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Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium

  • Fengyun Tao , Yangping Liu , Junliang Chen , Peng Wang and Qing Huo EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: December 18, 2019
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 17 Issue 1

Abstract

The disposal of residues while manufacturing Chinese medicine has always been an issue that concerns pharmaceutical factories. Phanerochaete chrysosporium was inoculated into the residues of Magnolia officinalis for solid-phase fermentation to enzymatically hydrolyze the lignin in the residues and thus to improve the efficiency of removal of the copper ions from residues for the utilization of residues from Chinese medicine. With the increase in activities of lignin-degrading enzymes, especially during the fermentation days 6 to 9, the removal rate of copper ions using M. officinalis residues increased dramatically. The rate of removal reached the maximum on the 14th day and was 3.15 times higher than the initial value. The rate of adsorption of copper ions on the fermentation-modified M. officinalis residues followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics. The adsorption isotherms were consistent with the Freundlich models. The adsorption enthalpy was positive, indicating that it was endothermic and elevation in temperature was favorable to this adsorption process. The adsorption free energy was negative, implying the spontaneity of the process. The copper ions adsorbed could be effectively recovered using 0.2 M hydrochloric acid solution. After five successive cycles of adsorption-regeneration, the fermentation-modified M. officinalis residues exhibited a stable adsorption capacity and greater reusability. The M. officinalis residues fermented with P. chrysosporium are low-cost and environmentally friendly copper ions adsorbent, and this preparation technique realizes the optimum utilization of Chinese medicine residues.

Keywords: Magnolia officinalis residues; fermentation modification; adsorbent; copper ion; adsorption model

1 Introduction

Clean water resources are requisite for the ecological environment. Due to the booming industries for metal smelting, electroplating, printed circuit board, and others, the amount of wastewater discharge containing copper ions has been increased substantially, resulting in the pollution of a large amount of soil and surface water and jeopardizing the environment [1]. Copper ions are widely dispersed, difficult to degrade, and are eventually captured by animals and plants through bioaccumulation, or get into human bodies through the food chain. The excess copper ions cause stomach discomfort and ulcers, liver and brain damage, etc. [2]. The allowable upper limit of copper content in drinking water is 1.3 mg/L [3]; therefore, removing excess copper from drinking water is an urgent environmental issue globally.

The traditional copper-removing methods include coagulation, precipitation, membrane separation, extraction, evaporation [4], which require equipments, high cost, high energy, and toxic chemicals. While these approaches are mainly applied to treat concentrated copper-containing wastewater, adsorption is a common and easy method to treat dilute wastewater [5]. Recently, many studies have shown that microorganism biomass can be used as adsorbent to remove micro-pollutants from wastewater [6,7,8]. The microorganism biomass are economic materials because they are easy to grow using inexpensive and abundant carbon sources. Furthermore, additional functional groups such as amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl and sulfate can improve the adsorption capacity as adsorption capacity depending on surface properties and functional groups [9,10,11]. However, the strength of microbial biomass is usually poor, and they are easy to be compressed and deformed, which affecting their practical application. Moreover, the cost of chemically modified adsorbents is usually high, considering the large volumes of dilute copper-containing wastewater. It is necessary to develop cheaper and eco-friendly alternative adsorbents.

China is a leading producer and user of Chinese herbal medicines. After the extraction of effective medical ingredients from herbs, a large number of residues are treated as a waste [12], which not only increase the production costs but also have a negative impact on the environment. These residues are rich in lignocellulose and various functional groups, which are easy to interact with heavy metals, so they could potentially function as adsorbents. However, the adsorption capacity of natural Chinese medicine residues is relatively low. Hence, they are modified using acid, alkali, oxidant and other reagents to improve the adsorption capacity. Although these methods favorably enhance the capacity, a large amount of effluent containing acid, alkali, oxidant and other chemicals are discharged, resulting in secondary contamination [13].

Magnolia officinalis residue is the waste of pharmaceutical factory. It’s cheap and easy to get. There is no report about Magnolia officinalis residue as an adsorbent. Compared with microbial biomass, Magnolia officinalis residue is not easy to be compressed and deformed, which is more conducive to practical application. Further, it is necessary to modify Magnolia officinalis residue by appropriate methods to improve the adsorption capacity. In this work, it is treated by solid-phase fermentation. White rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium) can grow on a lignocellulosic substrate, and they can make use of lignocellulosic materials as carbon source, secrete lignin-degrading enzymes [14], which are capable of partially hydrolyzing the lignin structure. The objectives of this study were to determine the suitable fermentation conditions for modification of Magnolia officinalis residue by P. chrysosporium, and prepare biosorbent capable of adsorbing copper ions with higher adsorption capacity in solution. Compared with chemical modification, this treatment process is simple and mild, no toxic and expensive chemical reagents are used, and the secondary pollution to the environment is less.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Reagents and strains

Magnolia officinalis residues were obtained after the extraction of magnolol from Magnolia officinalis. The residues were thoroughly washed with deionized water, and were then dried at 80°C for 48 h in an oven. The dry solid was shredded with a grinder, and the 60-mesh particles were collected for fermentation. Phanerochaete chrysosporium CICC 40299 was purchased from the Industrial Microbial Species Conservation Center (Beijing, China). Potato liquid medium was prepared as follows: 200 g of potato, 20 g of glucose, 3 g of KH2PO4, 1.5 g of MgSO4·7H2O, 0.1 g of vitamin B1, and 1000 g of water. The solid medium was prepared by adding 2% agar powder to the above liquid medium. Solid-phase fermentation medium was prepared as follows: 0.06 g of glucose, 0.10 g of KH2PO4, and 0.10 g of NH4Cl was added to 45 mL of 10% wheat bran extract. An original solution of copper ions was prepared as follows: anhydrous copper sulfate powder was dried in an oven at 80°C for 4 hours, and then 1.2559 g of copper sulfate was dissolved in distilled water to form a 500-mL 1000 mg/L solution. In the experiment, the original solution was diluted with distilled water to derive a target concentration. All reagents used had analytical or biochemical purity.

2.2 Solid-phase fermentation of Magnolia officinalis residues with Phanerochaete chrysosporium

The spores of Phanerochaete chrysosporium were sprayed on the solid potato medium for activation. Simultaneously, 200 μL of spore suspension were inoculated into 100 mL of liquid potato medium for proliferation. The media were cultured in a thermostatic shaker at 30°C and 180 r/min for vigorous growth.

A 15 g portion of Magnolia officinalis residues were placed into a 500-mL conical bottle, and was wetted with 45 mL of the solid-phase fermentation medium. The residues were sterilized at 115°C for 30 min, and were cooled to room temperature. After inoculated with 3 mL of Phanerochaete chrysosporium suspension, the residues were placed into a thermostatic incubator at 30 °C for solid-phase fermentation. During the fermentation, water was added regularly to maintain the humidity of the residues, and the activity of lignin peroxidase was detected daily. After two weeks of fermentation, the solid-phase fermentation products were washed 4–5 times with deionized water, and were then dried in an oven at 80°C until the weight was constant. Thus, the fermented Magnolia officinalis residues were obtained.

2.3 Adsorbent Characterization

The samples were stored at room temperature for 2 weeks before characterization analysis. Water content of samples were determined by weight loss at 110°C long enough to keep the weight constant. The specific surface area of the material was determined by nitrogen adsorption method (Nova 4200e adsorption analyzer, Conta Instruments Company, USA) and calculated by Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) method based on adsorption isotherm. Material surface micro-morphology was obtained by field emission scanning electron microscopy (Hitachi S4800, Japan). A Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy (SP400, PE Company, USA) was used to determine the presence of functional groups in the adsorbents at room temperature using KBr as background over the range of 4 000 to 400 cm-1.

2.4 Detection of extracellular enzyme activity

During the fermentation, 0.5 g of the solid-phase fermentation culture was sampled every day. 25 mL of distilled water was used to extract the crude enzymes in the culture. The extract was filtered and the extracellular enzyme activity of the filtrate was determined by spectrophotometry. The activity of lignin peroxidase (LiP) was measured with the method documented in the literature [15]: An LiP activity unit (U) was defined as the amount of enzyme required to oxidize 1 μmol of veratrol into veratral per minute. In detail, 2.9 mL of a reaction system, including 1.5 mL of a 0.1 mol/L tartaric acid buffer (pH = 3.0), 1.0 mL of 10 mmol/L veratrol (1.0 mL of buffer in the control group), and 0.4 mL of a crude enzyme solution, was prepared in the first place. Then, at 37°C, 0.1 mL of 10 mmol/L H2O2 was added to the system to commence reactions. The veratral formed was determined by measuring the increasing rate of absorbance value at 310 nm. On the other hand, the activity of manganese peroxidase (MnP) was determined following the approach proposed by Huang et al. [16]. A unit of MnP activity (U) was defined as the amount of enzyme required to oxidize 1 μmol of Mn2+ into Mn3+ per minute. In detail, 2.9 mL of a reaction system, including 2.4 mL of a 50 mM sodium succinate (pH = 4.5), 0.1 mL of 15 mM MnSO4 (0.1 mL of sodium succinate in the control group), and 0.4 mL of a crude enzyme solution, was prepared. Then, 0.1 mL of 10 mmol/L H2O2 was added to the reaction system to start reactions at 37°C. The complex of Mn3+ and succinic acid formed was determined by measuring the increasing rate of absorbance value at 240 nm.

2.5 Determination of copper ion concentration by spectrophotometry with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC-Na)

0.0270 g of DDTC-Na was dissolved in 1 L of distilled water to derive a 27 mg/L DDTC-Na solution stored in a brown bottle. 0, 0.4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 mL of a 10 mg/L copper ion solution was separately mixed with the DDTC-Na solution of which the volume was 1.5 times that of the corresponding copper solution. ~30 mL of distilled water was added, and the pH was adjusted to be 9.0 with a 1% ammonia solution. The volume of the mixture was increased to 50 mL with distilled water. The absorbance of these copper ion solutions at 452 nm was determined [17]. The calibration curve of absorbance values against copper ion concentrations was thus obtained. The copper ion concentration of a solution would be thus determined by measuring its absorbance at 452 nm to match the point on the calibration curve. The concentration should lie in the linear range of the curve, or else the solution tested should be diluted properly.

2.6 Comparison of Cu2+ adsorption capacities of the fermented and unfermented residues

A 0.1 g portion of the fermented and unfermented Magnolia officinalis residues were separately added to 100 mL of 100 mg/L copper ion solutions. The mixtures were placed in a shaker at 120 r/min for adsorption at 30°C for 6 hours. Then, 1 mL of filtrate was separately withdrawn and their absorbance values were determined by the above-mentioned DDTC-Na method. The copper ion concentrations of both filtrate samples were thus calculated on the basis of the calibration curve. The copper ion removal rates and the adsorption capacity values were calculated as follows [18]:

(1)Removalrate%=c0−ctc0×100%
(2)qt=(c0−ct)Vm
(3)qe=(c0−ce)Vm

wherein C0 represents the initial content of copper ions (mg/L); Ct corresponds to the content of copper ions at time t (mg/L) and qt is the adsorption capacity at time t (mg/g); Ce represents the equilibrium Cu2+ content in the solution at the end of adsorption (mg/L) and qe is the equilibrium adsorption capacity (mg/g). V represents the volume (L) of the adsorption system and m represents the mass of the adsorbent (g). Statistical variance analysis was carried out to examine the difference of copper ion adsorption removal rate between fermented and unfermented Magnolia officinalis residues.

2.7 Adsorption kinetics experiment

Typically, 0.2 g of an adsorbent was added to 100 mL of a solution with an initial Cu2+ content of 100 mg/L and pH of 5.0. The mixture was shaken in a water bath at 30°C. The mixture was separately sampled after 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min, and the samples were centrifuged to derive clean solutions. The Cu2+ contents of these solutions were determined to calculate the adsorption capacity values at different times.

2.8 Adsorption thermodynamics experiment

A 0.2 g portion of an adsorbent was separately added to 100 mL of solutions with pH of 5.0 and Cu2+ contents of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 mg/L. These systems were shaken in a water bath at 30°C for 120 min. Transparent solutions were obtained through centrifugation. The residual Cu2+ contents at adsorption equilibrium states were determined for the calculation of equilibrium adsorption capacity qe (mg/g).

2.9 Desorption

The copper ions adsorbed could be recovered with 0.2 M hydrochloric acid solution at 25°C and 150 r/min shaking for 2 hours for desorption, the regenerated adsorbent was then used in the next adsorption experiment. The reutilization performance of the fermented Magnolia officinalis residues was studied by a 5-round adsorption and desorption regeneration experiment. All experiments were repeated 3 times, and the results consisted of mean values and deviations.

Figure 1 Purity detection of the Phanerochaete chrysosporium strain.
Figure 1

Purity detection of the Phanerochaete chrysosporium strain.

2.10 Statistical analysis

All the experiments were performed in triplicate and the results obtained were statistically analyzed and presented as mean ± S.E. (standard error). The S.E. values have been displayed as Y-error bars in figures.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Solid-phase fermentation of Magnolia officinalis residues with P. chrysosporium

P. chrysosporium is a classic strain for lignin degradation [19]. The spore suspension was dispersed on the potato agar plate and cultured at 30°C for 5 days. Afterwards, white mycelia with the same shape covered the plate, suggesting that the purity of the strain was qualified. Then, enrichment culture of the strain was further carried out.

The spore suspension of P. chrysosporium was inoculated into the potato liquid medium. After incubated at 30°C and 120 r/min for 7 days in a shaker, the medium was covered with yellow mycelia (no mycelial spheres), indicating that enrichment culture was completed and the liquid could be used for solid-state fermentation inoculation.

The contents of various components, including bran extract, glucose, KH2PO4, and NH4Cl, in the solid-phase fermentation substrate had significant effects on mycelial growth and enzymes production. The composition of solid-phase substrate was optimized and listed as follows: 15 g of Magnolia officinalis residues were mixed with 45 mL of 10% bran extract, 0.08 g of glucose, 0.10 g of KH2PO4 and 0.21 g of NH4Cl. After the inoculation of 3 mL of culture medium of P. chrysosporium into the solid-phase substrate, the mixture was incubated in an incubator at 30°C. During the fermentation, sterile water was added to maintain a wet state of the solid-phase substrate. At the initial stage, the mycelia grew slowly; From day 5 to 9, the mycelia grew fast, and the surface and interior of the residues were covered with white mycelia (Figure 3). Afterwards, the mycelia stopped growing even if the incubation continued. Finally, the fermentation terminated on day 14.

Figure 2 Enrichment culture of Phanerochaete chrysosporium.
Figure 2

Enrichment culture of Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

Figure 3 On day 9 during the fermentation of Phanerochaete chrysosporium on the Magnolia officinalis residues.
Figure 3

On day 9 during the fermentation of Phanerochaete chrysosporium on the Magnolia officinalis residues.

3.2 Changes of lignin peroxidase activity during the fermentation

During the solid-phase fermentation, P. chrysosporium grow on solid materials, they usually make use of lignocellulosic materials as carbon source, and their hyphae can grow on particle surfaces and penetrate into the interparticle spaces and, therefore, degrade the lignocellulosic materials by the secretion of lignocellulosic enzyme [14]. LiP and MnP enzymes were produced during the solid-phase fermentation of Magnolia officinalis residues with P. chrysosporium. The relationship of enzymes activity against fermentation days is depicted in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Activities of LiP and MnP during the solid-state fermentation.
Figure 4

Activities of LiP and MnP during the solid-state fermentation.

The enzymes activity was detected in the second day of fermentation. On day 7, the enzyme activities of Lip and MnP in the medium reached the maximum, and the maximum Lip enzyme activity in the Magnolia officinalis residues substrate was 35.37 U/g, MnP enzyme activity was 20.51 U/g. The enzyme activity gradually decreased after day 7.

3.3 Structural Characterization

The water content, specific surface area and surface morphology of Magnolia officinalis adsorbents before and after fermentation were analyzed to understand the structural changes caused by solid-state fermentation. From Figure 5, it can be seen that the water content increased from 4.06% to 4.97%, and the specific surface area increased from 0.394 m2/g to 1.013 m2/g, which increased to 1.22 times and 2.57 times respectively. T-test showed that both the water content and specific surface area increase obviously (P < 0.001). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that after fermentation, the surface of adsorbent is more uneven, there are more layered structure surfaces and holes, so the specific surface area is greatly increased.

Figure 5 Comparison of water content (a), specific surface area (b) and surface morphology of Magnolia officinalis adsorbent before (c) and after fermentation (d). (The statistical significance difference (p<0.001) is marked).
Figure 5

Comparison of water content (a), specific surface area (b) and surface morphology of Magnolia officinalis adsorbent before (c) and after fermentation (d). (The statistical significance difference (p<0.001) is marked).

3.4 Detection of copper ion concentration

In the ammonia solution (pH = 9), the copper ions reacted with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC-Na) to form yellow complexes. The yellow color could last for about 1 h. The absorbance values of copper ion solutions with different contents at 452 nm were determined with a spectrophotometer. The absorbance values had a linear relationship with copper ion contents, i.e. calibration curve, as shown in Figure 6. Thus, the content of copper ions can be quantified based on the calibration curve.

Figure 6 The calibration curve for copper ion determination.
Figure 6

The calibration curve for copper ion determination.

The calibration curve accorded with the linear equation A452 nm=0.00412x+0.00107 (R2 = 0.99881) in the copper ion range of 0–40 mg/L. The content of copper ions in a sample was calculated as follows: the concentration in the 50 mL of solution (see the experimental parts) was quantified according to the calibration curve and absorbance value. Then, the content of the original sample (mg/L) was obtained by correcting the volume.

3.5 Effect of fermentation time of Magnolia officinalis residues on the copper ion removal rate

After washing and drying, 0.2 g of Magnolia officinalis residues with different fermentation duration were separately added to a 100 mL of adsorption system with the initial copper ion content of 100 mg/L. The adsorption took place at 30°C for 6 h, and the system was stirred at 120 r/min. The removal rates of copper ions are shown in Figure 7. In the initial stage of fermentation, the mycelia grew slowly and produced a small amount of enzymes, and thereby the removal rate increased very slowly. From the day 6 to 9, the mycelia grew fast and produced a large amount of enzymes, and thereby the removal rate significantly increased. From the day 10 to 14, the mycelia stopped growing and produced less and less enzymes, and thereby the removal rate increased very slowly. In the day 14, the removal rate reached a maximum, 3.15 times that of the initial. The reason may be that the lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase[20] secreted by the P. chrysosporium could partially degrade the lignin components in the residues, thus exposing more active sites for the adsorption of more copper ions.

Figure 7 Effect of fermentation time on the copper ions removal rate (The initial content of copper ions was 100 mg/L. 0.2 g of the adsorbent was used).
Figure 7

Effect of fermentation time on the copper ions removal rate (The initial content of copper ions was 100 mg/L. 0.2 g of the adsorbent was used).

3.6 Comparison of copper ion removal rates of fermented and unfermented Magnolia officinalis residues

In the initial copper ion content range of 50–300 mg/L, the copper ions removal rates using fermented and unfermented Magnolia officinalis residues were measured and the results are shown in Figure 8, and the corresponding variance analysis is shown in Table 1. Generally speaking, the removal rates using fermented Magnolia officinalis residues were evidently higher than those using the unfermented (p<0.05). Especially, at the same concentration, statistical analysis shows extremely remarkable differences (p<0.001). It is demonstrated that fermentation is an effective method to improve the adsorption capacity. It may be explained that when P. chrysosporium grow on a lignocellulosic substrate, the lignin-degrading enzymes they secreted can partially degrade the lignin structure of the Magnolia officinalis residues to expose more active sites for the increase in the adsorption capacity. When the initial content of copper ions was lower than 150 mg/L, all the removal rates using fermented residues were above 95%, and the concentrations of copper ions after adsorption met the safe drinking water standards. When the initial content of copper ions was in the range of 200–300 mg/L, the removal rates using fermented residues were obviously decreased from 87.8% to 58.6%. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the dosage of Magnolia officinalis residues in the treatment of concentrated wastewater with the copper ion content of above 200 mg/L.

Figure 8 Effect of initial copper ion contents on the removal rates of copper ions using the fermented and unfermented Magnolia officinalis residues (0.2 g of the adsorbent was used, and the adsorption occurred at 30°C with stirring at 120 r/min. The statistical significance difference (p<0.001) is marked).
Figure 8

Effect of initial copper ion contents on the removal rates of copper ions using the fermented and unfermented Magnolia officinalis residues (0.2 g of the adsorbent was used, and the adsorption occurred at 30°C with stirring at 120 r/min. The statistical significance difference (p<0.001) is marked).

Table 1

variance analysis of the removal rate of copper ion by the fermented and unfermented Magnolia officinalis residues.

Source of DifferenceSSdfMSFP-valueF crit
copper ion content5750.54551150.1090.27840170.9146033.325835
fermented and unfermented51288.3225644.156.20756380.0176724.102821
Error41311.14104131.114
Total98349.9917

3.7 Adsorption kinetics

The relationships between Cu2+ adsorption capacities of the fermented resides and time at different temperatures are shown in Figure 9. Over time, the adsorption capacities increased. Due to the large initial mass transfer driving force and large number of vacancies on the surface of the adsorbent, the adsorption rates were high in 10–90 minutes. Along with the adsorption process, the concentrations of Cu2+ in the solutions decreased, and the diffusion resistance into the interior of the adsorbent was increased, resulting in a lower adsorption rate. The higher the adsorption temperature was, the greater the adsorption capacity was. An elevated temperature seemed to be favorable to the adsorption. After 120 min, the adsorption was in an equilibrium state. Hence, we chose 120 min as the adsorption time for an equilibrium state in the following sections.

Figure 9 Relationships between Cu2+ adsorption capacities of the fermented resides and time at different temperatures.
Figure 9

Relationships between Cu2+ adsorption capacities of the fermented resides and time at different temperatures.

The following linearized pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order kinetic models [18] were used to fit the experimental data, separately.

(4)lg(qe−qt)=lg(qe)−k1t2.303
(5)tqt=1k2qe2+tqe

where qe and qt represent the copper ions adsorbed on the adsorbent at equilibrium and at time t, whereas k1 (min-1) and k2 (g/mg/min) are the rate constants for pseudo-first-and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, respectively.

The fitting results of both models are described in Table 2. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model had a better fitting performance because of the higher R2 values,indicating that the kinetic behavior of Cu2+ adsorption process of fermented Magnolia officinalis residues with chemical adsorption process being the rate controlling step.

Table 2

Fitting results of kinetic models for Cu2+ adsorption on the fermented Magnolia officinalis residues.

T/KPseudo-first order kinetic modelPseudo-second order kinetic model
qe/mg.g-1k1/min-1R2k2/g·mg-1·min-1qe/mg.g-1R2
29357.8903.662×10-20.93414.42×10-462.8930.9830
29856.4033.685×10-20.98994.99×10-461.7280.9858
30356.6373.823×10-20.93545.47×10-460.9760.9884
30857.1883.961×10-20.93315.91×10-460.2410.9899
31357.2274.076×10-20.93736.29×10-459.8800.9921

The activation energy for the adsorption system is an important parameter to determine the adsorption type. Generally, it is very small for physical adsorption, while it is larger for chemical adsorption. The adsorption rate constant obtained by fitting the pseudo-second-order kinetic model at different temperature can be introduced into the linearized Arrhenius equation [21]:

(6)lnk2=lnA−EaRT

where k2 is the pseudo-second-order kinetic rate constant, A is Arrhenius factor, Ea is the activation energy of adsorption (J/mol), R is the universal gas constant (8.314 J/mol/K) , T shows the absolute temperature (K).

To find Ea, the adsorption runs were conducted at five different temperatures (20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°C), and the relationship between lnk2 and 1/T was shown in Figure10. The values of Ea was determined from the slope of the plot of lnk2 versus 1/T (Figure 9), and was quantified to be 13.373 kJ/mol. According to the literature [1,21], the activation energy Ea is between 8 and 16 kJ/mol corresponding to chemical adsorption. Therefore, the Cu2+ adsorption on the fermented Magnolia officinalis residues is not only including physical adsorption, but may also including ion exchange, electrostatic and complexation.

Figure 10 The relationship between lnk2 and 1/T.
Figure 10

The relationship between lnk2 and 1/T.

3.8 Adsorption isotherms

The Cu2+ adsorption equilibrium data of fermented Magnolia officinalis residues are shown in Figure 11. With the increase of temperature, the adsorption capacity increased. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were independently fitted to the equilibrium data.

Figure 11 Cu2+ adsorption isotherms on the fermented Magnolia officinalis residues.
Figure 11

Cu2+ adsorption isotherms on the fermented Magnolia officinalis residues.

The Langmuir equation is the following:

(7)ceqe=ceQmax+1QmaxKL

where Qmax is the maximum adsorption capacity (mg/g), and KL is the Langmuir constant (L/mg).

The Freundlich equation is the following:

(8)lg⁡qe=lgKF+1nlgCe

where KF and n are the Freundlich adsorption isotherm constants, KF represents the measure of adsorption capacity and 1/n represents the intensity of adsorption.

In the Langmuir model, the adsorption process is assumed to occur on a homogeneous surface by monolayer adsorption. However, the Freundlich model is described by an empirical model that considers the multilayer with reversible adsorption on a non-uniform distribution of the active site. The fitting results are shown in Table 3. The Cu2+ adsorption on the fermented Magnolia officinalis residues was in better agreement with the Freundlich equation, suggesting the adsorption capacity depends on the functional groups on the surface. The result is consistent with the kinetic analysis and activation energy analysis, as well as with Figure7 results. Furthermore, with the increase of temperature, the adsorption capacity increased, and the increase of temperature was favorable to the adsorption.

Table 3

Fitting results of Cu2+ adsorption isotherms on the fermented Magnolia officinalis residues.

T/KLangmuir isothermFreundlich isotherm
Qmax/ mg·g-1KLR2KF1/nR2
293131.5780.14790.844616.4060.80980.9600
303185.1850.11230.434818.0880.89740.9286
313277.7780.07740.190812.9300.96260.9230

3.9 Adsorption thermodynamics

The thermodynamic equations for modeling are presented as follows[18].

(9)Kd=qece
(10)lnKd=−ΔHRT+ΔSR
(11)ΔG=ΔH−TΔS

where ΔH is the enthalpy change, ΔG is Gibbs free energy, ΔS is the entropy change. The values of ΔH and ΔS were determined from the slope and intercept of the van’t Hoff plot of lnKd versus 1/T.

These equations were fitted to the experimental data, and the results are given in Table 4.

Table 4

Fitting results of the thermodynamic equations for Cu2+ adsorption modeling.

Initial△H / kJ·△S / J·△G/ kJ· mol-1
content / mg· L-1mol-1(mol·K) -1293K303K313K
201.94229.457-6.689-6.984-7.278
405.83742.844-6.717-7.145-7.574
6010.67360.571-7.074-7.680-8.286
8014.20871.160-6.642-7.354-8.065
10018.51984.753-6.313-7.161-8.008
12014.07167.299-5.647-6.320-6.993

The results in Table 4 show that the enthalpy change (ΔH) was positive, indicating that the reaction was endothermic, and the adsorption capacity increased with the increase of temperature. The Gibbs free energy (ΔG) was negative, indicating that the Cu2+ adsorption on the fermented Magnolia officinalis residues was a spontaneous process. The entropy change ΔS was positive, indicating that the chaos degree at the solid-liquid interface increased in the course of adsorption.

3.10 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra of the fermented Magnolia officinalis residues before and after the Cu2+ adsorption are shown in Figure 12. The following bands were changed significantly after the adsorption process: the intense and broad band at 3314 cm-1 corresponding to the stretching vibration of O-H in -COOH of Magnolia officinalis cellulose, the band at 2922 cm-1 corresponding to the asymmetric stretching vibration of C-H in -CH3 of cellulose, the band at 1732 cm-1 corresponding to the ester or carbonyl groups in hemicellulose, the band at 1605 cm-1 corresponding to the stretching vibration of C=O in phosphates, the band at 1418 cm-1 corresponding to the stretching vibration of C-O in carboxyl groups, the band at 1228 cm-1 corresponding to the stretching vibration of C-O in lignin phenolic hydroxyl groups, and the band at 1015 cm-1 corresponding to the stretching vibration of C-O-C in cellulose. These relative functional groups on Magnolia officinalis residues interacted with Cu2+ during the course of adsorption [18]. The result is consistent with the kinetic analysis, activation energy analysis and Freundlich models, suggesting the fermentation of Magnolia officinalis residue by P. Chrysosporium was advantageous to exposing functional groups and improving adsorption capacity.

Figure 12 FT-IR spectra of the fermented Magnolia officinalis residues before and after the adsorption of Cu2+.
Figure 12

FT-IR spectra of the fermented Magnolia officinalis residues before and after the adsorption of Cu2+.

3.11 Recycling of adsorbents

The reusability of any new type of adsorbent largely determined its practicality and cost effectiveness. The recycling performance of the fermented Magnolia officinalis residues is shown in Figure 13, and the corresponding variance analysis is shown in Table 5. In the 1-2 rounds of adsorption and desorption, the adsorption capacity decreased from 49.15 to 37.85 mg/g, indicating that there are some irreversible adsorption processes in the first cycle. However, in the subsequent rounds, there were no significant decline (p>0.5) as shown in Table 5. The adsorption capacity was maintained at approximately 36 mg/g.

Figure 13 The recycling performance of adsorbent (Desorption and regeneration of the fermented Magnolia officinalis residues. 0.2 g of the adsorbent was used, and the adsorption occurred at 25°C with stirring at 150 r/min).
Figure 13

The recycling performance of adsorbent (Desorption and regeneration of the fermented Magnolia officinalis residues. 0.2 g of the adsorbent was used, and the adsorption occurred at 25°C with stirring at 150 r/min).

Table 5

variance analysis of the recycling performance of adsorbent.

Source of DifferenceSSdfMSFP-valueF crit
Between groups255.3401463.835030.1909530.9393963.055568
In group5014.46515334.2977
Total5269.80519

4 Conclusions

Phanerochaete chrysosporium was inoculated into the residues of Magnolia officinalis for solid-phase fermentation. The mycelia grew vigorously and secreted lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase during the fermentation process. Over fermentation time, the activities of both enzymes increased gradually, and reached the highest values in the fermentation day 7. Afterwards, the activities decreased gradually and decreased to the initial levels in the fermentation day 14. On the other hand, over fermentation time, the removal rate of copper ions with Magnolia officinalis residues increased. Especially, from the day 6 to 9, the removal rate increased dramatically due to the increase of activities of lignin-degrading enzymes. Afterwards, although the enzymatic activities decreased gradually, the removal rate still increased gradually, and reached the highest value in the fermentation day 14. The maximum removal rate was 3.15 times that of the initial value. In the range of initial copper ions content of 50–300 mg/L, in the fermentation day 14, the removal rate using the fermented Magnolia officinalis residues was significantly higher than that using the unfermented residues.

The adsorption of copper ions on the fermented Magnolia officinalis residues agreed with a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, suggesting that the kinetic behavior of Cu2+ adsorption process of fermented Magnolia officinalis residues with chemical adsorption process being the rate controlling step. Also, the values of Ea was quantified to be 13.373 kJ/mol, corresponding to chemical adsorption. The equilibrium data were in consistent with the Freundlich isotherms, which indicating the adsorption process occur on a non-uniform distribution of the active site. FT-IR spectra reveals some functional groups on Magnolia officinalis residues interacted with Cu2+ during the course of adsorption. All these results suggest the fermentation of Magnolia officinalis residue by P. Chrysosporium was advantageous to exposing functional groups and improving adsorption capacity. The negative Gibbs free energy shows this is a spontaneous process, and the adsorption enthalpy change was positive, indicating that the adsorption was endothermic and the increase of temperature was favorable to adsorption.

In summary, the preparation approach of copper ions adsorbents through the fermentation of Magnolia officinalis residues with Phanerochaete chrysosporium is efficient and eco-friendly, with low costs. The treatment process is simple and mild, no toxic and expensive chemical reagents are used, and the secondary pollution to the environment is less.

Acknowledgement

This work was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11475020 and No. 81511140298), project of Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomass Waste Resource Utilization and high-level students development plan in Beijing colleges and universities.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2019-02-27
Accepted: 2019-07-16
Published Online: 2019-12-18

© 2019 Fengyun Tao et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0111
Keywords for this article
Magnolia officinalis residues; fermentation modification; adsorbent; copper ion; adsorption model
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  22. Energy storage analysis of R125 in UIO-66 and MOF-5 nanoparticles: A molecular simulation study
  23. Velvet Antler compounds targeting major cell signaling pathways in osteosarcoma - a new insight into mediating the process of invasion and metastasis in OS
  24. Effects of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract, Capping Agents, on the Synthesis of Pure And Cu Doped ZnO-Nanoparticles: A Green Approach and Microbial Activity
  25. Aqueous Micro-hydration of Na+(H2O)n=1-7 Clusters: DFT Study
  26. A proposed image-based detection of methamidophos pesticide using peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence system
  27. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
  29. Chemical pretreatments of Trapa bispinosa's peel (TBP) biosorbent to enhance adsorption capacity for Pb(ll)
  30. Dynamic Changes in MMP1 and TIMP1 in the Antifibrotic Process of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Rats with Liver Fibrosis
  31. The Optimization and Production of Ginkgolide B Lipid Microemulsion
  32. Photodynamic Therapy Enhanced the Antitumor Effects of Berberine on HeLa Cells
  33. Chiral and Achiral Enantiomeric Separation of (±)-Alprenolol
  34. Correlation of Water Fluoride with Body Fluids, Dental Fluorosis and FT4, FT3 –TSH Disruption among Children in an Endemic Fluorosis area in Pakistan
  35. A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
  38. miRNA-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in prolactinomas
  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
  41. Preparation and spectroscopic studies of Fe(II), Ru(II), Pd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base containing terephthalaldehyde and their transfer hydrogenation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction
  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
  50. Preparation of ternary ZnO/Ag/cellulose and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation property on phenol and benzene in VOCs
  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
  52. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 2-methylthio-pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines
  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
  54. Molecular Properties of Symmetrical Networks Using Topological Polynomials
  55. Synthesis of Co3O4 Nano Aggregates by Co-precipitation Method and its Catalytic and Fuel Additive Applications
  56. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antiprotoscolices potential of ethanol extracts of selected plants species against Echinococcus granulosus: In-vitro study
  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
  58. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS
  59. Biodiesel Production by Lipids From Indonesian strain of Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris
  60. Miscibility studies of polystyrene/polyvinyl chloride blend in presence of organoclay
  61. Antibacterial Activities of Transition Metal complexes of Mesocyclic Amidine 1,4-diazacycloheptane (DACH)
  62. Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis and in vitro screening of their cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line
  63. Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys in Different pH Environments by SSRT Method
  64. Various Combinations of Flame Retardants for Poly (vinyl chloride)
  65. Phenolic compounds and biological activities of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains
  66. Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement
  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
  68. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction
  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
  70. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque
  71. A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  72. Conceptual DFT as a Novel Chemoinformatics Tool for Studying the Chemical Reactivity Properties of the Amatoxin Family of Fungal Peptides
  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
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