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Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base

  • Güvenç Görgülü EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: November 5, 2018
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 16 Issue 1

Abstract

A novel Schiff base was synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and theoretical methods. A potentially active agent 4-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenylimino)naphthalen-1(4H)-one (PINQ) was designed and synthesized. The synthesis was carried out by a condensation reaction of 1-4-naphthoquinone and 2-amino-4-methyl phenol. The spectral and structural properties of the PINQ molecule were investigated by elemental analysis, 1H- and 13C-NMR, FT-IR and Uv-vis spectroscopies. The energetic, atomic, electronic, molecular, vibrational and magnetic data were theoretically obtained using density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP level with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. Chemical shifts were calculated using gauge-invariant atomic orbital (GIAO) method. UV-vis spectrum for the title compound was also obtained by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). The theoretical and experimental results were compared and interpreted. The theoretical data obtained from 1H- and 13C-NMR, FT-IR and Uv-vis spectroscopies were quite compatible with experimental ones.

Keywords: Schiff base; Naphthoquinone; DFT

1 Introduction

Schiff bases are still having a great deal of attraction since they have been first synthesized in 1864 [1]. They have a broad area of application from pharmacology and medicine to industry. In medicine, Schiff bases have been used as antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and more [2, 3, 4, 5] for decades besides they are being pioneers for many other chemical compounds [6, 7]. Moreover, new infectious pathogens emerging and multidrug resistance is a challenging problem for medicine [8]. Using any biological enzyme as a pharmacological agent is not possible, for the time being, due to its delivery problems and instability in solution. Therefore, characteristically different new agents have been synthesized and characterized by the researchers [9, 10].

Containment of some specific substituent groups by Schiff bases may give rise to more stabilized and active structures which is essential for an active agent. Various Schiff bases are used as ligands getting into coordination with transition metal ions to form biologically active metal complexes. Any information, like biological half-life and many other pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic features which are received during characterization, should be considered and evaluated to understand the mechanism of action of Schiff bases [5]. In addition to the spectroscopic techniques, which are vital for characterization, 3D structural, angular, molecular, atomic, electronic, energetic, transitional, vibrational and magnetic information about the target molecule can be obtained by quantum chemical calculations. Better results have been acquired by the researchers since the experimental and theoretical data were combined. Density functional theory (DFT) has been a major quantum chemical method for the theoretical evaluation of basic, thermodynamic, electronic and other properties of interested compounds [11].

This study is designed to synthesize and enlighten a biologically active compound both experimentally and theoretically which is the first step to produce a pharmacologically active drug. For this purpose, a naphthoquinone molecule is reacted with a phenolic amine to obtain 4-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenylimino) naphthalen-1(4H)-one (PINQ). The compound was then characterized by spectroscopic methods and DFT calculation. The theoretical data obtained here were compared with the experimental results.

2 Experimental

2.1 Physical measurements

All chemicals with the highest purity grade were purchased from commercial sources.

A Shimadzu IRPrestige-21 FTIR spectrophotometer in the range of 4000–400 cm-1 was used to obtain the IR spectrum of PINQ molecule in KBr pellets. For the 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra, tetramethylsilane (TMS) were used as an internal standard and chloroform as the solvent. The record was taken on a JEOL NMR-400 MHz spectrometer. The elemental analysis was taken in LECO 932 CHNS equipment. Spectrophotmetric measurements were recorded by a PG T80+ double-beam spectrophotometer in dry ethanol. Melting point of the compound was measured using an Electrothermal model IA 9100.

2.2 Synthesis of the Schiff Base (PINQ)

For the synthesis of the compound PINQ as shown in Figure 1, a solution of 1 mmol, 0.123 g of 2-amino-4-methylphenol in 15 mL of absolute ethanol was added to a solution of 1 mmol, 0.158 g 1,4-naphthoquinone in 15 mL of another absolute ethanol solution. The mixture was left stirring for the next 6 h and kept 12 h at 25oC. The precipitation was filtered off and rinsed for multiple times with cold ethanol and put on P2O5 for drying. Dried compound obtained in the powder form is stable at room temperature.

Figure 1 Synthesis reaction of PINQ molecule.
Figure 1

Synthesis reaction of PINQ molecule.

Brown compound; yield: 71%; m.p.: 255oC (decomposition). Anal. Calc. for C17H13NO2: C, 77.55; H, 4.98; N, 5.32%; Found: C, 77.42; H, 4.83; N, 5.41%. 1H-NMR (CDCl3, ppm): Theo. Calc. 6.62 (1H, O-H), 6.84-8.74 (7H, Ar-H), 2.38 (3H, -C20H3), 7.80 (1H, -H25), 6.84 (1H, -H26); Found: 6.19 (1H, O-H), 6.94-8.64 (m, 7H, Ar-H), 2.32 (s, 3H, -C20H3), 7.54 (d, 1H, -H25), 6.84 (d, 1H, -H26). 13C-NMR (CDCl3, ppm): Theo. Calc. 191.20 (C10), 159.34 (C7), 119.01-158.94 (Ar), 139.07 (C9), 135.58 (C8), 20.64 (C20); Found: 183.98 (C10), 146.85 (C7), 104.11-145.28 (Ar), 124.43 (C9), 116.18 (C8), 20.72 (C20). FT-IR (KBr, cm-1): Theo. Calc. 3471 b (O-H), 1679 s (C=O), 1608 m (C=N), 1490 s (C-N), 1291 s (C-O); Found: b (O-H), 1681 s (C=O), 1612 m (C=N), 1491 s (C-N), 1296 s (C-O),(b, broad; s, strong; m, medium; w, weak). UV-Vis (ethanol solution, nm): Theo. Calc. 408, 439, 563; Found: 311, 405, 507.

2.3 Computational Methods

Calculations were executed with Gaussian 09 program [11]. Molecular and spectral visualizations were performed by GaussView 5.0.9 software package [13]. The optimization of the molecular geometry and the vibrational frequency of the PINQ molecule were calculated by using DFT/B3LYP with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set in the gas phase. The UV-vis spectrum, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energies of the compound were determined by TD-DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p). The Gauge-invariant atomic orbital (GIAO) method which provides an effective prediction of the theoretical chemical shift values [14], with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set was used for the calculation of 1H- and 13C-NMR chemical shifts [15, 16].

The HOMO-LUMO energy (E) gap (ΔEgap) could be expressed as follows:

ΔEgap -E(LOMO)- E(HOMO)

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and Discussion

The physical and spectral data are given in the experimental section. Elemental analysis is a powerful technique for the identification of newly synthesized compounds which is time and cost effective. The C, N and H percentages obtained from elemental analysis are so close to the calculated values of these elements which indicate that the synthesized PINQ molecule is in a high purity. One more evidence for the purity is the decomposition of the PINQ molecule which starts at 255oC and completed in a few degrees.

3.1 Molecular Geometry

The structural optimization geometry of the interested molecule yields valuable information including bond lengths, bond angles and dihedral angles (Table 1). The optimized chemical structure for PINQ is shown in Figure 2. The phenol and naphthoquinone parts of the molecule are not in the same plane but, N12 atom seems to be in the same planar geometry by each moiety. The dihedral angle C7-N12-C13-C18 with 37.83o points out a deviation of the phenol moiety from the naphthoquinone part of the PINQ molecule.

Figure 2 Optimized and numbered structure of PINQ molecule.
Figure 2

Optimized and numbered structure of PINQ molecule.

Table 1

Representative bond lengths, bond and dihedral angles of PINQ molecule.

Bond lengths (Å)Bond angles (o)Dihedral angles (o)
C8-C91.35C9-C10-O11121.14C7-N12-C13-C1837.83
C9-C101.47C10-C5-C4121.03C7-N12-C13-C14149.30
C10-O111.22C15-C4-C7120.20C6-C5-C10-O110.44
C1-C21.40C8-C7-N12124.52C3-C4-C7-C8178.99
C7-N121.30C7-N12-C13126.72C3-C4-C7-N122.23
N12-C131.39C13-C14-O19120.09C8-C7-N12-C1312.12
C14-O191.35N12-C13-C14114.32N12-C13-C14-O194.02
O19-H300.97C20-C17-C16120.57
C17-C201.51
C20-H311.10

The Mulliken atomic charges of PINQ molecule were also obtained with the calculation of geometry optimization. The highest positive charge was seen on H30 phenolic proton (0.292113) and the highest negative charge was shared between C10 of the carbonyl group (-0.627888) and C14 atom of the phenolic group (-0.628825) as expected. The positive charges around H30 can be explained by the electronegativity of O19 atom.

3.2 1H- and 13C-NMR Spectra

The 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra obtained from experimental and theoretical study were compared in Figures 3 and 4. Both spectra were combined on the same scale for an easier comparison. Experimental 1H-NMR chemical shifts were, expressed in ppm, dispersed through the spectrum starting form tetramethylsilane as the internal standard. The theoretical calculations are used to confirm the data obtained by the experiments reported herein. PINQ molecule was optimized (Figure 2) and the output file of optimization was used for the GIAO method calculations.

Figure 3 Experimental (above) and theoretical (below) 1H-NMR spectra of the PINQ.
Figure 3

Experimental (above) and theoretical (below) 1H-NMR spectra of the PINQ.

As seen from the Figure 3, peaks belong to methyl hydrogens splitted into three between 2.02 and 2.45 ppm in the theoretical spectrum were seen as one peak in the experimental spectrum since the methyl protons have the same chemical environment leading their overlaps. The experimental methyl proton chemical shift values were stated as the average of three protons at 2.38 ppm. The peak seen at 6.19 ppm was assigned to deuterium exchangeable proton of the phenolic –OH group. The chemical shift value of this proton was 6.62 ppm in the calculated spectrum. The multiple peaks attributed to the aromatic protons between 6.94 and 8.64 ppm were calculated approximately at the same range between 6.84 and 8.74 ppm. The peaks ascribed to the protons numbered as 25 and 26 bound to aliphatic carbons were appeared at 7.54 and 6.84 ppm, respectively. These peaks of aliphatic protons were corresponded to the peaks at 7.80 and 6.84 ppm in the theoretical spectrum.

13C-NMR spectrum showed a chemical shift at 146.85 ppm assigned to the imine group revealing the formation of the PINQ molecule by the condensation reaction of 1,4-naphthoquinone and 2-amino-4-methylphenol. This chemical shift was observed at 159.34 ppm in the theoretical spectrum. The peaks at 104.11-145.28 ppm range assigned to aromatic carbons were seen between 119.01-158.94 ppm in the calculated spectrum. The calculated chemical shift belong to carbonyl carbon (C10) given at 191.20 was obtained at 183.98 ppm. In addition, the peak observed at 20.72 ppm was attributed to the methyl carbon (C20) bounded to aromatic group. This chemical shift was calculated as 20.64 ppm (Figure 4).

Figure 4 Experimental (above) and theoretical (below) 13C-NMR spectra of the PINQ.
Figure 4

Experimental (above) and theoretical (below) 13C-NMR spectra of the PINQ.

The 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra have no unidentified peaks other than the expected ones (Figure 3 and 4). These clear spectra also reveal that the molecule is highly pure.

3.3 FT-IR Spectra

The experimental spectrum of PINQ molecule was obtained between 400-4000 cm-1 and the calculations of vibrational frequencies were performed at the B3LYP level with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set (Figure 5). For precision, the theoretical data acquired from the frequencies below and above, respectively, 1700 cm-1 were scaled by the correction factors of 0.983 and 0.958 which was described elsewhere [15, 16].

Figure 5 Experimental (above) and theoretical (below) FT-IR spectra of PINQ molecule.
Figure 5

Experimental (above) and theoretical (below) FT-IR spectra of PINQ molecule.

As seen in Figure 5, the band at 1612 cm-1 corresponds to ν(C=N) in PINQ molecule was calculated as 1608 cm-1. This stretching band is characteristic for imine group, revealing that the condensation reaction was completed and the desired molecule was formed. Phenolic –OH group showed a band at 3324 cm-1 which was observed at 3471 cm-1 on the theoretical spectrum. Observation of this band is the indication of the binding of phenolic moiety to 1,4-naphthoquinone molecule. Stretching vibration for the C=O bond in the IR spectrum was recorded at 1681 cm-1. This band was appeared at 1679 cm-1 on the theoretical spectrum which is almost in the same frequency with experimental one. Finally, ν(C-N) and ν(C-O) were observed at 1491 cm-1 and 1296 cm-1 which were theoretically calculated as 1490 and 1291 cm-1, respectively.

3.4 UV-vis Spectra

The UV-vis spectrum of the PINQ molecule was recorded in 10-3 M of ethanolic solution at room temperature. The electronic transitions were also theoretically calculated by using B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level and TD-DFT methods. The experimental and theoretical electronic transitions, excitation energies (eV), oscillator strengths (f) and major contributions of the PINQ are given in Table 2.

Table 2

The experimental and theoretical electronic transitions, excitation energies (eV), oscillator strengths (f) and major contributions of the PINQ molecule.

TransitionsExperimentalTheoretical B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)
λ (nm)E (eV)λ (nm)E (eV)fMajor contributions
n→π*5072.4455632.2020.2743HOMO→LUMO (97%)
π→π* (imine)4053.0614392.8240.0438HOMO-1→LUMO (76%)
π→π* (benzene)3113.9874083.0390.0585HOMO-4→LUMO (37%)
HOMO-2→LUMO (27%)
HOMO-1→LUMO (19%)

The measured and computed maximum UV-vis absorption wavelengths for PINQ are shown in Figure 6. The bands observed at 507, 405 and 311 nm in electronic spectrum of PINQ was calculated as 563, 439 and 408 nm. These three transitions, which are characteristic for aromatic imine molecules, were assigned to n→π*, π→π*(imine) and π→π*(benzene), respectively. Electron transitions occurred between HOMO and LUMO have some major and minor contributing orbitals. As seen from the theoretical absorption spectrum, the highest wavelength (563 nm) arises from HOMO to LUMO transition with 97% share. The electronic transition at 439 nm was from HOMO-1 to LUMO with 76% contribution. The major contributions for the transition at 408 nm were from HOMO-4 to LUMO with 37%, HOMO-2 to LUMO with 27% and HOMO-1 to LUMO with 19%.

Figure 6 Experimental (above) and calculated (below) Uv-vis absorption spectra of the PINQ.
Figure 6

Experimental (above) and calculated (below) Uv-vis absorption spectra of the PINQ.

The properties of the molecules such as the chemical reactivity, kinetic stability, polarizability, chemical hardness and softness, aromaticity and electronegativity can be determined by using this energy gap [19, 20] between the HOMO and LUMO orbitals. The energy gap between HOMO and LUMO orbitals of PINQ molecule was calculated as 2.706 eV (Figure 7). The gap value is inversely proportional with the softness and the reactivity of the molecule. For PINQ molecule, the gap value indicates a soft and reactive compound compared to similar naphthoquinone based molecules [21, 22]. HOMO orbitals of PINQ were densely located on phenol rings and the LUMO were largely accumulated on naphthoquinone moiety.

Figure 7 Energy levels and localization distribution of HOMO and LUMO molecular orbitals throughout the PINQ molecule as the representatives of frontiers.
Figure 7

Energy levels and localization distribution of HOMO and LUMO molecular orbitals throughout the PINQ molecule as the representatives of frontiers.

3.5 Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP)

Molecular electrostatic potential of the PINQ molecule is shown in Figure 8. The colorized figure is a good indicator of inter- and intramolecular interactions and reactivity of the molecule [23]. The red color and blue color locates the electron-rich and poor regions, respectively. The carbonyl oxygen underlying the reddish area shows an electron rich part of the PINQ which is potentially the most aggressive region for a nucleophilic attack. On the contrary, the opposite site of the molecule has an electron poor region with a bluish color overlying a phenolic proton which may show an electrophilic behavior.

Figure 8 Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) of PINQ molecule in which electron-rich and poor regions are shown by red and blue colors, respectively.
Figure 8

Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) of PINQ molecule in which electron-rich and poor regions are shown by red and blue colors, respectively.

4 Conclusion

We herein reported the synthesis and spectral characterization of a novel imine molecule. The synthesis of PINQ was achieved by the condensation of a ketone and aromatic amine compounds. The spectral data revealed that, the reaction was completed and the target molecule was formed. Overall comparison of spectral data confirms a good correlation between the experimental and calculated results. The optimization of the PINQ molecule showed a non-planar molecular geometry with a torsion angle of 37.83o between the naphthoquinone and phenolic moieties. The effective nucleophilic capacity of the carbonyl and phenolic oxygen of the molecule was brought out by Mulliken charges and the molecular electrostatic potential calculated. For the PINQ molecule, the gap value indicates a soft and reactive compound compared to similar naphthoquinone based molecules.

  1. Conflict of interest Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-07-23
Accepted: 2018-09-07
Published Online: 2018-11-05

© 2018 Güvenç Görgülü, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
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  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
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  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0121
Keywords for this article
Schiff base; Naphthoquinone; DFT
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