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Electro-photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin using calcium titanate

  • Lvshan Zhou , Xiaogang Guo EMAIL logo , Chuan Lai EMAIL logo and Wei Wang
Published/Copyright: October 22, 2018
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 16 Issue 1

Abstract

The electro-photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin in aqueous solution was investigated using single factor test by the potassium permanganate method for measuring the values of chemical oxygen demand (CODMn). Batch experiments were carried out successfully under different conditions, including initial amoxicillin concentration, calcium titanate dosage, pH, UV irradiation time, electrolyte and temperature. The experimental results show that there is a great difference between electro-photocatalytic and photocatalitic degradation. The maximum electro-photocatalytic degradation efficiency can increase to 79% under the experimental conditions of 200 mL amoxicillin solution (100 mg L-1) with 0.5 g calcium titanate by pH=3 for 120 min irradiation and 0.058 g sodium chloride as electrolyte at 318.5K. In addition, the reaction rate constant of 0.00848~0.01349 min-1, activation energy of 9.8934 kJ mol-1 and the pre-exponential factor of 0.5728 were obtained based on kinetics studies, indicating that the electro-photocatalytic reaction approximately followed the first-order kinetics model.

Keywords: Electro-photocatalytic; Amoxicillin; Calcium titanate; Kinetics; Degradation

1 Introduction

In recent years, more and more experts have called for the banning of the abuse of antibiotics due to seriously endangering the environment and endangers human health. Various antibiotics are detected in the medical wastewater, surface water, groundwater worldwide, and even in the drinking water [1~3]. Therefore, much attention has been focused on the research of antibiotic compounds in the environment, and methods for their treatment [4].

Amoxicillin is a commonly used β-lactam antibiotic, which is widely applied in medical, animal husbandry, aquaculture and other fields [5]. It is reported that amoxicillin has been analyzed in different water samples from different regions and countries [6]. Since the 1940s, many methods such as adsorption, precipitation, oxidation and microbial degradation were explored for antibiotic waste water treatment by researchers [7]. At present, light or electricity-assisted degradation methods are commonly used based on the advanced oxidation reaction. Rosenfeldt [8] proposed that providing ultraviolet light during antibiotics degradation using hydrogen peroxide can effectively increase the degradation ratio of antibiotics. Comparing with Fenton-like and Fenton methods on the removal of penicillin in dark and light conditions, advanced oxidation turned out to be an effective method for reducing the chemical oxygen demand in aqueous solution. When light is supplemented, extending processing time can continue to improve the degradation effect [9,10]. In 2016, a research was undertaken applying power with various current densities to the levofloxacin aqueous solution, and the content of levofloxacin effectively decreased by electro-Fenton method [11]. Light and electricity have played extremely important roles in the degradation of antibiotics, and have an extremely important role confirmed in lots of reports. Therefore, photocatalysis is an effective method used for degradation of antibiotics, until now, which is primarily concerned with designing novel catalysts . The titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), cadmium sulfide (CdS) and ferric oxide (Fe2O3) were commonly used as catalyst in amoxicillin photocatalytic degradation process [12]. Considering the limited performance for pure catalysts, researchers modified the photocatalyst by various ways, such as loading metal, inorganic salts and even organic matter [13-15]. In addition to modifying the developed catalysts, researchers have also explored other new catalysts, especially calcium titanate as a promising catalyst.

Calcium titanate with octahedral groups as basic structural unit is a typical perovskite type photocatalyst. The band gap of calcium titanate is 3.5eV higher than that of TiO2 (3.2eV), showing the potential excellent catalytic performance in theory [16]. In recent years, a great number of researchers in various countries have begun to use pure or modified calcium titanate involving loaded metal and metal oxide for improving photodegradation of water, and several decent results are obtained [17-20]. However, how to realize the antibiotics degradation is still difficult by using calcium titanate, and the related reports are few. In this work, the amoxicillin degradation bycalcium titanate in aqueous solution was studied by single factor experiment under UV irradiation with various current densities. Meanwhile, an extension study of application based on calcium titanate would be analyzed in this work, and more useful information could be provided for the kinetic study of amoxicillin degradation.

2 Experimental

Amoxicillin and calcium titanate (minimum 99.5%, 2μm) were purchased from Aladdin. And others were purchased from Chengdu Kelon Chemical Co., Ltd. Distilled water was used for the preparation of all test solutions.

An aqueous stock solution with 300 mg L-1 amoxicillin was prepared. From this, calibration standards with concentrations of 1, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 mg L-1 were prepared in distilled water before being filtered through 0.45mm nylon filter membranes from Jingteng (China). In order to eliminate the effect of calcium titanate self-adsorption, the adsorption experiment was carried out under dark conditions. In the adsorption process, the effect of initial amoxicillin concentrations of 100 and 300 mg L-1 were investigated by batch experiments for a specific period of the contact time (0~300 min) at room temperature.

The 500 mL beaker with a magnetic stirring bar and under an illumination of 15 W UV lamp (Sitong, China) is taken as the photocatalytic reactor. In some cases, it is necessary to provide power supply to energize in aqueous solution. For each degradation experiment, various amounts of calcium titanate were added into 200 mL amoxicillin solution. PH was adjusted by H2SO4 and NaOH solutions and monitored by INESA PHS-3E pH meter (China). The suspension was agitated by magnetic stirring for 30min under dark conditions, and then irradiated by UV lamp. Amoxicillin concentrations, calcium titanate dosage, pH, UV irradiation time, electrolyte and temperature were optimized according to the values proposed in experimental design. After each experiment, the test solution was withdrawn and separated by a high speed centrifuge (Feige TGL-16GB, China) at 8000 r/min for 10 min.

In the course of experiment, the values of chemical oxygen demand (CODMn) for various test solutions were measured according to potassium permanganate method [21]. The working curve of amoxicillin standard solutions is [CODMn]=668.91c+5.1268, R2=0.9992, where [CODMn] is the concentration of (mg L-1) in test solution, and c (mg L-1) is amoxicillin standard solution concentration from 0 mg L-1 to 300mg L-1.

The degradation efficiency of each test was calculated based on the following expression (Eq. (1)):

η(%)=[CODMn]initial−[CODMn]final[CODMn]initial×100(1)

[CODMn]initial and [CODMn]final are the chemical oxygen demand values of the initial and final solutions respectively.

The degradation kinetics can usually be described by the zero-order, first-order and second-order kinetics models.

The reaction rate between amoxicillin concentration and time can be expressed by Eq. (2), Eq. (3) and Eq. (4), respectively.

−r0=dcdt=k0 (2)
−r1=dcdt=k1c(3)
−r2=dcdt=k2c2(4)

Integrating between c = c0 at t = 0 and c = c at t = t, Eq. (2), (3) and (4) can be displayed as follows:

c=c0−k0t(5)
c=c0⋅ek1t(6)
12=1c0+k2t(7)
c0 and c are the concentrations of amoxicillin at initial and final testing, respectively (mg L-1), k0, k1, k2 are rate constants of the zero-order, first-order and second-order reaction respectively, t is irradiation time.

Assuming that the activation energy (Ea) of amoxicillin in the process of degradation is independent of temperature (T), the Arrhenius equation (Eq. (8) and (9)) can be used to calculate the activation energy (Ea) and the pre-exponential factor (A).

k=A⋅e(−Ea/RT)(8)

or

ln k=ln A−EaR⋅1T(9)
k is rate constants.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Adsorption of calcium titanate

Figure 1 shows the relationship of COD removal and adsorption time. It can be seen that At the first 30 min, the adsorption rate is very fast, and then changes slowly, ultimately to stabilize. And the COD removal is 1.3 and 1.9 mg L-1 with equilibrium time of 90 min for 200mL amoxicillin in 100 mg L-1 and 300 mg L-1 concentration respectively. Moreover, at the beginning, the surface of calcium titanate with enough vacant sites effectively adsorb amoxicillin molecules, and the adsorption rate is very fast, but the mutual repulsive forces of amoxicillin molecules made adsorption rate slow down obviously when adsorption capacity was close to maximum value, Adsorption experiments also show that the effect of adsorption on degradation experiment is little, so that it could be neglected in determination of degradation efficiency.

Figure 1 The effect of adsorption on chemical oxygen demand removal for 200mL 100 mg L-1 and 300 mg L-1 amoxicillin solution with 0.5 g calcium titanate at room temperature in various adsorption time.
Figure 1

The effect of adsorption on chemical oxygen demand removal for 200mL 100 mg L-1 and 300 mg L-1 amoxicillin solution with 0.5 g calcium titanate at room temperature in various adsorption time.

3.2 Effect of amoxicillin initial concentration

Clearly, as displayed in Figure 2, there is the similar degradation efficiency for 200mL amoxicillin with initial concentration of 100 mg L-1 and 300 mg L-1. It can be found the degradation efficiency is not varied from a range of 25%~30%, because the intermediate products were hardly degraded by photocataytic process. This result was different from reported conclusion that amoxicillinin could be degraded completely under photocatalytic conditions in aqueous solution [22]. The reason is that the degradation efficiency reported is calculated based on the determination of residual amoxicillin in solution by high performance liquid chromatography. According to the high performance liquid chromatography for amoxicillin degradation evaluating, the degradation efficiency would be indicated as 100%. if the test solution without amoxicillin But as we all know, the degradation process of amoxicillin contain multi-step and multi-channel, and the degradation intermediate products were still different organic compounds [23]. So, in this work, COD value is used for descripting degradation efficiency, which can reach to 100% when amoxicillin and intermediate products are completely degraded to non-reducing substances.

Figure 2 The effect of initial concentrations on degradation efficiency for 200mL 100 mg L-1 and 300 mg L-1amoxicillin solution with 0.5 g calcium titanate at room temperature in different irradiation times.
Figure 2

The effect of initial concentrations on degradation efficiency for 200mL 100 mg L-1 and 300 mg L-1amoxicillin solution with 0.5 g calcium titanate at room temperature in different irradiation times.

3.3 Effect of pH

PH is considered as a significant factor to affect photocatalyst and the substrate of amoxicillin. Batch experiments were carried out as pH varied from 3 to 10. Figure 3 shows the effect of pH on degradation efficiency for 200 mL 100 mg L-1 amoxicillin solution with 0.5g calcium titanate at room temperature with various irradiation times. As shown in Figure 3, the degradation efficiency is 32%, 21% and 16% as pH is in 3, 7 and 10 after 150 min irradiation, respectively. and the optimum pH for amoxicillin degradation is pH=3, and the degradation efficiency increases with the pH decreasing. There are two reasons can explaining this. One is the oxidation potential of hydroxyl radicals (•0H) decreasing with the pH increasing, leading to the weak attack ability to organic [24-25]. The other is that amoxicillin may be relatively stable in high pH environment.

Figure 3 The degradation efficiency of for 200 mL 100 mg L-1 amoxicillin solution with 0.5g calcium titanate at room temperature as a function of different irradiation times at PH=3, 7 and 10.
Figure 3

The degradation efficiency of for 200 mL 100 mg L-1 amoxicillin solution with 0.5g calcium titanate at room temperature as a function of different irradiation times at PH=3, 7 and 10.

3.4 Effect of calcium titanate dosage

The dosage of calcium titanate varied from 0.1 g to 1.0 g and irradiation time from 10 min to 150 min and has a significant impact on degradation efficiency clearly seen in Figure 4. The degradation efficiency will reach the maximum value after 120 min irradiation for all samples, and there a similar changing tendency for degradation efficiency with calcium titanate dosage and irradiation time, showing that the low dosage of calcium titanate is not good enough for amoxicillin degradation. Addtionally, it also can be found that the degradation efficiency increases with dosage of calcium titanate increasing from 0.1 g to 1.0 g, and which changes slightly as calcium titanate dosage is more than 0.5g. Therefore, the calcium titanate dosage of 0.5 g adding in 200 mL 100 mg L-1 amoxicillin solution was chosen for evaluating other factors effect on degradation efficiency in the experiment process.

Figure 4 The effect of calcium titanate dosage on degradation efficiency for 200 mL 100 mg L-1 amoxicillin aqueous solution by pH=3 at room temperature in various irradiation time.
Figure 4

The effect of calcium titanate dosage on degradation efficiency for 200 mL 100 mg L-1 amoxicillin aqueous solution by pH=3 at room temperature in various irradiation time.

3.5 Effect of electrolyte

It was discovered that the maximum value of degradation efficiency for 200 mL 100 mg L-1 amoxicillin solution with 0.5 g calcium titanate by pH=3 is about 36% (see in Figure 4) under the irradiation condition without current intensity for the reaction system, indicating that the degradation efficiency is unsatisfactory for amoxicillin solution without current intensity. sodium sulfate and sodium chloride were used as electrolyte for evaluation of amoxicillin degradation with various current densities. The Cu is used as electrode is, and the current density is 0.03mA/cm2. Figure 5 shows the relationship between degradation efficiency degradation efficiency for 200 mL 100 mg L-1 amoxicillin solution with 0.5 g calcium titanate by pH=3 and current intensities at room temperature. The irradiation time is 120 min. The degradation efficiency of sample with 0.142 g sodium sulfate is up to 73% better than that of samples with 0.058 g sodium chloride as electrolyte (ca. 37%), which is approximate compared with the blank samples. It can be found that with current intensity increasing the degradation efficiency changes lightly, which agrees with reports by Tang [26], Thus the applying power with current density for amoxicillin solution contributes to improving the amoxicillin degradation,when a suitable electrolyte was selected.

Figure 5 The effect of electrolyte on degradation efficiency for 200 mL 100 mg L-1 amoxicillin solution with 0.5 g calcium titanate by pH=3 with different current intensities at room temperature in 120 min irradiation time.
Figure 5

The effect of electrolyte on degradation efficiency for 200 mL 100 mg L-1 amoxicillin solution with 0.5 g calcium titanate by pH=3 with different current intensities at room temperature in 120 min irradiation time.

3.6 Effect of temperature

The temperature of the reaction system was essential to a successful experiment. In this work, the batch experiments were carried out with the temperature range from 283.5 K to 318.5 K. as presented in Figure 6, the degradation efficiency increased with increasing temperature, indicating that the higher temperature is beneficial for amoxicillin degradation. The degradation efficiency will reach to 79% as temperature is controlled at 318.5 K at 120 min irradiation time with the current intensity in 0.03 mA cm-2. It is worth mentioning that the degradation efficiency has slightly decreased with irradiation time continuing to increasing more than 120 min , maybe this due to some intermediates generated in the system were difficult to degradation.

Figure 6 The effect of temperature on degradation efficiency for 200mL 100 mg L-1 amoxicillin solution with 0.5 g calcium titanate and 0.058 g sodium chloride by pH=3 in various irradiation time with current intensity in 0.03mA cm-2.
Figure 6

The effect of temperature on degradation efficiency for 200mL 100 mg L-1 amoxicillin solution with 0.5 g calcium titanate and 0.058 g sodium chloride by pH=3 in various irradiation time with current intensity in 0.03mA cm-2.

3.7 Effect of the other factors

In order to prove the electro-photocatalytic efficiency, electrolytic degradation and photocatalytic degradation experiments for 200mL 100 mg L-1 amoxicillin solution with 0.5 g calcium titanate and 0.058 g sodium chloride by pH=3 with current intensity are also analyzed in 0.03mA cm-2 in this paper. As shown in Table 1, the efficiency of electro-photocatalytic degradation was better than that of electrolysis or photocatalytic degradation alone, and its average degradation efficiency was increased by about 21.5% and 42.7% respectively.

Table 1

Results of different degradation methods.

electrolysis degradationphotocatalytic degradationelectro-photocatalytic degradation
157.3%35.8%79.1%
256.9%36.3%78.5%
357.7%36.2%78.7%
the57.3%36.1%78.8%
average
value
R0.56%0.39%0.24%

3.8 Kinetics of electro-photocatalytic degradation

To study the kinetics of electro-photocatalytic (0.03 mA cm-2) degradation of amoxicillin, experiments were conducted under optimum operating conditions that 0.5g calcium titanate and 0.058 g sodium chloride were added into 200 mL 100 mg L-1 amoxicillin solution by pH=3 for 120 min irradiation. The temperature controlled in the range of from 283.5K to 318.5K. The reaction rate constant (k) and correlation coefficient (R2) of zero-order of first-order and second-order reaction were calculated by equation (5), (6) and (7), respectively under different temperatures shown in Table 2. The results suggest that the electro-photocatalytic reaction approximately followed the first-order kinetics, the reaction rate constant is 0.00848~0.01349 min-1, which are similar with the results reported in references [27] and [28]. Meanwhile, the linearity of the plots demonstrated in Figure 7 suggests that the fitting equation is y=-1189.97x-0.5573, R2=0.9864. The activation energy 9.8934 kJ mol-1 and the pre-exponential factor 0.5728 were calculated from equation (9).

Figure 7 The plots of lnk vs. 1/T according to k1.
Figure 7

The plots of lnk vs. 1/T according to k1.

Table 2

Kinetic parameters and modeling of amoxicillin electro-photocatalytic degradation at various temperatures.

T/KZero-order kineticsFirst-order kineticsSecond-order kinetics
k0/mg L-1 min-1R2k1/min-1R2k2/L mg-1 min-1R2
283.55.235×10-40.96870.008480.99910.14080.9870
297.55.886×10-40.95290.010770.99620.20430.9862
308.56.167×10-40.94540.012120.99870.25720.9642
318.56.241×10-40.90450.013490.99430.30210.9711

4 Conclusion

In this work, the electro-photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin in aqueous solution was demonstrated by using potassium permanganate method and analyzing values of chemical oxygen demand (CODMn). Firstly, the effect factors involving initial amoxicillin concentration, calcium titanate dosage, pH, UV irradiation time, electrolyte and temperature were studied to obtain the optimum operational conditions for amoxicillin degradation. The results show that the optimized degradation efficiency is about 36% with only irradiation, and up to 79% at 318.5K, when sodium chloride was added for amoxicillin electro-photocatalytic degradation. In addition, the kinetics of electro-photocatalytic amoxicillin degradation was studied at different temperature and irradiation time. The results display that the electro-photocatalytic reaction approximately follow the first-order kinetics. The reaction rate constant, activation energy and pre-exponential factor were 0.00848~0.01349 min-1, 9.8934 kJ mol-1 and 0.5728, respectively.

Acknowledgment

Financial support of the work by the Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis of Sichuan Institutes of Higher Education (Nos. LYJ1605, LZJ1803), the program projects funded of Sichuan University of Arts and Science (No. 2018SCL001Y), the opening project of Key Laboratories of Fine Chemicals and Surfactants in Sichuan Provincial Universities (Nos. 2018JXZ01, 2016JXZ03) and the Opening Project of Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province (No. 2017CL02) were gratefully acknowledged.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-01-05
Accepted: 2018-07-08
Published Online: 2018-10-22

© 2018 Lvshan Zhou et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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  32. Serum containing drugs of Gua Lou Xie Bai decoction (GLXB-D) can inhibit TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in A549 Cells
  33. Antiulcer Activity of Different Extracts of Anvillea garcinii and Isolation of Two New Secondary Metabolites
  34. Analysis of Metabolites in Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz Dry Red Wines from Shanxi by 1H NMR Spectroscopy Combined with Pattern Recognition Analysis
  35. Can water temperature impact litter decomposition under pollution of copper and zinc mixture
  36. Released from ZrO2/SiO2 coating resveratrol inhibits senescence and oxidative stress of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASC)
  37. Validated thin-layer chromatographic method for alternative and simultaneous determination of two anti-gout agents in their fixed dose combinations
  38. Fast removal of pollutants from vehicle emissions during cold-start stage
  39. Review Article
  40. Catalytic activities of heterogeneous catalysts obtained by copolymerization of metal-containing 2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate
  41. Antibiotic Residue in the Aquatic Environment: Status in Africa
  42. Regular Articles
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  44. Phytosynthetic Ag doped ZnO nanoparticles: Semiconducting green remediators
  45. Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Induced by SMAD4 Activation in Invasive Growth Hormone-Secreting Adenomas
  46. Physicochemical properties of stabilized sewage sludge admixtures by modified steel slag
  47. In Vitro Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activity of Cydonia oblonga flower petals, leaf and fruit pellet ethanolic extracts. Docking simulation of the active flavonoids on anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2
  48. Synthesis and Characterization of Pd exchanged MMT Clay for Mizoroki-Heck Reaction
  49. A new selective, and sensitive method for the determination of lixivaptan, a vasopressin 2 (V2)-receptor antagonist, in mouse plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study
  50. Anti-EGFL7 antibodies inhibit rat prolactinoma MMQ cells proliferation and PRL secretion
  51. Density functional theory calculations, vibration spectral analysis and molecular docking of the antimicrobial agent 6-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-5-ethyl-2-{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl] sulfanyl}pyrimidin-4(3H)-one
  52. Effect of Nano Zeolite on the Transformation of Cadmium Speciation and Its Uptake by Tobacco in Cadmium-contaminated Soil
  53. Effects and Mechanisms of Jinniu Capsule on Methamphetamine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Rats
  54. Calculating the Degree-based Topological Indices of Dendrimers
  55. Efficient optimization and mineralization of UV absorbers: A comparative investigation with Fenton and UV/H2O2
  56. Metabolites of Tryptophane and Phenylalanine as Markers of Small Bowel Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
  57. Adsorption and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water through the aggregation of graphene oxide
  58. The role of NR2C2 in the prolactinomas
  59. Chromium removal from industrial wastewater using Phyllostachys pubescens biomass loaded Cu-S nanospheres
  60. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  61. Preparation of Calcium Fluoride using Phosphogypsum by Orthogonal Experiment
  62. The mechanism of antibacterial activity of corylifolinin against three clinical bacteria from Psoralen corylifolia L
  63. 2-formyl-3,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)phenyl benzoate in Electrochemical Dry Cell
  64. Electro-photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin using calcium titanate
  65. Effect of Malus halliana Koehne Polysaccharides on Functional Constipation
  66. Structural Properties and Nonlinear Optical Responses of Halogenated Compounds: A DFT Investigation on Molecular Modelling
  67. DMFDMA catalyzed synthesis of 2-((Dimethylamino)methylene)-3,4-dihydro-9-arylacridin-1(2H)-ones and their derivatives: in-vitro antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant evaluations
  68. Production of Methanol as a Fuel Energy from CO2 Present in Polluted Seawater - A Photocatalytic Outlook
  69. Study of different extraction methods on finger print and fatty acid of raw beef fat using fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  70. Determination of trace fluoroquinolones in water solutions and in medicinal preparations by conventional and synchronous fluorescence spectrometry
  71. Extraction and determination of flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius
  72. Therapeutic Application of Zinc and Vanadium Complexes against Diabetes Mellitus a Coronary Disease: A review
  73. Study of calcined eggshell as potential catalyst for biodiesel formation using used cooking oil
  74. Manganese oxalates - structure-based Insights
  75. Topological Indices of H-Naphtalenic Nanosheet
  76. Long-Term Dissolution of Glass Fibers in Water Described by Dissolving Cylinder Zero-Order Kinetic Model: Mass Loss and Radius Reduction
  77. Topological study of the para-line graphs of certain pentacene via topological indices
  78. A brief insight into the prediction of water vapor transmissibility in highly impermeable hybrid nanocomposites based on bromobutyl/epichlorohydrin rubber blends
  79. Comparative sulfite assay by voltammetry using Pt electrodes, photometry and titrimetry: Application to cider, vinegar and sugar analysis
  80. MicroRNA delivery mediated by PEGylated polyethylenimine for prostate cancer therapy
  81. Reversible Fluorescent Turn-on Sensors for Fe3+ based on a Receptor Composed of Tri-oxygen Atoms of Amide Groups in Water
  82. Sonocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution using Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under mechanical agitation
  83. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  84. Production and Analysis of Recycled Ammonium Perrhenate from CMSX-4 superalloys
  85. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  86. New phosphorus biofertilizers from renewable raw materials in the aspect of cadmium and lead contents in soil and plants
  87. Survey of content of cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, sodium and zinc in chamomile and green tea leaves by electrothermal or flame atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry
  88. Biogas digestate – benefits and risks for soil fertility and crop quality – an evaluation of grain maize response
  89. A numerical analysis of heat transfer in a cross-current heat exchanger with controlled and newly designed air flows
  90. Freshwater green macroalgae as a biosorbent of Cr(III) ions
  91. The main influencing factors of soil mechanical characteristics of the gravity erosion environment in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river
  92. Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions
  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0108
Keywords for this article
Electro-photocatalytic; Amoxicillin; Calcium titanate; Kinetics; Degradation
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  50. Anti-EGFL7 antibodies inhibit rat prolactinoma MMQ cells proliferation and PRL secretion
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  57. Adsorption and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water through the aggregation of graphene oxide
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  61. Preparation of Calcium Fluoride using Phosphogypsum by Orthogonal Experiment
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  81. Reversible Fluorescent Turn-on Sensors for Fe3+ based on a Receptor Composed of Tri-oxygen Atoms of Amide Groups in Water
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  89. A numerical analysis of heat transfer in a cross-current heat exchanger with controlled and newly designed air flows
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  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
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  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
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