Startseite Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions
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Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions

  • Magdalena Dziągwa-Becker EMAIL logo , Ryszard Weber , Olga Zajączkowska und Wiesław Oleszek
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 20. August 2018
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 16 Heft 1

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to establish the free amino acids profile of Viola tricolor collected from different habitats in Poland. Viola tricolor (heartsease) is a very popular plant found worldwide, classified both as weed and medicinal plant. Based on a validated method, the following nineteen free amino acids were analyzed using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-ESI-MS/MS):alanine, glycine, leucine, valine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, serine, threonine, methionine, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid. The total free amino acids (TAA) ranged from 9938.0 to 11393.8 mg/kg of fresh weight. The variability of the investigated amino acids with respect to different habitat conditions was statistically assessed using the method of discriminant and cluster analysis. Alanine, valine, glutamine and aspartic acid were the most abundant free amino acids present in both localizations. The ratio of total essential amino acids (EAA) to TAA was 0.27 and 0.11 in Zagródki and Wrocław, respectively. Discriminant analysis has demonstrated that the investigated habitats significantly differentiated the free amino acids content of Viola tricolor. Only methionine showed a similar concentration in both Viola tricolor populations.

Keywords: free amino acids; heartsease (Viola tricolor); LC-MS/MS; MANOVA; discriminant analysis

1 Introduction

Despite a very intensive development of herbal science, there are hardly any publications concerning weed amino acids (AA) profile. Thus, our objective was to apply a method to detect free amino acids (FAA) using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-ESI-MS/MS) and to establish the free amino acid profile of a very common weed - heartsease (Viola tricolor) found in different types of habitat in the Lower Silesia region in Poland. This plant species was selected based on its frequency of occurrence, worldwide habitat, edibility, implications with alternative and modern medicine. Heartsease (Viola tricolor L.) from Violaceae family is a traditional medicinal plant and has been documented in the Pharmacopoeia of Europe [1,2,3]. Moreover, farmers recognize this plant as a weed as it can spread rapidly, the seeds have excellent adaptation to germination which can lead to a crop yield loss when the weeds compete with crops [4], Over the past few years a number of herbicides have been discovered which inhibit amino acids metabolism; therefore, studies relating to weed amino acids profile are of paramount importance [5]. Rop et al. [6] observed that flowers of Viola x wittrockiana possess the highest level of mineral elements among 12 edible flowers that were investigated. Viola tricolor could turn out to be a suitable and cheap source of amino acids for consumption, the cosmetic industry, pharmaceutical applications. or medicine. Data exists that show its favorable effect on human health - to cure skin diseases, rheumatic pains, eczema, asthma and respiratory problems. Amino acids participate in the biosynthesis of polyphenols and alkaloids which contribute to antioxidant properties in plants [7,8,9]. It is also worth mentioning, that there are promising projects underway that study cyclotide isolation from Viola tricolor and other species from the Violaceae family which contain anti-tumur properties [10,11]. Tang et al. [12] isolated 14 cyclotides from Viola tricolor, including seven novel cyclotides, using tandem mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, some of which show cytotoxic activities against five cancer cell lines.

Hellinger et al. [13,14] shed light on the unexplored variety of plant-derived cyclotides of the Violaceae family and discovered that an aqueous Viola tricolor extract contained bioactive cyclotides, with immunosuppressive activity.

Metabolite profiling aimed at analyzing a small number of known metabolites belonging to the same compound classes is one of the three general approaches to analyze small molecules, among metabolic fingerprinting and metabolomics. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/ MS) allows interfering signals to be filtered out after molecular ions are broken into fragments between steps of mass analysis. Mass spectrometry coupled with ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) is a powerful tool enabling accurate and reliable metabolite analysis in a short time [15]. Also, the sample preparation is very important, and the choice of the drying method could be a goal itself when analyzing plants used for herbal medicine. Zhu et al. [16] used UHPLC-TQ-MS coupled with multivariate statistical analysis to characterise amino acids, nucleosides and nucleobases in Angelicae Sinensis Radix was obtained under different drying methods.

The evaluation of amino acids as well as other metabolites present in plants grown in different geographical locations has been a subject of interest for different authors [17,18].

Sami et al. [17] found 17 amino acids in the okra plant that were collected from four different regions in Egypt, 11 of which were essential. Authors found that the major amino acid was aspartic acid, which dry weight concentrations were 2.91–4.92 g/100 g. However, the authors did not provide information about the locations; therefore, no conclusions could be drawn between the relation between amino acid profile and habitat conditions. Sun et al. [18] selected 13 wild edible mushrooms species found in China and analyzed their free amino acid composition using reversed phase liquid chromatography The total free amino acid (TAA) content ranged from 1462.6 mg/100 g to 13,106.2 mg/100 g on a dry weight basis. Furthermore, the authors did a principal component analysis and cluster analysis to show that essential amino acids composition and content might be an important parameter in separating the mushroom species.

This work identifies (both qualify and quantify) the composition of 19 FAA in a Viola tricolor matrice for the first time, due to important biological functions and a possible value for industry; it also shows free amino acid variability related to different environmental conditions using the discriminant and cluster analysis method.

2 Materials and Methods

2.1 Sampling

Samples of heartsease (Viola tricolor) used in this study were collected from a field in Zagródki (A) N50o 59’ 4.9943” E17o6’ 47.3708” and Wrocław (B) N51o4’ 40.2254” E17o2’ 35.0415 at the end of June 2015. The aboveground biomass was obtained at stage five (flower development), with both stems and leaves. Three specimens per habitat were collected, immediately transported to the laboratory; the samples were frozen and ground using pestle and liquid nitrogen.

2.2 Determination of Free Amino Acids Composition

2.2.1 Sample preparation

The samples (0.5 g) were extracted using LC-MS grade water, followed by a 15 min sonification in an ultrasonic bath. Homogenates were centrifuged at 11000 rpm for 15 min at 4oC to obtain supernatants. EZ:faast(TM) Free Amino Acid kit (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA) was used for AA analysis. The procedure was performed according to the optimized and validated method presented by Dziągwa-Becker et al. [19]. In short, the procedure consisted of solid phase extraction, where the plant extract was passed through the sorbent tip that bound the amino acids, derivatization using propyl chloroformate and liquid-liquid extraction [20].

2.2.2 Determination of free amino acids by high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)

The analysis was conducted using a high-performance liquid chromatograph Shimadzu 8030 (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) with a binary solvent manager, autosampler and column oven. An EZ:faast(TM)4u AAA-MS column, 3 μm, 250 × 2.0 mm (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA) at a flow rate of 0.25 mL min-1 was used for the chromatographic separation. The column temperature was maintained at 35°C. The mobile phase consisted of water/methanol (A/B) gradient both 10 mM ammonium formate where the methanol percentage was changed linearly as follows: 0 min, 68%; 13 min, 83%; 13.01 min, 68%; 18 min, 68%. The abovementioned chromatographic conditions were applied to all analyzed samples. All AAs were analyzed in a positive ionization mode, showing an abundant [M + H]+ ion for each derivatised amino acid. The sample volume injected into the HPLC system was 1 μL. The tandem mass spectrometer LCMS-8030 (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) with ultra fast polarity switching and ultra fast Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) transitions was used for analysis. Nitrogen was drying as well as nebulising gas, obtained from pressurized air in a N2 LC-MS pump, working at a flow rate 15 L min-1 and 3 L min-1, respectively. The desolvation line temperature was 250°C and the heat block temperature was 400°C. The collision-induced dissociation gas (CID) was argon 99.999% (Linde, Wrocław, Poland) at a pressure of 230 kPa. A dwell time of 10 ms was selected. LabSolution Ver. 5.6 (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) software was used to process the quantitative data. LC-MS grade solvents were used, obtained from Fluka Analytical (St. Louis, MO, USA) [19].

2.3 Soil properties determination

The physico-chemical proprieties of the soils were determined as follows: soil pH was tested potentiometrically in 1 M KCl, potassium and phosphorus content was tested according to the Egner-Riehm method, the granulomertic composition was conducted using the sieve method by Casagrande in Prószyński modification. Granulometric group was specified according to USDA. The organic carbon content was determined according to Tiurin’s method, soil organic matter (SOM) was performed on the basis of Corg content [21,22] (Table 2).

2.4 Meteorological data

Meteorological data came from two IUNG weather stations. Temperature measurements were made at a standard shelter height (2m) in accordance with established on-site meteorological guidelines (Table 3).

2.5 Data Analysis

Assessing the variability of the free amino acid content in Viola tricolor populations in Wrocław and Zagródki, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and discriminant analysis method was performed using the statistical data analysis program STATISTICA 6 (StatSoft Polska, Poland), laid down by Morrison [23], Caliński and Chudzik [24], Krzysko [25]. The analysis enabled the assessment of the amino acid content in a dimension created by two variables - different habitats. Cluster analysis was conducted using Ward’s method to compare the achieved results.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animals use.

3 Results

3.1 Viola tricolor amino acids profile

All 19 free amino acids were found in Viola tricolor samples collected from two locations in Poland - Zagródki and Wrocław. Their concentrations are exhibited in Table 1. The total free amino acids (TAA) content in the analyzed samples ranged from 9938.0 to 11393.8 mg/kg of fresh weight. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that shows the presence of 19 FAA belonging to the group of 23 proteinogenic amino acids. Plants can synthesize all proteinogenic amino acids. Among them. 9 amino acids are known to be essential, meaning humans can them from their diet. All essential AA are present in Viola tricolor and their content amounts of 2703.9 and 1202.3 mg/kg in Zagródki and Wrocław respectively. The ratio between EAA and TAA was 0.272 and 0.106 for Zagródki and Wrocław, respectively. As shown in Table 1, Figure 1 and 2, it was possible to determine all t19 free amino acids: alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, asparagine, andglutamine.

Table 1

Content (mg/kg) of Free Amino Acids in Viola tricolor.

Aminoacid numberViola tricolor Zagródki [mg/kg]Viola tricolor Wrocław [mg/kg]standard deviation Zagródkistandard deviation Wrocław
1. Gly185.7a90.0b0.418.96
2. Ala5318.7a7979.2b15.7719.39
3. Ser107.1a72.8b2.8110.22
4. Asn84.1a72.2b0.525.42
5. Pro291.5a153.8b0.2112.35
6. Val1565.8a654.4b7.025.61
7. Thr134.4a104.6b3.153.74
8. Leu391.4a148.4b2.5725.94
9. Ile281.2a106.3b2.035.65
10. Gln542.9a773.5b3.3313.95
11. Met16.8a15.2a0.332.85
12. Phe84.6a52.5b1.6310.52
13. Arg73.7a42.7b5.288.68
14. Asp418.6a654.5b4.4912.49
15. Glu144.0a314.5b0.943.06
16. Trp36.7a30.8b0.150.70
17. Lys125.5a56.9b1.497.86
18. His67.4a33.1b0.532.13
19. Tyr67.9a38.2b0.246.12
TAA9938.011393.8
EAA2703.91202.3
EAA/TAA0.2720.106

  1. Gly: glycine; Ala: alanine; Ser: serine; Asn: asparagine; Pro: proline; Val: valine; Thr: threonine; Leu: leucine; Ile: isoleucine; Gln: glutamine; Met: methionine; Phe: phenylalanine; Arg: arginine; Asp: aspartic acid; Glu: glutamic acid; Trp: tryptophan; Lys: lysine; His: histidine; Tyr: tyrosine. EAA - essential AA were calculated as the total content of Val, Thr, Leu, Ile, Met, Phe, Trp, Lys, His TAA - total AA content a, b - heterogeneous groups

Table 2

Physicochemical properties of the tested soils.

SoilLocationpH [1M KCl]SOM [%]P2O5K2OTexture of soils [%]Texture classes/granulometric group USDA [by PTG 2008]
[mg/100g soil][mg/100g soil]2000-50μm50-2μm< 2μm
AZagródki5.23.224.618.5482527Sandy clay loam
BWrocław5.83.01522171245Sandy loam

Figure 1 A chromatogram of free amino acids in viola tricolor.
Figure 1

A chromatogram of free amino acids in viola tricolor.

3.2 Habitat conditions

Both soils originated from farmland. The soil from Wrocław was slightly acidic with light texture and classified as sandy loam (USDA Soil Texture Calculator https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/?cid=nrcs142p2_054167). This soil that was very high in phosphorus, potassium and Soil Organic Matter (SOM) resulted from intensive cultivation and fertilization. Also, the pH level was controlled by intensive limning. Sandy loam soils are susceptible to over-drying.

The soil from Zagródki had a high content of clay fraction and was classified as sandy clay loam [26]. This type of soil is not intensively cultivated and has lower phosphorus and potassium content than Wrocław, but a slightly higher SOM content and similar pH level. Soils with sandy clay loam texture are susceptible to poor drainage and gley properties (Table 2).

Figure 2 Amino acids profiles of Viola tricolor.
Figure 2

Amino acids profiles of Viola tricolor.

The second quarter of 2015 was warm, with high precipitation levels. Especially in June, there was heavy rain (Table 3).

Table 3

Meteorological data.

SoilLocalisationaverage temperature [⍰C]precipitation totals [mm]
AprilMayJuneAprilMayJune
AZagródki8.913.416.614.719.512.7
BWrocław9.0213.516.711.828.554.8

4 Discussion

4.1 Amino acids profile

Ala is the most abundant AA found in both habitats. Its ratio to the TAA content was 0.535 and 0.700. The divergence of FAA content in Viola tricolor from two locations can be a result of many conditions interfering, co-affecting and interchanging the AA profile. Among them are the use of pesticides, weather conditions, soil properties, microorganisms, harvesting time and growth conditions. No one single factor can change the amino acids profile, but more importantly, the group of interrelating factors can lead to enormous alterations. Furthermore, Viola tricolor has a tendency to crossbreed with other species from the Violaceae family and form hybrids [27]. Therefore, the different AA profile from two habitats can be a proof of genetic variability.

4.2 Statistical Analysis of Variability

The variability of the investigated amino acids with respect to different habitat conditions was statistically assessed using the methods of discriminant and cluster analysis. Statistical analysis showed significant differences among the free amino acid content in the investigated habitats (Table 1). Only Met showed similar concentrations in both Viola tricolor populations. The majority of amino acids showed a higher concentration in Zagródki. Only the content of Ala, Gln, Glu and Asp was higher in Wrocław habitat in comparison to Zagródki. A multidimensional analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed a significant differentiation of free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitats (Table 4).

Table 4

Discriminant analysis results.

Wilk’s lambda = 0,00001; approximate F = 3335,8 p<0,00001
HabitatWilk’s lambdaPartial Wilk’s lambdaFLevel p
Zagródki (A)0,0042790,00008923191,85p<0,00001
Wrocław (B)0,0000100,03836451,52p<0,00001

Wilk’s lambda distribution for the total discriminant, calculated as the ratio of determinant matrix variance and intra-group covariance to determinant matrix variance and total covariance shows that the hypothesis of centroid equality of the two habitats should be rejected at p<0,0001 significance level. Partial Wilk’s lambda and F test results indicate that the Zagródki habitat affected the amino acids variability more than the Wrocław habitat; however, in Wrocław the differences between AA were also significant. Table 5 shows squared Mahalanobis distances between two amino acids formed by two habitats. The Mahalanobis distance is similar to the standard Euclidean distance, however it additionally shows the correlation between the two variables. The larger the distances shown in the table, the farther the amino acids are located and also the bigger discriminant power has the proposed model in order to differentiate the examined amino acids.

Table 5

Squared Mahalanobis distances between free amino acids in two environment.

nr Amino acid12345678910111213141516171819
10464028910221705188531783242570181503228744773170320989959221370761023442321
24640288047790164819793445515625299194729467428650344748484011595494263448197264839652422036347036314906239474730548511874850137
3102247790160875684354906129133985004335621377861911735730283653270263
4170548197938707174366086427156406408370597730,0120198967103842755148
51885445515656847174027076341001629221163112657717179603184338210879464084348390
631783225299193549063660862707630341499230391275626170256400503366063371570215359334631390190346295374770374479
74254729467129427410034149901089735262952823504276341449338162217773760
8701842865031339815640162923039110897020264566233671563516790272970320927117671747517412
9150344748485004640822275626352620260126581163264057151373328649930402876017560
1022874401159533562370591163117025629528456612658048535370533881926482752044989309533985839763
114773494263413777731265740050323502336711632485350774542285112962671970427437
1217034819726860,01717136606342715635640537053774021198927103852745148
1320984839652191207960371570634167907151388195422102119197122844576
149959422036317357198963184215359144932723733264828511198922119101309525809154972196121890
15221470363130271033823346313897032864275202962710971130950213710511411125
1637074906239836384108793901901622209279930449896738522825809213701309155161
1761047473055327546403462951711767402830953197027444515549710513090526551
18234448511872705184343747707731747576013985842751721961114115556200,01
1923214850137263488390374479760174127560397634374862189011251615510,010

  1. no significant difference p=0,05; nr amino acid see table 1

Mean concentration values of the investigated amino acids from two habitats varied significantly in most of the cases. Insignificant Mahalanobis distances were found between Asn and Phe, Phe and Arg. No significant differences were calculated between Arg and Asn, Phe, His and Tyr. Considerable similarities were found between the concentration of His and Tyr in the investigated locations. Cluster analysis was performed to compare the concentration of 19 AA in the dimension formed by two habitats. The closer the location of AA, the higher similarity between groups of the investigated plants. While analyzing the aggregation of the control subject, four clusters could be distinguished (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Tree diagram of the cluster analysis for Viola tricolor from 2 habitats.
Figure 3

Tree diagram of the cluster analysis for Viola tricolor from 2 habitats.

The first cluster was formed by 10 amino acids - Gly, Thr, Ser, Lys, Asn, Phe, Met, Trp, Arg and His. They were characterized by a significant Euclidean distance in comparison to the second cluster formed by four amino acids - Pro, Ile, Leu and Glu. The two clusters were in a considerable distance from the third cluster, formed by Val, Gln, Asp. Interestingly, Ala formed the fourth one-element cluster. Ala was present in a far bigger concentration compared to the other analyzed compounds. The tree diagram shows the Euclidean distances between the AA in two dimensional spaces. However, it does not include the correlation between the two habitats (for example similar temperature and precipitation range during Viola tricolor’s vegetation). Therefore, some of the Mahalanobis distances do not illustrate the distance of each AA in the Euclidean space. However, there is some tendency that can be observed. In Table 5 as well as in the tree diagram Ala is far distant from the other AA. The insignificant differences in the content of Asp and Phe as well as in Tyr and His are confirmed by Mahalanobis distances and by the tree diagram.

5 Conclusions

Plants grown in both habitats contained all of the 19 analyzed amino acids, some of which had significant concentrations, like Ala, Val, Asp and Gln. It cannot be unequivocally determined whether the results of the study on the influence of habitat conditions on the amino acids composition of Viola tricolor are permanent. Therefore, it is necessary to continue the research.

  1. Discriminant analysis demonstrated that the investigated habitats significantly differentiated the free amino acids content of Viola tricolor. Only Met showed similar concentration in both Viola tricolor populations.

  2. Zagródki habitat is far more diverse with regard to free amino acid content in comparison to Wrocław.

  3. No significant difference with regard to free amino acid content in Viola tricolor was found between Asn and Phe, Tyr and His and also between Tyr and Arg.

  4. Ala is by far the most abundant amino acid in Viola tricolor.

  5. Viola tricolor is prone to genetic variability and FAA content can be one of the evidence.

Acknowledgments

National Science Centre financially supported this project holding the decision number: UMO-2013/09/N/NZ9/01960.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-05-14
Accepted: 2018-06-26
Published Online: 2018-08-20

© 2018 Magdalena Dziągwa-Becker et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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  1. Regular Articles
  2. The effect of CuO modification for a TiO2 nanotube confined CeO2 catalyst on the catalytic combustion of butane
  3. The preparation and antibacterial activity of cellulose/ZnO composite: a review
  4. Linde Type A and nano magnetite/NaA zeolites: cytotoxicity and doxorubicin loading efficiency
  5. Performance and thermal decomposition analysis of foaming agent NPL-10 for use in heavy oil recovery by steam injection
  6. Spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV, 1H and 13C NMR) insights, electronic profiling and DFT computations on ({(E)-[3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-phenylpropylidene] amino}oxy)(4-nitrophenyl)methanone, an imidazole-bearing anti-Candida agent
  7. A Simplistic Preliminary Assessment of Ginstling-Brounstein Model for Solid Spherical Particles in the Context of a Diffusion-Controlled Synthesis
  8. M-Polynomials And Topological Indices Of Zigzag And Rhombic Benzenoid Systems
  9. Photochemical Transformation of some 3-benzyloxy-2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-4Hchromen-4-ones: A Remote Substituent Effect
  10. Dynamic Changes of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Ligustrum lucidum During Fruit Growth
  11. Studies on the flammability of polypropylene/ammonium polyphosphate and montmorillonite by using the cone calorimeter test
  12. DSC, FT-IR, NIR, NIR-PCA and NIR-ANOVA for determination of chemical stability of diuretic drugs: impact of excipients
  13. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Zilla spinosa and Hammada elegans Against Carbon Tetrachlorideinduced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
  14. Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. fabricated ZnO nano falcates and its photocatalytic and dose dependent in vitro bio-activity
  15. Organic biocides hosted in layered double hydroxides: enhancing antimicrobial activity
  16. Experimental study on the regulation of the cholinergic pathway in renal macrophages by microRNA-132 to alleviate inflammatory response
  17. Synthesis, characterization, in-vitro antimicrobial properties, molecular docking and DFT studies of 3-{(E)-[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)imino]methyl} naphthalen-2-ol and Heteroleptic Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes
  18. M-Polynomials and Topological Indices of Dominating David Derived Networks
  19. Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Surface Water Due to Leachate from the Municipal Dumpsite by Pollution Index: A Case Study from Ndawuse River, Abuja, Nigeria
  20. Analysis of Bowel Diseases from Blood Serum by Autofluorescence and Atomic Force Microscopy Techniques
  21. Hydrographic parameters and distribution of dissolved Cu, Ni, Zn and nutrients near Jeddah desalination plant
  22. Relationships between diatoms and environmental variables in industrial water biotopes of Trzuskawica S.A. (Poland)
  23. Optimum Conversion of Major Ginsenoside Rb1 to Minor Ginsenoside Rg3(S) by Pulsed Electric Field-Assisted Acid Hydrolysis Treatment
  24. Antioxidant, Anti-microbial Properties and Chemical Composition of Cumin Essential Oils Extracted by Three Methods
  25. Regulatory mechanism of ulinastatin on autophagy of macrophages and renal tubular epithelial cells
  26. Investigation of the sustained-release mechanism of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose skeleton type Acipimox tablets
  27. Bio-accumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina) along Arabian Gulf, Saudi Coast
  28. Dynamic Change of Secondary Metabolites and spectrum-effect relationship of Malus halliana Koehne flowers during blooming
  29. Lipids constituents from Gardenia aqualla Stapf & Hutch
  30. Effect of using microwaves for catalysts preparation on the catalytic acetalization of glycerol with furfural to obtain fuel additives
  31. Effect of Humic Acid on the Degradation of Methylene Blue by Peroxymonosulfate
  32. Serum containing drugs of Gua Lou Xie Bai decoction (GLXB-D) can inhibit TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in A549 Cells
  33. Antiulcer Activity of Different Extracts of Anvillea garcinii and Isolation of Two New Secondary Metabolites
  34. Analysis of Metabolites in Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz Dry Red Wines from Shanxi by 1H NMR Spectroscopy Combined with Pattern Recognition Analysis
  35. Can water temperature impact litter decomposition under pollution of copper and zinc mixture
  36. Released from ZrO2/SiO2 coating resveratrol inhibits senescence and oxidative stress of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASC)
  37. Validated thin-layer chromatographic method for alternative and simultaneous determination of two anti-gout agents in their fixed dose combinations
  38. Fast removal of pollutants from vehicle emissions during cold-start stage
  39. Review Article
  40. Catalytic activities of heterogeneous catalysts obtained by copolymerization of metal-containing 2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate
  41. Antibiotic Residue in the Aquatic Environment: Status in Africa
  42. Regular Articles
  43. Mercury fractionation in gypsum using temperature desorption and mass spectrometric detection
  44. Phytosynthetic Ag doped ZnO nanoparticles: Semiconducting green remediators
  45. Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Induced by SMAD4 Activation in Invasive Growth Hormone-Secreting Adenomas
  46. Physicochemical properties of stabilized sewage sludge admixtures by modified steel slag
  47. In Vitro Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activity of Cydonia oblonga flower petals, leaf and fruit pellet ethanolic extracts. Docking simulation of the active flavonoids on anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2
  48. Synthesis and Characterization of Pd exchanged MMT Clay for Mizoroki-Heck Reaction
  49. A new selective, and sensitive method for the determination of lixivaptan, a vasopressin 2 (V2)-receptor antagonist, in mouse plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study
  50. Anti-EGFL7 antibodies inhibit rat prolactinoma MMQ cells proliferation and PRL secretion
  51. Density functional theory calculations, vibration spectral analysis and molecular docking of the antimicrobial agent 6-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-5-ethyl-2-{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl] sulfanyl}pyrimidin-4(3H)-one
  52. Effect of Nano Zeolite on the Transformation of Cadmium Speciation and Its Uptake by Tobacco in Cadmium-contaminated Soil
  53. Effects and Mechanisms of Jinniu Capsule on Methamphetamine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Rats
  54. Calculating the Degree-based Topological Indices of Dendrimers
  55. Efficient optimization and mineralization of UV absorbers: A comparative investigation with Fenton and UV/H2O2
  56. Metabolites of Tryptophane and Phenylalanine as Markers of Small Bowel Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
  57. Adsorption and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water through the aggregation of graphene oxide
  58. The role of NR2C2 in the prolactinomas
  59. Chromium removal from industrial wastewater using Phyllostachys pubescens biomass loaded Cu-S nanospheres
  60. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  61. Preparation of Calcium Fluoride using Phosphogypsum by Orthogonal Experiment
  62. The mechanism of antibacterial activity of corylifolinin against three clinical bacteria from Psoralen corylifolia L
  63. 2-formyl-3,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)phenyl benzoate in Electrochemical Dry Cell
  64. Electro-photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin using calcium titanate
  65. Effect of Malus halliana Koehne Polysaccharides on Functional Constipation
  66. Structural Properties and Nonlinear Optical Responses of Halogenated Compounds: A DFT Investigation on Molecular Modelling
  67. DMFDMA catalyzed synthesis of 2-((Dimethylamino)methylene)-3,4-dihydro-9-arylacridin-1(2H)-ones and their derivatives: in-vitro antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant evaluations
  68. Production of Methanol as a Fuel Energy from CO2 Present in Polluted Seawater - A Photocatalytic Outlook
  69. Study of different extraction methods on finger print and fatty acid of raw beef fat using fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  70. Determination of trace fluoroquinolones in water solutions and in medicinal preparations by conventional and synchronous fluorescence spectrometry
  71. Extraction and determination of flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius
  72. Therapeutic Application of Zinc and Vanadium Complexes against Diabetes Mellitus a Coronary Disease: A review
  73. Study of calcined eggshell as potential catalyst for biodiesel formation using used cooking oil
  74. Manganese oxalates - structure-based Insights
  75. Topological Indices of H-Naphtalenic Nanosheet
  76. Long-Term Dissolution of Glass Fibers in Water Described by Dissolving Cylinder Zero-Order Kinetic Model: Mass Loss and Radius Reduction
  77. Topological study of the para-line graphs of certain pentacene via topological indices
  78. A brief insight into the prediction of water vapor transmissibility in highly impermeable hybrid nanocomposites based on bromobutyl/epichlorohydrin rubber blends
  79. Comparative sulfite assay by voltammetry using Pt electrodes, photometry and titrimetry: Application to cider, vinegar and sugar analysis
  80. MicroRNA delivery mediated by PEGylated polyethylenimine for prostate cancer therapy
  81. Reversible Fluorescent Turn-on Sensors for Fe3+ based on a Receptor Composed of Tri-oxygen Atoms of Amide Groups in Water
  82. Sonocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution using Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under mechanical agitation
  83. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  84. Production and Analysis of Recycled Ammonium Perrhenate from CMSX-4 superalloys
  85. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  86. New phosphorus biofertilizers from renewable raw materials in the aspect of cadmium and lead contents in soil and plants
  87. Survey of content of cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, sodium and zinc in chamomile and green tea leaves by electrothermal or flame atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry
  88. Biogas digestate – benefits and risks for soil fertility and crop quality – an evaluation of grain maize response
  89. A numerical analysis of heat transfer in a cross-current heat exchanger with controlled and newly designed air flows
  90. Freshwater green macroalgae as a biosorbent of Cr(III) ions
  91. The main influencing factors of soil mechanical characteristics of the gravity erosion environment in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river
  92. Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions
  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0098
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
free amino acids; heartsease (Viola tricolor); LC-MS/MS; MANOVA; discriminant analysis
Creative Commons
BY-NC-ND 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. The effect of CuO modification for a TiO2 nanotube confined CeO2 catalyst on the catalytic combustion of butane
  3. The preparation and antibacterial activity of cellulose/ZnO composite: a review
  4. Linde Type A and nano magnetite/NaA zeolites: cytotoxicity and doxorubicin loading efficiency
  5. Performance and thermal decomposition analysis of foaming agent NPL-10 for use in heavy oil recovery by steam injection
  6. Spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV, 1H and 13C NMR) insights, electronic profiling and DFT computations on ({(E)-[3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-phenylpropylidene] amino}oxy)(4-nitrophenyl)methanone, an imidazole-bearing anti-Candida agent
  7. A Simplistic Preliminary Assessment of Ginstling-Brounstein Model for Solid Spherical Particles in the Context of a Diffusion-Controlled Synthesis
  8. M-Polynomials And Topological Indices Of Zigzag And Rhombic Benzenoid Systems
  9. Photochemical Transformation of some 3-benzyloxy-2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-4Hchromen-4-ones: A Remote Substituent Effect
  10. Dynamic Changes of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Ligustrum lucidum During Fruit Growth
  11. Studies on the flammability of polypropylene/ammonium polyphosphate and montmorillonite by using the cone calorimeter test
  12. DSC, FT-IR, NIR, NIR-PCA and NIR-ANOVA for determination of chemical stability of diuretic drugs: impact of excipients
  13. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Zilla spinosa and Hammada elegans Against Carbon Tetrachlorideinduced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
  14. Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. fabricated ZnO nano falcates and its photocatalytic and dose dependent in vitro bio-activity
  15. Organic biocides hosted in layered double hydroxides: enhancing antimicrobial activity
  16. Experimental study on the regulation of the cholinergic pathway in renal macrophages by microRNA-132 to alleviate inflammatory response
  17. Synthesis, characterization, in-vitro antimicrobial properties, molecular docking and DFT studies of 3-{(E)-[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)imino]methyl} naphthalen-2-ol and Heteroleptic Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes
  18. M-Polynomials and Topological Indices of Dominating David Derived Networks
  19. Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Surface Water Due to Leachate from the Municipal Dumpsite by Pollution Index: A Case Study from Ndawuse River, Abuja, Nigeria
  20. Analysis of Bowel Diseases from Blood Serum by Autofluorescence and Atomic Force Microscopy Techniques
  21. Hydrographic parameters and distribution of dissolved Cu, Ni, Zn and nutrients near Jeddah desalination plant
  22. Relationships between diatoms and environmental variables in industrial water biotopes of Trzuskawica S.A. (Poland)
  23. Optimum Conversion of Major Ginsenoside Rb1 to Minor Ginsenoside Rg3(S) by Pulsed Electric Field-Assisted Acid Hydrolysis Treatment
  24. Antioxidant, Anti-microbial Properties and Chemical Composition of Cumin Essential Oils Extracted by Three Methods
  25. Regulatory mechanism of ulinastatin on autophagy of macrophages and renal tubular epithelial cells
  26. Investigation of the sustained-release mechanism of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose skeleton type Acipimox tablets
  27. Bio-accumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina) along Arabian Gulf, Saudi Coast
  28. Dynamic Change of Secondary Metabolites and spectrum-effect relationship of Malus halliana Koehne flowers during blooming
  29. Lipids constituents from Gardenia aqualla Stapf & Hutch
  30. Effect of using microwaves for catalysts preparation on the catalytic acetalization of glycerol with furfural to obtain fuel additives
  31. Effect of Humic Acid on the Degradation of Methylene Blue by Peroxymonosulfate
  32. Serum containing drugs of Gua Lou Xie Bai decoction (GLXB-D) can inhibit TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in A549 Cells
  33. Antiulcer Activity of Different Extracts of Anvillea garcinii and Isolation of Two New Secondary Metabolites
  34. Analysis of Metabolites in Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz Dry Red Wines from Shanxi by 1H NMR Spectroscopy Combined with Pattern Recognition Analysis
  35. Can water temperature impact litter decomposition under pollution of copper and zinc mixture
  36. Released from ZrO2/SiO2 coating resveratrol inhibits senescence and oxidative stress of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASC)
  37. Validated thin-layer chromatographic method for alternative and simultaneous determination of two anti-gout agents in their fixed dose combinations
  38. Fast removal of pollutants from vehicle emissions during cold-start stage
  39. Review Article
  40. Catalytic activities of heterogeneous catalysts obtained by copolymerization of metal-containing 2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate
  41. Antibiotic Residue in the Aquatic Environment: Status in Africa
  42. Regular Articles
  43. Mercury fractionation in gypsum using temperature desorption and mass spectrometric detection
  44. Phytosynthetic Ag doped ZnO nanoparticles: Semiconducting green remediators
  45. Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Induced by SMAD4 Activation in Invasive Growth Hormone-Secreting Adenomas
  46. Physicochemical properties of stabilized sewage sludge admixtures by modified steel slag
  47. In Vitro Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activity of Cydonia oblonga flower petals, leaf and fruit pellet ethanolic extracts. Docking simulation of the active flavonoids on anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2
  48. Synthesis and Characterization of Pd exchanged MMT Clay for Mizoroki-Heck Reaction
  49. A new selective, and sensitive method for the determination of lixivaptan, a vasopressin 2 (V2)-receptor antagonist, in mouse plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study
  50. Anti-EGFL7 antibodies inhibit rat prolactinoma MMQ cells proliferation and PRL secretion
  51. Density functional theory calculations, vibration spectral analysis and molecular docking of the antimicrobial agent 6-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-5-ethyl-2-{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl] sulfanyl}pyrimidin-4(3H)-one
  52. Effect of Nano Zeolite on the Transformation of Cadmium Speciation and Its Uptake by Tobacco in Cadmium-contaminated Soil
  53. Effects and Mechanisms of Jinniu Capsule on Methamphetamine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Rats
  54. Calculating the Degree-based Topological Indices of Dendrimers
  55. Efficient optimization and mineralization of UV absorbers: A comparative investigation with Fenton and UV/H2O2
  56. Metabolites of Tryptophane and Phenylalanine as Markers of Small Bowel Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
  57. Adsorption and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water through the aggregation of graphene oxide
  58. The role of NR2C2 in the prolactinomas
  59. Chromium removal from industrial wastewater using Phyllostachys pubescens biomass loaded Cu-S nanospheres
  60. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  61. Preparation of Calcium Fluoride using Phosphogypsum by Orthogonal Experiment
  62. The mechanism of antibacterial activity of corylifolinin against three clinical bacteria from Psoralen corylifolia L
  63. 2-formyl-3,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)phenyl benzoate in Electrochemical Dry Cell
  64. Electro-photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin using calcium titanate
  65. Effect of Malus halliana Koehne Polysaccharides on Functional Constipation
  66. Structural Properties and Nonlinear Optical Responses of Halogenated Compounds: A DFT Investigation on Molecular Modelling
  67. DMFDMA catalyzed synthesis of 2-((Dimethylamino)methylene)-3,4-dihydro-9-arylacridin-1(2H)-ones and their derivatives: in-vitro antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant evaluations
  68. Production of Methanol as a Fuel Energy from CO2 Present in Polluted Seawater - A Photocatalytic Outlook
  69. Study of different extraction methods on finger print and fatty acid of raw beef fat using fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  70. Determination of trace fluoroquinolones in water solutions and in medicinal preparations by conventional and synchronous fluorescence spectrometry
  71. Extraction and determination of flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius
  72. Therapeutic Application of Zinc and Vanadium Complexes against Diabetes Mellitus a Coronary Disease: A review
  73. Study of calcined eggshell as potential catalyst for biodiesel formation using used cooking oil
  74. Manganese oxalates - structure-based Insights
  75. Topological Indices of H-Naphtalenic Nanosheet
  76. Long-Term Dissolution of Glass Fibers in Water Described by Dissolving Cylinder Zero-Order Kinetic Model: Mass Loss and Radius Reduction
  77. Topological study of the para-line graphs of certain pentacene via topological indices
  78. A brief insight into the prediction of water vapor transmissibility in highly impermeable hybrid nanocomposites based on bromobutyl/epichlorohydrin rubber blends
  79. Comparative sulfite assay by voltammetry using Pt electrodes, photometry and titrimetry: Application to cider, vinegar and sugar analysis
  80. MicroRNA delivery mediated by PEGylated polyethylenimine for prostate cancer therapy
  81. Reversible Fluorescent Turn-on Sensors for Fe3+ based on a Receptor Composed of Tri-oxygen Atoms of Amide Groups in Water
  82. Sonocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution using Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under mechanical agitation
  83. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  84. Production and Analysis of Recycled Ammonium Perrhenate from CMSX-4 superalloys
  85. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  86. New phosphorus biofertilizers from renewable raw materials in the aspect of cadmium and lead contents in soil and plants
  87. Survey of content of cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, sodium and zinc in chamomile and green tea leaves by electrothermal or flame atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry
  88. Biogas digestate – benefits and risks for soil fertility and crop quality – an evaluation of grain maize response
  89. A numerical analysis of heat transfer in a cross-current heat exchanger with controlled and newly designed air flows
  90. Freshwater green macroalgae as a biosorbent of Cr(III) ions
  91. The main influencing factors of soil mechanical characteristics of the gravity erosion environment in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river
  92. Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions
  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
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Heruntergeladen am 8.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2018-0098/html
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