Startseite Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Zilla spinosa and Hammada elegans Against Carbon Tetrachlorideinduced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
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Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Zilla spinosa and Hammada elegans Against Carbon Tetrachlorideinduced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

  • Riaz Ullah EMAIL logo , Mansour S. Alsaid , Abdelaaty A. Shahat , Almoqbil Abdulaziz Naser , Abdullah A. Al-Mishari , Muhammad Adnan und Akash Tariq
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 2. März 2018
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 16 Heft 1

Abstract

The detoxification, metabolism, and excretion of various endogenous and exogenous materials occur mainly in the liver. Liver diseases are a global concern, and classified as chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatosis. The development of safe hepatoprotective agents remains an unmet need. Therefore, we investigated the antioxidant effects of methanolic and n-hexane fractions of Zilla spinosa (ZSM and ZSH, respectively) and Hammada elegans (HEM and HEH, respectively) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver toxicity in rats. Antioxidant activity was studied by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The rats were divided into 11 groups (n=6)–group, 1 (control), group 2 (CCl4 only), group 3 (CCl4+silymarin 10 mg/kg), group 4 (CCl4+HEM 250 mg/kg), group 5 (CC14+HEM 500 mg/kg), group 6 (CCl4+HEH 250 mg/kg), group, 7 (CCl4+HEH 500 mg/kg), group, 8 (CCl4+ZSM 250 mg/kg), group 9 (CCl4+ZSM 500 mg/kg), group 10 (CCl4+ZSH 250 mg/kg), and group 11 (CCl4+ZSH 500 mg/kg). Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase, and total bilirubin were measured. The extent of hepatic injury was histopathologically assessed. Treatment with ZSM and ZSH at 250 and 500 mg/kg did not significantly affect biochemical results compared with the CCl4 only group. However, treatment with both HEM and HEH at 250 and 500 mg/kg provided significant (p<0.001) results compared with the CCl4 only group. These results were consistent with histological findings. HEM and HEH at 250 μg/mL significantly inhibited DPPH radical formation by 38.E6 and 35.65%, rerpectively. However antioxidant effects of ZSM and ZSH were insignificant.

Keywords: Z. spinosa; H. elegans; hepatoprotective

1 Introduction

Oxidative stress influences the progression of liver diseases [1]. By attenuating oxidative stress, cellular antioxidant systems prevent liver diseases [2]. Excessive oxidative stress damages cell membranes, proteins, and DNA. Consequently, it induces toxicity, such as hepatic cancers and muscular dystrophy. Currently available synthetic antioxidants are associated with adverse effects. Therefore, herbal antioxidants are being considered due to their enhanced safety and effectiveness [3,4,5,6].

Zilla spinosa belongs to the family Cruciferae or Brassicaceae, which comprises 3,709 species and 375 genera [7]. Some species of this family are edible. Many species of this family possess anticancer, anti-rheumatic, antidiabetic, antifungal, insecticidal, and antibacterial activities [8]. Z. spinosa is traditionally used for the treatment of kidney and gall bladder stones [9]. It also exerts anti-thyroid effects due to progoitrin and goitrin [10]. It is rich in natural compounds, such as triterpenoids, sterols, progoitrin, flavonoids, goitrin, carbohydrates, and glucosinolates of free sinapine [10]. Owing to these components, different fractions of Z. spinosa exert antiviral, hepatoprotective, antifungal, and antioxidant effects [11]. However, the methanolic and n-hexane fractions have not been evaluated for their hepatoprotective effects. The aqueous ethanol extract of Z. spinosa reduces gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, indicating the stabilization of plasma membranes of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-exposed hepatocytes in animals [11, 12]. The chloroform extract of Z. spinosa is effective against human colon (HCT116) and liver (HEPG2) cancer cells. It induces significant cytotoxicity in HCT116 cells. It also holds significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential [8]. Hammada elegans is a shrub or undershrub belonging to the family Amaranthaceae that exerts antidiabetic, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory effects [13, 14]. Triterpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, and saponins are reported to be responsible for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant effects [15,16,17]. The ethanolic extract shows moderate antimicrobial activities against numerous bacterial species, such as Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Moraxella lacunata, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Sarcina ventriculi, and Staphylococcus aureus, and fungi, such as Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium chrysogenum [15].

The current investigation focuses on the hepatoprotective effectiveness of methanolic and n-hexane fractions of Z. spinosa and H. elegans against CCl4-induced liver injury in rats and their antioxidant potentials.

2 Experimental Procedure

2.1 Plant material

Z. spinosa and H. elegans were collected from Wadi Hafr Al-Batin and Umm oshr Al-Butaihan, Saudi Arabia on 24 February 2016. The specimen vouchers were deposited in the herbarium of the Medicinal Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Center, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia with voucher numbers SY282 and SY 270, respectively.

2.2 Extraction and fractionation

Whole plants were air-dried, ground, and soaked in methanol for one week. After filtering, the methanol was evaporated using a Buchi rotary evaporator. The process was repeated three times using methanol. Further, the greenish methanolic crude extract was mixed with distilled water, and partitioned using a separating funnel with solvents of increasing polarity (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water). Crude methanolic and n-hexane fractions were used for biological evaluations.

2.3 Animals and chemicals

Albino rats (aged two months and weighing 190–202 g) of both sexes were obtained from the College of Pharmacy, Experimental Animal Care Center, King Saud University. The rats were housed in standard polypropylene animal cages at a controlled temperature (22±2°C) and a 12-h light-dark cycle with unrestricted access to water and food (Purina chow). Rats were maintained in accordance with the recommendations of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, and the experimental protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of the College of Pharmacy, King Saud University (clearance number, 05763-891; 6 January, 2014). All solvents used were of analytical grade. Silymarin was purchased from Sigma Aldrich Company (St. Louis, MO, USA).

2.4 Acute toxicity test

The acute oral toxicity of H. elegans methanolic (HEM) and n-hexane (HEH) extracts, and Z. spinosa methanolic (ZSM) and n-hexane extracts (ZSH) was evaluated on rats at several doses (0.1–0.5 mL/kg). The rats were monitored continuously to identify symptoms of toxicity and mortality [18].

2.5 CCl4-induced liver toxicity

Rats of both sexes were randomly divided into eleven groups (n=6)—group 1 (control), group 2 (CCl4 only), group 3 (CCl4+silymarin), group 4 (CCl4+HEM 250 mg/kg), group 5 (CCl4+HEM 500 mg/kg), group 6 (CCl4+HEH 250 mg/kg), group 7 (CCl4+HEH 500 mg/kg), group 8 (CCl4+ZSM 250 mg/kg), group 9 (CCl4+ZSM 500 mg/kg), group 10 (CCl4+ZSH 250 mg/kg), and group 11 (CCl4+ZSH 500 mg/ kg). The test extracts were administered intraperitoneally. Pretreatment with the test extracts and silymarin was initiated three weeks before CCl4 administration, and was continued until the end of the experiment. Blood samples were withdrawn directly into tubes containing disodium EDTA from the retro orbital plexus of all rats under anesthesia 24 h after CCl4 treatment. After centrifuging the clotted blood samples at 2,500 ×g for 10 min, serum samples were separated. The rats were sacrificed after blood withdrawal. Liver tissues were isolated for biochemical and histopathological analyses. They were cleaned with refrigerated normal saline, and 10% (w/v) liver homogenates were prepared in ice cold 0.15 M KCl solution using a motorized Teflon pestle.

2.6 Estimation of hepatotoxicity marker enzymes and bilirubin

Commercially available kits (Roche) were used with a Reflotron plus Analyzer to analyze serum biochemical parameters, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, GGT, AST, and ALT [19,20,21,22].

2.7 Estimation of lipid profile

To evaluate lipid profile, levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), LDL, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were measured using commercial diagnostic kits [23].

2.8 Determination of malondialdehyde (MDA)

Liver tissue homogenates (10% w/v) were prepared in KCl (0.15 M) at 4°C in a Potter–Elvehjem type C homogenizer. After incubating the tissue homogenates (1 mL) at 37°C for 3 h in a metabolic shaker, they were mixed with 10% aqueous trichloroacetic acid (1:1), centrifuged at 800 ×g for 10 min, and the supernatants were separated. Equal volumes (1 mL) of supernatants and thiobarbituric acid solution (0.67% in water) were mixed, and placed in a water bath for 10 min at 100°C. After cooling, the samples were diluted with 1 mL of distilled water, and the optical densities were measured using a spectrophotometer at 535 nm. Sample MDA levels were estimated by comparing with a standard curve of MDA solution [23].

2.9 Estimation of non-protein sulfhydryls (NP-SH) and total protein

Ice-cold 0.02 mM EDTA was used for the homogenization of liver tissues. Tissue homogenates (5 mL) were mixed with distilled water (4 mL) and 50% trichloroacetic acid (1 mL) in test tubes. After shaking to mix for 10 min, the mixtures were centrifuged at 3,000 rpm, and the supernatants (2 mL) were mixed with Tris buffer (0.4 M, pH 8.9, 4 mL) and 5,5′-dithio-bis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (0.1 mL) for 5 min; the optical densities were immediately measured at 412 nm against the blank reagent.

A colorimetric method was used to determine total serum protein (g/L); the optical density of the titrated blue/violet product was measured at 546 nm, and sample protein concentrations were calculated based on the following equation [23].

Totalserumprotein(g/L)=AbsorbanceofsampleAbsorbanceofstandard×Concentrationofstandard

2.10 Histopathological assessment

An American-made optical rotary microtome was used for producing 5-μm sections of liver tissues. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and pathomorphological changes were studied under a light microscope [24].

2.11 Antioxidant activity

The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant potential of all four extracts at different concentrations (100, 150, 200, and 2,500 μg/mL). Freshly prepared purple colored DPPH solution turned yellowish after incubating with test samples for 30 min at room temperature, and color changes were measured using a spectrophotometer (UVmini-1240, Shimadzu, Japan) at 514 nm. The following equation was used for the calculation of antioxidant activity [25]:

Antioxidantactivity(%)=Absorbanceofcontrol−AbsorbanceofsampleAbsorbanceofcontrol×100

2.12 Statistical analyses

Results are expressed as mean±standard error (SE) of four samples. The data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Acute toxicity

No mortality or clinical pathologies were observed after treatment with the four extracts even at the highest dose (0.5 mL/kg, p.o.).

3.2 Effects of the extracts on hepatotoxicity marker enzymes and bilirubin in the serum

Results of biochemical parameters indicative of liver function are summarized in Table 1. CCl4 administration caused severe hepatotoxicity in rats as evidenced by significantly elevated serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, and bilirubin compared to control. The elevation in these levels was significantly reduced by silymarin pretreatment (10 mg/kg). Pretreatment with HEH and HEM significantly reduced these levels at both doses (250 and 500 mg/kg) compared to control; however, HEH was more effective than HEM. Pretreatment with ZSM and ZSH yielded nonsignificant results at both doses (250 and 500 mg/kg).

Table 1

Effect of Extracts on serum marker enzymes of control and treated rats.

TREATMENTSDose mg/ kgSGOT(AST) U/l Mean±S.ESGPT(ALT) U/l Mean±S.EALP U/l Mean±S.EGGT(U/l) Mean±S.EBILIRUBIN mg/dL Mean±S.E
Normal99.66±13.2022.50±1.53373.16±9.295.11±0.150.58±0.01
CCl4341.00±8.16[***][a]300.00±6.87[***][a]616.33±10.11[***][a]19.05±0.78[***][a]3.04±0.06[***][a]
Silymarin+CCl410167.16±10.38[***][b]97.96±5.23[***][a]414.16±6.63[***][b]6.70±0.30[***][b]0.96±0.04[***][b]
HEM+CCl4250268.33±8.33[***][b]247.83±4.39[***][b]572.00±8.73[*][b]16.63±0.57[*][b]2.36±0.06[***][b]
HEM+CCl4500198.50±4.20[***][b]152.83±7.20[***][b]455.83±9.71[***][b]10.58±0.41[***][b]1.63±0.07[***][b]
ZSM+CCl4250351.66±6.78 [b]302.50±7.17 [b]614.33±8.05 [b]18.61±0.33 [b]3.06±0.05 [b]
ZSM+CCl4500312.33±6.39[*][b]284.83±6.76 [b]589.50±11.38 [b]17.30±0.33 [b]2.91±0.04 [b]
ZSH+CCl4250336.66±6.40 [b]285.16±6.53 [b]611.33±5.37 [b]19.33±0.25 [b]2.98±0.05 [b]
ZSH+CCl4500300.33±4.39[**][b]278.83±7.85 [b]607.50±6.65 [b]16.13±0.29[**][b]2.81±0.05[*][b]
HEH+CCl4250242.83±4.89[***][b]235.66±12.91[**][b]545.83±9.63[***][b]14.13±0.26[***][b]1.99±0.06[***][b]
HEH+CCl4500193.50±6.50[***][b]149.16±8.11[***][b]466.50±10.63[***][b]9.80±0.32[***][b]1.53±0.04[***][b]

  1. All values represent mean ± SEM. ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparision test.

3.3 Effect of the extracts on lipid profile

CCl4-exposed rats had significantly elevated levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, VLDL, and LDL compared to normal rats (Table 2). These levels were significantly lower in CCl4-exposed rats pretreated with silymarin than in rats exposed to CCl4 only. HEH and HEM pretreatment at both doses (250 and 500 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.001) lowered these levels compared to CCl4 exposure alone. However, ZSM and ZSH pretreatment at both doses (250 and 500 mg/kg) demonstrated insignificant (p>0.05 and 0.01) improvement in the lipid profile.

Table 2

Effect of Extracts on metabolism and serum lipoproteins of control and treated rats.

TREATMENTSDose mg/kgCholesterol (mg/dl) Mean±S.ETriglycerides (mg/dl) Mean±S.EHDL (mg/dl) Mean±S.ELDL (mg/dl) Mean±S.EVLDL (mg/dl) Mean±S.E
Normal112.50±3.5487.36±2.5347.88±1.6847.14±4.1017.47±0.50
CCl4247.66±3.01[***][a]192.00±7.30[***][a]25.56±0.90[***][a]183.70±4.66[***][a]38.40±1.46[***][a]
Silymarin+ CCl410132.00±3.42[***][b]110.26±3.85[***][b]44.58±1.43[***][b]65.36±2.38[***][b]22.05±0.77[***][b]
HEM+ CCl4250194.83±4.23[***][b]171.00±3.29[*][b]29.91±1.68[*][b]130.71±5.49[***][b]34.20±0.65[*][b]
HEM+ CCl4500152.16±2.99[***][b]132.83±2.91[***][b]42.26±3.00[***][b]83.33±3.98[***][b]26.56±0.58[***][b]
ZSM+ CCl4250241.50±5.81 [b]200.50±4.95 [b]26.53±0.80 [b]174.86±6.1940.10±0.99 [b]
ZSM+ CCl4500230.50±3.54[**][b]177.16±5.29 [b]27.20±0.74 [b]167.86±4.28[*][b]35.431.05 [b]
ZSH+ CCl4250255.33±3.33 [b]191.33±6.65 [b]25.91±0.68 [b]191.15±3.98 [b]38.26±.133 [b]
ZSH+ CCl4500236.66±3.67[*][b]170.00±4.88[*][b]28.65±0.68[*][b]174.01±4.76 [b]34.00±0.97[*][b]
HEH+ CCl4250199.50±3.75[***][b]157.66±3.42[**][b]32.30±1.18[***][b]135.66±4.19[***][b]31.53±0.68[**][b]
HEH+ CCl4500158.66±6.42[***][b]139.16±3.36[***][b]40.30±141[***][b]90.53±5.97[***][b]27.83±0.67[***][b]

  1. All values represent mean ± SEM. ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparision test.

3.4 Effect of the extracts on MDA, NP-SH, and total protein in liver tissue homogenates

CCl4 exposure without any treatment significantly (p<0.001) increased MDA, while decreased total protein and NP-SH levels compared to control (Table 3). CCl4-exposed rats pretreated with HEH or HEM at both doses (250 and 500 mg/kg) had significantly (p<0.001) decreased MDA, total protein, and NP-SH levels compared to rats exposed to CCl4 alone. However, ZSM and ZSH pretreatment at both doses (250 and 500 mg/kg) caused insignificant changes (p>0.05 and 0.01).

Table 3

Effect of Extracts on MDA, NP-SH and Total Protein in liver tissue.

TreatmentsDose mg/kgMDA (nmol/g)NP-SH (nmol/g)Total Protein (g/l)
Normal1.08±0.057.29±0.17119.36±2.99
CCl48.34±0.24[***][a]1.51±0.17[***][a]55.83±1.71[***][a]
Silymarin+ CCl4101.20±0.05[***][b]7.17±0.38[***][b]107.38±2.99[***][b]
HEM+ CCl42502.61±0.15[***][b]5.28±0.37[***][b]73.05±2.67[***][b]
HEM+ CCl45002.33±.10[***][b]5.07±0.19[***][b]96.60±2.67[***][b]
ZSM+ CCl42507.38±0.52 [b]1.72±0.22 [b]60.67±2.44 [b]
ZSM+ CCl45007.50±0.33 [b]1.65±0.14 [b]65.86±2.20[**][b]
ZSH+ CCl42508.60±0.38 [b]1.63±0.06 [b]57.88±1.56 [b]
ZSH+ CCl45006.72±0.34[**][b]1.80±0.04 [b]65.46±1.00[***][b]
HEH+ CCl42502.78±0.09[***][b]4.16±0.21[***][b]74.25±1.63[***][b]
HEH+ CCl45002.69±0.11[***][b]4.51±0.25[***][b]91.41±1.99[***][b]

  1. All values represent mean ± SEM. *p<0.05; ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparision test.

3.5 Effect of the extracts on liver histopathology

As shown in Figure 1, histopathological findings were consistent with results of biochemical analyses. Severe necrosis and focal hepatic cellular decay of the lobules were observed in the CCl4 only group compared to the control group. Hepatocytes and the central vein were normal in rats pretreated with the plant extracts. In addition, liver tissues of rats treated with silymarin exhibited a normal central vein and sinusoidal hepatocytes. HEH pretreatment at 500 mg/kg was found to be as effective as silymarin with negligible liver toxicity.

Figure 1 Liver histopathology in CCl4-exposed rats after treatment with different plant extracts at the indicated doses
Figure 1

Liver histopathology in CCl4-exposed rats after treatment with different plant extracts at the indicated doses

3.6 Antioxidant activities of the extracts

The plant extracts exerted antioxidant effects in a dose-dependent manner (Table 4). HEM, HEH and ZSM at 250 μg/mL showed significant antioxidant activities of 38.16, 35.65 and 31.18%, respectively. However, the antioxidant activities of ZSM and ZSH were insignificant. These results further reinforced the significant hepatoprotective potentials of HEM and HEH.

Table 4

Antioxidant Activities of Samples.

Samples Code100(μg/mL)%150(μg/mL)%200(μg/mL)%250(μg/mL)%
ZSM9.8513.7216.4731.18
ZSH5.637.8012.3518.27
HEM15.2827.6231.2138.16
HEH11.7217.2422.8335.65

  1. HEM, Hammada elegans methanolic extract; HEH, H.Elegans n-hexane fraction; ZSM, Zilla Spinosa methanolic extract; ZSH, Z. Spinosa n-hexene fraction

Hepatic diseases remain a worldwide health concern, despite remarkable progress in the field of medicine. Numerous hepatoprotective herbal formulations exist [23]. Plant extracts rich in phenolic compounds are associated with hepatoprotective effects [26,27,28,29]. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the methanolic and n-hexane extracts of the selected plant species. CCl4 becomes toxic after biotransformation by cytochrome P450 to trichloromethyl (CCl3•) and trichloromethylperoxy (CCl3OO•) free radicals, which further initiate lipid peroxidation and disturb the levels of bilirubin and other biomarker enzymes [30,31]. The current study showed that CCl4 damages the structure and functions of the liver, thereby severely disturbing the levels of serum marker enzymes and bilirubin. The results indicated that the tested extracts protect the liver from damage and restore enzyme levels.

Both the extracts showed significant antioxidant as well as hepatoprotective activities; accordingly, a previous study showed that antioxidant effects translate to anti-inflammatory activities [32]. Histopathology results (Figure 1) indicated that HEH at 500 mg/kg shows the best hepatoprotective effects. CCl4 damages hepatocytes as observed by the increased release of various cytosolic enzymes into the blood; therefore, the levels of these enzymes in the blood act as an indicator of the extent of hepatotoxicity [33]. The identification and characterization of pharmacologically active phytoconstituents is crucial for new drug development. Although HEH showed significant therapeutic potential, further studies are required to explore the exact phytoconstituent responsible for its hepatoprotective activity.

4 Conclusions

It can be concluded that HEM and HEH of H. elegans significantly protect against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, and exert antioxidant effects in a dose-dependent manner. However, ZSM and ZSH crude extracts showed poor hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects. This study identifies the association between antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective efficacy. HEH at 500 mg/kg exhibits potent pharmacological activity, and holds significant therapeutic potential.

  1. Ethics approval: Animals were maintained in accordance with the recommendations of the ‘Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals’ approved by institutional animal ethics committee of College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Clearance No. 05763–891; January 6, 2014).

  2. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

  3. Authors’ contributions: All authors contributed equally. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding support (research group no. RGP-262).

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List of abbreviations

ALP

alkaline phosphatase

ALT

alanine aminotransferase

AST

aspartate aminotransferase

CCl4

carbon tetrachloride

DPPH

2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

GGT

gamma glutamyl transferase

HDL

high-density lipoprotein

HEM

Hammada elegans methanolic extract

HEH

Hammada elegans n-hexane extract

MDA

malondialdehyde

NP-SH

non-protein sulfhydryls

LDL

low-density lipoprotein

SE

standard error

VLDL

very low-density lipoprotein

ZSM

Zilla spinosa methanolic extract

ZSH

Zilla spinosa n-hexane extract

Received: 2017-11-09
Accepted: 2018-01-01
Published Online: 2018-03-02

© 2018 Riaz Ullah et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0021
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Z. spinosa; H. elegans; hepatoprotective
Creative Commons
BY-NC-ND 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
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  3. The preparation and antibacterial activity of cellulose/ZnO composite: a review
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  80. MicroRNA delivery mediated by PEGylated polyethylenimine for prostate cancer therapy
  81. Reversible Fluorescent Turn-on Sensors for Fe3+ based on a Receptor Composed of Tri-oxygen Atoms of Amide Groups in Water
  82. Sonocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution using Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under mechanical agitation
  83. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  84. Production and Analysis of Recycled Ammonium Perrhenate from CMSX-4 superalloys
  85. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  86. New phosphorus biofertilizers from renewable raw materials in the aspect of cadmium and lead contents in soil and plants
  87. Survey of content of cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, sodium and zinc in chamomile and green tea leaves by electrothermal or flame atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry
  88. Biogas digestate – benefits and risks for soil fertility and crop quality – an evaluation of grain maize response
  89. A numerical analysis of heat transfer in a cross-current heat exchanger with controlled and newly designed air flows
  90. Freshwater green macroalgae as a biosorbent of Cr(III) ions
  91. The main influencing factors of soil mechanical characteristics of the gravity erosion environment in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river
  92. Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions
  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
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Heruntergeladen am 6.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2018-0021/html
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