Home Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
Article Open Access

Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model

  • Mert Ilhan , Esra Küpeli Akkol EMAIL logo , Hakkı Taştan , Fatma Tuğçe Gürağaç Dereli and Ibrahim Tümen
Published/Copyright: January 8, 2019
Download Article (PDF)
Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 17 Issue 1

Abstract

In Turkish folk medicine, the fruits of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia have been used to treat diarrhea and detoxify poisonous snake bites by enlarging the wound. The aim of the study was to confirm the ethnopharmacological usage of the plant using in vivo and in vitro models. Experimental colitis was performed under anesthesia by intrarectal administration of acetic acid in rats, and the extracts were administered orally. The colonic malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nitrite levels, in addition to the myeloperoxidase (MPO) and caspase-3 activities, were measured to determine the effects of the plant extracts. The methanol (MeOH) extract revealed a significant decrease in MPO and caspase-3 levels. The MeOH extract was found to have the highest total tannin content. It was also found to have significant antioxidant (p ˂ 0.01) and anti-inflammatory activities (p ˂ 0.05) in acetic acid induced colitis rat model . According to our results, the present study exhibited a decrease in MDA, nitrite, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in the colon tissue and blood in the MeOH extract treated group. The findings of this study can help in treating various disorders, such as Clostridium difficile infection, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel diseases.

Keywords: Caspase-3; colitis; myeloperoxidase; Pyrus elaeagnifolia; Rosaceae

1 Introduction

The Pyrus L. species (Rosaceae) is the most economically important species in the Old World, from Western Europe and North Africa to Asia. Some pear species are cultivated in Asia and Europe [1]. There are twenty Pyrus species in the worldwide. Nine species are growing in Turkey, namely, Pyrus boissieriana subsp. crenulata Browicz, P. hakkiarica Browicz, P. communis L., P. syriaca Boiss., P. amygdaliformis Vill., P. salicifolia Pall., P. anatolica Browicz, P. bulgarica Kuth. & Sachok., and P. elaeagnifolia Pall. [2]. One of the main centers of the wild pear (Pyrus elaeagnifolia) is Anatolia and the plant is called as “ahlat” or “çördük” in Turkish [3, 4]. Two additional subspecies are P. elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia and subsp. kotschyana. The fruits of the plant are one of the most highly consumed fresh or dried fruits in the world. The fruits of this species have splendid taste and aroma [5].

Various parts of Pyrus species are used in folk medicine worldwide. The flowers of P. communis L. have been used as a remedy for treating fever, pain, and spasm, whereas leaves and bark can be used in wound healing on account of their astringent action [6, 7]. In Turkish folk medicine, P. elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia is widely consumed as preservative and occasionally pickled and dried. The fruits have also been used primarily for treating diarrhea and detoxifying poisonous snake bites. The leaves are used against swelling and wild animal bites (wolf, jackal, snake, and so forth) pounded with garlic and yogurt, to drain out the poison by enlarging the wound externally [4, 8,9]. An infusion of the bark is used to treat intestinal ulcers, nausea and palpitations. A decoction is used for hemorrhoids, intestinal upsets and diarrhea and to hasten the onset of labor while a colic remedy is made from the root [10]. Various biological activities, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antispasmodic, antimicrobial, antibacterial, and wound healing, were also reported for Pyrus species [10, 11, 12, 13, 14].

Phytochemical studies have revealed that Pyrus species contains phenolic compounds, including β-arbutin [15], chlorogenic acid derivatives [10, 16], catechin derivatives [10, 16, 17, 18, 19], as well as flavonoids [11, 20] hydroxycinnamoylmalic acids and their methyl esters [21], flavonoids [17], caffeoyl triterpenes [22] and sterol glucosides [23].

The present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of P. elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia fruits in treating colitis.

2 Experimental

2.1 Plant Material

The fruits of P. elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia were collected from Kahramankazan, Ankara-Turkey in July, 2016. The voucher specimen of the plant was authenticated by Prof. Dr. Murat Ekici from Gazi University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Ankara) and specimen of the plant (GUEF3424) was deposited in the Herbarium of Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.

2.2 Extraction procedure for the bioassays

Shade-dried and powdered fruits (1000 g) of P. elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia were successively extracted with 1500 mL n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and MeOH at room temperature for 48 h. The extracts were filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure till dryness at 40°C. The yields of each extract were 7.5% for n-hexane (75 g), 9.2% for EtOAc (92 g), and 33.7% for MeOH (337 g).

2.3 Determination of total phenolic content of the extracts

Total phenolic contents of the extracts were calculated using the method of Spanos et al. [24].

2.4 Estimation of total tannin content

The total tannin content of the extracts of P. eleagnifolia subsp. eleagnifolia fruits was measured by Singleton and Rossi’s method [25].

2.5 Determination of total flavonoid content

The total flavonoid content of each plant extract was measured according to the method of Zhishen et al. [26].

2.6 Pharmacological experiments

2.6.1 Animals

Male Sprague–Dawley rats (weighing 200–250 g) purchased from Kobay Laboratory Experimental Animals were used in the experiments. The rats were held for at least 3 days under laboratory conditions, prior to beginning the experiment, to adapt them to the environment. During this adaptation period, the animals were fed standard pellet feed and water and housed at room temperature in a 12-h light/12-h dark cycle. Six rats were used in each group. The present study was performed according to the international rules of the animal experiments and biodiversity rights. All animals were hospitalized in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, and the experiment was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Kobay (Protocol number: 234).

2.6.2 Preparation of test samples for bioassay

For the activity test models, the samples were given orally to the rats after the extracts suspended with 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The control group rats received 0.5% CMC. Sulfasalazine (100 mg/kg) in 0.5% CMC was used as a reference drug.

2.6.3 Acetic acid-induced colitis and treatments

The effect of the test samples on colitis in rats was determined as described previously with some modifications. Thirty rats were used in acetic acid-induced colitis rat model and they were divided into five groups including control, n-hexane extract treated, EtOAc extract treated, and MeOH extract treated. From day 1 to day 3, the extracts were given to the rats at 100 mg/kg dose using oral gavage whereas the control group received 0.5% CMC. On day 4, all the rats received 2.0 mL acetic acid (3% v/v) via the intracolonic route 2 h after administration of the extracts. After anesthetizing the rats, a polyethylene catheter was inserted 8 cm proximal to the anus. The rats were kept in the same position for a few minutes and washed with saline. On day 6, extracts were applied to the all groups. On day 7, all the rats were sacrificed. The 7-cm distal colon was removed, opened longitudinally, cleaned of fecal content using normal saline, and examined for the presence of ulcers. The proximal part of colon (6-7 cm) was removed for biochemical estimation such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), MPO, and caspase-3, and the colon part were kept in physiological buffer pH 7.4 until the samples were homogenized. A small part of the proximal colon was taken and stored in 10% formalin for histological studies [27].

The tissue homogenization was done in an ice container at a concentration of 10% (w/v) in 11.5 g/L solution of potassium chloride using a homogenizer, and the homogenized samples were centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 15 min at 4°C. The supernatant part was taken by micropipette and separated into aliquots for biochemical estimations [27].

2.6.4 Determination of plasma lipid peroxidation level in blood

The methodology described by Kurtel et al. (1992) [28] was used. Briefly, 1 mL plasma was mixed with 2.0 mL trichloroacetic acid (TCA; 15% w/v)–thiobarbituric acid (TBA; 0.375%)–0.25N HCl thoroughly and centrifuged at 10,000g for 5 min. The supernatant was mixed with 20 mL butylhydroxytoluene (BHT; 0.02% in 95% EtOH, w/v) to prevent further oxidation and heated for 15 min in a boiling water bath. After cooling under running water, the flocculent precipitate was removed by centrifugation at 10,000g for 5 min. The absorbance of the sample was measured at 532 nm against blank that contained all the reagents except plasma. 1,1,3,3-Tetraethoxypropan was used as a standard for the curve calibration.

2.6.5 Determination of lipid peroxidation in liver tissue

The method of Ohkawa et al. (1979) [29] was used to determine lipid peroxidation in tissue samples. The rats were sacrificed using an overdose of diethyl ether. The colonic tissue of each rat was immediately excised, chilled in ice-cold 0.9% NaCl, then perfused via the portal vein with ice-cold 0.9% NaCl. After washing with 0.9% NaCl, 1.0 g of wet tissue was weighed exactly and homogenized in 9 mL of 0.25M sucrose using a Teflon homogenizer to obtain a 10% suspension. The cytosolic fraction was obtained by a two-step centrifugation first at 1000g for 10 min and then at 2000g for 30 min at 4oC. A volume of the homogenate (0.20 mL) was transferred to a vial and mixed with 0.2 mL of an 8.1% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate solution, 1.50 mL of a 20% acetic acid solution (adjusted to pH 3.5 with NaOH), and 1.50 mL of a 0.8% (w/v) solution of TBA. The final volume was adjusted to 4.0 mL with distilled water. Each vial was tightly capped and heated in boiling water bath for 60 min. The vials were then cooled under running water.

Equal volumes of tissue blank or test sample and 10% TCA were transferred to a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 1000g for 10 min. The absorbance of the supernatant fraction was measured at 532 nm in Versamax microplate reader. The control experiment was performed using the same experimental procedure, except that the TBA solution was replaced with distilled water due to the peroxidative effect of acetic acid on the tissue.

2.6.6 Assay of colonic MPO

MPO is an enzyme presented in the intracellular granules of neutrophils. The estimation of MPO was performed using a 96-well plate, and the absorbances were measured on a microplate reader (Versamax microplate reader) at 490 nm. MPO activity was evaluated according to Kondamudi et al. [27].

2.6.7 NO measurements

One hundred microliter of the serum and colonic tissue homogenates were taken, and 100 μL of Griess reagent was mixed with the samples. The absorbances were measured at 540 nm using sperctrophotometer (Beckmann Dual Spectrometer). The concentrations were calculated with the standard plot using sulfanilamide as the standard [30].

2.6.8 TNF-α and IL-6 measurements

The serum and tissue levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (eBioscience, Austria) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

2.6.9 Caspase-3 measurement

The enzymatic activities of caspase-3 in the tissue samples were measured using the method of Jonges et al. [31].

2.7 Techniques for histopathological investigation

All colonic tissues from the all groups were fixed in 10% formaldehyde. The tissues were processed using a Thermo Scientific Excelsior. All tissues were embedded in paraffin blocks prepared using the Histocentre 2. The Leica RM2255 microtome was used to generate 3.5-μm sections with a marine glass. All sections were stained with hematoxylin–eosin (HE) in the Shandon Varistan machine and examined under a light microscope [27].

3 Results and Discussion

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a disorder involving both autoimmune and immune-mediated disorders [32]. In ulcerative colitis (UC), an autoantigen named human tropomyosin isolated form 5 (hTM5) is vital in activating humoral and cell-mediated responses [33]. Many plants have been used in folk medicine for treating intestinal disorders worldwide. Previous studies have reported that P. elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia fruits are also used primarily for treating diarrhea and detoxifying poisonous snake bites by the people in the rural areas [4, 8].

MPO activity is a quantitative measure of disease severity and a method of evaluating drug action in animal models of intestinal inflammation [34]. MPO is an enzyme found within the granules of neutrophils. It had been demonstrated that these levels reflect the state of inflammation in the mucosa of the intestine. In the present study, MPO activity in the inflamed colon was detected. A significant decrease in the levels of MPO was observed in the MeOH and reference groups compared with the control group (Figure 1). The treatment of the MeOH extract reduced MPO concentration from 220 to 52 (p < 0.001) μg/mg of tissue. The MeOH extract could cause a decrease in MPO activity, which could be considered as a result of the anti-inflammatory activities of the samples in the acetic acid model. In the present study, the control group showed a significant increase in the lipid peroxides, which shows oxidative stress. A significant decrease in the serum levels of MDA, nitrite, TNF-α, and IL-6 was noted in the MeOH and reference groups compared with the control group. The MeOH extract reduced serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels from 9.0 ± 1.8 to 6.1 ± 1.6 (p < 0.01), from 41.1 ± 21.0 to 30.1 ± 12.1 pg/mL (p < 0.05), respectively. On the other hand, serum nitrite level was increased from 1.6 ± 0.2 to 1.8 ± 0.1 μg (p < 0.05) whereas the serum MDA level was decreased from 8.9 ± 3.4 to 4.1 ± 1.1 nmol/mL plasma (p < 0.01) with the treatment of the MeOH extract (Table 1). The MeOH extract reduced colonic TNF-α and IL-6 levels from 261.3 ± 29.2 to 132.6 ± 11.9 (p < 0.01), from 203.1 ± 18.9 to 120.4 ± 13.6 pg/mg (p < 0.01), respectively. On the other hand, colonic nitrite and MDA levels was decreased from 0.9 ± 0.3 to 0.5 ± 0.1 ng/μg (p < 0.05), from 304.1 ± 21.4 to 181.6 ± 11.5 nmol/g (p < 0.01) with the treatment of the MeOH extract (Table 2). The MeOH extract could combat oxidative stress by decrasing the colonic tissue contents of lipid peroxides.

Figure 1 Effect of test samples of MPO in tissue homogenate.
Figure 1

Effect of test samples of MPO in tissue homogenate.

Table 1

Serum TNF-α, IL-6, NO and MDA levels in treated groups.

GroupsTNF-αIL-6NitriteMDA
(pg/mL)(pg/mL)(mg)(nmol/mL plasma)
Control9.0 ± 1.841.1 ± 21.01.6 ± 0.28.9 ± 3.4
n-Hexane extract8.9 ± 1.740.2 ± 17.81.5 ± 0.26.8 ± 2.9
EtOAc extract7.9 ± 1.544.9 ± 19.21.7 ± 0.15.7 ± 1.5
MeOH extract6.1 ± 1.6**30.1 ± 12.1*1.8 ± 0.1*4.1 ± 1.1**
Sulfasalazine5.7 ± 0.8***21.7 ± 9.4**1.9 ± 0.0*4.0 ± 1.2***

  1. * : p < 0.05; ** : p < 0.01; *** : p < 0.001; S.E.M.: Standard Error of Mean

Table 2

Colonic tissue TNF-α, IL-6, NO and MDA levels in treated groups.

GroupsTNF-αIL-6Nitrite (ng/mg)MDA
(pg/mg)(pg/mg)(nmol/g)
Control261.3 ± 29.2203.1 ± 18.90.9 ± 0.3304.1 ± 21.4
n-Hexane extract258.2 ± 27.5197.4 ± 19.40.8 ± 0.1291.7 ± 29.8
EtOAc extract251.4 ± 25.3192.5 ± 17.10.9 ± 0.1205.9 ± 20.1
MeOH extract132.6 ± 11.9**120.4 ± 13.6**0.5 ± 0.1*181.6 ± 11.5**
Sulfasalazine110.2 ± 9.8***100.1 ± 10.1**0.4 ± 0.0**160.8 ± 10.4***

  1. * : p < 0.05; ** : p < 0.01; *** : p < 0.001; S.E.M.: Standard Error of Mean

The caspase-3 level in the tissue homogenate decreased in the MeOH and reference groups (Figure 2). The treatment of the MeOH extract reduced caspase-3 level from 34 to 18 pmolAMC/min/mg protein (p < 0.001).

Figure 2 Effect of test samples of Caspase-3 in tissue homogenate.
Figure 2

Effect of test samples of Caspase-3 in tissue homogenate.

In addition to those parameters, total phenol content, total flavonoid content and total tannin content of the extracts were measured. Among the extracts, the MeOH extract had the highest total phenol content, total flavonoid content and total tannin content with the value of 53.80 mg of GA/g of extract, 58.64 mg of RU/g of extract, 35.77 mg TA/g of extract, respectively (Table 3).

Table 3

Total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents of the extracts.

ExtractsTotal Phenol ContentTotal Flavonoid ContentTotal Tannin Content
(mg of GA/g of extract)(mg of RU/g of extract)(mg TA/g of extract)
n-Hexane extract22.69 ± 0.5614.52 ± 0.414.13 ± 0.35
EtOAc extract31.92 ± 0.7447.31 ± 0.6711.78 ± 0.28
MeOH extract53.80 ± 0.9358.64 ± 0.2435.77 ± 0.14

  1. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM of three replicates

The colon of the reference group showed no any histopathological alterations in mucosa, submucosa, and musculosa (Figure 3A) The disturbed architecture of colonic mucosal glands, multiple mucosal erosions such as villus flattening, invasion of some inflammatory cells in lamina propria, and some damaging crypts and goblet cells in submucosa were observed in the control group (Figure 3B) The MeOH extract group also exhibited some histopathological alterations, such as villus flattening. It revealed that the mucosal crypts showed good cellularity of moderate length compared with the control sections. In addition, the regenerating surface columnar cells were observed covering the luminal surface of the mucosa related to mild cellular infiltration in the connective tissue of the lamina propria and submucosa. Moreover, some additional alterations, such as more connective tissue cells (fibroblasts and normal intestinal gland in lamina propria), were observed in this group, too (Figure 3C) The EtOAc extract–treated group also had some histopathological alterations, such as cylindric epithelium degeneration, dilated blood vessels, and separation of the epithelium. Some other alterations such as regular lamina propria and new villus formation for intestinal absorption were also observed (Figure 3D) The n-hexane extract–treated group also had some histopathological alterations, such as villus degeneration, and mononuclear cell infiltration in lamina propria. On the contrary, the colon subgroup showed no more increased collagen fibers in the lamina propria and submucosa and regeneration of the crypts in submucosa compared with the control group (Figure 3E) Therefore, it was concluded that the MeOH extract displayed a comparable activity with the other extracts and also protected the mucosa from the harmful effects of acetic acid. The present study demonstrated that acetic acid–induced colitis was associated with a significant increase in the level of MPO.

Figure 3 The histopathological views of all groups. (A) Reference group: No any histopthological alterations in mucosa, submucosa and musculosa M: mucosa, S: submucosa, MS: musculosa. Original magnification was 4x and the scale bars represent 200μm, HE; (B) Control group: Some generation in control group. C: invasion some inflammatory cells, D: damaging crypts, V: villus flattening. Original magnification was 4x and the scale bars represent 200μm, HE; (C) MeOH extract treated group: CT: more conenctive tissue cells (fibroblast) DG: a little degeneration of the crypts . Original magnification was 10x and the scale bars represent 200μm, HE; (D) EtOAc extract-treated group: E: cylindric epithelium degenaration, BV: dilated blood vessels, SE: seperation of the epithelium . Original magnification was 4x and the scale bars represent 200μm, HE; (E)n-hexane extract-treated group: V: villius degeneration, C: collagen fibril degeneration, BV: dilated blood vessels . Original magnification was 4x and the scale bars represent 200μm, HE.
Figure 3

The histopathological views of all groups. (A) Reference group: No any histopthological alterations in mucosa, submucosa and musculosa M: mucosa, S: submucosa, MS: musculosa. Original magnification was 4x and the scale bars represent 200μm, HE; (B) Control group: Some generation in control group. C: invasion some inflammatory cells, D: damaging crypts, V: villus flattening. Original magnification was 4x and the scale bars represent 200μm, HE; (C) MeOH extract treated group: CT: more conenctive tissue cells (fibroblast) DG: a little degeneration of the crypts . Original magnification was 10x and the scale bars represent 200μm, HE; (D) EtOAc extract-treated group: E: cylindric epithelium degenaration, BV: dilated blood vessels, SE: seperation of the epithelium . Original magnification was 4x and the scale bars represent 200μm, HE; (E)n-hexane extract-treated group: V: villius degeneration, C: collagen fibril degeneration, BV: dilated blood vessels . Original magnification was 4x and the scale bars represent 200μm, HE.

In IBD, oxidative stress mediates disease progression by disrupting epithelial cell integrity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are crucial in the pathogenesis of UC. Moreover, the overproduction of ROS can overwhelm the protective antioxidant mechanisms resulting in oxidative damage to the cells [35]. The results of the previous study in the form of degeneration and ulcer formation were similar to those reported earlier in animal models of colitis, which focused predominantly on excess ROS and proinflammatory mediators capable of causing extensive oxidative damage to cellular structures and neutrophil infiltration [36, 37]. The colon is more responsive to oxidative damage due to low number of antioxidants in the mucosa. The accumulation of ROS could give rise to damage to specific genes by changing in antioxidant enzyme levels. In UC, oxidative stress exists with increased ROS levels and decreased antioxidant levels in the mucosa. This could lead to severe damage to macromolecules, ultimately contributing to morphological and functional damage in the cell [38, 39, 40, 41].

In addition to the increasing number of incidents with oxidative damage and inflammatory processes, enhanced programmed cell death in IBD has also been exhibited in the literature [42, 43, 44]. Apoptosis was described as programmed cell death. Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell suicide because of irremediable tissue damage. Inflammatory event is related to cytokines, free oxygen radicals whereas programmed cell death is not related to cytokines, free oxygen radicals, or eicosanoid release. Excessive or inadequate apoptosis response during the inflammatory process leads to different pathological events. Although many enzymatic structures are appointed, the most important activators of apoptosis that promote DNA damage are enzymes influencing caspase-3 activity on programmed cell death. In the present study, administration of the MeOH extract for acetic acid–induced colitis in rats was associated with a significant decrease in the mean value of caspase-3 in the colon compared with the control group. In the present study, a significant increase in colonic caspase-3 activity was observed in the control group. Caspase-3, which is known to be expressed in enterocytes, has been also demonstrated to be increased in animal models of induced colitis [45, 46].

It is generally agreed that the initiation and pathogenesis of UC are multifactorial, involving interactions among environmental, genetic, microbial, and immune factors. These factors are all involved and functionally integrated into the development of the chronic intestinal inflammatory reaction that characterizes UC [47, 48].

Regarding the microbial flora, it is widely accepted that the intestinal flora has a central role in the pathogenesis of UC. It was suggested that loss of tolerance to the gut commensal flora in cases of UC might lead to a state of chronic intestinal inflammation [49, 50, 51]. Finally, the role of immune system in triggering and maintaining the inflammatory response in UC is of paramount importance. The immunity is mediated by different cell types, including neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. A growing body of evidence shows that the behavior of these cells and the expression and function of their recognition receptors are altered in UC [52].

Certain pathophysiological features of human UC and CD are weight loss and diarrhea accompanied by blood and/or mucus, fever, shortened colon, crypt abnormalities, gastric dysmotility, and infiltration of inflammatory cells [53]. Most reports on animal models of colitis focused predominantly on the proinflammatory mediators that might initiate the inflammatory process. The present study included biochemical estimation of MPO and caspase-3 levels in colonic tissues and histological examination of sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin and AB/PAS for goblet cell mucus and Trichrome stain for collagen fibers as indicators of fibrosis.

Intestinal inflammation increases the formation of harmful ROS and decreases the antioxidant defense system, thus this condition triggers oxidative stress. The colon is more vulnerable to oxidative stress than other organs due to its low antioxidant protection system [52]. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids are recognized as responsible compounds for the antioxidant activity of plant extracts. Plants belonging to the genus Pyrus often contain hydroquinone and its derivatives, such as arbutin, which has high antibacterial activity. Sroka et al. [54] reported that the EtOAc extract from the leaves of P. communis and P. elaeagnifolia had antiradical and antibacterial activities. In addition, hydroquinone in extracts from these plants showed antibacterial activity for almost all investigated bacterial strains. It was found to have good protective effects evidenced by suppression of acetic acid-induced oxidative stress in the colon of rats and attenuation of the morphological changes caused by acetic acid. The positive effects of P. elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia could be explained by many mechanisms. It might be due to its free radical scavenging, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial effects [55].

Natural bioactive compounds such as phenols and flavonoids are the important secondary metabolites in plants having intrinsic properties that affect the appearance, taste, odor, and oxidative stability of plant-based foods. These compounds possess biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-aging, and anti-carcinogenic. They also protect from cardiovascular diseases, immune/autoimmune diseases, and brain dysfunctions [56, 57]. phenolic compounds from plants especially are able to scavenge free radicals (superoxide and hydroxyl radicals). Hence, they enhance immunity and antioxidant defense of the body [58]. Dietary supplementation of these compounds reduces the oxidative damage to cell membrane lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids due to their strong ability to quench free radicals [59]. Tannins are generally defined as naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds of high molecular weight that form complexes with the proteins [60]. Various proanthocyanidins, such as epicatechin gallate, procyanidin B2, cinnamtannins B1, and aesculitannin A have been isolated from the fruit peels of Pyrus species [61, 62, 63, 64, 65]. It has been reported that proanthocyanidins various biological effects include antioxidative, antimicrobial, antiallergic, anticancer, antidiarrheic, and antiobesity activities. Clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of tannins in the treatment of acute diarrhea, the anti diarrheal effects of tannin albuminate in a patient with Crohn’s disease [66, 67, 68]. Proanthocyanidin SP-303 (from sangre de drago of Croton lechleri) is a potent inhibitor of cholera toxin induced fluid accumulation and chlorid secretion [69]. As a result, it was concluded that procyanidin compounds in P. elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia were responsible from treating colitis.

4 Conclusion

The present study showed that the MeOH extract of P. elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia had antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in a rat model of colitis. The highest total phenolic, tannin, and flavonoid contents were determined in the main active extract, which was the MeOH extract of P. elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia. The findings of this study can help in treating various disorders, such as Clostridium difficile infection, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel diseases. In further studies, bioassay guided fractionation and isolation technique will be conducted to determine the compounds responsible for the relevant activity.

  1. Conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

  2. Authors’ Contributions

    MI: In vivo studies, manuscript writing

    EKA: In vivo studies, study design, manuscript writing

    HT: In vitro studies, histopathological analysis

    FTGD: In vivo studies

    IT: In vivo studies, study design, manuscript writing

References

[1] Khare C.P., Indian Medicinal Plants an Illustrated Dictionary, Springer Science Business Media LLC, New York, 2007.10.1007/978-0-387-70638-2Search in Google Scholar

[2] Browicz K., Pyrus L., In: Davis P.H. (Ed.), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, 1972.Search in Google Scholar

[3] Ercisli S., A short review of the fruit germplasm resources of Turkey, Genet. Resour. Crop. Ev., 2004, 51(4), 419-435.10.1023/B:GRES.0000023458.60138.79Search in Google Scholar

[4] Fujita T., Sezik E., Tabata M., Yeşilada E., Honda G., Takeda Y., Traditional medicine in Turkey VII. Folk Medicine in Middle and West Black Sea Regions, Econ. Bot., 1995, 49(4), 406-422.10.1007/BF02863092Search in Google Scholar

[5] Buttner R., Pyrus In: Hanelt P. (Ed.), Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Researches (Ed) Mansfelds Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops, Springer, Germany, 2001.Search in Google Scholar

[6] Nadkarni K.M., and Nadkarni A.K., Indian Materia Medica, 3rd ed., Mumbai, India, 2005.Search in Google Scholar

[7] Rychlinska I., and Gudej J., Flavonoid compounds from Pyrus communis L. flowers, Acta Pol. Pharm., 2002, 59(1), 53-56.Search in Google Scholar

[8] Honda G., Yesilada E., Tabata M., Sezik E., Fujita T., Takeda Y., Takaishi Y., Tanaka T., Traditional medicine in Turkey. VI. folk medicine in West Anatolia: Afyon, Kütahya, Denizli, Muğla, Aydin provinces, J. Ethnopharmacol., 1996, 53, 75-87.10.1016/S0378-8741(96)01426-2Search in Google Scholar

[9] Rivas N.J., and Whitaker J.R., Purification and some properties of two polyphenol oxidases from bartlett pears, Plant Physiol., 1973, 52, 501-507.10.1104/pp.52.5.501Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[10] Yerliturk F.U., Arslan O., Sinan S., Gencer N., Ozensoy O., Characterization of polyphenoloxidase from wild pear Pyrus elaegrifolia J. Food Biochem., 2008, 32(3), 368-383.10.1111/j.1745-4514.2008.00174.xSearch in Google Scholar

[11] Siddiq M., and Cash J.N., Physico-chemical properties of polyphenol oxidase from d’anjou and bartlett pears Pyrus communis L.), J. Food Process. Preserv., 2000, 24, 353-364.10.1111/j.1745-4549.2000.tb00424.xSearch in Google Scholar

[12] Can Z., Dincer B., Sahin H., Baltas N., Yildiz O., Kolayli S., Polyphenol oxidase activity and antioxidant properties of Yomra apple Malus communis L.) from Turkey, J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem., 2014, 29(6), 829-835.10.3109/14756366.2013.858144Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[13] Navarro J.L., Tarrega A., Sentandreu M.A., Sentandreu E., Partial purification and characterization of polyphenol oxidase from persimmon, Food Chem., 2014, 157, 283-289.10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.063Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[14] Terefe N.S., Yang Y.H., Knoerzer K., Buckow R., Versteeg C., High pressure and thermal inactivation kinetics of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase in strawberry puree, Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol., 2010, 11(1), 52-60.10.1016/j.ifset.2009.08.009Search in Google Scholar

[15] Aydin B., Gulcin I., Alwasel S.H., Purification and characterization of polyphenol oxidase from hemşin apple Malus communis L.), Int. J. Food Prop., 2015, 18, 2735-2745.10.1080/10942912.2015.1012725Search in Google Scholar

[16] Guo L., Ma Y., Shi J., Xue S., The purification and characterisation of polyphenol oxidase from green bean Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Food Chem., 2009, 117(1), 143-151.10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.03.088Search in Google Scholar

[17] Kim S.C., Newcomb C., Margolis D., Roy J., Hennessy S., Severe cutaneous reactions requiring hospitalization in allopurinol initiators: A population-based cohort study, Arthritis Care Res. (Hoboken), 2013, 65(4), 578-584.10.1002/acr.21817Search in Google Scholar

[18] Nishimura M., Fukuda C., Murata M., Homma S., Cloning and some properties of Japanese pear Pyrus pyrifolia) polyphenol oxidase, and changes in browning potential during fruit maturation, J. Sci. Food Agric., 2003, 83(11), 1156-1162.10.1002/jsfa.1518Search in Google Scholar

[19] Ziyan E., and Pekyardimci U., Purification and characterization of pear Pyrus communis) polyphenol oxidase, Turk. J. Chem., 2004, 28(5), 547-557.Search in Google Scholar

[20] Dincer B., Colak A., Aydin N., Kadioglu A., Guner S., Characterization of polyphenoloxidase from medlar fruits Mespilus germanica L., Rosaceae), Food Chem., 2002, 77(1), 1-7.10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00359-4Search in Google Scholar

[21] Kostic D.A., Dimitrijevic D.S., Stojanovic G.S., Palic I.R., Dordevic A.S., Ickovski J.D., Xanthine oxidase: Isolation, assays of activity, and inhibition, J. Chem., 2015, 2015,10.1155/2015/294858Search in Google Scholar

[22] Sahu J.K., Ganguly S., Kaushik A., Triazoles: A valuable insight into recent developments and biological activities, Chin. J. Nat. Medicines, 2013, 11(5), 456-465.10.1016/S1875-5364(13)60084-9Search in Google Scholar

[23] Liu L., Cao S., Yang H., Qi X., Pectin plays an important role on the kinetics properties of polyphenol oxidase from honeydew peach, Food Chem., 2015, 168, 14-20.10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.064Search in Google Scholar

[24] Spanos G.A., Wrolstad R.E., Heatherbell D.A., Influence of Processing and Storage on the Phenolic Composition of Apple Juice, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1990, 38(7), 1572-1579.10.1021/jf00097a031Search in Google Scholar

[25] Singleton V.L., and Rossi J.A., Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents, Am. J. Enol. Viticult., 1965, 16, 144-158.Search in Google Scholar

[26] Zhishen J., Mengcheng T., Jianming W., The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals, Food Chem., 1999, 64(4), 555-559.10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2Search in Google Scholar

[27] Kondamudi P.K., Kovelamudi H., Mathew G., Nayak P.G., Rao M.C., Shenoy R.R., Investigation of sesamol on myeloperoxidase and colon morphology in acetic acid-induced inflammatory bowel disorder in albino rats, Sci. World J., 2014, 2014, 802701.10.1155/2014/802701Search in Google Scholar

[28] Kurtel H., Granger D.N., Tso P., Grisham M.B., Vulnerability of intestinal interstitial fluid to oxidant stress, Am. J. Physiol., 1992, 263(4 Pt 1), 573-578.10.1152/ajpgi.1992.263.4.G573Search in Google Scholar

[29] Ohkawa H., Ohishi N., Yagi K., Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction, Anal. Biochem., 1979, 95(2), 351-358.10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3Search in Google Scholar

[30] McCafferty D.M., Peroxynitrite and inflammatory bowel disease, Gut, 2000, 46(3), 436-439.10.1136/gut.46.3.436Search in Google Scholar

[31] Jonges L.E., Nagelkerke J.F., Ensink N.G., van der Velde E.A., Tollenaar R.A.E.M., Fleuren G.J., van de Velde C.J.H., Morreau H., Kuppen P.J.K., Caspase-3 activity as a prognostic factor in colorectal carcinoma, Lab. Invest., 2001, 81(5), 681-688.10.1038/labinvest.3780277Search in Google Scholar

[32] Wen Z., and Fiocchi C., Inflammatory bowel disease: autoimmune or immune-mediated pathogenesis?, Clin. Dev. Immunol., 2004, 11(3-4), 195-204.10.1080/17402520400004201Search in Google Scholar

[33] Das K.M., and Biancone L., Is IBD an autoimmune disorder?, Inflamm. Bowel Dis., 2008, 14(2), 97-101.10.1002/ibd.20723Search in Google Scholar

[34] Krawisz J.E., Sharon P., Stenson W.F., Quantitative assay for acute intestinal inflammation based on myeloperoxidase activity. Assessment of inflammation in rat and hamster models, Gastroenterology, 1984, 87(6), 1344-1350.10.1016/0016-5085(84)90202-6Search in Google Scholar

[35] Grisham M.B., Pavlick K.P., Laroux F.S., Hoffman J., Bharwani S., Wolf R.E., Nitric oxide and chronic gut inflammation: controversies in inflammatory bowel disease, J. Investig. Med., 2002, 50(4), 272-283.10.2310/6650.2002.33281Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[36] Pravda J., Radical induction theory of ulcerative colitis, World J. Gastroenterol., 2005, 11(16), 2371-2384.10.3748/wjg.v11.i16.2371Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[37] Rana S.V., Sharma S., Prasad K.K., Sinha S.K., Singh K., Role of oxidative stress & antioxidant defence in ulcerative colitis patients from north India, Indian J. Med. Res., 2014, 139(4), 568-571.Search in Google Scholar

[38] Caprilli R., Cesarini M., Angelucci E., Frieri G., The long journey of salicylates in ulcerative colitis: The past and the future, J. Crohns Colitis, 2009, 3(3), 149-156.10.1016/j.crohns.2009.05.001Search in Google Scholar

[39] Ferguson L.R., Chronic inflammation and mutagenesis, Mutat. Res., 2010, 690(1-2), 3-11.10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.03.007Search in Google Scholar

[40] Kanodia L., Borgohain M., Das S., Effect of fruit extract of Fragaria vesca L. on experimentally induced inflammatory bowel disease in albino rats, Indian J. Pharmacol., 2011, 43(1), 18-21.10.4103/0253-7613.75660Search in Google Scholar

[41] Loft S., and Poulsen H.E., Markers of oxidative damage to DNA: Antioxidants and molecular damage, Methods Enzymol., 1999, 300, 166-184.10.1016/S0076-6879(99)00124-XSearch in Google Scholar

[42] Booth E.A., and Lucchesi B.R., Medroxyprogesterone acetate prevents the cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of 17beta-estradiol in an in vivo model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2007, 293(3), 1408-1415.10.1152/ajpheart.00993.2006Search in Google Scholar

[43] Millar A.D., Rampton D.S., Chander C.L., Claxson A.W.D., Blades S., Coumbe A., Panetta J., Morris C.J., Blake D.R., Evaluating the antioxidant potential of new treatments for inflammatory bowel disease using a rat model of colitis, Gut, 1996, 39(3), 407-415.10.1136/gut.39.3.407Search in Google Scholar

[44] Yamamoto M., Yoshizaki K., Kishimoto T., Ito H., IL-6 is required for the development of Th1 cell-mediated murine colitis, J. Immunol., 2000, 164(9), 4878-4882.10.4049/jimmunol.164.9.4878Search in Google Scholar

[45] Grossmann J., Mohr S., Lapentina E.G., Fiocchi C., Levine A.D., Sequential and rapid activation of select caspases during apoptosis of normal intestinal epithelial cells, Am. J. Physiol., 1998, 274(6 Pt 1), 1117-1124.10.1152/ajpgi.1998.274.6.G1117Search in Google Scholar

[46] Rajilic-Stojanovic M., Shanahan F., Guarner F., de Vos W.M., Phylogenetic analysis of dysbiosis in ulcerative colitis during remission, Inflamm. Bowel Dis., 2013, 19(3), 481-488.10.1097/MIB.0b013e31827fec6dSearch in Google Scholar

[47] Fiocchi C., Inflammatory bowel disease: etiology and pathogenesis, Gastroenterology, 1998, 115(1), 182-205.10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70381-6Search in Google Scholar

[48] Scaldaferri F., and Fiocchi C., Inflammatory bowel disease: progress and current concepts of etiopathogenesis, J. Dig. Dis., 2007, 8(4), 171-178.10.1111/j.1751-2980.2007.00310.xSearch in Google Scholar

[49] Hooper L.V., and Gordon J.I., Commensal host-bacterial relationships in the gut, Science, 2001, 292(5519), 1115-1118.10.1126/science.1058709Search in Google Scholar

[50] Maloy K.J., and Powrie F., Intestinal homeostasis and its breakdown in inflammatory bowel disease, Nature, 2011, 474(7351), 298-306.10.1038/nature10208Search in Google Scholar

[51] Swidsinski A., Ladhoff A., Pernthaler A., Swidsinski S., Loening-Baucke V., Ortner M., Weber J., Hoffmann U., Schreiber S., Dietel M., Lochs H., Mucosal flora in inflammatory bowel disease, Gastroenterology, 2002, 122(1), 44-54.10.1053/gast.2002.30294Search in Google Scholar

[52] Man A.L., Prieto-Garcia M.E., Nicoletti C., Improving M cell mediated transport across mucosal barriers: do certain bacteria hold the keys?, Immunology, 2004, 113(1), 15-22.10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01964.xSearch in Google Scholar

[53] Venkataranganna M.V., Rafiq M., Gopumadhavan S., Peer G., Babu U.V., Mitra S.K., NCB-02 (standardized Curcumin preparation) protects dinitrochlorobenzene-induced colitis through down-regulation of NFκ-B and iNOS, World J. Gastroenterol., 2007, 13(7), 1103-1107.10.3748/wjg.v13.i7.1103Search in Google Scholar

[54] Sroka Z., Zbikowska B., Janicki K., Franiczek R., Krzyzanowska B., Drys A., Antimicrobial and antiradical activity of extracts obtained from leaves of three species of the genus Pyrus Microb. Drug Resist., 2014, 20(4), 337-343.10.1089/mdr.2013.0155Search in Google Scholar

[55] Jin S., and Sato N., Benzoquinone, the substance essential for antibacterial activity in aqueous extracts from succulent young shoots of the pear Pyrus spp, Phytochemistry, 2003, 62(1), 101107.10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00444-2Search in Google Scholar

[56] Lai H., and Singh N.P., Oral artemisinin prevents and delays the development of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer in the rat, Cancer Lett., 2006, 231(1), 43-48.10.1016/j.canlet.2005.01.019Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[57] Sun J., Chu Y.F., Wu X.Z., Liu R.H., Antioxidant and anti proliferative activities of common fruits, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2002, 50(25), 7449-7454.10.1021/jf0207530Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[58] Atoui A.K., Mansouri A., Boskou G., Kefalas P., Tea and herbal infusions: Their antioxidant activity and phenolic profile, Food Chem., 2005, 89(1), 27-36.10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.01.075Search in Google Scholar

[59] Verma P.K., Raina R., Singh S.P., Sultana M., Oxidative stress: Pharmacology of Vitamin E, J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther., 2011, 10(1-2), 1-7.Search in Google Scholar

[60] Mau J.L., Lin H.C., Chen C.C., Antioxidant properties of several medicinal mushrooms, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2002, 50(21), 6072-6077.10.1021/jf0201273Search in Google Scholar

[61] Challice J.S., and Westwood M.N., Phenolic compounds of the genus Pyrus Phytochemistry, 1972, 11(1), 37-44.10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89964-1Search in Google Scholar

[62] Es-Safi N.E., Guyot S., Ducrot P.H., NMR, ESI/MS, and MALDI-TOF/MS analysis of pear juice polymeric proanthocyanidins with potent free radical scavenging activity, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2006, 54(19), 6969-6977.10.1021/jf061090fSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[63] Hahashi A.A., Dashti S., Abdollahi H., Kermani M.J., Comparing vacuum agroinoculation in two pear Pyrus communis L.) cultivars ‘‘Bartlett’’ and ‘‘Harrow Delight’’, Ann. Biol. Res., 2012, 3, 3200-3207.Search in Google Scholar

[64] Salta J., Martins A., Santos R.G., Neng N.R., Nogueira J.M.P., Justino J., Rauter A.P., Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of Rocha pear and other pear cultivars - A comparative study, J. Funct. Foods, 2010, 2(2), 153-157.10.1016/j.jff.2010.02.002Search in Google Scholar

[65] Tanrioven D., and Eksi A., Phenolic compounds in pear juice from different cultivars, Food Chem., 2005, 93(1), 89-93.10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.09.009Search in Google Scholar

[66] Esteban Carretero J., Durban Reguera F., Lopez-Argueta Alvarez S., Lopez Montes J., A comparative analysis of response to vs. ORS + gelatin tannate pediatric patients with acute diarrhea. Rev. Esp. Enferm. Dig., 2009, 101, 41-48.10.4321/S1130-01082009000100005Search in Google Scholar

[67] Loeb H., Vandenplas Y., Wursch P., Guesry P., Tannin-rich carob pod for the treatment of acute-onset diarrhea. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr., 1989, 8, 480-485.10.1097/00005176-198905000-00010Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[68] Plein K., Burkard G., Hotz J., Treatment of chronic diarrhea in Crohn disease. A pilot study of the clinical effect of tannin albuminate and ethacridine lactate. Fortschr. Med., 1993, 111, 114-118.Search in Google Scholar

[69] Fischer H., Machen T.E., Widdicombe J.H., Carlson T.J., King S.R., Chow, J.W., Illek B., A novel extract SB-300 from the stem bark latex of Croton lechleri inhibits CFTR-mediated chlorid secretion in human colonic epitelial cells. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2004, 93, 351-357.10.1016/j.jep.2004.04.005Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2018-06-19
Accepted: 2018-09-24
Published Online: 2019-01-08

© 2019 Mert Ilhan et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Research on correlation of compositions with oestrogenic activity of Cistanche based on LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology
  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
  4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive features of Bryonia alba L.: As a possible alternative in treating rheumatism
  5. High efficiency liposome fusion induced by reducing undesired membrane peptides interaction
  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
  8. Development of a validated spectrofluorimetric method for assay of sotalol hydrochloride in tablets and human plasma: application for stability-indicating studies
  9. Topological Indices of Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugates’ Molecular Structure in Cancer Treatment
  10. Thermodynamic properties of the bubble growth process in a pool boiling of water-ethanol mixture two-component system
  11. Critical Roles of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Apoptosis and Autophagy of Astrocytes Induced by Methamphetamine
  12. Characteristics of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of Soil Moisture under Different Land Use in Dry Hot Valley of Yuanmou
  13. Specific, highly sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method for quantification of daclatasvir in HCV human plasma patients and in tablets dosage form
  14. Chromium-modified cobalt molybdenum nitrides as catalysts for ammonia synthesis
  15. Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells treated with ginsenoside Rh2 regulate the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo
  16. Identification of Powdery Mildew Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Resistance Genes in Selected Wheat Varieties and Development of Multiplex PCR
  17. Computational Analysis of new Degree-based descriptors of oxide networks
  18. The Use Of Chemical Composition And Additives To Classify Petrol And Diesel Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry And Chemometric Analysis: A Uk Study
  19. Minimal Energy Tree with 4 Branched Vertices
  20. Jatropha seed oil derived poly(esteramide-urethane)/ fumed silica nanocomposite coatings for corrosion protection
  21. Calculating topological indices of certain OTIS interconnection networks
  22. Energy storage analysis of R125 in UIO-66 and MOF-5 nanoparticles: A molecular simulation study
  23. Velvet Antler compounds targeting major cell signaling pathways in osteosarcoma - a new insight into mediating the process of invasion and metastasis in OS
  24. Effects of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract, Capping Agents, on the Synthesis of Pure And Cu Doped ZnO-Nanoparticles: A Green Approach and Microbial Activity
  25. Aqueous Micro-hydration of Na+(H2O)n=1-7 Clusters: DFT Study
  26. A proposed image-based detection of methamidophos pesticide using peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence system
  27. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
  29. Chemical pretreatments of Trapa bispinosa's peel (TBP) biosorbent to enhance adsorption capacity for Pb(ll)
  30. Dynamic Changes in MMP1 and TIMP1 in the Antifibrotic Process of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Rats with Liver Fibrosis
  31. The Optimization and Production of Ginkgolide B Lipid Microemulsion
  32. Photodynamic Therapy Enhanced the Antitumor Effects of Berberine on HeLa Cells
  33. Chiral and Achiral Enantiomeric Separation of (±)-Alprenolol
  34. Correlation of Water Fluoride with Body Fluids, Dental Fluorosis and FT4, FT3 –TSH Disruption among Children in an Endemic Fluorosis area in Pakistan
  35. A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
  38. miRNA-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in prolactinomas
  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
  41. Preparation and spectroscopic studies of Fe(II), Ru(II), Pd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base containing terephthalaldehyde and their transfer hydrogenation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction
  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
  50. Preparation of ternary ZnO/Ag/cellulose and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation property on phenol and benzene in VOCs
  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
  52. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 2-methylthio-pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines
  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
  54. Molecular Properties of Symmetrical Networks Using Topological Polynomials
  55. Synthesis of Co3O4 Nano Aggregates by Co-precipitation Method and its Catalytic and Fuel Additive Applications
  56. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antiprotoscolices potential of ethanol extracts of selected plants species against Echinococcus granulosus: In-vitro study
  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
  58. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS
  59. Biodiesel Production by Lipids From Indonesian strain of Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris
  60. Miscibility studies of polystyrene/polyvinyl chloride blend in presence of organoclay
  61. Antibacterial Activities of Transition Metal complexes of Mesocyclic Amidine 1,4-diazacycloheptane (DACH)
  62. Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis and in vitro screening of their cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line
  63. Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys in Different pH Environments by SSRT Method
  64. Various Combinations of Flame Retardants for Poly (vinyl chloride)
  65. Phenolic compounds and biological activities of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains
  66. Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement
  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
  68. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction
  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
  70. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque
  71. A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  72. Conceptual DFT as a Novel Chemoinformatics Tool for Studying the Chemical Reactivity Properties of the Amatoxin Family of Fungal Peptides
  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0002
Keywords for this article
Caspase-3; colitis; myeloperoxidase; Pyrus elaeagnifolia; Rosaceae
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Research on correlation of compositions with oestrogenic activity of Cistanche based on LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology
  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
  4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive features of Bryonia alba L.: As a possible alternative in treating rheumatism
  5. High efficiency liposome fusion induced by reducing undesired membrane peptides interaction
  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
  8. Development of a validated spectrofluorimetric method for assay of sotalol hydrochloride in tablets and human plasma: application for stability-indicating studies
  9. Topological Indices of Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugates’ Molecular Structure in Cancer Treatment
  10. Thermodynamic properties of the bubble growth process in a pool boiling of water-ethanol mixture two-component system
  11. Critical Roles of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Apoptosis and Autophagy of Astrocytes Induced by Methamphetamine
  12. Characteristics of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of Soil Moisture under Different Land Use in Dry Hot Valley of Yuanmou
  13. Specific, highly sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method for quantification of daclatasvir in HCV human plasma patients and in tablets dosage form
  14. Chromium-modified cobalt molybdenum nitrides as catalysts for ammonia synthesis
  15. Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells treated with ginsenoside Rh2 regulate the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo
  16. Identification of Powdery Mildew Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Resistance Genes in Selected Wheat Varieties and Development of Multiplex PCR
  17. Computational Analysis of new Degree-based descriptors of oxide networks
  18. The Use Of Chemical Composition And Additives To Classify Petrol And Diesel Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry And Chemometric Analysis: A Uk Study
  19. Minimal Energy Tree with 4 Branched Vertices
  20. Jatropha seed oil derived poly(esteramide-urethane)/ fumed silica nanocomposite coatings for corrosion protection
  21. Calculating topological indices of certain OTIS interconnection networks
  22. Energy storage analysis of R125 in UIO-66 and MOF-5 nanoparticles: A molecular simulation study
  23. Velvet Antler compounds targeting major cell signaling pathways in osteosarcoma - a new insight into mediating the process of invasion and metastasis in OS
  24. Effects of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract, Capping Agents, on the Synthesis of Pure And Cu Doped ZnO-Nanoparticles: A Green Approach and Microbial Activity
  25. Aqueous Micro-hydration of Na+(H2O)n=1-7 Clusters: DFT Study
  26. A proposed image-based detection of methamidophos pesticide using peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence system
  27. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
  29. Chemical pretreatments of Trapa bispinosa's peel (TBP) biosorbent to enhance adsorption capacity for Pb(ll)
  30. Dynamic Changes in MMP1 and TIMP1 in the Antifibrotic Process of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Rats with Liver Fibrosis
  31. The Optimization and Production of Ginkgolide B Lipid Microemulsion
  32. Photodynamic Therapy Enhanced the Antitumor Effects of Berberine on HeLa Cells
  33. Chiral and Achiral Enantiomeric Separation of (±)-Alprenolol
  34. Correlation of Water Fluoride with Body Fluids, Dental Fluorosis and FT4, FT3 –TSH Disruption among Children in an Endemic Fluorosis area in Pakistan
  35. A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
  38. miRNA-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in prolactinomas
  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
  41. Preparation and spectroscopic studies of Fe(II), Ru(II), Pd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base containing terephthalaldehyde and their transfer hydrogenation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction
  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
  50. Preparation of ternary ZnO/Ag/cellulose and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation property on phenol and benzene in VOCs
  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
  52. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 2-methylthio-pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines
  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
  54. Molecular Properties of Symmetrical Networks Using Topological Polynomials
  55. Synthesis of Co3O4 Nano Aggregates by Co-precipitation Method and its Catalytic and Fuel Additive Applications
  56. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antiprotoscolices potential of ethanol extracts of selected plants species against Echinococcus granulosus: In-vitro study
  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
  58. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS
  59. Biodiesel Production by Lipids From Indonesian strain of Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris
  60. Miscibility studies of polystyrene/polyvinyl chloride blend in presence of organoclay
  61. Antibacterial Activities of Transition Metal complexes of Mesocyclic Amidine 1,4-diazacycloheptane (DACH)
  62. Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis and in vitro screening of their cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line
  63. Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys in Different pH Environments by SSRT Method
  64. Various Combinations of Flame Retardants for Poly (vinyl chloride)
  65. Phenolic compounds and biological activities of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains
  66. Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement
  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
  68. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction
  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
  70. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque
  71. A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  72. Conceptual DFT as a Novel Chemoinformatics Tool for Studying the Chemical Reactivity Properties of the Amatoxin Family of Fungal Peptides
  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 20.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2019-0002/html?lang=en
Scroll to top button