review. Microchim Acta. 2013;180(1-2):15–32. 10.1007/s00604-012-0904-4.Search in Google Scholar

[11] Zhang R, Chen W. Recent advances in graphene-based nanomaterials for fabricating electrochemical hydrogen peroxide sensors. Biosens Bioelectron. 2017;89(Pt 1):249–68. 10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.080.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[12] Beck F, Loessl M, Baeumner AJ. Signaling strategies of silver nanoparticles in optical and electrochemical biosensors: considering their potential for the point-of-care. Microchim Acta. 2023;190(3):1–19. 10.1007/s00604-023-05666-6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[13] Imran M, Ehrhardt CJ, Bertino MF, Shah MR, Yadavalli VK. Chitosan stabilized silver nanoparticles for the electrochemical detection of lipopolysaccharide: A facile biosensing approach for Gram-negative bacteria. Micromachines. 2020;11(4):1–12. 10.3390/mi11040413.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[14] Santos VM, Ribeiro RSA, Bosco AJT, Alhadeff EM, Bojorge NI. Characterization and evaluation of silver-nanoparticle-incorporated in composite graphite aiming at their application in biosensors. Braz J Chem Eng. 2017;34(3):647–57. 10.1590/0104-6632.20170343s20150649.Search in Google Scholar

[15] Xing Y, Feng XZ, Zhang L, Hou J, Han GC, Chen Z. A sensitive and selective electrochemical biosensor for the determination of beta-amyloid oligomer by inhibiting the peptide-triggered in situ assembly of silver nanoparticles. Int J Nanomed. 2017;12:3171–9. 10.2147/IJN.S132776.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[16] Li X, Liu Y, Zheng L, Dong M, Xue Z, Lu X, et al. A novel nonenzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensor based on silver nanoparticles and ionic liquid functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube composite modified electrode. Electrochim Acta. 2013;113:170–5. 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.09.049.Search in Google Scholar

[17] Yang YQ, Xie HL, Tang J, Tang S, Yi J, Zhang HL. Design and preparation of non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensor based on a novel rigid chain liquid crystalline polymer/reduced graphene oxide composite. RSC Adv. 2015;5(78):63662–8. 10.1039/C5RA10540D.Search in Google Scholar

[18] Thanh TD, Balamurugan J, Lee SH, Kim NH, Lee JH. Novel porous gold-palladium nanoalloy network-supported graphene as an advanced catalyst for non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensing. Biosens Bioelectron. 2016;85(3):669–78. 10.1016/j.bios.2016.05.075.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[19] Yang K, Yan Z, Ma L, Du Y, Peng B, Feng J. A facile one-step synthesis of cuprous oxide/silver nanocomposites as efficient electrode-modifying materials for nonenzyme hydrogen peroxide sensor. Nanomaterials. 2019;9(4):1–14. 10.3390/nano9040523.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[20] Hahn JI, Lieber CM. Direct ultrasensitive electrical detection of DNA and DNA sequence variations using nanowire nanosensors. Nano Lett. 2004;4(1):51–4. 10.1021/nl034853b.Search in Google Scholar

[21] You T, Niwa O, Tomita M, Hirono S. Characterization of platinum nanoparticle-embedded carbon film electrode and its detection of hydrogen peroxide. Anal Chem. 2003;75(9):2080–5. 10.1021/ac026337w.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[22] Han JH, Boo H, Park S, Chung TD. Electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen peroxide at nanoporous platinum electrodes and the application to glutamate microsensor. Electrochim Acta. 2006;52(4):1788–91. 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.12.060.Search in Google Scholar

[23] Raoof JB, Ojani R, Hasheminejad E, Rashid-Nadimi S. Electrochemical synthesis of Ag nanoparticles supported on glassy carbon electrode by means of p-isopropyl calix[6]arene matrix and its application for electrocatalytic reduction of H2O2. Appl Surf Sci. 2012;258(7):2788–95. 10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.10.133.Search in Google Scholar

[24] Teodoro KBR, Migliorini FL, Christinelli WA, Correa DS. Detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) using a colorimetric sensor based on cellulose nanowhiskers and silver nanoparticles. Carbohyd Polym. 2019;212(3):235–41. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.053.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[25] Reyes DF. Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles as sensor probes for the naked-eye detection of hydrogen peroxide. Orient J Chem. 2020;36(4):640–4. 10.13005/ojc/360407.Search in Google Scholar

[26] Elgamouz A, Idriss H, Nassab C, Bihi A, Bajou K, Hasan K, et al. Green synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, and optimization of colorimetric sensing of hydrogen peroxide of algae extract capped silver nanoparticles. Nanomaterials. 2020;10(9):1–19. 10.3390/nano10091861.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[27] Cui H, Wang W, Duan CF, Dong YP, Guo JZ. Synthesis, characterization, and electrochemiluminescence of luminol-reduced gold nanoparticles and their application in a hydrogen peroxide sensor. Chem Eur J. 2007;13(24):6975–84. 10.1002/chem.200700011.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[28] Yang G, Chen F, Yang Z. Electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrogen peroxide based on the shuttlelike nano-CuO-modified electrode. Int J Electrochem. 2012;2012:1–6. 10.1155/2012/194183.Search in Google Scholar

[29] Xu W, Liu J, Wang M, Chen L, Wang X, Hu C. Direct growth of MnOOH nanorod arrays on a carbon cloth for high-performance non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensing. Anal Chim Acta. 2016;913:128–36. 10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.055.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[30] Lin DH, Jiang YX, Wang Y, Sun SG. Silver nanoparticles confined in SBA-15 mesoporous silica and the application as a sensor for detecting hydrogen peroxide. J Nanomater. 2008;2008(1):1–10. 10.1155/2008/473791.Search in Google Scholar

[31] Wang Q, Zheng J. Electrodeposition of silver nanoparticles on a zinc oxide film: improvement of amperometric sensing sensitivity and stability for hydrogen peroxide determination. Microchim Acta. 2010;169(3–4):361–5. 10.1007/s00604-010-0356-7.Search in Google Scholar

[32] Kim DM, Park JS, Jung SW, Yeom J, Yoo SM. Biosensing applications using nanostructure-based localized surface plasmon resonance sensors. Sensors. 2021;21(9):1–27. 10.3390/s21093191.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[33] Mayer KM, Hafner JH. Localized surface plasmon resonance sensors. Chem Rev. 2011;111(6):3828–57. 10.1021/cr100313v.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[34] Endo T, Yamamura S, Nagatani N, Morita Y, Takamura Y, Tamiya E. Localized surface plasmon resonance based optical biosensor using surface modified nanoparticle layer for label-free monitoring of antigen–antibody reaction. Sci Technol Adv Mat. 2005;6(5):491–500. 10.1016/j.stam.2005.03.019.Search in Google Scholar

[35] Endo T, Kerman K, Nagatani N, Takamura Y, Tamiya E. Label-free detection of peptide nucleic acid−DNA hybridization using localized surface plasmon resonance based optical biosensor. Anal Chem. 2005;77(21):6976–84. 10.1021/ac0513459.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[36] Endo T, Kerman K, Nagatani N, Hiepa HM, Kim DK, Yonezawa Y, et al. Multiple label-free detection of antigen−antibody reaction using localized surface plasmon resonance-based core−shell structured nanoparticle layer nanochip. Anal Chem. 2006;78(18):6465–75. 10.1021/ac0608321.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[37] Endo T, Kerman K, Nagatani N, Tamiya E. Excitation of localized surface plasmon resonance using a core–shell structured nanoparticle layer substrate and its application for label-free detection of biomolecular interactions. J Phys Condens Mat. 2007;19(21):1–10. 10.1088/0953-8984/19/21/215201.Search in Google Scholar

[38] Hiep HM, Endo T, Kerman K, Chikae M, Kim DK, Yamamura S, et al. A localized surface plasmon resonance based immunosensor for the detection of casein in milk. Sci Technol Adv Mat. 2007;8(4):331–8. 10.1016/j.stam.2006.12.010.Search in Google Scholar

[39] Wang L, Zhu H, Hou H, Zhang Z, Xiao X, Song Y. A novel hydrogen peroxide sensor based on Ag nanoparticles electrodeposited on chitosan-graphene oxide/cysteamine-modified gold electrode. J Solid State Electr. 2012;16(4):1693–700. 10.1007/s10008-011-1576-4.Search in Google Scholar

[40] Endo T, Yanagida Y, Hatsuzawa T. Quantitative determination of hydrogen peroxide using polymer coated Ag nanoparticles. Measurement. 2008;41(9):1045–53. 10.1016/j.measurement.2008.03.004.Search in Google Scholar

[41] Alzahrani E. Colorimetric detection based on localised surface plasmon resonance optical characteristics for the detection of hydrogen peroxide using acacia gum–stabilised silver nanoparticles. Anal Chem Insights. 2017;12:1–10. 10.1177/1177390116684686.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[42] Filippo E, Serra A, Manno D. Poly(vinyl alcohol) capped silver nanoparticles as localized surface plasmon resonance-based hydrogen peroxide sensor. Sensor Actuat B Chem. 2009;138(2):625–30. 10.1016/j.snb.2009.02.056 Search in Google Scholar

[43] Marinescu L, Ficai D, Oprea O, Marin A, Ficai A, Andronescu E, et al. Optimized synthesis approaches of metal nanoparticles with antimicrobial applications. J Nanomater. 2020;2020:1–14. 10.1155/2020/6651207.Search in Google Scholar

[44] Spina RL, Mehn D, Fumagalli F, Holland M, Reniero F, Rossi F, et al. Synthesis of citrate-stabilized silver nanoparticles modified by thermal and pH preconditioned tannic acid. Nanomaterials. 2020;10(10):1–16. 10.3390/nano10102031.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[45] Pascu B, Negrea A, Ciopec M, Duteanu N, Negrea P, Bumm LA, et al. Silver nanoparticle synthesis via photochemical reduction with sodium citrate. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(1):1–17. 10.3390/ijms24010255.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[46] Medina-Ramirez I, Bashir S, Luo Z, Liu JL. Green synthesis and characterization of polymer-stabilized silver nanoparticles. Colloid Surface B. 2009;73(2):185–91. 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.05.015.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[47] Putri GE, Gusti FR, Sary AN, Zainul R. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles used chemical reduction method by glucose as reducing agent. J Phys Conf Ser. 2019;1317:1–8. 10.1088/1742-6596/1317/1/012027.Search in Google Scholar

[48] Raveendran P, Fu J, Wallen SL. Completely “Green” synthesis and stabilization of metal nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc. 2003;125(46):13940–1. 10.1021/ja029267j.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[49] Ayala G, Vercik LCO, Menezes TAV, Vercik A. A simple and green method for synthesis of Ag and Au nanoparticles using biopolymers and sugars as reducing agent. Mater Res Soc Symp P. 2012;1386:1–7. 10.1557/opl.2012.645.Search in Google Scholar

[50] Chen Q, Liu G, Chen G, Mi T, Tai J. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with glucose for conductivity enhancement of conductive ink. Bioresources. 2016;12(1):608–21. 10.15376/biores.12.1.608-621.Search in Google Scholar

[51] Handoko CT, Huda A, Bustan MD, Yudono B, Gulo F. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticle and its antibacterial activity. Rasayan J Chem. 2017;10(4):1137–44. 10.7324/RJC.2017.1041875.Search in Google Scholar

[52] Tyagi PK, Tyagi S, Gola D, Arya A, Ayatollahi SA, Alshehri MM, et al. Ascorbic acid and polyphenols mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Tagetes erecta L. aqueous leaf extract and studied their antioxidant properties. J Nanomater. 2021;2021:1–9. 10.1155/2021/6515419.Search in Google Scholar

[53] Chelly M, Chelly S, Zribi R, Bouaziz-Ketata H, Gdoura R, Lavanya N, et al. Synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles from Rumex roseus plant extract and their application in electrochemical sensors. Nanomaterials. 2021;11(3):1–17. 10.3390/nano11030739.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[54] Peng C, Duan X, Xie Z, Liu C. Shape-controlled generation of gold nanoparticles assisted by dual-molecules: The development of hydrogen peroxide and oxidase-based biosensors. J Nanomater. 2014;2014:1–7. 10.1155/2014/576082.Search in Google Scholar

[55] Srikhao N, Ounkaew A, Kasemsiri P, Theerakulpisut S, Okhawilai M, Hiziroglu S. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the extract of spent coffee used for paper-based hydrogen peroxide sensing device. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):1–12. 10.1038/s41598-022-22067-6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[56] Al-Ansari MM, Al-Dahmash ND, Ranjitsingh AJA. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using gum Arabic: Evaluation of its inhibitory action on Streptococcus mutans causing dental caries and endocarditis. J Infect Public Heal. 2021;14(3):324–30. 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.12.016.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[57] Khan N, Kumar D, Kumar P. Silver nanoparticles embedded guar gum/gelatin nanocomposite: Green synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity. Colloid Interface Sci Commun. 2020;35:1–7. 10.1016/j.colcom.2020.100242.Search in Google Scholar

[58] Ravindran RSE, Subha V, Ilangovan R. Silver nanoparticles blended PEG/PVA nanocomposites synthesis and characterization for food packaging. Arab J Chem. 2020;13(7):6056–60. 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.05.005.Search in Google Scholar

[59] El-Sheikh MA, El-Rafie SM, Abdel-Halim ES, El-Rafie MH. Green synthesis of hydroxyethyl cellulose-stabilized silver nanoparticles. J Polym. 2013;2013(1):1–11. 10.1155/2013/650837.Search in Google Scholar

[60] Mehata MS. Green route synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plants/ginger extracts with enhanced surface plasmon resonance and degradation of textile dye. Mater Sci Eng B. 2021;273:1–9. 10.1016/j.mseb.2021.115418.Search in Google Scholar

[61] Ghaseminezhad SM, Hamedi S, Shojaosadati SA. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by a novel method: Comparative study of their properties. Carbohyd Polym. 2012;89(2):467–72. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.030.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[62] Mouzaki M, Maroui I, Mir Y, Lemkhente Z, Attaoui H, Ouardy KE, et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial activities. Green Process Synth. 2022;11(1):1136–47. 10.1515/gps-2022-0061.Search in Google Scholar

[63] Pongsamart S, Panmaung T. Isolation of polysaccharides from fruit-hulls of durian (Durio zibethinus L.). Warasan Songkhla Nakharin. 1998;20(3):323–32.Search in Google Scholar

[64] Tagad CK, Dugasani SR, Aiyer R, Park S, Kulkarni A, Sabharwal S. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their application for the development of optical fiber based hydrogen peroxide sensor. Sensor Actuat B Chem. 2013;183:144–9. 10.1016/j.snb.2013.03.106.Search in Google Scholar

[65] Nitinaivinij K, Parnklang T, Thammacharoen C, Ekgasit S, Wongravee K. Colorimetric determination of hydrogen peroxide by morphological decomposition of silver nanoprisms coupled with chromaticity analysis. Anal Methods. 2014;6(24):9816–24. 10.1039/C4AY02339K.Search in Google Scholar

[66] Zhang L, Li L. Colorimetric detection of hydrogen peroxide using silver nanoparticles with three different morphologies. Anal Methods. 2016;8(37):6691–5. 10.1039/C6AY01108J.Search in Google Scholar

[67] Hokputsa S, Gerddit W, Pongsamart S, Inngjerdingen K, Heinze T, Koschella A, et al. Water-soluble polysaccharides with pharmaceutical importance from durian rinds (Durio zibethinus Murr.): isolation, fractionation, characterisation and bioactivity. Carbohyd Polym. 2004;56(4):471–81. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.03.018.Search in Google Scholar

[68] Farrokhnia M, Karimi S, Momeni S, Khalililaghab S. Colorimetric sensor assay for detection of hydrogen peroxide using green synthesis of silver chloride nanoparticles: Experimental and theoretical evidence. Sensor Actuat B Chem. 2017;246(C):979–87. 10.1016/j.snb.2017.02.066.Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2023-04-19

Revised: 2023-06-29

Accepted: 2023-07-24

Published Online: 2023-08-09

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2023-0070

Keywords for this article

durian rind extract; green synthesis; hydrogen peroxide sensor; silver nanoparticles; surface plasmon resonance

Creative Commons

BY 4.0

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using durian rind extract and optical characteristics of surface plasmon resonance-based optical sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide

Article

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Preparation of durian rind extract

2.2 Solutions used in the experiment

2.3 Synthesis of AgNP colloid using durian rind extract as a reducing agent and stabilizer

2.4 Characterization of AgNPs synthesized with the durian rind extract

2.5 Optical characteristics of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based optical sensor for the detection of H2O2 of AgNP

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Durian rind extract and the conditions used in the AgNP synthesis

3.2 Effect of reaction times on the absorbance of colloid AgNPs

3.3 Dispersion, shape, and size of AgNPs

3.4 Optical characteristics of the SPR-based optical sensor for the detection of H2O2 of AgNPs

3.4.1 Effect of reaction times on the wavelength and absorbance spectra of dilute H2O2 solution

3.4.2 Concentration of H2O2 and absorbance of the solution

3.4.3 Effect of time on changes in the reaction of AgNPs and H2O2 solution at different concentrations

3.4.4 Mechanism of H2O2 detection

4 Conclusions and future directions

Acknowledgements

References

Articles in the same Issue

Articles in the same Issue

Articles in the same Issue

2.5 Optical characteristics of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based optical sensor for the detection of H₂O₂ of AgNP

3.4 Optical characteristics of the SPR-based optical sensor for the detection of H₂O₂ of AgNPs

3.4.1 Effect of reaction times on the wavelength and absorbance spectra of dilute H₂O₂ solution

3.4.2 Concentration of H₂O₂ and absorbance of the solution

3.4.3 Effect of time on changes in the reaction of AgNPs and H₂O₂ solution at different concentrations

3.4.4 Mechanism of H₂O₂ detection