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Excellent photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B over Bi2O3 supported on Zn-MOF nanocomposites under visible light

  • Qiuyun Zhang EMAIL logo , Dandan Wang , Rongfei Yu , Linmin Luo , Weihua Li , Jingsong Cheng and Yutao Zhang EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: February 28, 2023
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Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 12 Issue 1

Abstract

In this article, Bi2O3@Zn-MOF hybrid nanomaterials were synthesized by supporting Zn-based metal–organic framework (Zn-MOF) through the hydrothermal method. X-ray diffractometer, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, N2 physisorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and UV-Vis were used to characterize the physical and chemical properties of Bi2O3@Zn-MOF nanomaterials. The photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared hybrid has been studied over the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB). A catalytic activity of 97.2% was achieved using Bi2O3@Zn-MOF nanocomposite with the loading of 0.18 g Bi2O3, after 90 min of exposure to visible light irradiation, and the high photocatalytic performance was mainly associated with the nanorod structures, larger pore size, and broaden visible light absorption region due to the synergistic effect of the constituting materials. Furthermore, the Bi2O3@Zn-MOF nanocomposite can be reused three times and the degradation rate of RhB was maintained at 77.9%. Thus, the Bi2O3@Zn-MOF nanocomposite can act as a potential photocatalyst for the photodegradation of organic dyes in environmental applications.

Keywords: bismuth oxide; metal–organic framework; photocatalysis; organic pollutants; photodegradation

1 Introduction

Nowadays, with the development of textile industry, water pollution has become a serious environmental issue [1,2]. More than ever, the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater has become a necessity, especially organic synthetic dyes, e.g., rhodamine B (RhB), acridine orange (AO), and methylene blue (MB) [3,4]. According to a research survey, some studies have reported the use of various technologies to remove organic dyes in the wastewater, such as adsorption, biodegradation, ion exchange, and photodegradation [5,6,7]. Among diverse technologies, photocatalytic reduction is a widely used method by inexhaustible solar energy [8]. Currently, several photocatalysts based on semiconductors (e.g., TiO2, ZnO, and ZnS) have been widely applied to photocatalysis [9]. Particularly, pure Bi2O3 has wide bandgap energy (2.0–3.9 eV) and exhibits significant visible light-responsive photocatalytic performance. Meanwhile, it has the merits of non-toxicity, excellent chemical stability, and abundant earth reserves [10,11,12,13]. Nevertheless, pure Bi2O3 is still limited, which can be related to its low interfacial area that limits electron transfer, and the easy recombination of electrons and holes [14]. In order to improve the photocatalytic activity of pure Bi2O3 photocatalysts, loading Bi2O3 into porous nanomaterials is one of the efficient methods.

Recently, metal–organic framework (MOF) has drawn extensive attention due to uniformly structural arrangements, high surface area, tunable pore size, rich functional sites, and excellent adsorption ability [15,16,17]. Besides, MOF materials have also been exploited as semiconductor-like photocatalysts, which can be related to the organic ligands of MOF being excited and transferring electrons to the metal center under visible light irradiation [18,19]. Among numerous MOFs, MOF-5 is a relatively highly coordinated Zn-based metal–organic framework (Zn-MOF) with excellent properties, which was considered as a photogenerated charge carrier to enhance the photocatalytic activity [20]. Hence, a feasible approach should be combining Zn-MOF with Bi2O3 for photocatalytic research.

Based on the aforementioned considerations, a series of Bi2O3@Zn-MOF composites were prepared via the one-pot hydrothermal method, and the photocatalytic performance of the composite was investigated for the degradation of RhB under visible light irradiation condition. The morphology, elemental composition, specific surface area, and structure of the composites were characterized through X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), N2 physisorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-Vis, etc. Moreover, the degradation rate of RhB by Bi2O3@Zn-MOF composite system under different catalyst dosages and initial RhB concentration was investigated. Importantly, repetitive experiments and photocatalytic degradation of different organic dyes were also carried out. Finally, the possible photocatalytic reaction mechanism on photocatalytic degradation of RhB was analyzed.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Chemicals

Bismuth trioxide (Bi2O3), zinc(ii) nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2·6H2O), terephthalic acid (H2BDC), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), RhB, congo red (CR), AO, neutral red (NR), and MB were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All the aforementioned chemicals were of analytical grade and were used as received without further purification. Moreover, deionized water was used in all experiments.

2.2 Synthesis

The Bi2O3@Zn-MOF nanocomposites were obtained by the hydrothermal method. In this method, Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.59 g, 2 mmol) and H2BDC (0.33 g, 2 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (18 mL), and a certain amount of Bi2O3 was added to the above mixture, sonicated for 30 min at room temperature. Subsequently, the solution was stirred for 1 h and then transferred to an autoclave to be heated at 150°C for 6 h. The autoclave was cooled to room temperature, the mixture was centrifuged, and the precipitate was washed with an appropriate amount of DMF for 2 h, followed by washing several times with DMF and water, and dried overnight at 60°C under a vacuum to obtain the Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-x nanomaterials, x = 1, 2, and 3, corresponding to the addition of 0.14, 0.18, and 0.22 g Bi2O3, and the mole ratio of Bi2O3/Zn(NO3)2·6H2O was 0.15, 0.195, and 0.235, respectively. For comparison, Zn-MOF was synthesized through the same preparation process without Bi2O3.

2.3 Characterization techniques

FTIR spectra were applied to determine the chemical features of the nanocomposites on a PerkinElmer spectrum 100 using KBr pellet technology (4,000–400 cm−1). The XRD studies of the synthesized materials were investigated with D8 ADVANCE (Germany) using CuKĮ (1.5406 Å) radiation. The morphology of the synthesized materials was observed by SEM (Hitachi S4800), and the elemental mapping by EDX was performed on the scanning SEM mode. The surface area and particle sizes of the nanocomposites were studied using N2 adsorption and desorption isotherms using a Quantachrome Quadrasorb EVO apparatus (Quantachrome Instruments, Boynton Beach, USA). Measurements of XPS were recorded in the Thermo ESCALAB 250XI. The UV-Vis spectra of the synthesized materials were measured by a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, UV-3600 PLUS, Japan).

2.4 Photodegradation test

The photocatalytic performance of all composites was assessed by RhB degradation. In the photocatalytic process, a certain amount of the nanomaterial was put into 50 mL of RhB solution (40 mg·L−1). To reach the adsorption–desorption equilibrium, the mixture was stirred in the dark for 0.5 h. Subsequently, the resulting solution was irradiated under visible light with a 300 W xenon lamp for 90 min. After every interval of 30 min, the suspension samples (3–4 mL) were taken from the reaction system and centrifuged to remove the catalyst, and the RhB concentration was determined by a UV-5200PC spectrophotometer (at the characteristic wavelength of 554 nm for RhB). The photodegradation rate of RhB was calculated as follows:

η = ( 1 – C / C 0 ) × 100 % = ( 1 – A / A 0 ) × 100 %

where C 0 is the initial mass concentration of dye solution, A 0 is the corresponding absorbance of dye solution before the reaction, and C and A are the mass concentration and absorbance corresponding to the solution at time t, respectively.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Characterization

The XRD patterns of synthesized Zn-MOF, Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-1, Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2, and Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-3 are shown in Figure 1a. The characteristic XRD patterns of Zn-MOF sample (8.8°, 12.0°, 16.8°, 25.4°, 27.8°, 35.4°, and 45.4°) in Figure 1a matched perfectly with those in the previous report [21,22], implying the generation of Zn-MOF. After the induction of Bi2O3, some XRD peaks of Zn-MOF-1 disappeared, and the appearance of new peaks of Bi2O3@Zn-MOF is also observed at 27.4°, 29.6°, and 33.2°, which are corresponding to the phase of Bi2O3 [23], which may be due to the relatively strong interaction between Bi2O3 and Zn-MOF. In the case of all composites (Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-1, Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2, and Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-3), the characteristic diffraction peaks of three composites matched well. In addition, the intensity of the observed characteristic diffraction peaks increased with increasing Bi2O3 content. Based on the above analysis, the successful preparation of Bi2O3@Zn-MOF composites is clearly demonstrated.

Figure 1 XRD (a) and FTIR (b) spectra of Zn-MOF, Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-1, Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2, Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-3, and the recovered Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 sample.
Figure 1

XRD (a) and FTIR (b) spectra of Zn-MOF, Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-1, Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2, Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-3, and the recovered Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 sample.

To analyze the functional groups of synthesized Zn-MOF, Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-1, Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2, and Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-3, FTIR spectroscopy was used (Figure 1b). In Figure 1b, for Zn-MOF, the characteristic peaks between 700 and 1,600 cm−1 were related to C═O, C–O, and C═C stretching vibration in carboxylic acid [24]. In comparison with Zn-MOF, similar peaks also appeared in the spectra of all Bi2O3@Zn-MOF composites, which proves that the structure of Zn-MOF was not changed after the introduction of Bi2O3 into the Zn-MOF. In particular, the appeared band at 519 cm−1 in Bi2O3@Zn-MOF composites was attributed to Bi–O of Bi2O3 [25], which indicates that the successful impregnation of Bi2O3 is on the framework of the Zn-MOF.

The structure and morphology of the as-prepared Zn-MOF and Bi2O3@Zn-MOF with different additions of Bi2O3 were observed by SEM, as shown in Figure 2. In Figure 2a, the Zn-MOF sample is irregular nanosheets with thickness in the range of 30–50 nm. When the wrapping of Bi2O3, Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-1 sample is composed of irregular nanosheets and rod-shaped structure (Figure 2b). With increasing Bi2O3 content, sample Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 (Figure 2c and e) exhibits quite different morphologies compared with Zn-MOF and Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-1 samples. It has a typical branched nanorod, and the existence of abundant pores may result in better adsorption of dye molecules and improves the catalytic material photocatalytic activity. For sample Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-3 (Figure 2d), the agglomeration of rod-shaped particles and large irregular lumpy structure by the shrinkage of the Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-3 composite was clear. This was possible because of the effect of the formation of Zn-MOF framework by the addition of excess Bi2O3. Additionally, the EDX elemental mappings of Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 were further analyzed. As can be seen from Figure 2f, Bi, C, O, and Zn elements are present in the Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 composite. Besides, the Bi and O elements were uniformly distributed over the Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 composite, indicating that Bi2O3 adheres to the surface of the Zn-MOF. The EDX analysis results are consistent with results of the XRD and FTIR analysis.

Figure 2 SEM images of Zn-MOF (a), Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-1 (b), Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 (c and e), and Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-3 (d), and (f) the EDX analysis of Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 sample and the related elemental mapping photographs of Bi, C, O, and Zn.
Figure 2

SEM images of Zn-MOF (a), Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-1 (b), Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 (c and e), and Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-3 (d), and (f) the EDX analysis of Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 sample and the related elemental mapping photographs of Bi, C, O, and Zn.

Figure 3a shows the N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm curves of Zn-MOF and Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2. All the N2 adsorption–desorption curves show type IV adsorption, and their hysteresis loops reveal H3 type. Moreover, it can be known from Figure 3b that the pore sizes of Zn-MOF and Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 are mainly distributed in the range of 4–8 nm, which are characteristics of mesoporous materials. According to previous studies, the surface area and pore volume of pure Bi2O3 are 4.3 m2·g−1 and 0.018 cm3·g−1, respectively, indicating that pure Bi2O3 exhibits a low surface area and pore volume [26]. Interestingly, from Table 1, the incorporation of Bi2O3 slightly decreased the surface area and increased the average pore size of Zn-MOF, and this could be explained by partial obstruction of mesoporous materials by Bi2O3 particles. Furthermore, it should be noted that the larger size of the Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 catalyst pore structure will provide abundant surface adsorption and active sites, and further resulting in enhancement of the photocatalytic activity.

Figure 3 N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms (a) and pore size distribution (b) of Zn-MOF and Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2.
Figure 3

N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms (a) and pore size distribution (b) of Zn-MOF and Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2.

Table 1

Textural parameters of Zn-MOF and Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2

Entry Sample type Surface area (m2·g−1) Average pore size (nm) Pore volume (cm3·g−1)
1 Zn-MOF 17.51 11.02 0.048
2 Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 13.21 13.74 0.045

The elemental compositions and the chemical states of Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 were further evaluated using XPS, and the obtained results are given in Figure 4. In Figure 4a, the XPS full spectrum clearly shows that C, Zn, and Bi elements exist in Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 composites. The XPS spectrum of C 1s (Figure 4b) presents two peaks at 284.6 and 288.8 eV that can be assigned to the C═C and C═O bonds, respectively [27]. The Zn 2p XPS spectra located at 1,022.8 and 1,045.9 eV are related to the Zn 2p3/2 and Zn 2p1/2, respectively (Figure 4c), indicating that Zn is +2 valent [28]. Finally, for the Bi 4f spectra shown in Figure 4d, the peaks at 159.5 and 164.8 eV can be matched to Bi 4f7/2 and Bi 4f5/2, revealing the Bi3+ in Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 [29]. XPS analysis also proved that the successful synthesis of Bi2O3 on the Zn-MOF by the hydrothermal method.

Figure 4 XPS full spectrum (a), C 1s spectrum (b), Zn 2p spectrum (c), and Bi 4f spectrum (d) of the Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 composite.
Figure 4

XPS full spectrum (a), C 1s spectrum (b), Zn 2p spectrum (c), and Bi 4f spectrum (d) of the Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 composite.

The UV-Vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy (DRS) was also measured to examine the light absorption performances of Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 composite (Figure 5). As shown in Figure 5, the Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 composite displays the light absorption peak ranging between 300 and 460 nm. According to the previous articles, the Zn-MOF sample showed the absorption of light below 400 nm, and the absorption edge was about 379.7 nm [30]. After the introduction of Bi2O3, the Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 sample exhibited an absorption edge around 453 nm, and the light absorption was extended further to the visible region. The shift suggests that the existence of the synergistic effect between Bi2O3 and Zn-MOF in the Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 composite can enhance the absorption of visible light, resulting in the improvement of the photodegradation ability.

Figure 5 UV-Vis light DRS of Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 composite.
Figure 5

UV-Vis light DRS of Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 composite.

3.2 Photocatalytic activity of different photocatalysts

Figure 6a shows the RhB degradation over different photocatalysts. From Figure 6a, in the absence of catalyst, the RhB has no obvious degradation for 90 min, representing that the RhB is a stable and difficult to degrade organic dye. Both Zn-MOF and Bi2O3 samples were not effective in the degradation of RhB. However, it was found that after introduction of Bi2O3, the RhB degradation further obviously increased. Additionally, Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 showed higher photocatalytic activity than Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-1 and Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-3. In contrast, the Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 under light-free condition only showed some adsorption activity. Figure 6b shows the proposed pseudo-first-order kinetics for the photocatalytic degradation of RhB by Bi2O3@Zn-MOF with the addition of different mass ratios of Bi2O3, the degradation rate constants of Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 are 1.67 and 1.06 times higher than that of Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-1 and Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-3, it may be due to the Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 can provide a large pore size and abundant transport pores, and increasing the visible light irradiation. Thus, the Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 is chosen as the optimal photocatalyst.

Figure 6 (a) Photocatalytic degradation of RhB with different catalysts under visible light irradiation. (b) Pseudo-first-order kinetics plots of photocatalytic degradation of RhB with different catalysts.
Figure 6

(a) Photocatalytic degradation of RhB with different catalysts under visible light irradiation. (b) Pseudo-first-order kinetics plots of photocatalytic degradation of RhB with different catalysts.

3.3 Effect of the catalyst amount and RhB concentration

To investigate the effect of the Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 catalyst amount on the photocatalytic degradation of RhB, different amounts of catalyst (0.6, 1.0, and 1.4 g·L−1) were added to the photocatalytic system and the degradation profiles are depicted in Figure 7a. With the increase in catalyst amount, the degradation rate of RhB was also increased. It can see that the increase in catalyst amount may increase the number of active sites and the contact probability between dye molecules and Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2. However, when the amount of Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 increased to a certain level, the degradation rate was also slightly increased. This phenomenon may be attributed to the agglomeration of the catalyst leading to decrease in the radiation absorption, and as a result, the degradation rate was not significant change [31]. Therefore, the amount of catalyst was 1.0 g·L−1.

Figure 7 (a) Photocatalytic degradation of RhB with various dosages of Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 catalyst. (b) Photocatalytic degradation of RhB with different concentrations using Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 catalyst. (c) Cyclic stability of Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 catalyst after three cycles. (d) Photocatalytic degradation of various organic dyes using Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 catalyst.
Figure 7

(a) Photocatalytic degradation of RhB with various dosages of Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 catalyst. (b) Photocatalytic degradation of RhB with different concentrations using Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 catalyst. (c) Cyclic stability of Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 catalyst after three cycles. (d) Photocatalytic degradation of various organic dyes using Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 catalyst.

The influence of initial RhB concentration on photocatalytic degradation activity of the Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 was studied (Figure 7b). The degradation rate gradually decreased as the RhB concentration increased from 20 to 60 mg·L−1. When the concentration of RhB is increased, it is probably related to more molecules to present around photocatalytic active sites, and thus, the light transmission capacity of the system decreases, leading to reduce the electron and hole pairs [32], and resulting in decrease in the degradation rate.

3.4 Stability test

To evaluate the stability of the Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 catalyst for its repetitive use, the repeated RhB degradation rate was investigated for three cycles. In each cycle experiment, the Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 catalyst can be directly separated via centrifugation, and then washed, dried, and applied in the next experiment, and the experiment results are indicated in Figure 7c. Indeed, the photocatalytic degradation rate of RhB decreased from 97.2% to 77.9% after three cycles, which is probably due to the partial loss of the Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 catalyst throughout the cycling tests. Moreover, FTIR and XRD patterns of Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 catalyst after three recycling experiments were investigated and compared to the fresh catalyst. As shown in Figure 1, the results reveal that no significant changes occurred in the characteristic diffraction peaks, but the strength of the peaks weakened after three cycles. Furthermore, all these confirm that the Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 catalyst is a better stability photocatalyst.

3.5 Photocatalytic degradation of different organic dyes

The degradation rate of the Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 catalyst for five organic dyes under visible light irradiation within 90 min was studied, and the results are shown in Figure 7d. For NR and CR degradation, the adsorption saturation was reached at 30 min of lightless reaction with the presence of the catalyst, resulting in good adsorption of those two dyes. Moreover, clearly seen, the photocatalytic performances of the Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 catalyst were 97.2%, 96.1%, and 73.1% for RhB (40 mg·L−1), AO (40 mg·L−1), and MB (20 mg·L−1) degradation under visible light irradiation, respectively. It follows that the as-synthesized Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 catalyst can effectively degrade other organic dyes, and it can also be an excellent candidate for application in industrial wastewater treatment processes.

3.6 Possible photocatalytic mechanisms

Possible photocatalytic mechanism for degradation of RhB solution with Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 composite photocatalyst is illustrated in Figure 8. Under visible light irradiation, electrons (e−) and holes (h+) can be generated from Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2. According to the literature, the conduction band (CB) potential (E CB) and valence band (VB) potential (E VB) of Bi2O3 are −0.076 and 2.744 eV, respectively [33]. The E CB and E VB of Zn-MOF are −1.01 and 2.87 eV, respectively [34]. Then, h+ transfers from the VB of Zn-MOF to the VB of Bi2O3, and e− transfers from the CB of Zn-MOF to the CB of Bi2O3, resulting in efficient separation of e−–h+ pairs in Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 composite. Subsequently, the VB edge of Bi2O3 and Zn-MOF has a more positive VB potential than oxidation potential energy of H2O/˙OH (2.7 eV), and the partial h+ can participate in the generation of ·OH from H2O. Also, the position of the Zn-MOF conduction band is higher than the oxidation potential energy of O2/˙ O 2 − (−0.3 eV), and the e− of Zn-MOF can reduce O2 into · O 2 − . The generated active species can decompose the organic dyes into CO2 and H2O, and finally achieve photocatalytic degradation. Based on this, in our system, the synergistic effect between Bi2O3 and Zn-MOF of Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 composite would achieve highly efficient organic dye photodegradation.

Figure 8 Possible photocatalytic mechanisms of RhB solution using Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 catalyst.
Figure 8

Possible photocatalytic mechanisms of RhB solution using Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 catalyst.

4 Conclusion

This study aimed to successfully synthesize Bi2O3 supported on Zn-MOF nanocomposites (Bi2O3@Zn-MOF) with different Bi2O3 concentrations for the photocatalytic degradation of RhB under visible light irradiation. Among them, Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 has the highest photodegradation activity compared to Bi2O3, Zn-MOF, and Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-1 and Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-3, which is related to the relatively larger specific surface area and pore size, the nanorods morphology, the synergistic effect the constituting materials lead to expand visible light absorption range. After 90 min of photocatalytic reaction, the degradation rate of RhB for Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 nanocomposite was estimated to be 97.2%. After three cycles, the degradation rate of RhB is still above 77.9%, and it has good reusability. Meanwhile, tests for the photodegradation of CR, AO, and MB also revealed that the Bi2O3@Zn-MOF-2 nanocomposite was an efficient photocatalyst. Overall, the obtained Bi2O3@Zn-MOF nanocomposites might be considered for application in the field of wastewater treatment.

  1. Funding information: This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22262001), the 2018 Thousand Level Innovative Talents Training Program of Guizhou Province, the Anshun Science and Technology Planning Project ([2021]1), the Guizhou Science and Technology Foundation ([2020]1Y054), the 2022 Innovative Entrepreneurship Training Program for Undergraduates of the Guizhou Education Department (202210667017), and the Student Research Training of Anshun University (asxysrt202202).

  2. Author contributions: Qiuyun Zhang: writing – original draft, writing – review and editing, methodology, formal analysis, project administration; Dandan Wang: methodology, formal analysis; Rongfei Yu: methodology, formal analysis; Linmin Luo: methodology, formal analysis; Weihua Li: visualization; Jingsong Cheng: visualization; Yutao Zhang: project administration.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Received: 2022-10-05
Revised: 2022-12-16
Accepted: 2023-01-11
Published Online: 2023-02-28

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  126. Erratum
  127. Erratum to “Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2022-8123
Keywords for this article
bismuth oxide; metal–organic framework; photocatalysis; organic pollutants; photodegradation
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Value-added utilization of coal fly ash and recycled polyvinyl chloride in door or window sub-frame composites
  3. High removal efficiency of volatile phenol from coking wastewater using coal gasification slag via optimized adsorption and multi-grade batch process
  4. Evolution of surface morphology and properties of diamond films by hydrogen plasma etching
  5. Removal efficiency of dibenzofuran using CuZn-zeolitic imidazole frameworks as a catalyst and adsorbent
  6. Rapid and efficient microwave-assisted extraction of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. heartwood and subsequent synthesis of gold nanoparticles
  7. The catalytic characteristics of 2-methylnaphthalene acylation with AlCl3 immobilized on Hβ as Lewis acid catalyst
  8. Biodegradation of synthetic PVP biofilms using natural materials and nanoparticles
  9. Rutin-loaded selenium nanoparticles modulated the redox status, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways associated with pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy in mice
  10. Optimization of apigenin nanoparticles prepared by planetary ball milling: In vitro and in vivo studies
  11. Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Origanum onites leaves: Cytotoxic, apoptotic, and necrotic effects on Capan-1, L929, and Caco-2 cell lines
  12. Exergy analysis of a conceptual CO2 capture process with an amine-based DES
  13. Construction of fluorescence system of felodipine–tetracyanovinyl–2,2′-bipyridine complex
  14. Excellent photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B over Bi2O3 supported on Zn-MOF nanocomposites under visible light
  15. Optimization-based control strategy for a large-scale polyhydroxyalkanoates production in a fed-batch bioreactor using a coupled PDE–ODE system
  16. Effectiveness of pH and amount of Artemia urumiana extract on physical, chemical, and biological attributes of UV-fabricated biogold nanoparticles
  17. Geranium leaf-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their transcriptomic effects on Candida albicans
  18. Synthesis, characterization, anticancer, anti-inflammatory activities, and docking studies of 3,5-disubstituted thiadiazine-2-thiones
  19. Synthesis and stability of phospholipid-encapsulated nano-selenium
  20. Putative anti-proliferative effect of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) seed and its nano-formulation
  21. Enrichment of low-grade phosphorites by the selective leaching method
  22. Electrochemical analysis of the dissolution of gold in a copper–ethylenediamine–thiosulfate system
  23. Characterisation of carbonate lake sediments as a potential filler for polymer composites
  24. Evaluation of nano-selenium biofortification characteristics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
  25. Quality of oil extracted by cold press from Nigella sativa seeds incorporated with rosemary extracts and pretreated by microwaves
  26. Heteropolyacid-loaded MOF-derived mesoporous zirconia catalyst for chemical degradation of rhodamine B
  27. Recovery of critical metals from carbonatite-type mineral wastes: Geochemical modeling investigation of (bio)hydrometallurgical leaching of REEs
  28. Photocatalytic properties of ZnFe-mixed oxides synthesized via a simple route for water remediation
  29. Attenuation of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-induced hepatic and renal toxicity by naringin nanoparticles in a rat model
  30. Novel in situ synthesis of quaternary core–shell metallic sulfide nanocomposites for degradation of organic dyes and hydrogen production
  31. Microfluidic steam-based synthesis of luminescent carbon quantum dots as sensing probes for nitrite detection
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  35. Carbon emissions analysis of producing modified asphalt with natural asphalt
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  37. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with mesosulfuron methyl and mesosulfuron methyl + florasulam + MCPA isooctyl to manage weeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  38. Synergism between lignite and high-sulfur petroleum coke in CO2 gasification
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  40. Rapid synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Nepeta cataria leaves: An eco-friendly management of disease-causing vectors and bacterial pathogens
  41. Study on the photoelectrocatalytic activity of reduced TiO2 nanotube films for removal of methyl orange
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  43. Micro-impact-induced mechano-chemical synthesis of organic precursors from FeC/FeN and carbonates/nitrates in water and its extension to nucleobases
  44. Green synthesis of strontium-doped tin dioxide (SrSnO2) nanoparticles using the Mahonia bealei leaf extract and evaluation of their anticancer and antimicrobial activities
  45. A study on the larvicidal and adulticidal potential of Cladostepus spongiosus macroalgae and green-fabricated silver nanoparticles against mosquito vectors
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  47. Powerful antibacterial nanocomposites from Corallina officinalis-mediated nanometals and chitosan nanoparticles against fish-borne pathogens
  48. Removal behavior of Zn and alkalis from blast furnace dust in pre-reduction sinter process
  49. Environmentally friendly synthesis and computational studies of novel class of acridinedione integrated spirothiopyrrolizidines/indolizidines
  50. The mechanisms of inhibition and lubrication of clean fracturing flowback fluids in water-based drilling fluids
  51. Adsorption/desorption performance of cellulose membrane for Pb(ii)
  52. A one-pot, multicomponent tandem synthesis of fused polycyclic pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolinone/pyrrolizino[2,3-c]quinolinone hybrid heterocycles via environmentally benign solid state melt reaction
  53. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using durian rind extract and optical characteristics of surface plasmon resonance-based optical sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide
  54. Electrochemical analysis of copper-EDTA-ammonia-gold thiosulfate dissolution system
  55. Characterization of bio-oil production by microwave pyrolysis from cashew nut shells and Cassia fistula pods
  56. Green synthesis methods and characterization of bacterial cellulose/silver nanoparticle composites
  57. Photocatalytic research performance of zinc oxide/graphite phase carbon nitride catalyst and its application in environment
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  59. In vitro anti-cancer and antimicrobial effects of manganese oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the Glycyrrhiza uralensis leaf extract on breast cancer cell lines
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  68. Microwave-accelerated pretreatment technique in green extraction of oil and bioactive compounds from camelina seeds: Effectiveness and characterization
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  76. The experimental study on the air oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with Co–Mn–Br system
  77. Highly efficient removal of tetracycline and methyl violet 2B from aqueous solution using the bimetallic FeZn-ZIFs catalyst
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  80. Ultrasound-assisted green synthesis and in silico study of 6-(4-(butylamino)-6-(diethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxypyridazine derivatives
  81. A study of the anticancer potential of Pluronic F-127 encapsulated Fe2O3 nanoparticles derived from Berberis vulgaris extract
  82. Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Consolida orientalis flowers: Identification, catalytic degradation, and biological effect
  83. Initial assessment of the presence of plastic waste in some coastal mangrove forests in Vietnam
  84. Adsorption synergy electrocatalytic degradation of phenol by active oxygen-containing species generated in Co-coal based cathode and graphite anode
  85. Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities of the aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum-mediated synthesized novel silver nanoparticles
  86. Synthesis of a silica matrix with ZnO nanoparticles for the fabrication of a recyclable photodegradation system to eliminate methylene blue dye
  87. Natural polymer fillers instead of dye and pigments: Pumice and scoria in PDMS fluid and elastomer composites
  88. Study on the preparation of glycerylphosphorylcholine by transesterification under supported sodium methoxide
  89. Wireless network handheld terminal-based green ecological sustainable design evaluation system: Improved data communication and reduced packet loss rate
  90. The optimization of hydrogel strength from cassava starch using oxidized sucrose as a crosslinking agent
  91. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Saccharum officinarum leaf extract for antiviral paint
  92. Study on the reliability of nano-silver-coated tin solder joints for flip chips
  93. Environmentally sustainable analytical quality by design aided RP-HPLC method for the estimation of brilliant blue in commercial food samples employing a green-ultrasound-assisted extraction technique
  94. Anticancer and antimicrobial potential of zinc/sodium alginate/polyethylene glycol/d-pinitol nanocomposites against osteosarcoma MG-63 cells
  95. Nanoporous carbon@CoFe2O4 nanocomposite as a green absorbent for the adsorptive removal of Hg(ii) from aqueous solutions
  96. Characterization of silver sulfide nanoparticles from actinobacterial strain (M10A62) and its toxicity against lepidopteran and dipterans insect species
  97. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Withania somnifera: Investigating antioxidant potential
  98. Effect of e-waste nanofillers on the mechanical, thermal, and wear properties of epoxy-blend sisal woven fiber-reinforced composites
  99. Magnesium nanohydroxide (2D brucite) as a host matrix for thymol and carvacrol: Synthesis, characterization, and inhibition of foodborne pathogens
  100. Synergistic inhibitive effect of a hybrid zinc oxide-benzalkonium chloride composite on the corrosion of carbon steel in a sulfuric acidic solution
  101. Review Articles
  102. Role and the importance of green approach in biosynthesis of nanopropolis and effectiveness of propolis in the treatment of COVID-19 pandemic
  103. Gum tragacanth-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles, characterization, and their applications as a bactericide, catalyst, antioxidant, and peroxidase mimic
  104. Green-processed nano-biocomposite (ZnO–TiO2): Potential candidates for biomedical applications
  105. Reaction mechanisms in microwave-assisted lignin depolymerisation in hydrogen-donating solvents
  106. Recent progress on non-noble metal catalysts for the deoxydehydration of biomass-derived oxygenates
  107. Rapid Communication
  108. Phosphorus removal by iron–carbon microelectrolysis: A new way to achieve phosphorus recovery
  109. Special Issue: Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications (Guest Editors: Arpita Roy and Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli)
  110. Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications
  111. Nano-encapsulated tanshinone IIA in PLGA-PEG-COOH inhibits apoptosis and inflammation in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury
  112. Green fabrication of silver nanoparticles using Melia azedarach ripened fruit extract, their characterization, and biological properties
  113. Green-synthesized nanoparticles and their therapeutic applications: A review
  114. Antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity potential of synthesized silver nanoparticles from the Cassia alata leaf aqueous extract
  115. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Callisia fragrans leaf extract and its anticancer activity against MCF-7, HepG2, KB, LU-1, and MKN-7 cell lines
  116. Algae-based green AgNPs, AuNPs, and FeNPs as potential nanoremediators
  117. Green synthesis of Kickxia elatine-induced silver nanoparticles and their role as anti-acetylcholinesterase in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
  118. Phytocrystallization of silver nanoparticles using Cassia alata flower extract for effective control of fungal skin pathogens
  119. Antibacterial wound dressing with hydrogel from chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol from the red cabbage extract loaded with silver nanoparticles
  120. Leveraging of mycogenic copper oxide nanostructures for disease management of Alternaria blight of Brassica juncea
  121. Nanoscale molecular reactions in microbiological medicines in modern medical applications
  122. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO/β-cyclodextrin/nicotinic acid nanocomposite and its biological and environmental application
  123. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles via Taxus wallichiana Zucc. plant-derived Taxol: Novel utilization as anticancer, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antiurolithic potential
  124. Recyclability and catalytic characteristics of copper oxide nanoparticles derived from bougainvillea plant flower extract for biomedical application
  125. Phytofabrication, characterization, and evaluation of novel bioinspired selenium–iron (Se–Fe) nanocomposites using Allium sativum extract for bio-potential applications
  126. Erratum
  127. Erratum to “Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
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