Startseite Naturwissenschaften Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
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Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages

  • Nuraniye Eruygur EMAIL logo , Burak Dincel , Nazire Gulsah Kutuk Dincel und Esra Ucar
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 22. Oktober 2018
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 16 Heft 1

Abstract

Medicago sp. are often consumed as vegetable, salad and herbal tea as a form of fresh leaves and herbs. It is also very important in animal feeding, because it contains high percentage of protein and some important phytochemicals. In addition, traditionally, the leaves or other parts of the plant were used for treatment and preventing of kidney disorders, osteoporosis, anemia, diabetes, ulcer, coronary diseases, some cancers, and menopausal symptoms. In previous reports, it has been demonstrated that this plant has scavenging activity of the free radicals, which are involve in the development of the hypertension, Ischemia, neurodegenerative and rheumatoid diseases. In this study, the antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory activities of M. sativa L. collected in two growing period and phenolic substances that may be responsible for these activities were investigated. In this way, the beneficial effects of the plant will be revealed and a scientific work will be provided for the evaluation of the pharmaceutical and food industry.

Keywords: Medicago sativa; different growing stages; antioxidant; enzyme inhibitory activities

1 Introduction

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) belongs to the family of Leguminosae and is used intensively all over the world to feed animals. Alfalfa contains fiber, protein, saponins, flavonoids, minerals, vitamins and phenolic compounds that have potential therapeutic benefits [1, 2, 3, 4]. In animal production, rich protein containing foods as well as effective digestible characteristics are important. Medicago sativa L. plant has been used as a reference forage in evaluating the digestibility of diets containing native shrubs [5]. The plant is used extensively in our country and all over the world as feeding plant for animals, therefore it is called as the queen of the forages [6]. Traditionally, the leaves or other parts of this plant were used for treatment and preventing of kidney disorders, osteoporosis, anemia, diabetes, ulcer, coronary diseases, some cancers, and menopausal symptoms [7, 8, 9, 10]. In previous reports, it has been demonstrated that this plant has scavenging activity on free radical, which is result in hypertension, Ischemia, neurodegenerative and rheumatoid diseases [11].

According to the World Health Organization, traditional medicine are used as primary health care in developing countries. The new plants and bioactive compounds that have therapeutic properties, are important in traditional medicine [12, 13]. Phenolic compounds are known antioxidants and are helpful in disease resistance [14, 15, 16]. The antioxidant molecules improve the body’s cellular defense system against oxidative damage. The oxygen free radicals that can oxidize lipids, proteins, and even DNA, and antioxidant molecules are present in a balance. If this balance disturbed, the oxidative stress may occur. As a result of the oxidative stress, various diseases such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, aging, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases may develop [17, 18].

Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme responsible for acetylcholine hydrolysis by controlling acetylcholine concentration in the organism [19, 20]. Acetylcholinesterase is known to have a more important role in the brain, studies conducted in recent years have shown that butyrylcholinesterase activity is increased and acetylcholinesterase activity is not altered in AD patients [21]. Therefore, cholinesterase inhibitors are used for treatment of AD. However, cholinesterase inhibitors have some side effects. In recent years, much more attention has been focused on researching related biological activity of medicinal plants. There are some reports of cholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors from plant origin.

Diabetes mellitus (DM), is a life-long metabolic disease, develops as the result of insufficient production of insulin hormone by the pancreas gland in human body or the inability to use the hormone efficiently. As a result, people cannot use the sugar that is taken in from the food and blood sugar increases, suffering from hyperglycemia [22]. Therefore, regulating glucose level is important for controlling of the Type 2 diabetes. At present, the use of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes namely α-amylase and α-glucosidase is one of the therapeutic strategies for control postprandial hyperglycemia by reducing the absorption of glucose [23, 24]. However, carbohydrate metabolic enzyme inhibitors have some side effects such as vomiting, nausea, cramping, and abdominal pain [25]. Therefore, the effort to find alternative, more effective enzyme inhibitors without side effects from natural sources is increasing day by day.

In this study, the antioxidant, cholinesterase and ɑ-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activities of M. sativa L. collected in two growing period and phenolic substances that may be responsible for these activities were investigated. In this way, the beneficial effects of the plant will be revealed and a scientific work will be provided for the evaluation of the pharmaceutical and food industry.

2 Material and Method

Acetylcholinesterase (E.C.No.3.1.1.7) Type VI-S: from Electric Eel, Galanthamine, acetylthiocholine iodide, DTNB (dithiobis nitrobenzoic acid), potassium dihydrogen phosphate and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate obtained from Sigma, USA.

2.1 Plant material and preparation of extracts

The plant material was collected from the locality of Cumhuriyet University garden, Sivas in June 2016 before flowering and after flowering at two different season. The identification of the plant material was undertaken according to The Flora of Turkey by a senior botanist Dr. Erol Dönmez at Cumhuriyet University [26]. (Davis 1970). Samples are stored in the herbarium of the faculty of science and literature, department of the Biology at Cumhuriyet University (CUFH: 18051). The leaves, stems and flowers air-dried separately and ground to a powder with laboratory type mill, and then each of the parts (10 g) subjected to cold maceration with 100 mL of 80% ethanol for 3 times and after filtering concentrated with rotary evaporator under vacuum.

2.2 Antioxidant assay

DPPH radical scavenging 100 μL of extracts with concentrations ranged between 10 and 1000 μg/mL were mixed with 100 μL of the DPPH radical solution (0.10 mM in methanol) in 96- well plate [27]. The plate was shaken with orbital shaker and left to stand for half hour in the dark at room temperature. The reduction in the color of purple DPPH solution was measured with Elisa reader at 517nm. Scavenging activity was calculated according to control absorbance containing only methanol and DPPH solution without test samples.

ABTS radical scavenging The ABTS cation decolorization assay was conducted with the method of Re et al. [28]. The ABTS•+ working solution was prepared from the stock ABTS which are produced by reacting 2.46 mM potassium persulfate and 7 mM ABTS for 12-16 h, by diluting with methanol to give an absorbance 0.7± 0.02 at 734 nm. 100 μL of extracts with different concentration was mixed with 100 μL of ABTS•+ working solution was prepared from and incubated at 25oC for 7 min. The absorbance value was measured at 734 nm with microplate reader.

Total phenolic content The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to determine total phenolic content and expressed mg of gallic acid equivalents GAE/ g of dry extract [29].

Total flavonoid content The total flavonoid content of the extract was determined with the aluminum chloride colorimetric method and expressed as mg of quercetin equivalents QE/g of dry extract [30].

2.3 Anti-cholinesterase inhibition assay

Acetylcholinesterase/butyrylcholinesterase inhibition assay was performed according to the Ellman method [31]. Briefly, the mixture consisting of 20 μL of test sample/ reference standard of various concentrations, 140 μL of 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.7), 10 μL of DTNB and 20 μL of enzyme (0.22 U/mL for acetylcholinesterase/ 0.1 U/ mL for butyrylcholinesterase) was incubated for 5 min at 25oC. Following preincubation, 10 μL of the substrate (0.71 mM acetylthiocholine iodide/0.2 mM butyrylthiocholine chloride in phosphate buffer) was added to start the reaction and incubated again for 10 min. The developed yellow color was measured at 412nm (Epoch, USA). Galanthamine was used as positive control.

2.4 α-glucosidase inhibition assay

ɑ-Glucosidase inhibitory activity was determined as previously described [32] by mixing 20 μL extracts in varying concentration with 20 μL of α-glucosidase (0.1 unit/mL in 250 mM phosphate buffer, pH= 6.8) in 96-well plate. After incubating at 37oC for 30 min, 40 μL of 0.375 mM 4-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) was added. After incubation period, the reaction was terminated by the addition of 80 μL of 1M Na2CO3, and the absorbance was recorded at 405 nm with a microplate reader. Acarbose was used as positive control. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animals use.

3 Results and Discussion

In this study, in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity of ethanol extract of M. sativa collected at two different growing stage were evaluated. The yield of extracts was found as 9.87%, 10.2%, 9.65%, 9.39%, and 7.48% respectively in leaves, stems before and after flowering and flower extracts.

The free radical scavenging activity assays reflect the ability of antioxidants to donate hydrogen. The IC50 value for DPPH is much higher than for ABTS. According to the results, the ABTS radical scavenging ability of the extracts is better than the DPPH radical scavenging activity, this may be attributed to the predominantly polar compounds in the extracts. Flavonoids are phenolic compounds, and are well known to have potent antioxidant activity on many important chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, and cardiovascular disease, which are caused by oxidative stress [33, 34]. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was given in Figure 3. Among the extracts, total phenolic content was highest in stem extract after flowering (75.89 mg GAE/ g extract), total flavonoid content was highest in stem extract before flowering (34.6 mg QE/ g extract). In previous reports, total phenolic and flavonoid content for M. rigidula was found as 79.61 mg GAE/ g and 27.38 μg QE/ g [35].

Figure 1 DPPH radical scavenging activity of M. sativa L. extracts at different growing period and standard compound BHT.
Figure 1

DPPH radical scavenging activity of M. sativa L. extracts at different growing period and standard compound BHT.

Figure 2 ABTS radical scavenging activity of M. sativa L. extracts at different growing period and standard compound BHT.
Figure 2

ABTS radical scavenging activity of M. sativa L. extracts at different growing period and standard compound BHT.

Figure 3 Total phenol and flavonoid content of M. sativa L. extracts at different growing period.
Figure 3

Total phenol and flavonoid content of M. sativa L. extracts at different growing period.

Acetylcholinesterase induces the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter in the brain, to choline and acetate. Brain degenerative diseases arise due to the decrease in the amount of acetylcholine. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by decline in brain function in old age. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are used in the treatment of AD disease to prevent hydrolysis of acetylcholine [36]. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition activity results are shown in table 1 with IC50 (μg/mL). Among the extracts, the leaf extract after flowering was more potent than others. All the extracts have weak anti-AChE activity except for the post-flowering leaf extract, compared to standard compound- galanthamine, but for the anti-BChE activity, all the extract demonstrated very weak activity, the IC50 value was much higher than that of the standard substance.

Table 1

Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of different part extracts of M. sativa L.

Plant extracts and reference compoundsAChE IC(μg/mL)R250BChE IC(μg/mL)R250
Leaf 1[*]561.290.9911297.830.955
Leaf 2[*]21.570.9611215.130.955
Stem 1[*]190.640.9481723.070.971
Stem 2[*]353.410.9581752.790.965
Flower[*]499.390.9771794.770.934
Galanthamine32.360.95839.110.981

The inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme is an increasingly effective treatment strategy for diabetes mellitus. α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition activity results were given in Figure 4. All of the extract were exhibited concentration dependent inhibition activity on α-glucosidase, the leaf extract after flowering was more active than others at the concentration of 2 mg/mL, but at the lower concentration, the flower extract was more active. As far as we know, no activity studies of enzyme inhibition have been done on M. sativa extracts. In this context our work will be the basis for the work to be carried out on this species.

Figure 4 α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition activity of acarbose and M. sativa L. extracts at different growing period.
Figure 4

α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition activity of acarbose and M. sativa L. extracts at different growing period.

4 conclusion

The capability of alfalfa extracts to scavenge free radicals as well as enzyme inhibition activity, indicating that they may be useful in preparing pharmaceutical formulations to treat various oxidative stress related chronic disease and diabetes mellitus associated with ɑ-glucosidase as well as brain degenerative disease related with cholinesterase inhibition.

Acknowledgement

Experimental studies were carried out in the high technology research laboratory of Cumhuriyet University. The authors sincere thanks to botanist Dr. Erol Dönmez for identification of the plant materials.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-01-20
Accepted: 2018-05-03
Published Online: 2018-10-22

© 2018 Nuraniye Eruygur et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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  63. 2-formyl-3,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)phenyl benzoate in Electrochemical Dry Cell
  64. Electro-photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin using calcium titanate
  65. Effect of Malus halliana Koehne Polysaccharides on Functional Constipation
  66. Structural Properties and Nonlinear Optical Responses of Halogenated Compounds: A DFT Investigation on Molecular Modelling
  67. DMFDMA catalyzed synthesis of 2-((Dimethylamino)methylene)-3,4-dihydro-9-arylacridin-1(2H)-ones and their derivatives: in-vitro antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant evaluations
  68. Production of Methanol as a Fuel Energy from CO2 Present in Polluted Seawater - A Photocatalytic Outlook
  69. Study of different extraction methods on finger print and fatty acid of raw beef fat using fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  70. Determination of trace fluoroquinolones in water solutions and in medicinal preparations by conventional and synchronous fluorescence spectrometry
  71. Extraction and determination of flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius
  72. Therapeutic Application of Zinc and Vanadium Complexes against Diabetes Mellitus a Coronary Disease: A review
  73. Study of calcined eggshell as potential catalyst for biodiesel formation using used cooking oil
  74. Manganese oxalates - structure-based Insights
  75. Topological Indices of H-Naphtalenic Nanosheet
  76. Long-Term Dissolution of Glass Fibers in Water Described by Dissolving Cylinder Zero-Order Kinetic Model: Mass Loss and Radius Reduction
  77. Topological study of the para-line graphs of certain pentacene via topological indices
  78. A brief insight into the prediction of water vapor transmissibility in highly impermeable hybrid nanocomposites based on bromobutyl/epichlorohydrin rubber blends
  79. Comparative sulfite assay by voltammetry using Pt electrodes, photometry and titrimetry: Application to cider, vinegar and sugar analysis
  80. MicroRNA delivery mediated by PEGylated polyethylenimine for prostate cancer therapy
  81. Reversible Fluorescent Turn-on Sensors for Fe3+ based on a Receptor Composed of Tri-oxygen Atoms of Amide Groups in Water
  82. Sonocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution using Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under mechanical agitation
  83. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  84. Production and Analysis of Recycled Ammonium Perrhenate from CMSX-4 superalloys
  85. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  86. New phosphorus biofertilizers from renewable raw materials in the aspect of cadmium and lead contents in soil and plants
  87. Survey of content of cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, sodium and zinc in chamomile and green tea leaves by electrothermal or flame atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry
  88. Biogas digestate – benefits and risks for soil fertility and crop quality – an evaluation of grain maize response
  89. A numerical analysis of heat transfer in a cross-current heat exchanger with controlled and newly designed air flows
  90. Freshwater green macroalgae as a biosorbent of Cr(III) ions
  91. The main influencing factors of soil mechanical characteristics of the gravity erosion environment in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river
  92. Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions
  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0088
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Medicago sativa; different growing stages; antioxidant; enzyme inhibitory activities
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Artikel in diesem Heft

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  62. The mechanism of antibacterial activity of corylifolinin against three clinical bacteria from Psoralen corylifolia L
  63. 2-formyl-3,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)phenyl benzoate in Electrochemical Dry Cell
  64. Electro-photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin using calcium titanate
  65. Effect of Malus halliana Koehne Polysaccharides on Functional Constipation
  66. Structural Properties and Nonlinear Optical Responses of Halogenated Compounds: A DFT Investigation on Molecular Modelling
  67. DMFDMA catalyzed synthesis of 2-((Dimethylamino)methylene)-3,4-dihydro-9-arylacridin-1(2H)-ones and their derivatives: in-vitro antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant evaluations
  68. Production of Methanol as a Fuel Energy from CO2 Present in Polluted Seawater - A Photocatalytic Outlook
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  70. Determination of trace fluoroquinolones in water solutions and in medicinal preparations by conventional and synchronous fluorescence spectrometry
  71. Extraction and determination of flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius
  72. Therapeutic Application of Zinc and Vanadium Complexes against Diabetes Mellitus a Coronary Disease: A review
  73. Study of calcined eggshell as potential catalyst for biodiesel formation using used cooking oil
  74. Manganese oxalates - structure-based Insights
  75. Topological Indices of H-Naphtalenic Nanosheet
  76. Long-Term Dissolution of Glass Fibers in Water Described by Dissolving Cylinder Zero-Order Kinetic Model: Mass Loss and Radius Reduction
  77. Topological study of the para-line graphs of certain pentacene via topological indices
  78. A brief insight into the prediction of water vapor transmissibility in highly impermeable hybrid nanocomposites based on bromobutyl/epichlorohydrin rubber blends
  79. Comparative sulfite assay by voltammetry using Pt electrodes, photometry and titrimetry: Application to cider, vinegar and sugar analysis
  80. MicroRNA delivery mediated by PEGylated polyethylenimine for prostate cancer therapy
  81. Reversible Fluorescent Turn-on Sensors for Fe3+ based on a Receptor Composed of Tri-oxygen Atoms of Amide Groups in Water
  82. Sonocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution using Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under mechanical agitation
  83. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  84. Production and Analysis of Recycled Ammonium Perrhenate from CMSX-4 superalloys
  85. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  86. New phosphorus biofertilizers from renewable raw materials in the aspect of cadmium and lead contents in soil and plants
  87. Survey of content of cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, sodium and zinc in chamomile and green tea leaves by electrothermal or flame atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry
  88. Biogas digestate – benefits and risks for soil fertility and crop quality – an evaluation of grain maize response
  89. A numerical analysis of heat transfer in a cross-current heat exchanger with controlled and newly designed air flows
  90. Freshwater green macroalgae as a biosorbent of Cr(III) ions
  91. The main influencing factors of soil mechanical characteristics of the gravity erosion environment in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river
  92. Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions
  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
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