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Photodynamic Therapy Enhanced the Antitumor Effects of Berberine on HeLa Cells

  • Han-Qing Liu , Ya-Wen An , A-Zhen Hu , Ming-Hua Li and Guang-Hui Cui EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: June 12, 2019
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 17 Issue 1

Abstract

In this study we investigated the antineoplastic effects of Berberine (BBR)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) on HeLa cells and its related mechanisms. The CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the proliferation and apoptosis of cells respectively. In addition, changes in protein expression levels were assessed using western blot. BBR at dose of 10 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally to mice with tumors and PDT treatments were performed 24 hours later. In vivo imaging systems were used to evaluate the fluorescence of BBR. In vitro, PDT significantly enhanced the effects of BBR on inducing cell apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation. The in vivo results showed that the fluorescence intensity in the PDT group was decreased compared with that in the BBR group. Tumor weights and tumor size in the PDT group were less than those in the control group; however, when BBR was applied without PDT, no significant differences were observed between the BBR and control group. The results of western blot showed that PDT enhanced the inhibitory effects of BBR on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, that may partly explain the potential underlying mechanisms.

Keywords: Berberine; photodynamic therapy; HeLa cell; mTOR

1 Introduction

Berberine (BBR) is a quaternary ammonium compound extracted from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Coptis. BBR has a wide range of pharmacological effects including antisepsis, antiarrhythmic, anti-hypertensive, and antitumor activities and is used in the treatment of digestive tract diseases, and obstetrical and gynecological diseases. Recently, the antitumor effects of BBR, including inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, invasiveness and metastasis, induction of apoptosis, and its influence on cell growth cycle and signaling pathways, have been widely observed in various tumor models [1, 2, 3, 4].

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-intrusive cancer treatment which involves the administration of photosensitizers and illumination by specific wavelengths to produce photochemical and thermal reactions. The sensitization of photosensitizers leads to the conversion of reactive oxygen species from the ground-state, mainly active singlet oxygen (1O2). 1O2 can react with many biological molecules, such as nucleic acids, lipids and proteins, and these reactions lead to cell death. In the past decade, PDT has been used in the clinic as a new method of treating malignant tumors, and its definite curative effect and low toxicity are well known [5, 6, 7, 8].

BBR is proven as a naturally occurring phototoxic alkaloid, which can be activated by near-ultraviolet light (NUV) and far-UV (FUV), and was found to be a 1O2 generator in experiments using the chemical trap 2,5-dimethyl furan. Studies on BBR-PDT in the treatment of cancers began in 1986 [9, 10, 11, 12].

In the present study, the antitumor effects of BBR-PDT on HeLa cells were evaluated in vitro and in vivo using a mouse xenograft model. Furthermore, the effects of BBR on the PI3K (Phosphoinositol 3 kinase)- AKT (protein kinase B)- mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway was investigated.

2 Materials and Methods

2.1 Animals

BALB/c nude mice were provided by the Medical Laboratory Animal Center of Guangdong (Foshan City, Guangdong, China). The animals were housed in specific pathogen free (SPF) conditions with a 12 hour light/12 hour dark cycle, at 19 – 25°C, a relative humidity of 42 – 59% and free access to food and water. Treatments were carried out after 7 days of quarantine. The experiments were performed in accordance with the international guidelines on experimental animals and approved by the Ethics Committee of Shenzhen Peking University – The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center (license number was SYXK 2015-0106).

2.2 Materials

BBR was provided by Sigma-Aldrich (Burlington, MA, USA) and dissolved in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The primary antibodies of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K, cat. no. PA5-38904), phospho-PI3K (cat. no. PA5-17387), protein kinase B (AKT, cat. no. AHO1112), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR, cat. no. PA5-34663), p70 ribosomal s6 kinase (p70s6k, cat. no. MA5-15141), phospho-ribosomal protein s6 (p-rps6, cat. no. MA5-15140) were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Primary antibodies of phospho-Akt (cat. no. #4060), phospho-mTOR (cat. no. #5536), phospho-p70s6k (cat. no. #5536), rps6 (cat. no. #2217), B-cell lymphoma-2 Associated X (Bax, cat. no. #2772) and β-actin (cat. no. #4970) were provided Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA).

2.3 Cell proliferation and apoptosis

Absorption of BBR solutions was measured using a Micro-Spectrophotometer (Q5000, Quawell Technology, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA). The concentrations of BBR used were 1.6, 3.1, 6.3, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL, and absorbance-concentration curves were obtained by matching the data.

1 × 106 cells/mL of HeLa cells were cultured in 96-well plates, 24 hours later, BBR at concentrations of 0, 1.6, 3.1, 6.3, 12.5, 25 and 50 μg/mL were added to the culture medium. The cells were divided into the BBR and BBR-PDT groups. Six hours later, the cells in the BBR-PDT group were exposed to a 405 nm laser unit at a luminous flux of 40 mW/cm2 for 3 minutes (total energy 7.2 J/cm2) as described previously [13,14]. Cells in the BBR group were not exposed to the laser. Protocols for U-118 MG, U-251 MG and HaCaT cells were the same as HeLa.

The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) (DOJINDO, Tokyo, Japan) was used to measure cell proliferation 24 hours after treatment. The concentrations of BBR used were 0,1.6, 3.1, 6.3, 12.5, 25 and 50 μg/mL. According to the instructions of manufacturer, 10 μL CCK-8 reagent was added to 100 μL medium and the cells were cultured at 37°C. One hour later, a microplate reader (Spectra Max i3x, Shanghai, China) was used to detect the absorbance at 450 nm with a reference wavelength of 405 nm.

The Annexin V-PE apoptosis detection kit I (BD PharmingenTM, San Diego, CA, USA) was used to detect apoptotic cells. BBR concentrations were 1.6, 6.3 and 25 μg/mL. Following treatment for 6 hours, the cells were washed twice with ice-cold PBS. 1 × 106 cells/mL were resuspended in 1 × binding buffer, and then 5 μL PE Annexin V was added followed by 5 μL 7-AAD. Cells were incubated in the dark for 15 minutes at room temperature (RT), and apoptotic cells were detected using Flow Cytometry (FCW).

2.4 Xenograft models

HeLa cells (1 × 107 cells/mL) suspended in PBS containing 50 % Matrigel (BD BiocoatTM, San Diego, CA, USA) were subcutaneously implanted into the flanks of female BALB/c mice (4 weeks old; n = 10 in each group) [15,16]. Mice with tumors were randomly divided into the following four groups; the control group, BBR group, laser group and the BBR-PDT group. The mice were treated when the tumor diameter reached 1 cm. BBR 10 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally into mice in the BBR and BBR-PDT groups. 24 hours later, mice in the laser and BBR-PDT group were exposed to the laser unit with a luminous flux of 1000 mW/cm2 for 1 minute (total energy 60.0 J/cm2).

An IVIS® Lumina LT imaging system (Series III, Caliper Life Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA) was used to evaluate the in vivo fluorescence of BBR in the BBR and BBR-PDT group after treatment. The Vevo 2100 Imaging System (FUJIFILM Visual Sonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada) was used to measure tumor size and evaluate therapeutic effects. Treatments were performed once a week for two weeks, the mice were sacrificed 2 weeks later, and the tumors were collected and measured.

2.5 Western blot

Protein expression levels were detected using western blot. Briefly, HeLa cells were inoculated into 6-well plates (1 mL/well) for 24 hours. The cells were then divided into the BBR group and BBR-PDT group with BBR concentrations of 0, 1.6 and 25 μg/mL. After 6 hours incubation, treatments were carried out under the conditions described above. 24 hours after treatment, the cells were collected and washed with ice-cold PBS. Lysis buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) containing PMSF (phenyl methane sulfonyl fluoride, 1 mM, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA), Na3VO4 (1 mM, Sigma-Aldrich, USA), and NaF (20 mM, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was added at a volume of 80 μL/well. The mixture was incubated for 30 minutes at 4°C and then centrifuged for 30 minutes at 12,000 r/min. Protein concentrations were measured using a Micro-Spectrophotometer Q5000 and adjusted to 15 μg/mL. Samples of 10 μL were loaded into the spacer gel, the electrophoresis voltages for concentration and separation were 80 V and 120 V, respectively, and the constant current for transfer was 330 mA which lasted 90 minutes. The block time for membranes was 1 hour at RT, and the membranes were then washed three times with Tris-buffered saline. Primary antibodies were added to the membranes and incubated overnight at 4°C. The incubation time for the secondary antibody was 1 hour at RT. The Chemiluminescence Detector (Tanon 5220S, Guangzhou EVELL Bio-technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, China) was used to measure the gray values of the protein bands.

2.6 Statistics

Data are shown as mean ± SD (standard deviation) and SPSS 17.0 software was used to perform One-way ANOVA analyses for inter-group differences. The P value was used to determine the significance of differences, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

3 Results

3.1 PDT enhanced cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction caused by BBR in vitro

As shown in Figure 1B, there were 4 absorption peaks for BBR (100 μg/mL) in PBS at 228, 263, 344 and 417 nm, and the maximum absorption peak was observed at 344 nm. The shapes of the BBR absorption peaks at different concentrations were similar (Figure 1C) and a good linear relationship between absorbance and concentration ranging from 1.6 to 200 μg/mL was observed (Figure 1D). The 405 nm laser unit was used to perform PDT.

Figure 1 Light absorption characteristics of BBR. (A). Structural formula of BBR. (B). Absorption spectrum of BBR, showing 4 absorption peaks at 228, 263, 344 and 417 nm. The concentration of BBR was 100 μg/mL. (C). Absorption peaks consistent with BBR at different concentrations. (D). Absorbance- concentration curves of BBR. For (C) and (D), the concentrations of BBR were 1.6, 3.1, 6.3, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL.
Figure 1

Light absorption characteristics of BBR. (A). Structural formula of BBR. (B). Absorption spectrum of BBR, showing 4 absorption peaks at 228, 263, 344 and 417 nm. The concentration of BBR was 100 μg/mL. (C). Absorption peaks consistent with BBR at different concentrations. (D). Absorbance- concentration curves of BBR. For (C) and (D), the concentrations of BBR were 1.6, 3.1, 6.3, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL.

To evaluate the inhibition of cell proliferation and cell apoptosis induction by BBR-PDT, we performed the CCK-8 assay and FCW test. When the concentration of BBR was less than 1.6 μg/mL, the absorbance- concentration curves did not show a good linear relationship. When the concentration of BBR was greater than 50 μg/mL, the color of the BBR solution disturbed the CCK-8 assay. Therefore, the concentrations of BBR used in the CCK-8 assay were 0, 1.6, 3.1, 6.3, 12.5, 25 and 50 μg/mL. The results showed that PDT increased cell proliferation inhibition by BBR (Figure 2A), the IC 50 and 95% confidence interval of BBR and BBR-PDT for HeLa cells were 17.49 (7.11 – 72.29) μg/mL and 2.50 (1.88 – 3.45) μg/mL, respectively. Similar effects of PDT enhancing cell proliferation inhibition caused by BBR were observed in groups of U-118 MG, U-251 MG and HaCaT cells. In the apoptosis tests, the PE Annexin V positive cell populations were considered apoptotic cells (Figure 2B). The percentage of cell apoptosis induced by BBR-PDT was greater than that induced by BBR (Figure 2C).

Figure 2 Effects of BBR-mediated PDT on proliferation and apoptosis of cells. (A). Cell proliferation inhibition, the concentrations of BBR were 0, 1.6, 3.1, 6.3, 12.5, 25 and 50 μg/mL, and the CCK-8 assay showed that absorbance was detected at 450 nm using a reference wavelength of 405 nm. (B). The PE Annexin V positive cell populations were considered apoptotic cells. (C). Concentrations of BBR in the apoptosis test were 1.6, 6.3 and 25 μg/mL. ** P < 0.01, vs BBR group.
Figure 2

Effects of BBR-mediated PDT on proliferation and apoptosis of cells. (A). Cell proliferation inhibition, the concentrations of BBR were 0, 1.6, 3.1, 6.3, 12.5, 25 and 50 μg/mL, and the CCK-8 assay showed that absorbance was detected at 450 nm using a reference wavelength of 405 nm. (B). The PE Annexin V positive cell populations were considered apoptotic cells. (C). Concentrations of BBR in the apoptosis test were 1.6, 6.3 and 25 μg/mL. ** P < 0.01, vs BBR group.

3.2 BBR-mediated PDT inhibited tumor development in xenograft models

Following the in vitro study, further in vivo validation was carried out using a xenograft model. In vivo fluorescence measurements showed that the fluorescence intensity of BBR was reduced in the BBR-PDT group compared with the BBR group, which indicated that BBR was activated by the 405 nm laser and photobleaching occurred after PDT (Figure 3A). These findings showed that BBR-PDT could produce biological effects in tumors. Tumor size and weight in the BBR-PDT group were significantly reduced compared with the control group (P < 0.05); however, BBR without PDT showed no significant differences compared with the control groups (Figure 3B,C and D).

Figure 3 In vivo antitumor effects of BBR-mediated PDT in the xenograft model. N = 10, means ± SD. (A). In vivo fluorescence measurement. (B). Anatomical tumors in the different treatment groups. (C). Comparison of tumor size both before and after treatment (cm2). (D). Comparison of tumor weight (g). The dose of BBR was 10 mg/kg. PDT was performed using a 405 nm laser unit with a luminous flux of 1000 mW/cm2 for 1 min. * P < 0.05, vs control group.
Figure 3

In vivo antitumor effects of BBR-mediated PDT in the xenograft model. N = 10, means ± SD. (A). In vivo fluorescence measurement. (B). Anatomical tumors in the different treatment groups. (C). Comparison of tumor size both before and after treatment (cm2). (D). Comparison of tumor weight (g). The dose of BBR was 10 mg/kg. PDT was performed using a 405 nm laser unit with a luminous flux of 1000 mW/cm2 for 1 min. * P < 0.05, vs control group.

3.3 Effects of BBR-mediated PDT on the mTOR signaling pathway

The in vitro and in vivo results confirmed that PDT enhanced the anti-tumor effects of BBR. Previous studies have shown that PDT, mediated by several photosensitizers, can affect the mTOR signaling pathway [17, 18, 19, 20]; however, the influence of BBR and BBR-PDT on the mTOR signaling pathway is still unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the changes in protein expression and phosphorylation levels after BBR and BBR-PDT treatment. As shown in Figure 4, mTOR is one of the main kinases downstream of PI3K/AKT. Phosphorylation of mTOR compound 1 (mTORC1) decreased when the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was inhibited. BBR dose-dependently decreased the pho-PI3K, pho-AKT and pho-mTORC1 levels. PDT enhanced the inhibitory effects of BBR on the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway.

Figure 4 Inhibition of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway by BBR-mediated PDT. (A). Diagram of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. (B). Representative Western blot analysis. (C). Densitometric quantification of the corresponding Western blot analysis. Concentrations of BBR were 0, 1.6 and 25 μg/mL, and PDT was performed after 6 hours co-incubation. Means ± SD, n = 3, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, vs BBR group. ^P < 0.05, ^^P < 0.01, vs concentration 0.
Figure 4

Inhibition of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway by BBR-mediated PDT. (A). Diagram of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. (B). Representative Western blot analysis. (C). Densitometric quantification of the corresponding Western blot analysis. Concentrations of BBR were 0, 1.6 and 25 μg/mL, and PDT was performed after 6 hours co-incubation. Means ± SD, n = 3, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, vs BBR group. ^P < 0.05, ^^P < 0.01, vs concentration 0.

As shown in Figure 5, phosphorylation of p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (p70s6K) was regulated by mTORC1, and it also influenced ribosome protein S6 (rps6). Synergistic -inhibition of p70s6K and rps 6 phosphorylation by BBR and PDT was observed.

Figure 5 Effects of BBR-mediated PDT on downstream of mTORC1. (A). Diagram of the mTORC1 pathway. (B). Representative Western blot analysis. (C). Densitometric quantification of the corresponding Western blot analysis. Concentrations of BBR were 0, 1.6 and 25 μg/mL, PDT was performed after 6 hours co-incubation. Means ± SD, n = 3, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, vs BBR group. ^P < 0.05, ^^P < 0.01, vs concentration 0.
Figure 5

Effects of BBR-mediated PDT on downstream of mTORC1. (A). Diagram of the mTORC1 pathway. (B). Representative Western blot analysis. (C). Densitometric quantification of the corresponding Western blot analysis. Concentrations of BBR were 0, 1.6 and 25 μg/mL, PDT was performed after 6 hours co-incubation. Means ± SD, n = 3, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, vs BBR group. ^P < 0.05, ^^P < 0.01, vs concentration 0.

4 Discussion

BBR has been known as a naturally phototoxic alkaloid for more than 30 years. Luiza [21] found that delivery of BBR to tumor cells was closely related to low density lipoproteins (LDL), and the physicochemical parameters of the association between BBR and LDL are important for the antitumor effects of PDT mediated by BBR on glioma cells. Shen [22] revealed the underlying mechanisms of ROS-photogeneration by BBR in a solvent model using the time-dependent density functional theory. The author demonstrated the generation of 1O2 and 3O2, which are indicators of PDT, after activation of BBR induced by a light source. Hirakawa [23] proved that BBR was bound to DNA by electrostatic force, and the generation of 1O2 following BBR activation was switched by the DNA microenvironment. These studies indicated that BBR-PDT is a promising strategy for treating cancers. However, there are few studies on the antitumor effects of BBR-PDT in xenograft models in vivo, and the effects of BBR-PDT on HeLa cells are unclear. In this study, we showed the antineoplastic effects of BBR-PDT on HeLa cells not only in vitro but also in vivo. The in vitro results showed that BBR-PDT significantly inhibited proliferation of HeLa, U-118 MG, U-251 MG and HaCaT cells and induced cell apoptosis. The inhibitory effects of BBR-PDT on proliferation in different cell lines may be nonspecific. The nude mouse xenograft model showed that the fluorescence intensity of BBR was reduced in the BBR-PDT group compared with the BBR group, and tumor size in BBR-PDT group was less than that in the control group (P < 0.05). However, BBR without PDT showed no significant differences compared with the control group. These findings indicated that PDT enhanced the anti-tumor effects of BBR in HeLa cells.

In previous studies, the antitumor mechanisms of BBR-PDT were mainly attributed to the cell-damaging effects caused by ROS [24, 25, 26, 27], and to mitochondria damage. Studies on the influence of BBR-PDT on signaling pathways are lacking. PI3K-AKT-mTOR is a major pathway that has been confirmed be vital in cancer cells and inhibited by ROS. The Ser/Thr protein kinase mTOR lies downstream in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. All three kinases are important in the regulation of cancer cell growth, survival and angiogenesis. It generally promotes survival by activating anti-apoptotic factors and inhibiting proapoptotic factors. The PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway also has a critical role in tumor stem cell self-renewal capacity and resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy [28, 29]. Recent studies showed that PDT inhibited the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. Han [30] found that Upconversion Fluorescent Nanoparticles Encapsulating Chlorin e6 could mediate PDT and induce suppression of p-AKT and p-mTOR via ROS generation in foam cells.

Many studies have shown that BBR attenuates cell proliferation and apoptosis by influencing the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and autophagy. For example, Shukla [31] observed that BBR induced down-regulation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of FoxO proteins and evoked mitochondrial apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Chitra [32] found that BBR blocked the activation of PI3K-AKT against bleomycin-induced dysregulation, inhibited p-mTOR and stimulated autophagy in pulmonary fibrosis rats. Yi [33] revealed the relationship between BBR induced apoptosis and AKT signaling in human gastric cancer cells, and inhibition of the AKT-mTOR-p70s6K-rps6 pathway in BBR-treated BGC-823 cells was observed. Ai [34] proved that BBR regulated proliferation via the mTOR-p70S6K signaling pathway. These studies indicate that BBR influences the PI3K-AKT-mTOR-p70s6K-rps6 signaling pathway. In the present study, we confirmed that BBR-PDT inhibited activation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, and the phosphorylation of p70s6K and rps6 was inhibited when p-mTORC1 was suppressed. In addition, we found that inhibition of this signaling pathway by BBR-PDT was stronger than that by BBR alone. This may explain why the BBR-PDT group showed greater inhibition of tumor proliferation and stronger induction of cell apoptosis. In a recent report, Kou [35] showed that BBR-mediated sonodynamic therapy (SDT) induced autophagy by reducing the phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR in macrophage. It is well known that the mechanisms of SDT are similar to those of PDT [36]; thus, this study partially supported our findings.

In conclusion, we demonstrated that PDT enhanced the inhibitory effects of BBR on HeLa cell proliferation not only in vitro but also in vivo; the synergistic inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway may partly explain the potential underlying mechanisms.

Acknowledgements

We thank the Health and Family Planning Commission of Shenzhen (201605018) and Shenzhen Science and Technology Planning Project (JCYJ20160427185055877, JCYJ20160429090753103) financial support.

  1. Conflict of Interest: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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Received: 2018-11-15
Accepted: 2019-02-19
Published Online: 2019-06-12

© 2019 Han-Qing Liu et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

Articles in the same Issue

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  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
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  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
  8. Development of a validated spectrofluorimetric method for assay of sotalol hydrochloride in tablets and human plasma: application for stability-indicating studies
  9. Topological Indices of Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugates’ Molecular Structure in Cancer Treatment
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  13. Specific, highly sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method for quantification of daclatasvir in HCV human plasma patients and in tablets dosage form
  14. Chromium-modified cobalt molybdenum nitrides as catalysts for ammonia synthesis
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  16. Identification of Powdery Mildew Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Resistance Genes in Selected Wheat Varieties and Development of Multiplex PCR
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0048
Keywords for this article
Berberine; photodynamic therapy; HeLa cell; mTOR
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Research on correlation of compositions with oestrogenic activity of Cistanche based on LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology
  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
  4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive features of Bryonia alba L.: As a possible alternative in treating rheumatism
  5. High efficiency liposome fusion induced by reducing undesired membrane peptides interaction
  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
  8. Development of a validated spectrofluorimetric method for assay of sotalol hydrochloride in tablets and human plasma: application for stability-indicating studies
  9. Topological Indices of Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugates’ Molecular Structure in Cancer Treatment
  10. Thermodynamic properties of the bubble growth process in a pool boiling of water-ethanol mixture two-component system
  11. Critical Roles of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Apoptosis and Autophagy of Astrocytes Induced by Methamphetamine
  12. Characteristics of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of Soil Moisture under Different Land Use in Dry Hot Valley of Yuanmou
  13. Specific, highly sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method for quantification of daclatasvir in HCV human plasma patients and in tablets dosage form
  14. Chromium-modified cobalt molybdenum nitrides as catalysts for ammonia synthesis
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  24. Effects of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract, Capping Agents, on the Synthesis of Pure And Cu Doped ZnO-Nanoparticles: A Green Approach and Microbial Activity
  25. Aqueous Micro-hydration of Na+(H2O)n=1-7 Clusters: DFT Study
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  27. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
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  30. Dynamic Changes in MMP1 and TIMP1 in the Antifibrotic Process of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Rats with Liver Fibrosis
  31. The Optimization and Production of Ginkgolide B Lipid Microemulsion
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  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
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