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Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer

  • Barıs Oner , Tolga Gokkurt and Ayse Aytac EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: August 24, 2019
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 17 Issue 1

Abstract

In this study, the aim was to examine the effects of three different compatibilizers on the recycled polyethylene/ thermoplastic starch (r-LDPE/TPS) blends which are used in producing garbage bags. Polyethylene-Grafted-Maleic Anhydride (PEgMAH), maleic-anhydride modified ethylene propylene rubber (EPMgMAH) and ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer (PEMAH) were selected as the compatibilizers. r-LDPE/TPS blends with or without compatibilizer were prepared by using a twin screw extruder and characterized by means of mechanical, thermal, structural and morphological analyses. It was found that tensile strength values increased with the addition of PEgMAH but decreased with the addition of EPMgMAH. Elongations at break values of the r-LDPE/TPS blends were significantly improved by using PEgMAH and EPMgMAH. Tm and Tc values have slightly affected by the compatibilizer usage in the DSC analysis. In addition, the better interfacial interaction was observed for the compatibilized blend with the PEgMAH and EPMgMAH during the SEM analysis. It was concluded that PEgMAH and EPMgMAH showed mainly changed results in elongation at break values and this is the important parameter in the packaging industry.

Keywords: Biopolymer; thermoplastic starch (TPS); recycled polyethylene; compatibilizer
PACS: 81.05.lg; 83.80.Tc; 82.35.Pq

1 Introduction

In recent years, plastic material consumption increased rapidly worldwide. Every year tons of plastics go to the landfill. In the European Union, some measures have been taken and the amount of materials that goes to the landfill has decreased but still tons of material go to landfill. Recycling is the most commonly used method to tackle this issue and to protect the environment from the plastic pollution [1, 2]. The mechanical recycling process is a physical method and the new product forms from the plastic wastes by cutting, shredding or washing into granulates, flakes or pellets of appropriate quality for manufacturing, and then melted to make items by extrusion. The reproduced material can also be blended with neat material to obtain superior results [3]. Many scientists have tried to use other methods to reduce synthetic polymer waste after usage. In one method, to produce an environmentally friendly polymer, synthetic polymers such as polyolefins and vinyl polymers, are blended with cheap biopolymers such as cellulose and starch [4]. Thus, the polymeric materials which are degradable and/or biodegradable have been obtained since the 1970s [3]. Biopolymer can degrade in the soil much faster than synthetic polymers. But, their mechanical properties are weak when used alone. That is the reason for why natural biopolymers often used with other synthetic based polymers [5].

Starch is a bio polymer that is cheap and very easy to find. It is not a thermoplastic but in the presence of plasticizer at high temperature and under shear rate, it can be easily melted and flow, similar to most of the synthetic thermoplastic polymers [6]. It plasticized with the glycerol-like plasticizer to make thermoplastic starch (TPS). TPS has wide range of properties due to the plasticizer type and loading level. Its low oxygen permeability is an interesting property for packaging industry [7]. TPS is often used with other polymers such as polyethylene (PE) for packaging applications. Various studies have reported the blending PE and TPS [8, 11]. However, the necessary mechanical properties have not been obtained for packaging applications owing to incompatibility between PE and TPS. Deterioration was reported in the transparency, tensile elongation, tensile strength, tear strength, and gas barrier properties of the PE/TPS blends [12, 13]. The compatibilizers, which are containing reactive groups and nanofillers were used to overcome this drawback. [8]. A few compatibilizers such as polyethylene-co-vinyl alcohol (EVOH), polyethylene-co-acrylic acid (EAA), polyethylene-co-glycidyl methacrylate (PEgMA) and polyethylene-g-maleic anhydride (PEgMAH) have been studied for the PE/TPS blends [9]. PEgMAH as a compatibilizer has been used in a few studies and the good efficiency of PEgMAH was shown by the esterification reaction between maleic anhydride groups of PEgMAH and hydroxyl groups of starch, as well as good interaction of its non-polar chain with the PE matrix [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. To the author’s knowledge, recycled PE have not been used in the reported compatibilizing studies. In addition, a comparison study of the effects of PEgMAH, maleic-anhydride modified ethylene propylene rubber (EPMgMAH) and ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer (PEMAH) on the TPS/PE blends has not been studied.

Thermoplastic polymers are used many times until eventually, they lose their properties. However, they can be recycled from wastes and used as garbage bag before to sending to landfill. In this study, the effects of three different type of compatibilizer on the properties of r-LDPE/TPS blends that are used in producing garbage bags were investigated. r-LDPE/TPS and compatibilized r-LDPE/TPS blends were prepared by using a twin screw extruder and characterized by means of mechanical, structural, thermal and morphological analyses.

2 Material and method

2.1 Materials and Preparations of the Blends

Recycled polyethylene (rPE) was used in study and it was provided from Polipro Plastic Recycling Company in Turkey. rPE has a melting temperature at 123.4oC and a crystallization temperature at 110.9oC. Thermoplastic starch was obtained from Sunar Starch Company with 28 wt.% glycerol content (Adana, Turkey).

Samples were prepared by using a twin screw extruder Poex T-27, with the screw diameter 27 mm and L/D ratio 48:1. Compounds were produced with 140 to 160oC barrel temperature with screw speed 400 rpm. The compositions of the prepared blends were given in Table 1 . TPS content fixed at 40 wt.% in the r-LDPE/TPS blend. rPE40T was produced to use for the control sample. Three different types of compatibilizer were used. The chemical structures of using compatibilizer are shown in Figure 1. Two different loading levels were used for compatibilizer, 5wt. % and 10wt.%.

Table 1

Compositions of the Prepared Blends.

SamplesRLDPETPSPEgMAHPEMAHEPMgMAH
rPE40T6040
rPE40T5P55405
rPE40T10P504010
rPE40T5PM55405
rPE40T10PM504010
rPE40T5E55405
rPE40T10E504010
Figure 1 The chemical structure of the using compatibilizers.
Figure 1

The chemical structure of the using compatibilizers.

2.2 Characterization of LDPE/TPS Blends

2.2.1 Mechanical Properties of the Blends

Tensile properties of specimens were measured by using Lloyd LC universal tensile testing machine equipped with 5 kN load cell as a load indicator and long stroke extensometer as extension indicator. Testing speed was set to 50 mm/min and gauge length (Lo) was set to 100 mm. Izod impact strength of specimens was measured by using Ceast 9050 Izod impact machine which could operate between 0.5 and 25 Joule energy range.

2.2.2 Thermal Properties of the Blends

The thermal properties of the samples were obtained by TA Instruments (Model Q20) differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). DSC analysis was performed according to ISO 11357-1. All of the blends were heated between 250C and 3000C at 100C/min heating rate. The samples were then cooled to room temperature at a cooling rate of 10°C/min to determine their crystalline characteristics. The sample weights were in the range of 8−10 mg. All measurements were made under a nitrogen atmosphere. The percentage crystallinity of the produced sample was determined using the following equation;

Xc%crystallinity=ΔHc/wf⋆ΔH0m⋆100

Where ΔHc is the crystalline enthalpy for each sample, obtained from the DSC curve, wf is the weight fraction of r-LDPE, and ΔHm0is the enthalpy heat of 100% crystalline LDPE. ΔHm0was used as 279 J/g [15].

2.2.3 Determination of Chemical Interaction

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was performed to determine the compatibility between the matrix material and compatibilizer. A structural analysis of the blends was also undertaken. Samples were measured with a Bruker Alpha model FTIR-ATR Spectrometer over a range of 400-4000 cm-1 with ISO 10640:2011 standard.

2.2.4 Morphological Study by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

Samples were prepared by the fraction surface of the impact test samples. Small pieces were coated with pre-gold and characterized by QUANTA 400F Field Emission scanning electron microscope at an operating voltage of 20 kV.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Mechanical Properties

Tensile strength and elongation at break values of the prepared blends were given in Figure 2-3. Tensile strength values increased with the addition of PEgMAH but decreased with the addition of EPMgMAH. The drop in tensile strength is an expected result for the maleic anhydride modified EPM rubber. EPDM can be easily blended with PE in all ratios. If the elastomer is predominant, the blends showed elastomeric properties and can be used in the uncured state in many applications. At the adverse condition, interesting modifications of plastic are obtained such as impact resistance [16, 17]. Sadek et al. studied the blends of ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM) rubber with thermoplastic polyolefins such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), high molecular weight polypropylene (PP), and polypropylene random copolymer grade (PP-R) [17]. They showed that the tensile strength value of the EPDM/LDPE blend decreased by the increasing loading level of EPDM in the LDPE matrix. They arranged them according to their values of tensile strength as PP-R > PP > HDPE > LDPE > EPDM

Figure 2 Tensile strength values of the prepared r-LDPE/TPS based blends.
Figure 2

Tensile strength values of the prepared r-LDPE/TPS based blends.

Figure 3 Elongation at break values of prepared r-LDPE/TPS based blends.
Figure 3

Elongation at break values of prepared r-LDPE/TPS based blends.

PEgMAH has slightly increased the tensile strength value for the r-LDPE/TPS blends in this study. PEMAH compatibilizer has increased tensile strength value up to 9.5 MPa by using 5wt.% but this value decreased using the 10wt.% PEMAH. It can be concluded that PEMAH should be used under the 5wt.% loading for the 40% TPS included blends when it is used as the compatibilizer. Bikiaris et al. studied the different loading level of polyethylene/plasticized starch blends by using a poly(ethylene-g-maleic anhydride) copolymer as a reactive compatibilizer [10]. They reported a better dispersion of TPS within the LDPE matrix by using compatibilizer, due to the significant reduction in the phase size, indicating an increased adhesion between the two polymers. This case also enhanced the tensile strength values of the blends with a high plasticized starch (20 and 30wt%).

Elongations at break values of the r-LDPE/TPS blends were significantly improved by using PEgMAH and EPMgMAH. The highest elongation at break value was obtained by including 10wt.% PEgMAH sample. PEMAH however, showed a negative effect on the elongation at break value and it decreased this value when it was used as 10 wt.% in the blend. The low elongation value for the r-LDPE/TPS blends is an important limitation for the production of blown films from these materials [11].

Impact strength values of the prepared r-LDPE/TPS based blends were depicted from Figure 4. This value was increased with the addition of the EPMgMAH. This increase can be contributed to the rubber or elastic properties of the EPM. It was also observed that this significant improvement was with the addition of the PEgMAH. PEMAH has decreased the impact strength values at the studied range as so the tensile properties.

Figure 4 Impact strength values of prepared r-LDPE/TPS based blends.
Figure 4

Impact strength values of prepared r-LDPE/TPS based blends.

3.2 Thermal Properties

DSC measurements were undertaken to characterize the thermal behavior of the prepared samples. Melting temperatures (Tm), crystallization temperatures (Tc), the enthalpy of melting and the enthalpy of crystallization values of the compounds were obtained from the DSC analysis. DSC analysis parameters and the thermal diagrams were given in Table 2 and Figure 5 respectively. According to DSC curves, Tm and Tc values were not significantly affected by the compatibilizer type and loading level in the usage range in r-LDPE/TPS blend. Tm values diminished in the range of 1.0-1.7oC. Crystallinity value of the r-LDPE deceased with the addition 40% TPS to the r-LDPE. % crystallinity values were increased with the addition of compatibilizers to the rPE40T compared to the control sample % crystallinity value. The decrease of the crystallinity of rPE with the addition of TPS can be explained by two ways in the literature [18]. The first one is that the addition of starch obstructed the molecular chain motion of rPE in the cooling stage. The other one is that the interfacial tension between starch and LDPE limited the migration and diffusion of long-chain branched PE to the crystal form and therefore hindered the crystallization during the cooling.

Table 2

DSC results of the control sample and compatibilized blends.

SamplesTm(°C)Tc(°C)ΔHm (j/g)ΔHc (j/g)X (%)
rPE123.4110.9144.8131.547.1
rPE40T124.2109.250.248.428.9
rPE40T5P123.8110.171.669.945.6
rPE40T10P123.2110.762.259.742.8
rPE40T5PM123.7109.463.863.241.1
rPE40T10PM123.4109.461.159.942.9
rPE40T5E123.1110.066.262.941.0
rPE40T10E123.7109.769.464.646.3
Figure 5 DSC curves of prepared r-LDPE/TPS based blends.
Figure 5

DSC curves of prepared r-LDPE/TPS based blends.

The Tc in the compatibilized blends with the PEgMA begins close to that of pure rPE, it shows that PEgMA diminishes the effects of starch on crystallization of LDPE [18]. This case was observed for PEgMAH and EPMgMAH in this study. It is supposed that these two compatibilizers decrease the interface tension between the TPS and rPE. SEM micrograph showed this to be the case.

3.3 Morphological Study

SEM microphotographs of the control sample and compatibilized blends were given in Figure 5. A lot of empty spots and rough surface for incompatibilized blend or control sample were observed due to the incompatibility between rPE and TPS. In addition to this, it was observed to be very smooth with better interfacial interaction for the compatibilized blend with the PEgMAH and EPMgMAH. There was also no determined phase separation for these blends. We can say that these compatibilizers improve the compatibility between rPE and TPS. On the other hand, when it was compared with the control sample with the PEMAH compatibilized blend, a similar structure was observed for these blends. Therefore, addition of PEMAH did not significantly change the structure of the r-LDPE/TPS blend.

Figure 5 SEM Photographs of prepared r-LDPE/TPS based blends.
Figure 5

SEM Photographs of prepared r-LDPE/TPS based blends.

3.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

The compatibilizers effect on the r-LDPE/TPS blends was evaluated by FTIR analysis. FTIR spectra of the blends with or without compatibilizer were shown in Figure 6. According to starch spectrum, the bands at the region of 3200–3400 and 2850–2900 cm -1 are attributed to OH stretching and CH2 stretching vibrations [6]. TPS has peaks at 1150 and 1078 wavenumbers attributed to C-OH stretching vibration. These peaks shape and intensity changed with the addition of compatibilizers [19]. The increments were observed at this peaks intensity for PEgMAH and EPMgMAH. When the PEMAH as the compatibilizer, the peak intensity decreased at 1150 and 1078 wavenumber. The better compatibility of the polymer blend meant the correlative peaks shifted and the peak shapes altered owing to the mechanism of compatibility [19]. The FTIR spectra showed PEgMAH and EPMgMAH successful interacted with TPS. However, PEMAH didn’t affect any interaction between PE and TPS. Besides, FTIR spectra confirmed tensile strength results and SEM analysis.

Figure 6 FTIR Spectrums of prepared r-LDPE/TPS based blends.
Figure 6

FTIR Spectrums of prepared r-LDPE/TPS based blends.

4 Conclusion

The effects of three type of compatibilizer on the properties of r-LDPE/TPS blends were investigated. r-LDPE/TPS and compatibilized r-LDPE/TPS blends were prepared by using a twin screw extruder and characterized by means of mechanical, thermal tests and morphological analyses. PEgMAH showed better tensile results as compatibilizer among the others in this study. Elongation at break values of the r-LDPE/TPS blends were significantly improved by using PEgMAH and EPMgMAH. It is also concluded that PEMAH did not show a good effect on the elongation at break value in the used loading level. Elongation at break values is more important for garbage bags, therefore PEgMAH is more suitable than EPMgMAH. EPMgMAH showed better impact values in LDPE/TPS blends. PEgMAH and EPMgMAH can be suggested for r-LDPE/TPS blends for different applications. For applications which require better impact resistance, EPMgMAH can be evaluated within the LDPE/TPS blends.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-01-22
Accepted: 2019-02-20
Published Online: 2019-08-24

© 2019 Barıs Oner et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0064
Keywords for this article
Biopolymer; thermoplastic starch (TPS); recycled polyethylene; compatibilizer
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Articles in the same Issue

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  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
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  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
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  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
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  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
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  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
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