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Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement

  • Mohamed Réda Arhoutane , Muna Shueai Yahya EMAIL logo , Miloud El Karbane and Kacem El Kacemi
Published/Copyright: November 13, 2019
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 17 Issue 1

Abstract

In the context of environmental protection, where there is a need to develop effective operations for carrying out appropriate treatment of polluted water by pharmaceuticals. Therefore, the present study aims at evaluating the degradation for gentamicin through electro-Fenton (EF) operation, through taking into consideration the effect of several parameters of experimental in the process, namely, the concentration of initial gentamicin, the applied current and the Fe+2 (II) quantities. The (EF) operation employed involves a carbon-felt as cathode and platinum as anode at pH 3. Studies for the gentamicin kinetics is monitored by HPLC giving a pseudo-first order reaction following by a chemical oxygen demand, with a reached degree of mineralization 96% after of four hours of treatment through current 100 mA/cm2 with 0.1 mM of Fe+2. We find that the degradation for molecule of gentamicin is accompanied by an augmentation of the biodegradability, assesse through the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) on chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratio, that augmentation from 0 to 0.41 before treatment after 30 min for EF treatment, showing that there is potential for conjugation of the EF process and the biological process. Furthermore, the by-products have been identified on the basis of HPLC-MS/MS results.

Keywords: Antibiotic; kinetics; electro-Fenton; degradation; biodegradability

1 Introduction

The existence of emerging contaminants in the effluents is a concern on the environment and human health. For example, antibiotics. The stability and the polarity of these compounds allows them to exist highly moving in the water environment and thus reach drinking water through groundwater leaking. The constant organic pollutants have been found in wastewater effluent, and in surface and drinking water [1].

Gentamicin sulfate is an broad spectrum antibiotic that is active against both Gram-positive and negative bacteria. And Gentamicin C1 has a methyl group in the 6’ position of the 2-amino-hexose ring and is N methylated at the same position [2,3]. Gentamicin is a mixture derived from fermentation containing four main compounds: gentamicin C1, C1a, C2, C2a, and a small compound for gentamicin C2b. Gentamicin and its linked material are highly polarized compounds with high solubility in water and low solubility in most other organic solvents and they all contain a chromophore for ultraviolet light.

Since the end of the last century, fresh water scarcity has become prominent. The global water consumption has increased substantially. The water withdrawals for all the industries account for 32% of the total volume sampled on the water resources [4] and the industrial processes are currently still responsible for half of point source discharges of the organic pollution in the environment.

Therefore, the treatment of water contaminated with organic pollutants is therefore required in order to save water and to protect the quality of our groundwater resources and surface water. In the case of water contaminated by the constant organic pollutants, the utilization of advanced oxidation is becoming more common as a water treatment compared to the conventional (or universal) methods which are overall ineffective.

There are many studies for gentamicin including a degradation study of gentamicin by UV spectroscopy [5].

Biodegradation for gentamicin through bacterial consortia AMQD4 in in the wastewater and raw gentamicin [6].

In this regard, the effectiveness of the advanced electrochemical oxidation process “Electro- Fenton” for the degradation of the toxic organic and/ or the persistent pollutants in aquatic media was well demonstrated in the literature [7].

This study shows the performance of the EF method for effective removal of the gentamicin in water using an electrochemical cell with a platinum as anode and a carbon felt as cathode.

As explained above, also based the EF operation on the production for radicals of hydroxyl radicals which possess higher oxidizing power than the conventional oxidants (reaction (1)) in acidic media. Also, the reactions (2) and (3) show the Fenton reagents used in the reaction mechanism:

(1)H2O2+Fe2++H+→•  OH+Fe3++H2O
(2)O2+2H++2e-→H2O2
(3)Fe3++1e-→Fe2+

The reproduction for Fe2+ of electrochemical generation of Fe3+ ions generated through the react (1) and regeneration of H2O2 through (the reaction 2) which catalyze continuous production for •OH.

The oxidizing power of the hydroxyl radicals in acidic medium is very high (E ° (•OH / H2O) = 2.8 V/SHE, and its reactivity are optimum. The hydroxyl radicals become capable, due to these properties, of attacking any organic molecule present in the solution. Therefore as a final result, we get the complete mineralization in CO2 and H2O.

In addition, the idea of coupling the EF process with the biological one appears very interesting from the point of view of the economy and the efficiency [7, 8, 9, 10, 11] Indeed, this study shows the possibility for the combining the EF operation and the biological process to eliminate the gentamicin from water. The experimental electrolysis tests were performed on the aqueous solutions of the gentamicin at constant current density with the presence of the Fe2+ as catalyst and pH = 3. As a result, the effects of the current and the concentration for Fe2+ (catalyst) on the kinetics for the degradation and the mineralization of the gentamicin are examined. The degradation was examined by changes in the concentration of the gentamicin and the mineralization of the treated solutions was investigated through examining the chemical oxygen demand (COD). The methods used to detect the via-products generated through the electrolytic were, the chromatographic analysis using high where the chromatographic analyses utilize high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and also the mass spectrometry (LC-MS / MS). The BOD5 / COD values were collected at various times through the EF operation to approximate the time optimum to transition to the operation of biological.

2 Experiential section

2.1 Chemicals required

The gentamicin (C21H43N5O7) from AFRIC-PHAR licensed obtained. The solutions of aqueous were prepared by ultra-pure water obtained from a Millipore system.

Acetonitrile (analytical grade) from Carlo ERPA was obtained. The rest of the chemicals including sodium sulfate, H2SO4, FeSO4 and potassium chloride from Shangai C. R. Co. (Shangai, China) were obtained.

2.2 The electrolytic method

Voltalab Potentiostat/Galvanostat instrument, type PGZ 301 was employed for the electrolysis, comprising a cell of open with a capacity of 250 mL. A surface of platinum (2.5 cm × 2 cm) was used as anode and three-dimensional surface of (6 cm x 5 cm x 0.5 cm) carbon felt (cathode). The solution consisted of concentrations of gentamicin 0.1 mmol / L, of Fe2+ 0.5 mmol / L and of Na2SO4 0.05 mol / L. The electrolyte (200 ml in distilled water) was maintained at pH 3, and was subjected to a constant agitation. The current density was in the range of 60 to 300 mA / cm2 at room temperature.

2.3 Analytic procedures

The chemical oxygen demand (COD) is an approach that aims to examine the degradation of the gentamicin in water. The evaluation of the COD was performed using the spectrophotometer (DR . 125) from (Hach Company USA). The measurements read were made using the using the method of dichromate. The medium of reaction was incubated about 120 min at 150 ° C in the Lovibond® COD VARIO photometer.

The evolution of the gentamicin concentration was follow up by invert HPLC used a Waters 2695 coupling photodiode detector, selecting the an optimal wavelength

of 270 nm and adjusted with a C 18 thermosupersilon, 25 cm,5 μm, 4.6 mm (id), column was about 40°C. The analysis on a 100 μl sample volume was carried out isocratically used a mixture of pH=2.2, with mobile phase ( acetonitrile 46:54 (v / v)) at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/ min.

The identified of the degradation by products resulting was carried out throuth LC-MS / MS (AB Sciex-API 3200 QTRAP®, triplex quadrupole instrument) operating by negative ion mode. Have been getting data thorough by the analysis software ®Version 1.5. response aliquots were infused direct in the ion source at a average of 20 μl / min by utilize a micro-syringe (Hamilton corporation, Reno, USA). The model ESI situation are: heated capillary temperature 300°C; sheath gas (N2) at a flowing average of 20 ml / min; voltage spray -4.5 kV; The gas average and the nebulization gas curtain of the apparatus were adjusted to 30 and 10 ml / min, respectively.

We used an OxiDirect to measure the BOD values with respirometric evaluation method in 5 days (BOD5). This procedure is performed in dark conditions (20°C, 6.5<pH<7.5). The nitrification inhibitor was N-allylthiourea (Rodier, Legube and Merlet 2009). KOH grains was added to the to bottles in order to trap CO2. Activated sludge was obtained through a sewage treatment plant (Oneep: office national d’électricité et d’eau potable, Rabat, Morocco).

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and discussions

3.1 Influence of the applied current in aqueous solutions on the oxidative-degradation of the gentamicin

There are several parameters influencing the EF process; among them are: the intensity of applied current, the concentration for Fe2+, and the pH of the electrolyte. It is noteworthy that the best conditions include optimum pH about 3 [12, 13, 14] and sodium sulfate as support electrolyte [15]. The study of the applied current effect as examined for 200 ml of the gentamicin concentration of solution 0.1 mM with 0.1 mM for Fe2+at about (pH 3), Through (EF) operation is showing into Figure 1.

Figure 1 Influence of the applied current to the diminution of the concentration of the gentamicin during electro-Fenton treatment and the apparent rate constants. pH = 3, [Genta]0: 0.1 mM, I = 60 (), 100 () and 300 () (mA /cm2) with [Fe2+] = 0.1 mM, [Na2SO4] = 0.05 M, V = 200 ml.
Figure 1

Influence of the applied current to the diminution of the concentration of the gentamicin during electro-Fenton treatment and the apparent rate constants. pH = 3, [Genta]0: 0.1 mM, I = 60 (), 100 () and 300 () (mA /cm2) with [Fe2+] = 0.1 mM, [Na2SO4] = 0.05 M, V = 200 ml.

The increase for the applied current from 60 until 100 mA/cm2 leads toward an acceleration of the degradation kinetics of the gentamicin, which can be explained by the acceleration of the rate of electrochemical reactions (2) and (3) leading to radicals •OH (reaction of Fenton (1) in pH= 3). Figure 1 explains that the kinetic oxidation curves of the gentamicin during EF treatment follow an exponential decrease in concentration during the electrolysis. The treatment time for the complete disappearance of the gentamicin is 60, 13 and 20 min for the applied currents 60, 100 and 300 mA/cm2 respectively Figure (1,SI-1)) .

Where it is noted that the degradation becomes faster with the augmentation into the applied current, except in the case of 300 mA/cm2 .It can be said that 100 mA/ cm2 is the optimal value for the current in the operating conditions (Figure 1).

Confirmation of this result is shown in figure 1, relying on kapp values. Thus, values of kapp for the oxidative of gentamicin through hydroxyl radicals was found simulating pseudo-first order reaction kinetics.The exponential decrease in the gentamicin concentration and the straight streak lines for kapp (find in Figure 1 (a)) are consistent with first-order reaction kinetics of other studies in the field [16]. The elevation about 0.045 to 0.314 min-1 for values of kapp is in synergy in addition to the improvement of the produce rate of radicals •OH electrochemically. The kapp value associated with 300 mA/cm2 is decrease than of 100 mA/cm2, confirming reason for selection of 100 mA/cm2 where they are considered the best values in order to degrade gentamicin.

Indeed, by applying a higher applied current we might accelerating the reactions rates as the reduction of O2 to water (reaction (4)) instead of H 2O 2, the increase of H2 (reaction (5)) and the oxidation of H2O2 (reaction (6)) [17].

(4)O2+4 e-+4 H+→2H2O
(5)2H2O+2e-→H2+2OH−
(6)H2O2→O2+2H++2e-

3.2 Influence of the experiential parameters on the mineralization gentamicin in solution

There were several experiments performed, by changing from one test to another the applied current in the presence of Fe2+ 0.1 mmol / L, on the aqueous gentamicin mineralization kinetics using the EF process (Figure 2 (a)) A decrease in the mineralization is accentuated by increasing the current intensity of the current from 60 to 100 mA/cm2.Beyond 100 mA / cm2, an increase in applied current density leads to very slow removal kinetics of the COD of gentamicin by the acceleration of the waste reaction (4) which can damage the production of Fenton reagents. Thus, the current of applied of 100 m A / cm2 is an optimum value for a maximum mineralization rate for the gentamicin. The mineralization degree is 86% for a current of 60 mA. This degree increases to 96% for 100 m A / cm2. Furthermore, sundry experiments were performance by changing the Fe2+ concentrations in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 mmol / L at 100 m A / cm2 (Figure 2 (b)) According to this figure, we deduce that the optimal degree of COD is attributed to the concentration of 0.1 mmol / L, because this is the best mineralization degree (96%) among other concentrations. From this figure, it can also be observed that the rate of mineralization is rapid by the presence of Fe2+ 0.1 mmol / L catalyst while the increase in the concentration For this latter implies a decrease in the effectiveness of the mineralization. This trend may be explained on the basis of reaction being parasitic between the hydroxyl radicals and Fe2+. Indeed, at a high concentration for the catalyst, the percent of reaction of the hydroxyl radicals with Fe2+ increases (reaction (8)). We therefore conclude that the catalyst concentration (Fe2+) is quite crucial in the EF operation and needs to be optimized carefully.

Figure 2 Effect of (a) applied current and (b) catalyst concentration on gentamicin concentration decay during electro-Fenton process of solution COD at pH 3 in 0.05 M Na2SO4 solution. [Fe2+] = 0.1 mM. (a) Applied current I (mA /cm2) : 60 (), 100 () and 300 (b):). ([Fe2+] (mM) = 0.1 (), 0.2 () and 0.5 ().
Figure 2

Effect of (a) applied current and (b) catalyst concentration on gentamicin concentration decay during electro-Fenton process of solution COD at pH 3 in 0.05 M Na2SO4 solution. [Fe2+] = 0.1 mM. (a) Applied current I (mA /cm2) : 60 (), 100 () and 300 (b):). ([Fe2+] (mM) = 0.1 (), 0.2 () and 0.5 ().

(7)•  OH+ Fe2+     →     Fe2++OH− 

Moreover, the instantaneous current efficiency ICE (can be calculated by COD values using the relation (9) [17] :

(8)ICE=(COD0−CODt) FV/8It

Where, COD0 refer to the starting COD value, CODt refer to the final COD value, I is the applied current (A), F is the Faraday constant (96.487 C mole−1), t is the time of treatment (s) and V is the solution volume (L).

The ICE value is a lot lower at the first oxidation operation when the applied current was low and it doesn’t much change at the current increases for all of the current values. At a higher applied current, higher ICE were observed except for 300 mA / cm2.

The maximum efficiencies were achieved within the first 120 minutes for all situations, and after this time the ICE decreased slowly, suggesting that the by-products formed through this time are more readily oxidized by the hydroxyl radicals than the intermediates form after this time [18,19]. A stepwise decrease for ICE from after 120 minutes was observed due to the diminution in the oxidation reactions, as can be seen in figure 3. From the figure below, better ICE% values were obtained for 60 and 100 m A / cm2, where reach 35% and 45% at 60 min, respectively.

Figure 3 Instantaneous current efficiency change along the electro-Fenton process at different current intensities 60 (), 100 (), 300 () (mA /cm2), [Fe3+] = 0.1 mM, [Na2SO4] = 0.05 M, V = 200 ml.
Figure 3

Instantaneous current efficiency change along the electro-Fenton process at different current intensities 60 (), 100 (), 300 () (mA /cm2), [Fe3+] = 0.1 mM, [Na2SO4] = 0.05 M, V = 200 ml.

3.2.1 Influence of the gentamicin concentration into the mineralization rate in aqueous solution

The values of COD were determined using different concentrations of the gentamicin under the optimal conditions, as shown in figure 4.

Figure 4 Influence of the different gentamicin concentrations, for 0.1 (), 0.12 () and 0.14 mM (), solutions during electro-Fenton under the conditions: [Fe3+] = 0.1 mM [Na2SO4] = 0.05 M, 100 (mA /cm2) and V = 200 ml.
Figure 4

Influence of the different gentamicin concentrations, for 0.1 (), 0.12 () and 0.14 mM (), solutions during electro-Fenton under the conditions: [Fe3+] = 0.1 mM [Na2SO4] = 0.05 M, 100 (mA /cm2) and V = 200 ml.

3.3 Identification of intermediate composites

The HPLC and LC-MS / MS analyses allowed us to identify the by-products formed. The chromatograms were obtained in the first 13 minutes of electrochemical treatment. They elucidate that there is an increasing disappearance of the gentamicin and the formation of aromatic intermediates. The concentration of these by-products goes to the maximum, then decreases until the complete disappearance. Table 1 [20,21,22,23] shows the identified by- products, while the figures SI-1 and SI-2 show the HPLC chromatograms and the mass spectra of these intermediates, respectively.

Table 1

The by-products identified by LC-MS/MS during the mineralization of the gentamicin during 60 min by the electro-Fenton process.

Intermediate productsChemical formulaStructurem/zReference
1C7H15N2O+142[20]
2C18H36N4O10468[21]
3C13H28N4O4305[22]
4C13H27N3O6322[20-23]
5C12H26N4O4291[22]
6C19H37N5O7447[21]

3.4 Biodegradability

As expected, gentamicin before electrolysis was not biodegradable Figure 6), after this, the biodegradation reaching 0.2 at 15 min electrolysis for 0.3 mM initial gentamicin concentration at I = 100 mA / cm2 and concentration of Fe2+ ( 0.1mmol / L) showing that byproducts, aromatic intermediate molecules, were still resistant for micro-organisms.

It suggests an increase in electrolysis time to generate biodegradable intermediates. The value 0.41 at 30 min be greater than the reference value of 0.40 for BOD5 / COD ratio, In order for the solution to be so biodegradable the value should be greater than or equal to 0.4 [24]. After 30 min electrolysis, biodegradability increased for a BOD5/COD ratio which indicates the suitability of the previously treated EF solution for biological oxidation and this explains the formation of aliphatic intermediates molecules [16,17,25].

Although, after 180 min of electrolysis time, it became less biodegradable, due to a reduction in the ratio BOD5 / COD from the value 8 to 4, which is in agreement with the literature [26].

4 Conclusion

In this study, we used HPLC method to estimate the operation of optimum parameters to the gentamicin oxidation through EF method. The results show that total removal of gentamicin is obtained after 13 min of electrochemical treatment for 0.1 mM of Fe2+ and used current of 100 mA / cm2. The oxidation of gentamicin is accompanied by the generation of aromatics and aliphatics as intermediate molecules. The increase in treatment time improves biodegradation and higher mineralization, as the BOD5 / COD ratio reached 0.41 after 30 min of EF treatment, proving that there is potential for conjugation of the EF operation and the biological operation.

Figure 5 Biodegradability assessment (BOD5/COD ratio ()) and mineralization evolution -COD- (), of the gentamicin, during the treatment by EF at I = 100 (mA /cm2) and concentration of Fe2+ of 0.1 mM.
Figure 5

Biodegradability assessment (BOD5/COD ratio ()) and mineralization evolution -COD- (), of the gentamicin, during the treatment by EF at I = 100 (mA /cm2) and concentration of Fe2+ of 0.1 mM.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-05-16
Accepted: 2019-05-28
Published Online: 2019-11-13

© 2019 Mohamed Réda Arhoutane et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  35. A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
  38. miRNA-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in prolactinomas
  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
  41. Preparation and spectroscopic studies of Fe(II), Ru(II), Pd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base containing terephthalaldehyde and their transfer hydrogenation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction
  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
  50. Preparation of ternary ZnO/Ag/cellulose and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation property on phenol and benzene in VOCs
  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
  52. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 2-methylthio-pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines
  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
  54. Molecular Properties of Symmetrical Networks Using Topological Polynomials
  55. Synthesis of Co3O4 Nano Aggregates by Co-precipitation Method and its Catalytic and Fuel Additive Applications
  56. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antiprotoscolices potential of ethanol extracts of selected plants species against Echinococcus granulosus: In-vitro study
  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
  58. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS
  59. Biodiesel Production by Lipids From Indonesian strain of Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris
  60. Miscibility studies of polystyrene/polyvinyl chloride blend in presence of organoclay
  61. Antibacterial Activities of Transition Metal complexes of Mesocyclic Amidine 1,4-diazacycloheptane (DACH)
  62. Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis and in vitro screening of their cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line
  63. Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys in Different pH Environments by SSRT Method
  64. Various Combinations of Flame Retardants for Poly (vinyl chloride)
  65. Phenolic compounds and biological activities of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains
  66. Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement
  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
  68. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction
  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
  70. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque
  71. A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  72. Conceptual DFT as a Novel Chemoinformatics Tool for Studying the Chemical Reactivity Properties of the Amatoxin Family of Fungal Peptides
  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0110
Keywords for this article
Antibiotic; kinetics; electro-Fenton; degradation; biodegradability
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

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  33. Chiral and Achiral Enantiomeric Separation of (±)-Alprenolol
  34. Correlation of Water Fluoride with Body Fluids, Dental Fluorosis and FT4, FT3 –TSH Disruption among Children in an Endemic Fluorosis area in Pakistan
  35. A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
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  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
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  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
  50. Preparation of ternary ZnO/Ag/cellulose and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation property on phenol and benzene in VOCs
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  52. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 2-methylthio-pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines
  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
  54. Molecular Properties of Symmetrical Networks Using Topological Polynomials
  55. Synthesis of Co3O4 Nano Aggregates by Co-precipitation Method and its Catalytic and Fuel Additive Applications
  56. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antiprotoscolices potential of ethanol extracts of selected plants species against Echinococcus granulosus: In-vitro study
  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
  58. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS
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  61. Antibacterial Activities of Transition Metal complexes of Mesocyclic Amidine 1,4-diazacycloheptane (DACH)
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  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
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  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
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  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
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  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
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  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
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  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
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  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
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  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
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  175. Erratum
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