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Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis

  • Jiangyu Zhu , Dang Diem Hong and Minato Wakisaka EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: March 11, 2019
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 17 Issue 1

Abstract

A significant promotion of growth and accumulation of metabolites of freshwater microalga Euglena gracilis was obtained by adding phytic acid to the culture. Phytic acid concentration of 0.05% (v/v) showed a maximum biomass increase of 1.6-fold compared to the control group. Synchronous variation in the content and proportion of photosynthetic pigments was also observed. The total chlorophyll content increased with phytic acid concentration, suggesting the enhanced capacity of absorbing light. Cell length, an important biomarker for E. gracilis, was prolonged to a certain extent under light condition, indicating the state of the cells was more active. Since phytic acid is derived from agro waste of rice bran, it is promising as a low-cost but high-efficient growth promoter of E. gracilis.

Keywords: phytic acid; Euglena gracilis; photosynthetic pigments; cell morphology

1 Introduction

Euglena gracilis is one of the primary producers in fresh water ecosystems which has both animal and plant features [1]. When there is sufficient sunlight, it can produce many beneficial metabolites with high commercial value by photosynthesis. Nowadays with the deeper understanding of functions of E. gracilis, it has been widely applied in food, cosmetic and biofuel industries [2,3]. Faced with the increasing market demand from consumers, understanding how to shorten the culture cycle and enhance the productivity of valuable metabolites has become a top priority. Several of the most common methods are to screen for excellent algal strains [4], edit key genes associated with metabolism [5], or add growth-promoting additives [6]. Each method has its own merits and drawbacks. Strain screening is usually time-consuming and low efficiency with a long cycle. Gene-editing makes up for these shortcomings but this method is expensive and the process is complex. Application of gene-edited microorganisms for food and supplements is also a controversial issue [7]. Another common method is supplementing with various types of functional additives, such as exogenous nutrients [8] and phytohormone [9], but they are still costly in application for large-scale culture.

Alternative ideas for supplements with low cost and high efficiency were recently proposed. It was reported that 1 g/L alginate oligosaccharides extracted from macroalgae could increase the production of Arthrospira platensis by 3.68-fold [10], and 5 g/L steel-making slag (by-product of steel processing) could increase the yield of A. platensis by 12% [11]. Enhancing microalgae yield by un-utilized or waste materials was considered a novel and promising strategy. Phytic acid (inositol hexakisphosphate, IP6), a principle storage form of phosphorus in plants tissues, is widespread in nature especially in legume seed, cereal bran and germ. Phytic acid is also an excellent chelating agent and antioxidant [12]. Thus, phytic acid easily exists in the form of metal-salts and is able to scavenge free radicals, preventing DNA damage and cell aging [13]. The safety of phytic acid has been confirmed in many fields, and its toxicity is even lower than sodium chloride [14]. Moreover, it is also the major source of phosphate loading in aquatic ecosystems [15]. A large number of seeds and grains are used for animal fodder but non-ruminants, like swine, fowl, and horses, cannot fully digest phytic acid due to their lack of sufficient corresponding enzymes, and then undigested phytic acid and derivatives in the manure will be excreted to aquatic ecosystems in different ways [16]. Therefore, intelligent use of phytic acid could contribute to relieving environmental load to aquatic ecosystem.

Phytic acid with the above-mentioned characteristics are considered as potential candidates as a microalgae growth promotor. Nevertheless, there are no reports that phytic acid and its metal-salts have been used to improve the growth and metabolism of microalgae. As a simple, cheap but efficient approach of enhancing the yield of E. gracilis, the effect of phytic acid from rice bran on E. gracilis was investigated. Cell growth, photosynthetic pigment content and morphology of E. gracilis were analyzed since these were assumed to be clear indicators to determine the effect of the phytic acid. This research is initial work that will contribute to sufficiently using the agricultural waste and increasing the yield of E. gracilis on a large scale.

2 Materials and Methods

2.1 Organism and cultivation conditions

Euglena gracilis Klebs (NIES-48) obtained from the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) of Japan, was incubated in axenic Cramer-Myers (CM) medium with the following composition (mg/L): (NH4)2HPO4, 1000; KH2PO4, 1000; MgSO4·7H2O, 200; CaCl2·2H2O, 20; FeSO4·7H2O, 3; MnCl2·4H2O, 1.8; CoSO4·7H2O, 1.5; ZnSO4·7H2O, 0.4; Na2MoO4·2H2O, 0.2; CuSO4·5H2O, 0.02; Vitamin B12, 0.0005; Thiamine HCl, 0.1. Pure phytic acid extracted from rice bran was provided by Tsuno Rice Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd. For cultivation, 10 mL of algal cells during logarithmic growth stage were inoculated into 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks and stock solution of phytic acid was then added, with each flask finally containing 100 mL medium. The appropriate concentration range of phytic acid was determined according to the pH and the final concentrations were 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.05% and 0.2% (v/v). Euglena gracilis cells were cultured at 25°C and continuously illuminated under the light condition of 5000 lx by cool-white fluorescent lamps (12:12h light-dark cycle). During the culture, flasks were shaken evenly by hand twice a day to avoid cells from adhering to the bottom. In addition, the pH of the medium was measured weekly for four weeks using a pH meter (LAQUA-2103AL, Horiba, Japan).

2.2 Growth evaluation

Cell growth was primarily assessed by cell density and dry weight. Cells were counted periodically through a hemocytometer chamber (Thoma, Hirschmann, Germany) under the microscope during the growth process. At the end of the cultivation, cells were harvested by filtration and then washed three times to remove the reagents. After microalgal biomass deposited on the filter paper was dried in the oven at 120°C for 2 hours and the dry weight of the biomass was calculated by comparing the weight of the filter paper before and after drying.

2.3 Pigment determination

The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid content was estimated using Lichtenthaler’s method [17]. Algal cells in the stationary phase were filtered with glass fiber filters (Advantec Grade-GC50, pore size < 0.45μm) and the fresh algal biomass was crushed with glass sand and extracted using 80% acetone. When the photosynthetic pigments were totally dissolved in acetone, the samples were filtered again to remove glass sand and broken cells. The extract was then transferred into 10 mL volumetric flask. Specific content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid was determined using a spectrophotometer (UV-vis 1200, Shimadzu, Japan) with the absorption at 470 nm, 645 nm and 663 nm, respectively. The ratio of chlorophyll a to b was calculated as well.

2.4 Cell morphology

Cell morphology was observed and recorded by microscope (Model BA210a, Motic, Japan) and corresponding software (Motic Image Plus 2.2S). The length of more than 200 cells were measured using image-processing software (Image J) at the sixth hour of light and dark cycle respectively as the intensity of photosynthesis was supposed to be high in light condition and low in dark condition.

2.5 Phosphate comparison experiment

Comparison of phosphorus source between phytic acid and phytate was also supplemented. Optimal dosage of phytic acid treatment and the same amount of phosphate treatment were compared in this experiment, since the effect of phosphate on E. gracilis has been investigated thoroughly [18]. For phosphate treatment group, potassium dihydrogen phosphate was added to adjust phosphorus content equivalent to the phytic acid treatment group. Concentration of phytic acid and phosphate was 1.085 mM (0.05%; v/v) and 6.51 mM respectively, and the phosphorus content was both 6.51 mM. The pH of phosphate treatment group was adjusted to the same level as phytic acid treatment group by adding dilute hydrochloric acid, with other culture conditions unchanged and only the source of phosphorus different. Finally, the dry weight and total chlorophyll content were determined.

2.6 Statistical Analysis

All cultures were performed in triplicate. Data was processed using statistical software SPSS 17.0 and eventually expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The data was tested for normality and homogeneity of variances. Post-hoc analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Dunnett’s test were used to test for differences in the growth and metabolism parameters between the target algae cultures treated with different concentrations of phytic acid and the control with a significance level of p = 0.05.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results

3.1 Growth promotion of E. gracilis by phytic acid

Considerable growth promotion of E. gracilis by phytic acid was observed from the beginning of cultivation. Growth curve (A) and dry weight (B) of E. gracilis with various concentrations of phytic acid are shown in Figure 1. As seen from the growth curve, growth of E. gracilis was significantly promoted by phytic acid and the effect was concentration-dependent. The promotion effect was increased with phytic acid concentration and showed a maximum increase, 1.6-fold, at 0.05% (v/v). When the concentration increased to 0.2% (v/v) the promotion effect slowed but the cell density is still significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05).

Figure 1 Effect of phytic acid on growth the profile of E. gracilis. (A) Growth curve, (B) Dry weight of Biomass . Asterisks indicate the significant difference (p < 0.05) between the experimental and control groups.
Figure 1

Effect of phytic acid on growth the profile of E. gracilis. (A) Growth curve, (B) Dry weight of Biomass . Asterisks indicate the significant difference (p < 0.05) between the experimental and control groups.

The dry weight of biomass (B) was also assessed to confirm the significance and consistency with the growth curve. Dry weight of biomass increased with phytic acid concentration, from 0.34 ± 0.03 g/L of control group to 0.52 ± 0.04 g/L of 0.05% (v/v) group. However similar with the growth curve of cell density, the dry weight also decreased to 0.45 ± 0.04 g/L in 0.2% (v/v) phytic acid treatment group.

Change in initial pH by phytic acid treatment is shown in Table 1. In the control group, the initial pH was 6.9 which was optimal for cell growth [19]. CM medium contains a large amount of diammonium phosphate and potassium hypophosphite and has a wider buffer range for the pH. Therefore, the change in pH was not significant at lower concentration of phytic acid treatment. When phytic acid concentration was 0.05% (v/v) the pH decreased to 6.3, however, when the concentration was increased to 0.2% (v/v) the pH drastically decreased to 2.3. In addition, during the culture E. gracilis, the pH of the medium decreased slightly as well.

Table 1

Change in pH at different concentrations of phytic acid.

Phytic acid concentrationpH of the medium during the culture
(%; v/v)0 d7 d14 d21 d28 d
06.96.96.86.66.5
0.0016.86.86.66.56.5
0.016.66.66.36.26.2
0.056.36.26.16.05.9
0.22.32.52.42.42.3

3.2 Effect of phytic acid on photosynthetic pigment content of E. gracilis

As shown in Figure 2, phytic acid affected intracellular pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid) content, with an increase of chlorophyll a content on the dry basis notably observed, increasing from 2.35 ± 0.41% to 4.16 ± 0.23%, with a maximum at 0.05% (v/v), then decreasing to 3.72 ± 0.38% at 0.2% (v/v) phytic acid treatment. However, the change of chlorophyll b content

Figure 2 Effect of phytic acid on pigment content of E. gracilis . Asterisks indicate the significant difference (p < 0.05) between the experimental and control groups.
Figure 2

Effect of phytic acid on pigment content of E. gracilis . Asterisks indicate the significant difference (p < 0.05) between the experimental and control groups.

was not significant (p > 0.05) even though its trend was similar to chlorophyll a. As for carotenoid, its content remained almost the same at lower concentrations of phytic acid, but significantly increased at 0.2% (v/v). In addition, an increase of chlorophyll a over chlorophyll b ratio was observed by phytic acid, especially at concentrations of 0.05 (v/v) and 0.2% (v/v).

3.3 Cell length of E. gracilis increased by phytic acid

Euglena gracilis cell shape and median cell length were notably influenced by phytic acid compared to the control group. Cell length distribution at different concentrations of phytic acid treatment are illustrated in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Effect of phytic acid on cell length distribution . [Dark] and [Light] represents the dark and light period respectively. N represents the number of samples (cell volume). Md represents the median cell length.
Figure 3

Effect of phytic acid on cell length distribution . [Dark] and [Light] represents the dark and light period respectively. N represents the number of samples (cell volume). Md represents the median cell length.

At the sixth hour of light cycle, 81.82% of the cells in the control group were less than 29 μm in length and the median cell length was 22.11 μm. With the addition of phytic acid, cells longer than 29 μm increased, especially at 0.05% (v/v), its population increased from 18.18% to the highest amount of 41.82%, and median cell length also increased to 28.48 μm correspondingly.

The effect of phytic acid on cell length in the dark cycle was similar but less than that observed during the light cycle. Longer cells also appeared with the addition of phytic acid. In the control group, cell varied in length from 11 to 26 μm, while in phytic acid treatment groups it ranged from 11 to 38 μm. Median cell length was prolonged as well, increasing from 18.17 μm in the control group to 22.74 μm of 0.05% (v/v) for the phytic acid treatment group, while ratio of elongation was less than that of the light cycle.

3.4 Comparison of phytic acid with phosphate

In Figure 4, the effect of phytic acid and phosphate on the dry weight and total chlorophyll content of E. gracilis was determined as the promotion rate, considering the control group as 100%. A significant promotion effect by phytic acid (1.085 mM) to dry weight and total chlorophyll content of 48.65% and 67.25% respectively was obtained (p1 & p2 < 0.05), while there was no significant difference to the control group for the addition of phosphate (6.51 mM) even though the amount of phosphorus added were the same (6.51 mM).

Figure 4 Comparison of phytic acid and phosphate for their effect on the dry weight and total chlorophyll content of E. gracilis . Concentration of phytic acid and phosphate was 1.085 mM and 6.51 mM, respectively (phosphorus content was 6.51 mM). Asterisks indicate the significant difference (p < 0.05) between experimental and control groups.
Figure 4

Comparison of phytic acid and phosphate for their effect on the dry weight and total chlorophyll content of E. gracilis . Concentration of phytic acid and phosphate was 1.085 mM and 6.51 mM, respectively (phosphorus content was 6.51 mM). Asterisks indicate the significant difference (p < 0.05) between experimental and control groups.

4 Discussion

Significant growth stimulation of E. gracilis by phytic acid from rice bran was obtained in this research. The various indicators of growth we obtained are within a reasonable range and consistent with previously reported values [20]. The safety of phytic acid has been verified. In the acute toxicity test of mice the median lethal dose (LD50) of phytic acid was found to be up to 4220 mg/kg [14]. Hence the method to promote the growth of E. gracilis by simply adding phytic acid is very safe.

Phytic acid is a good source of phosphorus as one molecule of phytic acid contains six phosphorus atoms. However, enzymatic hydrolysis is necessary for the use of phosphorus in phytic acid. Similar growth promotion effect of phytic acid were observed for some plant, animal and microorganism which contains enzyme so called phytase. For instance, after the addition of phytic acid, the yeast yield increased from 45.1% to 71.7% with the assistance of phytase [21], and erythritol production in yeast was also enhanced greatly [22]. In another experiment, phytate was reported to serve as the sole phosphate source for growth of Tetrahymena, a heterotrophic protist in the marine system, and eventually A170 kDa phytase located in the cell membrane facing the exterior of the cell was proved to involve the absorption and utilization of phytate [23].

As shown in Figure 4, the same amount of phosphate was not significant, suggesting that the promotion of phytic acid was not simply attributed to the supply of a phosphorus source. It might also be related to the secondary metabolite of phytic acid. Phytase is a type of phosphatase enzyme that can eventually catalyze the hydrolysis of phytic acid into phosphate and inositol. The former is the main component of cell membranes and nucleic acid which can provide materials for cell division, while the latter has been corroborated as a growth-promotion and bioactive factor. Cho et al. [24] reported that supplementation in a Dunaliella salina culture medium with 0.05% myo-inositol led to approximately 1.4-fold increase in cell density, 1.48-fold increase in biomass yield and 1.34-fold increase in neutral lipids. If the catabolic pathway of phytic acid or related phytase was determined as well with E. gracilis, it could be of help to understand how phytic acid or its secondary metabolites (lower inositol and polyphosphates) stimulated growth of E. gracilis.

As for the increase of total chlorophyll content in phytic acid treatment group, chlorophyll a played a major role. On the basis of insignificant change of chlorophyll b, the content of chlorophyll a increased, which led to the ratio increase between chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, indicating the capacity of capturing and utilizing the light enhanced. Chlorophyll content usually depends on the nutrient content such like nitrogen, essential metal ions like iron, zinc and magnesium [25]. Here we inferred that the increase of chlorophyll content was mainly due to the increase of intracellular essential metal ions, as phytic acid has strong binding affinity to these divalent metal ions. In the high concentration of phytic acid treatment group, growth and chlorophyll content decreased, but carotenoid content increased. This could be the stress response due to pH decrease. Optimal pH for E. gracilis was reported neutral or weakly acidic [19,26], but pH declined to 2.3 at the concentration of 0.2% (v/v) phytic acid as shown in Table 1. Chlorophyll content usually decreased under severe circumstances, as its structure was unstable, while carotenoid content would increase to cope with stress [27].

We found that cell length during the light cycle was longer than that obtained during the dark cycle. Euglena gracilis cells could exhibit many shapes with different length in relation to the variation of culture conditions [28]. As reported that E. gracilis cells changed shapes periodically with the light-dark cycle and photosynthesis [29]. In the dark period when the photosynthetic capacity was low, cells were usually in spherical shape; while they stepped into light period, the cell length of the population would increase and reach the maximum at the sixth hour of the light period, which was in agreement with our observation. Cell length elongation was proportional to phytic acid concentration, and it was more obvious during light period than dark period. This may reflect the enhancement of photosynthesis capacity, since chlorophyll content increased as well. On the other hand, a larger population of longer and narrower cells also indicated more vitality of E. gracilis.

5 Conclusion

In summary, a significant promotion effect on growth of E. gracilis was achieved by simply adding phytic acid. Phytic acid concentration of 0.05% (v/v) showed a maximum biomass increase of 1.6-fold compared to the control group (p < 0.05), which was better than the effect of phosphate which contained equal amount of phosphorus (6.51 mM). In the future, with the large-scale application of phytic acid in the cultivation of E. gracilis, it will contribute to improving the economy of microalgae culture, and full utilization of agro wastes such as rice bran at the same time.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Tsuno Rice Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd. for providing the phytic acid extracted from rice bran.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-07-03
Accepted: 2018-10-26
Published Online: 2019-03-11

© 2019 Jiangyu Zhu, Dang Diem Hong, Minato Wakisaka, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
  50. Preparation of ternary ZnO/Ag/cellulose and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation property on phenol and benzene in VOCs
  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
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  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
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  56. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antiprotoscolices potential of ethanol extracts of selected plants species against Echinococcus granulosus: In-vitro study
  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
  58. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS
  59. Biodiesel Production by Lipids From Indonesian strain of Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris
  60. Miscibility studies of polystyrene/polyvinyl chloride blend in presence of organoclay
  61. Antibacterial Activities of Transition Metal complexes of Mesocyclic Amidine 1,4-diazacycloheptane (DACH)
  62. Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis and in vitro screening of their cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line
  63. Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys in Different pH Environments by SSRT Method
  64. Various Combinations of Flame Retardants for Poly (vinyl chloride)
  65. Phenolic compounds and biological activities of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains
  66. Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement
  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
  68. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction
  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
  70. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque
  71. A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  72. Conceptual DFT as a Novel Chemoinformatics Tool for Studying the Chemical Reactivity Properties of the Amatoxin Family of Fungal Peptides
  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
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  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
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  175. Erratum
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0006
Keywords for this article
phytic acid; Euglena gracilis; photosynthetic pigments; cell morphology
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

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  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
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  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
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  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
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  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
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  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
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  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
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  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
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  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
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  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
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  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
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  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
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  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
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  175. Erratum
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