Home Physical Sciences Regulatory mechanism of ulinastatin on autophagy of macrophages and renal tubular epithelial cells
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Regulatory mechanism of ulinastatin on autophagy of macrophages and renal tubular epithelial cells

  • Ming Wu , Min Hu , Huansheng Tong , Junying Liu , Hui Jiang , Ming Zhang , Lei Su , Mingli Li EMAIL logo , Yongwen Feng EMAIL logo and Biao Cheng
Published/Copyright: April 25, 2018
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 16 Issue 1

Abstract

Kidney ischemia and hypoxia can cause renal cell apoptosis and activation of inflammatory cells, which lead to the release of inflammatory factors and ultimately result in the damage of kidney tissue and the whole body. Renal tubular cell and macrophage autophagy can reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby reducing the activation of inflammatory cytoplasm and its key effector protein, caspase-1, which reduces the expression of IL-1β and IL-18 and other inflammatory factors. Ulinastatin (UTI), as a glycoprotein drug, inhibits the activity of multiple proteases and reduces myocardial damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion by upregulating autophagy. However, it can be raised by macrophage autophagy, reduce the production of ROS, and ultimately reduce the expression of inflammatory mediators, thereby reducing renal cell injury, promote renal function recovery is not clear. In this study, a series of cell experiments have shown that ulinastatin is reduced by regulating the autophagy of renal tubular epithelial cells and macrophages to reduce the production of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-1), and then, increase the activity of the cells under the sugar oxygen deprivation model. The simultaneous use of cellular autophagy agonists Rapamycin (RAPA) and ulinastatin has a synergistic effect on the production of reactive oxygen species and the expression of inflammatory factors.

Keywords: Renal ischemia and hypoxia; Ulinastatin; Autophagy; Inflammatory response

1 Introduction

Kidney ischemia and hypoxia-induced acute renal injury (AKI) can induce systemic inflammatory response, which can promote or accelerate the death of patients [1,2]. Activation of inflammatory cells in the kidney, the release of inflammatory mediators and changes of inflammatory cell microenvironment is caused by hemorrhagic shock kidney injury and is one of the important reasons. Inflammatory cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs))and other immune cells in the kidney mediate uncontrolled release of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β etc) by TLRs / NF-κB signaling pathway, which leads to acute renal injury (AKI) [2,3]. Macrophages play a key role in acute kidney injury, which both regulates kidney damage and promotes repair of damaged renal tissue [4]. When the exogenous adverse stimuli (including ischemia-reperfusion injury, stress, microbial) attack the body, monocyte-macrophages recognize the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) through the toll-like receptors (TLRs). Then, it will activate nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-κB) through a series of signal transduction, leading to cascade amplification of inflammation and the formation of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). However, if the macrophage autophagy can be upregulated, it will promote the protection after the renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Autophagy is a process in which cells use a large amount of lysosomes to degrade long-lived proteins, macromolecules, ribosomes and damaged organelles [5,6]. It has shown that ischemia-reperfusion can induce autophagy, whereas autophagy protects the kidneys by inhibiting the release of inflammatory factors [6,7]. In the mouse renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, autophagy in renal tissue was significantly enhanced during reperfusion, indicating that autophagy was involved in the AKI process [6,8,9]. Hypoxia can induce autophagy of proximal renal tubular cells, and both the application of autophagy inhibitor 3-methylpurine and the knockout of Beclin-1 and ATG5 genes of renal tubule cells by small RNA increased the sensitivity to hypoxia, which then induces the cell apoptosis [10]. After the perfusion of the proximal tubule-specific Atg5-deficient mice, the expression of LC3 in the proximal tubule cells was inhibited, and the accumulation of autophagic substrate and serum creatinine and urea nitrogen were obviously increased compared to the control group [11]. Moreover, autophagy protects proximal tubular cells by inhibiting mitochondrial stress induced by cyclosporin A [11]. Saitoh et al found that after LPS stimulation, macrophages of autophagy gene Atg16L1-deficient mouse released more inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and interleukin-18 (IL-18) than normal cells [12]. In RAW264.7 macrophages, inhibition of autophagy with autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) significantly increased the production of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β [13,14]. However, the autophagy-upregulated human monocytes induced by starvation pretreatment significantly reduced the muramyl dipeptide-induced IL-1β secretion [15,16]. It was also found that mechanism of reduction of IL-1β, IL-18 and other inflammatory factors is mainly by removing damaged mitochondria, reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and releasing Mitochondrial DNA (mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA) into the cytoplasm, thereby the activations of inflammasomes and the key effector protein caspase-l will be decreased, which reduces the release of inflammatory factors [16]. These reactive O2 metabolites, including superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical are usually collectively referred to as ROS. ROS generated within cells or in a tissue environment, which were originally characterized in terms of their harmful effects on cells and invading microorganisms, are increasingly implicated in various cell fate decisions and signal transduction pathways [17,18]. Previous studies have indicated that Ulinastatin (UTI) can protect kidney function by inhibiting oxygen free radicals and tumor necrosis factors, stabilizing lysosomal membrane, increasing the stability of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum [19]. Upregulation of autophagy in monocyte-dendritic cells would inhibit the expression of ROS and mtDNA and down-regulate inflammation [20].

UTI is a glycoprotein that is isolated and purified from fresh urine of healthy adult men and is also a protease inhibitor [21]. Its clinical application is mainly for acute pancreatitis and severe sepsis treatment. UTI can mitigate the damaged liver after ischemia-reperfusion injury by suppressing neutrophil aggregation [22], which promotes the regeneration of the liver after the majority of liver resection [23]. UTI also decreases the content of pulmonary water in hemorrhagic shock rats and reduces lung histopathological changes [24]. Both the ileal mucosal cell apoptosis in hemorrhagic shock rat and the damage caused by acute renal ischemia were decreased [21]. Therefore, it is particularly important to explore the molecular mechanism of UTI for its clinical application. Recent studies have shown that UTI can upregulate autophagy through the mTOR pathway to protect myocardial cells from ischemia-reperfusion injury [25]. So, it is still unclear whether UTI can increase the expression of ROS by up-regulating the autophagy of macrophages and ultimately decrease the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18 and other inflammatory mediators to change the renal macrophage microenvironment and promote renal function recovery.

Therefore, this study aims to illuminate the effect of UTI on the phenotype of primary renal macrophages in vitro and on the biological activity of renal tubular cells co-cultured with primary renal macrophages by using the oxygen glucose deprivation model (OGD). This will reveal the effect of UTI on macrophage LC3 and the molecular mechanism for renal injury protection, which will provide a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of renal injury by hemorrhagic shock

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Isolation and culture of rat macrophages and rat renal tubular epithelial cells

The animal procedures were performed by following the Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals [26], and the experiments were approved by the Animal Use Committee of Shengzhen Second Hospital (ID# Number: 20160528). Rat macrophages were isolated from the peritoneal cavity of wild-type (WT) rats. WT rats were intraperitoneally injected with 400 mL phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) overnight to stimulate the accumulation of macrophages. After anesthesia with CO2, the rats were killed and after disinfection with 70% ethanol a small incision was made along the midline of each rat with sterile scissors. Ice-cold PBS (3 mL) was injected into the peritoneal cavity of each rat and the cell suspension was extracted from the peritoneal cavity with 5-mL syringes. The cell suspension was centrifuged at 1200 rpm room temperature for 10 min and the supernatant was discarded. The cell pellet was re-suspended into 10 mL basic DMEM/F-12 medium (Gibco, NY, USA). After cell counting, 3×106 cells were seeded into 6-well plates. The floating cells were removed by gently washing with PBS 3 times. After a 2 hour incubation, the adherent cells were cultured in DMEM/F-12 medium supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco, NY, USA). By this stage, over 90% cells were determined as macrophages [25]. Rat renal tubular epithelial cells were purchased from Biopike (Peking, China) and they were cultured in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco, NY, USA).

2.2 Cell Viability Analysis

To assess the effects of UTI in cell viability, cells were seeded into a 96-well plate at 5 × 103 cells/well. After incubation for 24 h, the cells were exposed to OGD and/or UTI for 24 h. Cells were then treated with 0.5 mg/mL MTT. After cells were cultured for an additional 4 h, the cell culture medium was replaced by 150 μL DMSO and the absorbance at 570 nm was measured with a spectrometer (Model 680, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).

2.3 Western Blot Analysis

After treatment with different drugs, the cells were washed on ice with cold PBS and lysed on ice for 30 min in radioimmunoprecipitation (RIPA) buffer. The cell lysis was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 15 min at 4°C, and the supernatant was then transferred to another tube and the total protein concentration was determined by BCA assay kit. Western blotting was performed by following the standard protocol. The primary antibodies were LC3 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and GAPDH (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA). The secondary antibody was the corresponding HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (1:5000; Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology, Nanjing, China). Finally, the blotting bands were visualized by the Gel Image System (Tannon, Biotech, and Shanghai, China) and the acquired bands were quantified with the Quantity One Software (Bio-Rad).

2.4 Real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR)

Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Takara, Dalian, China) and cDNA synthesis was carried out using PrimeScriptTM RT reagent kit (Takara). qRT-PCR was performed using 2× SYBR® Premix Ex TaqTM II and primers for rat LC3 (5-TGAATATGAGCGAACTCATCAAG-3’ forward; 5’-CATGCTGTGCCCATTCAC-3’ reverse) and Beta-actin (5-CCCATCTATGAGGGTTACGC-3’ forward; 5’-TTTAATGTCACGCACGATTTC-3’ reverse). Experiments were performed in triplicate for each sample on Bio-Rad iQ5 system and the acquired data were analyzed using the Bio-Rad Optical System Software (Bio-Rad). Amplification of the rat Beta-actin gene was used to normalize the experimental data.

2.5 ELISA assay

ELISA experiment was performed by following the manufacturer’s instructions (Senxiong Technology Industrial Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). The absorbance at 450 nm was detected by a microplate reader, and all the results were standardized using a standard curve.

2.6 Statistical analysis

Experimental data were analyzed by SPSS 16.0 statistical software and the results were presented as the mean ± SD (standard deviation). The multiple groups were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA, and pairing groups were analyzed by Student’s t-test. When the P value was less than 0.05 (P < 0.05), data were considered significantly different.

3 Results

3.1 Effects of UTI on the activity of Rat renal tubular epithelial cells under the OGD condition

In order to detect the effect of UTI on the viability of rat renal tubular epithelial cells, 3- [4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay (MTT) was applied to test the cell biological activities of these cells In vitro. The result indicates that in OGD model the cell viability of rat renal tubular epithelial cell was significantly decreased comparing with the control group, but UTI can significantly improve the cell viability caused by the oxygen glucose deprivation (Figure 1).

Figure 1 UTI increased the viability of renal tubular epithelial cells in OGD condition. R: Renal tubular epithelial cells; OGD: Oxygen-glucose deprivation; UTI: Ulinastatin. Bars with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Figure 1

UTI increased the viability of renal tubular epithelial cells in OGD condition. R: Renal tubular epithelial cells; OGD: Oxygen-glucose deprivation; UTI: Ulinastatin. Bars with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

3.2 Autophagy is involved in the regulation of cell viability by UTI

The rat renal tubular epithelial cells were co-cultured with the isolated primary macrophages and treated differently: oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD group), UTI treatment (UTI group), oxygen glucose deprivation and then UTI treatment (OGD + UTI group), oxygen glucose deprivation and then treated with UTI and cell autophagy inhibitor 3MA (OGD + UTI + 3MA group) or cell autophagy agonist RAPA (OGD + UTI + RAPA group). The results showed that UTI can significantly save the decrease of renal tubular epithelial cell viability caused by OGD (Figure 2). Moreover, the activity of rat renal tubular epithelial cells in OGD + UTI + 3MA group was lower than that in OGD + UTI group, and the activity of OGD + UTI + RAPA group was significantly higher than that of OGD + UTI group. These results suggest that autophagy is involved in regulation of cellular viability by UTI, and the increase of autophagy can work with UTI to increase cell viability.

Figure 2 Cell autophagy influenced the regulation of UTI on the activity of renal tubular epithelial cells. R: Renal tubular epithelial cells; M: Macrophage; OGD: Oxygen glucose deprivation; UTI: Ulinastatin.; 3MA: 3-Methyladenine; RAPA: Rapamycin. Bars with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Figure 2

Cell autophagy influenced the regulation of UTI on the activity of renal tubular epithelial cells. R: Renal tubular epithelial cells; M: Macrophage; OGD: Oxygen glucose deprivation; UTI: Ulinastatin.; 3MA: 3-Methyladenine; RAPA: Rapamycin. Bars with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

3.3 UTI affects the expression of inflammatory factors in macrophages

ELISA was applied to detect whether UTI affects the secretion of macrophage inflammatory factors. It can be seen that OGD can increase the secretion of TNF-α, IL-18 and IL-1β in macrophages (Figure 3). Compared with OGD group, OGD + UTI group has lower concentration of inflammatory factors. The concentration of TNF-α, IL-18 and IL-1β in OGD + 3MA group was significantly higher than the control group, while the concentration of TNF-α, IL-18 and IL-1β in OGD +RAPA group is lower than the OGD + 3MA group. These results suggest that UTI may decrease the expression of TNF-α, IL-18 and IL-β by up-regulating macrophage autophagy levels.

Figure 3 UTI regulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. A: ELISA analysis of the concentration of THF-α in macrophage culture supernatant; B: The concentration of IL-18 in macrophage culture supernatant; C: The concentration of IL-1β in macrophage culture supernatant by ELISA analysis. M: Macrophage; OGD: Oxygen glucose deprivation; UTI: Ulinastatin; 3MA: 3-Methyladenine; RAPA: Rapamycin. Bars with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Figure 3

UTI regulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. A: ELISA analysis of the concentration of THF-α in macrophage culture supernatant; B: The concentration of IL-18 in macrophage culture supernatant; C: The concentration of IL-1β in macrophage culture supernatant by ELISA analysis. M: Macrophage; OGD: Oxygen glucose deprivation; UTI: Ulinastatin; 3MA: 3-Methyladenine; RAPA: Rapamycin. Bars with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

3.4 UTI regulates macrophage autophagy

qRT-PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the effect of UTI on macrophage autophagy. It can be seen that the OGD treatment significantly decreased mRNA level and protein expression of LC3 in the macrophage (Figure 4), but UTI can promote the expression of LC3 and improve macrophage autophagy. The autophagy inhibitor 3MA can significantly inhibit the mRNA level and protein expression of LC3, while the autophagy agonist RAPA can significantly increase the expression of LC3 and improve the autophagy. The results also indicate that UTI could synergistically promote the expression of LC3 with RAPA to enhance macrophage autophagy.

Figure 4 UTI regulated macrophage autophagy. A: Relative mRNA expression of LC3 in macrophages. B: Western blotting analysis of LC3 II/I protein expression levels in macrophages.OGD: Oxygen glucose deprivation; UTI: Ulinastatin; 3MA: 3-Methyladenine; RAPA: Rapamycin. Bars with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Figure 4

UTI regulated macrophage autophagy. A: Relative mRNA expression of LC3 in macrophages. B: Western blotting analysis of LC3 II/I protein expression levels in macrophages.OGD: Oxygen glucose deprivation; UTI: Ulinastatin; 3MA: 3-Methyladenine; RAPA: Rapamycin. Bars with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

3.5 UTI affects the expression of inflammatory factors by autophagy

ELISA was used to detect the expression of inflammatory factors in cultured rat renal tubular epithelial cells or the cells co-cultured with macrophages in vitro. The results showed that the expression of TNF-α and IL-18 was significantly decreased in UTI-treated rat renal tubular epithelial cells in vitro (Figure 5A, 4B); and UTI could reduce the secretion of inflammatory factor TNF-α under the OGD condition (Figure 5A). The secretion of TNF-α, IL-18 and IL-1β in the OGD group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P <0.05), while the secretion of the inflammatory factors of UTI group is similar to the control group in the co-cultured rat renal tubular epithelial cells and macrophages (Figure 5). The secretions of TNF-α, IL-18 and IL-1β in the OGD+UTI+RAPA group were significantly higher than the OGD + UTI group and the control group. The expressions of these three inflammatory factors in OGD + UTI + RAPA were significantly lower than those in OGD + UTI group. Thus, the inhibition of autophagy increases the secretion of inflammatory factors, but the autophagy agonist decreases the secretion of inflammatory factors cocultured cells. The results showed that UTI could decrease the expression and secretion of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-18 and IL-1β. After 3MA inhibition of autophagy, UTI could not inhibit the expression of inflammatory cytokines. But, after RAPA activation of autophagy, inhibition of secretion of Inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-18) by UTI was enhanced. Therefore, it is hypothesized that UTI inhibits the expression of TNF-α, IL-18 and IL-1β by activation of autophagy.

Figure 5 UTI affected the expression of inflammatory factors through autophagy. A: The concentration of TNF-α in the supernatant of renal tubular epithelial cells and macrophage and renal tubular epithelial cells co-culture system by ELISA analysis. B: ELISA analysis of the concentration of IL-18 in the supernatant of renal tubular epithelial cells and macrophage and macrophages co-culture system; C: The concentration of IL-1β in the supernatant of renal tubular epithelial cells and macrophages and renal tubular epithelial cells co-culture system by ELISA analysis. R: Renal tubular epithelial cells; M: Macrophage; OGD: Oxygen glucose deprivation; UTI: Ulinastatin.; 3MA: 3-Methyladenine; RAPA: Rapamycin. Bars with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).s
Figure 5

UTI affected the expression of inflammatory factors through autophagy. A: The concentration of TNF-α in the supernatant of renal tubular epithelial cells and macrophage and renal tubular epithelial cells co-culture system by ELISA analysis. B: ELISA analysis of the concentration of IL-18 in the supernatant of renal tubular epithelial cells and macrophage and macrophages co-culture system; C: The concentration of IL-1β in the supernatant of renal tubular epithelial cells and macrophages and renal tubular epithelial cells co-culture system by ELISA analysis. R: Renal tubular epithelial cells; M: Macrophage; OGD: Oxygen glucose deprivation; UTI: Ulinastatin.; 3MA: 3-Methyladenine; RAPA: Rapamycin. Bars with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).s

Figure 6 UTI affected the ROS level in macrophages through autophagy. M Macrophage; OGD: Oxygen glucose deprivation; UTI: Ulinastatin.; 3MA: 3-Methyladenine; RAPA: Rapamycin. Bars with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Figure 6

UTI affected the ROS level in macrophages through autophagy. M Macrophage; OGD: Oxygen glucose deprivation; UTI: Ulinastatin.; 3MA: 3-Methyladenine; RAPA: Rapamycin. Bars with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

3.6 UTI affects the ROS level in macrophage by autophagy

In order to detect the effect of UTI on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after autophagy, a ROS assay kit was used to measure the content of ROS in macrophage. The amount of active oxygen production of macrophages was significantly increased after OGD treatment in comparison with the control group. However, UTI could obviously decrease the production of ROS. Compared with OGD + UTI group, the amount of ROS in UGD + UTI + 3MA group was significantly higher than the 3MA-treated group, indicating that autophagy inhibitor 3MA could block UTI-induced autophagy, which resulted in the increase of ROS level. In contrast, the ROS level was decreased after administration of autophagy activator RAPA (OGD + UTI + RAPA group). Thus, UTI can reduce the expression of inflammatory factors and the content of ROS by increasing the autophagy.

4 Discussion

The results show that OGD can induce cell apoptosis and decrease the viability of renal tubular epithelial cells and macrophages, but UTI can significantly improve the activity of renal tubular epithelial cells and macrophages pretreated with OGD. In the past study, it had been found that the mechanism of apoptosis in OGD-induced nephritis model is mainly through the release of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, etc.). This study found that OGD can increase the expression of TNF-α in renal tubular epithelial cells, but the induction of IL-1β and IL-18 is not obvious. However, OGD can not only improve the expression of TNF-α in renal tubular epithelial cells, but also induce the expression of IL-1β and IL-18. This reflects that inflammatory factors (IL-1β and IL-18) are predominantly expressed in macrophages and are relatively low expressed in epithelial cells.

The use of UTI reduces the expression of three inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-18) in renal tubular epithelial cells and macrophages under the model of glucose deprivation, and its effect is affected by autophagy Inhibitor (3MA) and cell autophagy agonist (RAPA). UTI also reduced the expression of IL-1β and IL-18 in macrophages under normal culture conditions, which indicated that UTI had a certain regulation effect on the transformation of macrophage function. When UTI and cell autophagy inhibitor 3MA are used simultaneously, the expression of inflammatory factors cannot be inhibited, indicating that UTI induces cell autophagy to reduce the expression of inflammatory factors and improve cell activity. UTI and cell autophagy agonist RAPA can synergistically inhibit the expression of inflammatory factors, and the effect is better than the use of UTI alone. The expression of LC3 was in contrast to the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Under the OGD condition, the regulation of expression of inflammatory factors by UTI was inhibited by cell autophagy inhibitor 3MA, but was promoted by cell autophagy agonist RAPA. These suggest that cell autophagy agonist (RAPA) is a synergistic drug with UTI, which then enhances autophagy and inhibits inflammation.

The previous studies have shown that lowering intracellular reactive oxygen species can downregulate the activation of inflammatory agents and their key effector protein, caspase-1, thereby reducing the release of inflammatory factors. In this study, we found that UTI can reduce the production of reactive oxygen species. The cell autophagy inhibitor 3MA increased the production of reactive oxygen species and cell autophagy agonist RAPA can significantly inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species. This shows that cell autophagy is the upstream regulation of reactive oxygen species, and regulates the expression and release of inflammatory factors.

Although UTI can promote cell autophagy to inhibit inflammation and enhance its activity, its mechanism of interactions with the receptors on the cells and the mechanism of transformation of macrophage phenotype are still not clear. More experimental studies are needed to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms of UTI interaction with renal tubular epithelial cells and macrophages, as well as the mechanism by which macrophages are transformed from inflammatory cells into autophagic cells that inhibit inflammation. The effect of UTI and cell autophagy agonist RAPA on the inhibition of inflammation in vivo will also need to be demonstrated by further animal experiments.

Acknowledgments

This work were supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81671896, 81471839) and Shenzhen City Science and Technology Development projects (JCYJ20170306091335008, JCYJ20160425103130218, JCYJ20150330102401099) and the medical science and Technology Research Foundation of Guangdong (grant No. A2016353, No. 2014A030313709), and Clinical Doctor-Basic Scientist Combination Foundation of Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital (2015-16).

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2017-10-12
Accepted: 2018-01-04
Published Online: 2018-04-25

© 2018 Ming Wu et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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  4. Linde Type A and nano magnetite/NaA zeolites: cytotoxicity and doxorubicin loading efficiency
  5. Performance and thermal decomposition analysis of foaming agent NPL-10 for use in heavy oil recovery by steam injection
  6. Spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV, 1H and 13C NMR) insights, electronic profiling and DFT computations on ({(E)-[3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-phenylpropylidene] amino}oxy)(4-nitrophenyl)methanone, an imidazole-bearing anti-Candida agent
  7. A Simplistic Preliminary Assessment of Ginstling-Brounstein Model for Solid Spherical Particles in the Context of a Diffusion-Controlled Synthesis
  8. M-Polynomials And Topological Indices Of Zigzag And Rhombic Benzenoid Systems
  9. Photochemical Transformation of some 3-benzyloxy-2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-4Hchromen-4-ones: A Remote Substituent Effect
  10. Dynamic Changes of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Ligustrum lucidum During Fruit Growth
  11. Studies on the flammability of polypropylene/ammonium polyphosphate and montmorillonite by using the cone calorimeter test
  12. DSC, FT-IR, NIR, NIR-PCA and NIR-ANOVA for determination of chemical stability of diuretic drugs: impact of excipients
  13. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Zilla spinosa and Hammada elegans Against Carbon Tetrachlorideinduced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
  14. Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. fabricated ZnO nano falcates and its photocatalytic and dose dependent in vitro bio-activity
  15. Organic biocides hosted in layered double hydroxides: enhancing antimicrobial activity
  16. Experimental study on the regulation of the cholinergic pathway in renal macrophages by microRNA-132 to alleviate inflammatory response
  17. Synthesis, characterization, in-vitro antimicrobial properties, molecular docking and DFT studies of 3-{(E)-[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)imino]methyl} naphthalen-2-ol and Heteroleptic Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes
  18. M-Polynomials and Topological Indices of Dominating David Derived Networks
  19. Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Surface Water Due to Leachate from the Municipal Dumpsite by Pollution Index: A Case Study from Ndawuse River, Abuja, Nigeria
  20. Analysis of Bowel Diseases from Blood Serum by Autofluorescence and Atomic Force Microscopy Techniques
  21. Hydrographic parameters and distribution of dissolved Cu, Ni, Zn and nutrients near Jeddah desalination plant
  22. Relationships between diatoms and environmental variables in industrial water biotopes of Trzuskawica S.A. (Poland)
  23. Optimum Conversion of Major Ginsenoside Rb1 to Minor Ginsenoside Rg3(S) by Pulsed Electric Field-Assisted Acid Hydrolysis Treatment
  24. Antioxidant, Anti-microbial Properties and Chemical Composition of Cumin Essential Oils Extracted by Three Methods
  25. Regulatory mechanism of ulinastatin on autophagy of macrophages and renal tubular epithelial cells
  26. Investigation of the sustained-release mechanism of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose skeleton type Acipimox tablets
  27. Bio-accumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina) along Arabian Gulf, Saudi Coast
  28. Dynamic Change of Secondary Metabolites and spectrum-effect relationship of Malus halliana Koehne flowers during blooming
  29. Lipids constituents from Gardenia aqualla Stapf & Hutch
  30. Effect of using microwaves for catalysts preparation on the catalytic acetalization of glycerol with furfural to obtain fuel additives
  31. Effect of Humic Acid on the Degradation of Methylene Blue by Peroxymonosulfate
  32. Serum containing drugs of Gua Lou Xie Bai decoction (GLXB-D) can inhibit TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in A549 Cells
  33. Antiulcer Activity of Different Extracts of Anvillea garcinii and Isolation of Two New Secondary Metabolites
  34. Analysis of Metabolites in Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz Dry Red Wines from Shanxi by 1H NMR Spectroscopy Combined with Pattern Recognition Analysis
  35. Can water temperature impact litter decomposition under pollution of copper and zinc mixture
  36. Released from ZrO2/SiO2 coating resveratrol inhibits senescence and oxidative stress of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASC)
  37. Validated thin-layer chromatographic method for alternative and simultaneous determination of two anti-gout agents in their fixed dose combinations
  38. Fast removal of pollutants from vehicle emissions during cold-start stage
  39. Review Article
  40. Catalytic activities of heterogeneous catalysts obtained by copolymerization of metal-containing 2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate
  41. Antibiotic Residue in the Aquatic Environment: Status in Africa
  42. Regular Articles
  43. Mercury fractionation in gypsum using temperature desorption and mass spectrometric detection
  44. Phytosynthetic Ag doped ZnO nanoparticles: Semiconducting green remediators
  45. Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Induced by SMAD4 Activation in Invasive Growth Hormone-Secreting Adenomas
  46. Physicochemical properties of stabilized sewage sludge admixtures by modified steel slag
  47. In Vitro Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activity of Cydonia oblonga flower petals, leaf and fruit pellet ethanolic extracts. Docking simulation of the active flavonoids on anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2
  48. Synthesis and Characterization of Pd exchanged MMT Clay for Mizoroki-Heck Reaction
  49. A new selective, and sensitive method for the determination of lixivaptan, a vasopressin 2 (V2)-receptor antagonist, in mouse plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study
  50. Anti-EGFL7 antibodies inhibit rat prolactinoma MMQ cells proliferation and PRL secretion
  51. Density functional theory calculations, vibration spectral analysis and molecular docking of the antimicrobial agent 6-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-5-ethyl-2-{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl] sulfanyl}pyrimidin-4(3H)-one
  52. Effect of Nano Zeolite on the Transformation of Cadmium Speciation and Its Uptake by Tobacco in Cadmium-contaminated Soil
  53. Effects and Mechanisms of Jinniu Capsule on Methamphetamine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Rats
  54. Calculating the Degree-based Topological Indices of Dendrimers
  55. Efficient optimization and mineralization of UV absorbers: A comparative investigation with Fenton and UV/H2O2
  56. Metabolites of Tryptophane and Phenylalanine as Markers of Small Bowel Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
  57. Adsorption and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water through the aggregation of graphene oxide
  58. The role of NR2C2 in the prolactinomas
  59. Chromium removal from industrial wastewater using Phyllostachys pubescens biomass loaded Cu-S nanospheres
  60. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  61. Preparation of Calcium Fluoride using Phosphogypsum by Orthogonal Experiment
  62. The mechanism of antibacterial activity of corylifolinin against three clinical bacteria from Psoralen corylifolia L
  63. 2-formyl-3,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)phenyl benzoate in Electrochemical Dry Cell
  64. Electro-photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin using calcium titanate
  65. Effect of Malus halliana Koehne Polysaccharides on Functional Constipation
  66. Structural Properties and Nonlinear Optical Responses of Halogenated Compounds: A DFT Investigation on Molecular Modelling
  67. DMFDMA catalyzed synthesis of 2-((Dimethylamino)methylene)-3,4-dihydro-9-arylacridin-1(2H)-ones and their derivatives: in-vitro antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant evaluations
  68. Production of Methanol as a Fuel Energy from CO2 Present in Polluted Seawater - A Photocatalytic Outlook
  69. Study of different extraction methods on finger print and fatty acid of raw beef fat using fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  70. Determination of trace fluoroquinolones in water solutions and in medicinal preparations by conventional and synchronous fluorescence spectrometry
  71. Extraction and determination of flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius
  72. Therapeutic Application of Zinc and Vanadium Complexes against Diabetes Mellitus a Coronary Disease: A review
  73. Study of calcined eggshell as potential catalyst for biodiesel formation using used cooking oil
  74. Manganese oxalates - structure-based Insights
  75. Topological Indices of H-Naphtalenic Nanosheet
  76. Long-Term Dissolution of Glass Fibers in Water Described by Dissolving Cylinder Zero-Order Kinetic Model: Mass Loss and Radius Reduction
  77. Topological study of the para-line graphs of certain pentacene via topological indices
  78. A brief insight into the prediction of water vapor transmissibility in highly impermeable hybrid nanocomposites based on bromobutyl/epichlorohydrin rubber blends
  79. Comparative sulfite assay by voltammetry using Pt electrodes, photometry and titrimetry: Application to cider, vinegar and sugar analysis
  80. MicroRNA delivery mediated by PEGylated polyethylenimine for prostate cancer therapy
  81. Reversible Fluorescent Turn-on Sensors for Fe3+ based on a Receptor Composed of Tri-oxygen Atoms of Amide Groups in Water
  82. Sonocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution using Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under mechanical agitation
  83. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  84. Production and Analysis of Recycled Ammonium Perrhenate from CMSX-4 superalloys
  85. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  86. New phosphorus biofertilizers from renewable raw materials in the aspect of cadmium and lead contents in soil and plants
  87. Survey of content of cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, sodium and zinc in chamomile and green tea leaves by electrothermal or flame atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry
  88. Biogas digestate – benefits and risks for soil fertility and crop quality – an evaluation of grain maize response
  89. A numerical analysis of heat transfer in a cross-current heat exchanger with controlled and newly designed air flows
  90. Freshwater green macroalgae as a biosorbent of Cr(III) ions
  91. The main influencing factors of soil mechanical characteristics of the gravity erosion environment in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river
  92. Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions
  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0025
Keywords for this article
Renal ischemia and hypoxia; Ulinastatin; Autophagy; Inflammatory response
Creative Commons
BY-NC-ND 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. The effect of CuO modification for a TiO2 nanotube confined CeO2 catalyst on the catalytic combustion of butane
  3. The preparation and antibacterial activity of cellulose/ZnO composite: a review
  4. Linde Type A and nano magnetite/NaA zeolites: cytotoxicity and doxorubicin loading efficiency
  5. Performance and thermal decomposition analysis of foaming agent NPL-10 for use in heavy oil recovery by steam injection
  6. Spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV, 1H and 13C NMR) insights, electronic profiling and DFT computations on ({(E)-[3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-phenylpropylidene] amino}oxy)(4-nitrophenyl)methanone, an imidazole-bearing anti-Candida agent
  7. A Simplistic Preliminary Assessment of Ginstling-Brounstein Model for Solid Spherical Particles in the Context of a Diffusion-Controlled Synthesis
  8. M-Polynomials And Topological Indices Of Zigzag And Rhombic Benzenoid Systems
  9. Photochemical Transformation of some 3-benzyloxy-2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-4Hchromen-4-ones: A Remote Substituent Effect
  10. Dynamic Changes of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Ligustrum lucidum During Fruit Growth
  11. Studies on the flammability of polypropylene/ammonium polyphosphate and montmorillonite by using the cone calorimeter test
  12. DSC, FT-IR, NIR, NIR-PCA and NIR-ANOVA for determination of chemical stability of diuretic drugs: impact of excipients
  13. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Zilla spinosa and Hammada elegans Against Carbon Tetrachlorideinduced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
  14. Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. fabricated ZnO nano falcates and its photocatalytic and dose dependent in vitro bio-activity
  15. Organic biocides hosted in layered double hydroxides: enhancing antimicrobial activity
  16. Experimental study on the regulation of the cholinergic pathway in renal macrophages by microRNA-132 to alleviate inflammatory response
  17. Synthesis, characterization, in-vitro antimicrobial properties, molecular docking and DFT studies of 3-{(E)-[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)imino]methyl} naphthalen-2-ol and Heteroleptic Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes
  18. M-Polynomials and Topological Indices of Dominating David Derived Networks
  19. Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Surface Water Due to Leachate from the Municipal Dumpsite by Pollution Index: A Case Study from Ndawuse River, Abuja, Nigeria
  20. Analysis of Bowel Diseases from Blood Serum by Autofluorescence and Atomic Force Microscopy Techniques
  21. Hydrographic parameters and distribution of dissolved Cu, Ni, Zn and nutrients near Jeddah desalination plant
  22. Relationships between diatoms and environmental variables in industrial water biotopes of Trzuskawica S.A. (Poland)
  23. Optimum Conversion of Major Ginsenoside Rb1 to Minor Ginsenoside Rg3(S) by Pulsed Electric Field-Assisted Acid Hydrolysis Treatment
  24. Antioxidant, Anti-microbial Properties and Chemical Composition of Cumin Essential Oils Extracted by Three Methods
  25. Regulatory mechanism of ulinastatin on autophagy of macrophages and renal tubular epithelial cells
  26. Investigation of the sustained-release mechanism of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose skeleton type Acipimox tablets
  27. Bio-accumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina) along Arabian Gulf, Saudi Coast
  28. Dynamic Change of Secondary Metabolites and spectrum-effect relationship of Malus halliana Koehne flowers during blooming
  29. Lipids constituents from Gardenia aqualla Stapf & Hutch
  30. Effect of using microwaves for catalysts preparation on the catalytic acetalization of glycerol with furfural to obtain fuel additives
  31. Effect of Humic Acid on the Degradation of Methylene Blue by Peroxymonosulfate
  32. Serum containing drugs of Gua Lou Xie Bai decoction (GLXB-D) can inhibit TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in A549 Cells
  33. Antiulcer Activity of Different Extracts of Anvillea garcinii and Isolation of Two New Secondary Metabolites
  34. Analysis of Metabolites in Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz Dry Red Wines from Shanxi by 1H NMR Spectroscopy Combined with Pattern Recognition Analysis
  35. Can water temperature impact litter decomposition under pollution of copper and zinc mixture
  36. Released from ZrO2/SiO2 coating resveratrol inhibits senescence and oxidative stress of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASC)
  37. Validated thin-layer chromatographic method for alternative and simultaneous determination of two anti-gout agents in their fixed dose combinations
  38. Fast removal of pollutants from vehicle emissions during cold-start stage
  39. Review Article
  40. Catalytic activities of heterogeneous catalysts obtained by copolymerization of metal-containing 2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate
  41. Antibiotic Residue in the Aquatic Environment: Status in Africa
  42. Regular Articles
  43. Mercury fractionation in gypsum using temperature desorption and mass spectrometric detection
  44. Phytosynthetic Ag doped ZnO nanoparticles: Semiconducting green remediators
  45. Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Induced by SMAD4 Activation in Invasive Growth Hormone-Secreting Adenomas
  46. Physicochemical properties of stabilized sewage sludge admixtures by modified steel slag
  47. In Vitro Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activity of Cydonia oblonga flower petals, leaf and fruit pellet ethanolic extracts. Docking simulation of the active flavonoids on anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2
  48. Synthesis and Characterization of Pd exchanged MMT Clay for Mizoroki-Heck Reaction
  49. A new selective, and sensitive method for the determination of lixivaptan, a vasopressin 2 (V2)-receptor antagonist, in mouse plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study
  50. Anti-EGFL7 antibodies inhibit rat prolactinoma MMQ cells proliferation and PRL secretion
  51. Density functional theory calculations, vibration spectral analysis and molecular docking of the antimicrobial agent 6-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-5-ethyl-2-{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl] sulfanyl}pyrimidin-4(3H)-one
  52. Effect of Nano Zeolite on the Transformation of Cadmium Speciation and Its Uptake by Tobacco in Cadmium-contaminated Soil
  53. Effects and Mechanisms of Jinniu Capsule on Methamphetamine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Rats
  54. Calculating the Degree-based Topological Indices of Dendrimers
  55. Efficient optimization and mineralization of UV absorbers: A comparative investigation with Fenton and UV/H2O2
  56. Metabolites of Tryptophane and Phenylalanine as Markers of Small Bowel Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
  57. Adsorption and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water through the aggregation of graphene oxide
  58. The role of NR2C2 in the prolactinomas
  59. Chromium removal from industrial wastewater using Phyllostachys pubescens biomass loaded Cu-S nanospheres
  60. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  61. Preparation of Calcium Fluoride using Phosphogypsum by Orthogonal Experiment
  62. The mechanism of antibacterial activity of corylifolinin against three clinical bacteria from Psoralen corylifolia L
  63. 2-formyl-3,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)phenyl benzoate in Electrochemical Dry Cell
  64. Electro-photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin using calcium titanate
  65. Effect of Malus halliana Koehne Polysaccharides on Functional Constipation
  66. Structural Properties and Nonlinear Optical Responses of Halogenated Compounds: A DFT Investigation on Molecular Modelling
  67. DMFDMA catalyzed synthesis of 2-((Dimethylamino)methylene)-3,4-dihydro-9-arylacridin-1(2H)-ones and their derivatives: in-vitro antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant evaluations
  68. Production of Methanol as a Fuel Energy from CO2 Present in Polluted Seawater - A Photocatalytic Outlook
  69. Study of different extraction methods on finger print and fatty acid of raw beef fat using fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  70. Determination of trace fluoroquinolones in water solutions and in medicinal preparations by conventional and synchronous fluorescence spectrometry
  71. Extraction and determination of flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius
  72. Therapeutic Application of Zinc and Vanadium Complexes against Diabetes Mellitus a Coronary Disease: A review
  73. Study of calcined eggshell as potential catalyst for biodiesel formation using used cooking oil
  74. Manganese oxalates - structure-based Insights
  75. Topological Indices of H-Naphtalenic Nanosheet
  76. Long-Term Dissolution of Glass Fibers in Water Described by Dissolving Cylinder Zero-Order Kinetic Model: Mass Loss and Radius Reduction
  77. Topological study of the para-line graphs of certain pentacene via topological indices
  78. A brief insight into the prediction of water vapor transmissibility in highly impermeable hybrid nanocomposites based on bromobutyl/epichlorohydrin rubber blends
  79. Comparative sulfite assay by voltammetry using Pt electrodes, photometry and titrimetry: Application to cider, vinegar and sugar analysis
  80. MicroRNA delivery mediated by PEGylated polyethylenimine for prostate cancer therapy
  81. Reversible Fluorescent Turn-on Sensors for Fe3+ based on a Receptor Composed of Tri-oxygen Atoms of Amide Groups in Water
  82. Sonocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution using Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under mechanical agitation
  83. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  84. Production and Analysis of Recycled Ammonium Perrhenate from CMSX-4 superalloys
  85. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  86. New phosphorus biofertilizers from renewable raw materials in the aspect of cadmium and lead contents in soil and plants
  87. Survey of content of cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, sodium and zinc in chamomile and green tea leaves by electrothermal or flame atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry
  88. Biogas digestate – benefits and risks for soil fertility and crop quality – an evaluation of grain maize response
  89. A numerical analysis of heat transfer in a cross-current heat exchanger with controlled and newly designed air flows
  90. Freshwater green macroalgae as a biosorbent of Cr(III) ions
  91. The main influencing factors of soil mechanical characteristics of the gravity erosion environment in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river
  92. Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions
  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
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