Startseite Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
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Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers

  • Ramazan Demir EMAIL logo und Ismet Kaya
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 22. Oktober 2018
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 16 Heft 1

Abstract

The synthesized Schiff base polymers were investigated for humidity and chloroform response characteristics. The crystal structure of polymers were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (X-RD) method. We used the QCM (quartz crystal microbalance) method for the analyses of the water steam adsorption and desorption ratio of polymers. The experimental results showed that Schiff base polymers were very sensitive to humidity and chloroform at room temperature and it was possible to use it as a sensing element in moisture sensor applications.

Keywords: Humidity; Schiff base polymers; chloroform; sensor

1 Introduction

Schiff base metal-containing polymers have been the focus of a substantial number of studies, in particular the evolution of these polymers, their optical, electrical and optoelectronic properties as an example of refractive index, band gap, and luminescence characteristics. Various methods have been used to synthesize Schiff base polymers such as polycondensation reactions [1] and Oxidative polycondensation [2,3].

Polymer–metal complexes have potential for significant applications just like electrical insulators, semiconductors, high-temperature lubricants and adhesives [4-8]. In recent years, polymer–metal complexes have received attention from many researchers. Among these, methods synthesizing Schiff base polymers have many advantages [2,3]. It is a not-too-expensive and simple method, which makes it very attractive to obtain Schiff base polymers [9].

Polymers are common materials used in humidity sensors [10]. Polymers contain an electrically nonconductor polymer matrix. Polymer inflation due to the sorption of vapor or humidity causes resistivity changes [11].

Alkali salt-polyether complexes, for examples polypropylene oxide and polyethylene oxide (PEO) [12,13], quaternized poly(vinyl pyridine) (PVPy) and polystyrene sulphonate [14] have been used in a successful manner in semiconductor-based or impedance-type humidity sensors [15]. In a Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM)-based study, the sensor response is highly affected by the properties of the polymers as well as the successful production of polystyrene (PS) thin films [16]. In another study, polymer-based composites, and gas and humidity sensor devices were discussed [17]. Several recent publications have addressed studies regarding the humidity sensor properties of polymers [18,19].

Humidity sensors are of importance in practice and some of the applications are: a) Building and construction, b) Food processing, c) Agriculture, d) Medical and health monitoring, e) Fuel, f) Aerospace, g) Human comfort [20].

The monitoring of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) such as chloroform, benzene, toluene, xylene, etc. has become a serious concern due to regulations in many countries in the world [16].

However, the samples in our study have not been found in the relevant literature.

Previously, synthesis of Schiff base monomers and thermal conductivity and metal complexes, optical and electrochemical properties have been examined. One of these articles published about related research in 2008 [9]. Other related research was published in 2010 [21]. In recent years, different studies have been carried out for the humidity sensor [22,23]. QCM has often been used in dampness sensing applications for several substances [24,25].

We investigate in this study the moisture characteristics of the related item using the QCM method. The QCM method is an effective technique and sensing very well mass alterations on the nanogram scale (∼1 ng/cm2) by measuring the alteration in the resonance frequency [2629]. It reacts to a certain increase in mass at the same time, regardless of which species is precipitated [30,31]. Diffraction technique of X-ray is applied to examine the crystal structure of specimens. The QCM consequences exhibit specimens are extremely sensible to relative humidity alterations. In this study, we have focused solely on the humidity adsorption and desorption kinetics of samples.

2 Experimental

2.1 Synthesis of Materials

The synthesis, characterization, conductivity, and thermal properties of poly (2,3-bis [(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) methylene]diaminopyridine) (PHMPMDAP) and oligo (1,4-bis [(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylene]phenylenediamine) (OHPMPDA) have been previously published [9,21].

In the first step, two monomers {(2,3-bis[(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) methylene] diamino pyridine (HMPMDAP) and 1,4-bis[(2-hydroxyphenyl) methylene] phenylenediamine (HPMPDA)]}were synthesized by condensation reaction. The synthesis of HMPMDAP was carried out using o-vanillin (1.36 g, 0.01mol) and 2,3-diaminopyridine (0.545 g, 0.005 mol) in 15ml of methanol by boiling the mixture under reflux for 3 h. The precipitated monomer was filtered and recrystallized from methanol, and subsequently dried in a vacuum desiccator [9].

The synthesis of HPMPDA was carried out using salicylaldehyde (1.22 g, 0.01 mol) and p-phenylene diamine (0.54 g, 0.005 mol) in 15 ml of methanol in a three-neck round-bottom flask equipped with nitrogen inlet–outlet, condenser and stirring bar. Nitrogen was purged into the flask and the reaction mixture was heated at the reflux temperature for 3 h, under stirring. The intense precipitate obtained was filtered out. The monomer was purified by recrystallization from methanol and dried in vacuum desiccator [21].

In the second step, PHMPMDAP and OHPMPDA were synthesized via oxidative polycondensation reaction of the monomers (HMPMDAP and HPMPDA) using NaOCl solution (30% in water) as oxidant [9,21].

The chemical structures of PHMPMDAP and OHPMPDA are shown in Scheme 1.

Scheme 1 The chemical structures of HMPMDAP and OHPMPDA.
Scheme 1

The chemical structures of HMPMDAP and OHPMPDA.

The infrared spectra were produced using a Perkin Elmer Spectrum One FT-IR system. The FT-IR spectra were recorded using ATR attachment (4000–550 cm-1). UV-Vis spectra of OHPMPDA and PHMPMDAP were determined by using DMSO. OHPMPDA and PHMPMDAP were characterized by using 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra (Bruker Avance DPX-400 and 100.6 MHz, respectively) recorded at 25oC by using deuterated DMSO as a solvent. Tetramethylsilane was used as an internal standard. Thermal data were obtained by using Perkin Elmer Diamond Thermal Analysis. The TGA-DTA measurements were made between 15oC and 1000oC (in N2, rate 10oC/ min). SEC analyses were performed at 30oC using DMF/ MeOH (v/v, 4/1) as an eluent at a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min. A refractive index detector was used as a detector. The instrument (Shimadzu 10AVp series HPLC-SEC system) was calibrated with a mixture of polystyrene standards (Polymer Laboratories; the peak molecular weights, Mp, between 162 and 500,000) using GPC software for the determination of the molecular weight (Mn), weight-average molecular weight (Mw), and polydispersity index (PDI) of the polymer samples. For SEC investigations a Macherey-Nagel GmbH & Co. (100 Angstrom and 7.7nm diameter loading material) 3.3mm i.d.x300mm columns were used [9,21].

2.2 Structural Properties of Materials

The crystal structure of the synthesized materials is analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and measurements were recorded with a Bruker D2 phaser with CuKa radiation at a wavelength of 1.54 Angstrom over a range of 2θ from 5° to 90° with a scanning rate of 4°/min.

2.3 Moisture Analysis

The QCM technique has calculated the mass alterations in view of moisture molecules having a resolution of ~ 1 ng/cm2. QCM consist of a quartz disk with 0.196 cm2 surface between a pair of gold-covered electrodes. Using the Sauerbrey linear frequency difference relationship the mass alteration (Δm) was calculated on the surface of the quartz crystal. Sauerbrey linear frequency change association [31] is given below:

Δf=−2f01ΔmΔμp(1)

Here A is the surface of the gold-covered electrodes on the quartz crystal, f0 is the resonant frequency of the basic mode of the QCM crystal, μ is the shear modulus, and p is the density of the quartz substrate.

We identified the variation in the resonance frequency via the QCM model of CHI400A series. These series produced from CH Instruments (Austin, TX, USA). The QCM electrodes used in our study were produced from the AT-cut piezoelectric quartz crystal at oscillation frequencies of 7.995 and 7.950 MHz. The crystal has a density (p) of 2.684 g/cm3 and a shear modulus (μ) of 2.947 X 1011 g/cms2. An alteration of 1 Hz in QCM resonance frequency matches 1.34 ng of materials adsorbed onto the crystal surface in an area of 0.196 cm2. We obtained the measurements by the hybrid system. The hybrid system consist of two sensors: a QCM sensor and an industrial Sensirion humidity sensor. The sensor has the following features: EI-1050 suitable digital relative dampness and temperature sensors have a reaction time of 4 s. We linked the humidity sensor to a Personal Computer (PC). In the PC a Labview program was started to execute. Thus, data was collected by way of the SHT11 (single chip sensor module; Sensirion, Switzerland).

Scheme 2 exhibits the empirical arrangement to analyze the adsorption and desorption kinetics of samples in different humidity conditions between 0% and 100% RH at room temperature. The relative humidity value is varied between 0% and 100% within a test cell having volume of 100 cc by auditing the proportion of wet and dry nitrogen flow via flow-meter control system produced by MKS company from 0 to 1000 sccm over 10 steps. The industrial dampness sensor displays 0% RH at 1000 sccm of dry nitrogen is dispatched through the QCM cell, while it exhibits 100% RH when 1000 sccm of wet nitrogen (received by transferring dry nitrogen into a bubbler kept at a constant temperature of 25°C).

Scheme 2 The empirical arrangement to analyze the adsorption and desorption kinetics of samples in different humidity conditions between 0% and 100% RH at room temperature.
Scheme 2

The empirical arrangement to analyze the adsorption and desorption kinetics of samples in different humidity conditions between 0% and 100% RH at room temperature.

The same measurements made for humidity were repeated for chloroform under the same experimental conditions.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Consequences and Discussion

3.1 Structural Characteristic

The XRD results of poly PHMPMDAP demonstrated an amorphous structure with wide peaks at 17 and 24 degree (see: Figure 1).

Figure 1 XRD pattern of poly PHMPMDAP.
Figure 1

XRD pattern of poly PHMPMDAP.

The XRD results of oligo OHPMPDA show a degree of crystallization in especially 13.90 and other 12.10; 20; peaks seen at 26.22 are evidence of crystallization (see: Figure 2).

Figure 2 XRD pattern of oligo OHPMPDA.
Figure 2

XRD pattern of oligo OHPMPDA.

3.2 QCM Results

Figure 3 and 4 display, respectively, the adsorption-desorption periods of poly PHMPMDAP covered QCM sensor for humidity and chloroform. The response of negative QCM resonance frequency arises from the change of mass in the QCM sensor. This is because of adsorption and desorption in the QCM sensor. Adsorption and desorption occur due to changes in the concentration of the moist molecules by changing the relative humidity. The response of negative QCM resonance frequency is shown on the vertical axis of the plots, while time is given on the horizontal axis of the plots in Figures 3 and 4, indicating that PHMPMDAP was found to be sensitive to both humidity and chloroform.

Figure 3 The adsorption-desorption periods of Poly PHMPMDAP covered QCM sensor for humidity.
Figure 3

The adsorption-desorption periods of Poly PHMPMDAP covered QCM sensor for humidity.

Figure 4 The adsorption-desorption periods of poly PHMPMDAP covered QCM sensor for chloroform.
Figure 4

The adsorption-desorption periods of poly PHMPMDAP covered QCM sensor for chloroform.

The adsorption-desorption periods of OHPMPDA are given in Figure 5. This works similarly to Figure 2. oligo OHPMPDA was subjected to measurement of response to chloroform. Chloroform is one of the organic components with low boiling temperature. The sensor feature has been investigated because chloroform is a harmful gas for health. These same studies have been conducted with respect to chloroform.

Figure 5 The adsorption-desorption periods of oligo OHPMPDA covered QCM sensor for chloroform.
Figure 5

The adsorption-desorption periods of oligo OHPMPDA covered QCM sensor for chloroform.

4 Conclusion

The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) method was applied to investigate the water vapor adsorption and desorption kinetics of poly PHMPMDAP and oligo OHPMPDA samples. Our QCM results have shown that PHMPMDAP and OHPMPDA were very sensitive to chloroform changes over even a short time duration at room temperature. Likewise, while the PHMPMDAP sample is sensitive to humidity, unfortunately the OHPMPDA sample is not sensitive to humidity and cannot be measured.

Both the chemical structures of PHMPMDAP and OHPMPDA have –OH groups. Since the OH group has a capability of binding a hydrogen bond between H2O molecules, both samples are expected to adsorb H2O molecules. Although PHMPMDAP is found to be sensitive to humidity, OHPMPDA is found to be insensitive. The reason is the difference in the side groups (-CH3 and -OCH3 groups) between the chemical structures of OHPMPDA and PHMPMDAP, respectively. There is also pyridine ring instead of phenylene ring in the structure of PHMPMDAP compared to OHPMPDA. .

The main factor is due to presence of long alkyl chain which is adjacent to –OH group, prevents approaching and binding H2O molecules to form a hydrogen bond. On the contrary, OHPMPDA has –OCH3 group which is adjacent to –OH group, which does not prevent H2O molecules to adsorb.

From the measurement results, we have found that the Schiff base polymers that were investigated are sensitive to both humidity (for PHMPMDAP) and chloroform. These features can be used as a sensor in our daily life.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-02-27
Accepted: 2018-07-06
Published Online: 2018-10-22

© 2018 Ramazan Demir, Ismet Kaya, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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  79. Comparative sulfite assay by voltammetry using Pt electrodes, photometry and titrimetry: Application to cider, vinegar and sugar analysis
  80. MicroRNA delivery mediated by PEGylated polyethylenimine for prostate cancer therapy
  81. Reversible Fluorescent Turn-on Sensors for Fe3+ based on a Receptor Composed of Tri-oxygen Atoms of Amide Groups in Water
  82. Sonocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution using Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under mechanical agitation
  83. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  84. Production and Analysis of Recycled Ammonium Perrhenate from CMSX-4 superalloys
  85. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  86. New phosphorus biofertilizers from renewable raw materials in the aspect of cadmium and lead contents in soil and plants
  87. Survey of content of cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, sodium and zinc in chamomile and green tea leaves by electrothermal or flame atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry
  88. Biogas digestate – benefits and risks for soil fertility and crop quality – an evaluation of grain maize response
  89. A numerical analysis of heat transfer in a cross-current heat exchanger with controlled and newly designed air flows
  90. Freshwater green macroalgae as a biosorbent of Cr(III) ions
  91. The main influencing factors of soil mechanical characteristics of the gravity erosion environment in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river
  92. Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions
  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0106
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Humidity; Schiff base polymers; chloroform; sensor
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Artikel in diesem Heft

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  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
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