M-Polynomials And Topological Indices Of Zigzag And Rhombic Benzenoid Systems

Ashaq Ali; Waqas Nazeer; Mobeen Munir; Shin Min Kang

doi:10.1515/chem-2018-0010

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M-Polynomials And Topological Indices Of Zigzag And Rhombic Benzenoid Systems

Ashaq Ali , Waqas Nazeer , Mobeen Munir and Shin Min Kang

Published/Copyright: February 24, 2018

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From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 16 Issue 1

Abstract

M-polynomial of different molecular structures helps to calculate many topological indices. This polynomial is a new idea and its beauty is the wealth of information it contains about the closed forms of degree-based topological indices of molecular graph G of the structure. It is a well-known fact that topological indices play significant role in determining properties of the chemical compound [1, 2, 3, 4]. In this article, we computed the closed form of M-polynomial of zigzag and rhombic benzenoid systemsbecause of their extensive usages in industry. Moreover we give graphs of M-polynomials and their relations with the parameters of structures.

Keywords: M-polynomial; Topological index; Benzenoid

1 Introduction

In mathematical chemistry, mathematical tools such as polynomials and numbers predict properties of compounds without using; quantum mechanics. These tools, in combination, capture information hidden in the symmetry of molecular graphs. Most commonly known invariants of such kinds are known as degree-based topological indices. These are the numerical values that correlate the structure with various physical properties, chemical reactivity and biological activities [5, 6, 7, 12]. It is an established fact that many properties such as heat of formation, boiling point, strain energy, rigidity and fracture toughness of a molecule are strongly connected to its graphical structure and this fact plays a synergic role in chemical graph theory. A graph G with vertex set V(G) and edge set E(G) is connected, if there exists a connection between any pair of vertices in G. The distance between two vertices u and v is denoted as d (u, v) and is the length of the shortest path between u and v in graph G. The number of vertices of G, adjacent to a given vertex v, is the “degree” of this vertex, and will be denoted by d_v. For details on basics of graph theory, any standard text such as [13] can be of great help.

Several algebraic polynomials have useful applications in chemistry such as Hosoya Polynomial (also called Wiener polynomial) [8]. M-polynomial [14], introduced in 2015 helps in determining many degree-based topological indices. Benzenoid hydrocarbons play a vital role in our environment, and in the food and chemical industries. Benzenoid molecular graphs are systems with deleted hydrogens. It is a connected geometric figure obtained by arranging congruent regular hexagons in a plane, so that two hexagons are either disjoint or have a common edge. This figure divides the plane into one infinite (external) region and a number of finite (internal) regions. All internal regions must be regular hexagons. Benzenoid systems are of considerable importance in theoretical chemistry because they are the natural graph representation of benzenoid hydrocarbons. A vertex of a hexagonal system belongs to, at most, three hexagons. A vertex shared by three hexagons is called an internal vertex. Under this definition in [15] the figure under discussion is not a benzenoid system as one internal central region is a regular 14 sided polygon. These systems are planar consisting of regular hexagons as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

Example of benzenoid system left and a non – benzenoid system right.

Definition 1

Let G be a simple connected graph. The M-polynomial of G is defined as:

M(G,x,y)=∑δ≤i≤j≤△mij(G)xiyj.

Where δ = Mind{d_v | v ∈ V (G)}, Δ = Max{d_v ∈ V (G)}, and m_ij(G) is the edge vu ∈ E(G) such that {d_v, d_u} = {i, j}.

This polynomial has been one of the key areas of interest in computational aspects of materials. From this M-polynomial, we can calculate many topological indices. The topological index of a molecule structure can be considered as a non-empirical numerical quantity which quantifies the molecular structure and its branching pattern in many ways. M-polynomial of different molecular structures have been computed in [9, 10, 12, 16, 17,]. Essentially, the topological index can be regarded as a score function which maps each molecular structure to a real number and is used as a descriptor of the molecule under testing [1, 18, 19, 20]. Topologioal indices provide a good prediction of various physico-chemical properties of chemical compounds including boiling point, heat of evaporation, heat of formation, chromatographic retention times, surface tension, vapor pressure etc. Since the 1970s, two degree based graph invariants have been extensively studied. These are the first Zagreb index M₁ and the second Zagreb index M₂, introduced by Gutman and Trinajstic’ [2] and defined as:

M1(G)=∑v∈V(G)(dv)2 and M2(G)=∑uv∈E(G)dudv.

Results obtained in the theory of Zagreb indices are summarized in the review [21].

Second modified Zagreb index is defined as:

mM2(G)=∑uv∈E(G)1dudv.

In 1998, working independently, Bollobas and Erdos [22] and Amic et al. [3] proposed general Randic index. It has been extensively studied by both mathematicians and theoretical chemists

(See, for example, [23]). The Randic’ index is defined as:

Rα(G)=∑uv∈E(G)(dudv)α,

where α is an arbitrary real number.

Where

Dx=x∂(f(x,y)∂x,Dy=y∂(f(x,y)∂y,Sx=∫0xf(t,y)tdf,Sy==∫0yf(x,t)tdf,J(f(x,y))=f(x,x),Qα(f(x,y))=xαf(x,y).

Symmetric division index is defined as:

SDD(G)=∑uv∈E(G)min(du,dv)max(du,dv)+max(du,dv)min(du,dv).

Another variant of Randic’ index is the harmonic index defined as:

H(G)=∑vu∈E(G)2du+dv.

The Inverse sum index is defined as:

I(G)=∑vu∈E(G)dudvdu+dv.

The augmented Zagreb index is defined as:

A(G)=∑vu∈E(G)dudvdu+dv−23,

and it is useful for computing heat of formation of alkanes [24, 25].

For detailed study about degree-based topological indices, we refer [26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32] and the references therein.

These topological indices can be recovered from M-polynomial [14], see following Table 1.

Table 1

Derivation of some degree-based topological indices from M-polynomial.

Topological Index	Derivation from M(G;x,y)
Seesnd Modified Zagreb	(S_xS_y)(M(G; x,y))\|_x=y=1
General Randić	(DxαDyα)(M(G;x,y))\|x=y=1
General Randić	(SxαSyα)(M(G;x,y))\|x=y=1
Symmutrlc Division Index	(D_xS^y+ S_xD_y)(M(G; x,y))\|_x=y=1
Harmonic Index	2 S_x J D_x D_y (M (G ; x, y)) _x=1
Inverse sum Index	S_x J D_x D_y (M(G; x, y))_x=1
Augmented Zagreb Index	Sx3Q−2JDx3Dy3(M(G;x,y))x=1

In this article, we compute the closed form of the M-polynomial for two famous benzenoid systems Zigzag benzenoid system and Rhombic benzenoid system. We also computed some degree-based topological indices.

2 Methodology

At first we obtain general pattern of vertex and edge partitions of 2D molecular graph connected to the Zigzag benzenoid system and Rhombic benzenoid system based on the degree of end vertices of edges. From this edge partition, using definition, we obtain M-polynomials of these systems. The 3D graph of M-polynomials are sketched by using maple 2015. Then using mathematical operators and table 1, we reach at the different degree-based indices.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animals use.

3 Results and Discussions

In this part we give our main computational results in two sections.

3.1 Computational aspects of Zigzag benzenoid system

Let n be number of rows in graph of zigzag benzenoid system Z_n with two hexagons in each row. Since first row contain two hexagons with twelve edges and one edge is common so we obtain total eleven edges in the first row and combining first and second row we obtain 24 total edges with three edges in common so we obtain 21 different edges. Continuing in the same way we obtain 10n + 1 edges and 8n + 2 vertices. We partition edges on the basis of degrees of endpoints of edges of the graph. All vertices are either of degree two or three. One can observe that at each row we have two edges of type {2,2}, one upside and one downside the chain except the endpoints where we have two more edges with end vertex having degree two.

Thus |E{2,2}|=|{e=uv∈E(Zn)|du=2,dv=2}=2n+4. Next we can see that four edges of type (2,3) are present in each row of the chain so |E{2,3}|=|{e=uv∈E(Zn)|du==2dv=3}=4n. Remaining are edges of type (3,3) given as . |E{3,3}|=|{e=uv∈E(Zn)|du=3,dv=3}|=(10n+1)−−(2n+4)−4n=4n−3.

Theorem 1

Consider the zigzag benzenoid system Z_n, then its M-polynomial is

M(Zn;x,y)=2(n+2)x2y2+4nx2y3+(4n−3)x3y3.

Proof

Let Z_n be the zigzag benzenoid system, then from the above decision |V (Z_n)| = 8n + 2 and |E (Z_n)| = 10n + 1. Also from the above decision, we can divide the edge set into the following three partitions:

E1(Zn)={e=uv∈E(Zn):du=dv=2},E2(Zn)={e=uv∈E(Zn):du=2,dv=3},E3(Zn)={e=uv∈E(Zn):du=dv=3}.

In addition,

|E1(Zn)|=2(n+2),|E2(Zn)|=4n,|E3(Zn)|=4n−3.

Now by definition of M-polynomial, we have

M(Zn;x,y)=∑i≤jmijxiyj=∑2≤2m22x2y2+∑2≤3m23x2y3+∑3≤3m33x3y3=∑uv∈E1(Zn)m22x2y2+∑uv∈E2(Zn)m23x2y3+∑uv∈E3(Zn)m33x3y3=|E1(Zn)|x2y2+|E2(Zn)|x2y3+|E3(Zn)|x3y3=2(n+2)x2y2+4nx2y3+(4n−3)x3y3.

Now we compute some degree-based topological indices of zigzag benzenoid from this M-polynomial.

Figure 2

Graph of zigzag benzenoid system Z_n.

Proposition 2

Consider the zigzag benzenoid system Z_n, then

mM2(Zn)=2918n+23.
R_α(Z_n)=4n9^α+2n4^α+4n6^α − 3 × 9^α+4 × 4^α.
Rα(Zn)=2n+44α+4n6α+4n−39α.
SSD(Zn)=623n+2.
H(Zn)=313n+1.
I(Zn)=645n−12.
A(Zn)=145716n−45964.

Figure 3

The plot for the M-polynomial of Z₁.

Proof

Let M(Z_n; x, y) = f (x, y) = 2(n + 2)x²y² + 4nx²y³ + (4n - 3)x³y³. Then

Dxf(x,y)=4(n+2)x2y2+8nx2y3+3(4n−3)x3y3,Dyf(x,y)=4(n+2)x2y2+12nx2y3+3(4n−3)x3y3,DyDxf(x,y)=8(n+2)x2y2+24nx2y3+9(4n−3)x3y3,Sy(f(x,y))=(n+2)x2y2+43nx2y3+13(4n−3)x3y3,SxSy(f(x,y))=12(n+2)x2y2+23nx2y3+19(4n−3)x3y3,Dyα(f(x,y))=2α+1(n+2)x2y2+3α4nx2y3+3α(4n−3)x3y3,DxαDyα(f(x,y))=22α+1(n+2)x2y2+2α+23αnx2y3+32α(4n−3)x3y3,Syα(f(x,y))=12α−1(n+2)x2y2+43αnx2y3+13α(4n−3)x3y3,SxαSyα(f(x,y))=122α−1(n+2)x2y2+12α−23αnx2y3+132α(4n−3)x3y3,SyDx(f(x,y))=2(n+2)x2y2+8xnx2y3+(4n−3)x3y3,SxDy(f(x,y))=2(n+2)x2y2+6nx2y3+(4n−3)x3y3,.Jf(x,y)=2(n+2)x4+4nx5+(4n−3)x6,SxJf(x,y)=12(n+2)x4+45nx5+16(4n−3)x6,JDxDyf(x,y)=8(n+2)x4+24nx5+9(4n−3)x6,SxJDxDyf(x,y)=2(n+2)x4+245nx5+32(4n−3)x6,Dy3f(x(y)=16(n+2)x2y2+108nx2y3+27(4n−3)x3y3,Dx3Dy3f(x,y)=108(n+2)x2y2+864nx2y3+729(4n−3)x3y3,JDx3Dy3f(x,y)=108(n+2)x4+864nx5+729(4n−3)x6,Q−2JDx3Dy3f(x,y)=108(n+2)x2+864nx3+729(4n−3)x4,Sx3Q−2JDx3Dy3f(x,y)=272(n+2)x2+32nx3+72964(4n−3)x4.

mM2(Zn)=SxSy(f(x,y))|x=y=1=2918n+23.
Rα(zn)=DxαDyα(f(x,y))|x=y=1=4n9α+2n4α+4n6α−3×9α+4×4α.
Rα(zn)=SxαSyα(f(x,y))|x=y=1=2n+44α+4n6α+6n−39α.
SSD(Zn)=(SyDx+SxDy)(f(x,y))|x=y=1=623n+2.
H(Zn)=2SxJ(f(x,y))|x=1=313n+1.
I(Zn)=SxJDxDy(f(x,y))x=1=645n−12.
A(Zn)=Sx−3Q−2JDx−3Dy−3(f(x,y))|x=1=145716n−45964.

3.2 Computational aspects of the Rhombic benzenoid system

Take another benzenoid system in which hexagons are arranged to form a rhombic shape R_n, in which there are n rows of n hexagons as given in Figure 4. Then it has 2n(2+ 2) vertices and 3n² + 4n − 1 edges. On the similar lines we partition edges on the basis of degrees of endpoints. Clearly, all vertices are either of 2^nd or 3rd degree. appear only on the four corners of the rhomb, so |E{2,2}|=|{e=uv∈E(Rn)du=2,dv=2}|=6. Edges E_{{2, 3}} appear in pairs along the boundary except the corners where they are single. So we obtain |E{2,3}|=|{e=uv∈E(Zn)|du=2,dv=3}|=8(n−1). Remaining are edges of type (3,3) given as |E{3,3}|=|{e=uv∈E(Zn)|du=3,dv=3}|=3n2+4n−1− − 6 − 8(n − 1) = )n² − 4n + 1.

Figure 4

Graph of rhombic benzenoid system having n rows of n hexagons.

So we obtain the following result.

Theorem 3

Consider the rhombic benzenoid system R_n, then its M- polynomial is:

M(Rn;x,y)=6x2y2+8(n−1)x2y3+(n(3n−4)+1)x3y3.

Proof

The proof is similar to theorem 1.

Now we compute some degree-based topological indices from this M-polynomial.

Proportion 4

Consider the rhombic benzenoid system R_n, then

mM2(Rn)=518+43n+19n(3n−4).
Rα(Rn)=9αn(3n−4)+8n6α+9α+6×4α−8×6α.
Rα(Rn)=64α+8n−86α+n(3n−4)+19α.
SSD(Rn)=−103+523n+2n(3n−4).
H(Rn)=215+165n+13n(3n−4).
I(Rn)=−2110+485n+32n(3n−4).
A(Rn)=−29564+64n+72964n(3n−4).

Proof

The proof of this proposition is similar to proposition 2.

Figure 6

The plot for the M-polynomial of R₁.

4 Conclusions and Discussion

In this article we computed M-polynomials and closed forms of degree-based topological indices of zigzag and rhombic benzenoid system. These indices play important role in determining properties of compound under investigations. We gave graphs of M-polynomials against the number of hexagons n in each structure. These graphs in fact determine the dependency of above discussed topological indices relating to n.

Acknowledgments

Authors are highly grateful to the referees for their careful reading and technical suggestions to improve the quality of the article. This research is supported by Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Author Contributions: All authors contribute equally in writing of this paper.

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Received: 2017-08-22

Accepted: 2017-12-04

Published Online: 2018-02-24

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0010

Keywords for this article

M-polynomial; Topological index; Benzenoid

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