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Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine

  • Susan Shukur Noori EMAIL logo , İskender Akkurt and Nurdan Karpuz Demir
Published/Copyright: August 20, 2018
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 16 Issue 1

Abstract

The main purpose of this study is the investigation of a cross section of proton induced nuclear reactions. The excitation functions of the reactions: 56Fe(p,2n)55Co 58Fe(p,2n)57Co, 111Cd(p,2n)110In, 112Cd(p,2n)111In, 125Te(p,2n)124I, 126Te(p,2n)125I, 68Zn(p,2n)67Gawere investigated. These reactions were studied as the resulting radioisotopes are used in medical applications. Theoretical excitation functions have been calculated with TALYS 1.6 nuclear reaction simulation code. The calculated excitation functions are compared with the experimental data.

Keywords: Excitation functions; proton induced; TALYS 1.6 nuclear reaction simulation code
PACS: 13.85.Lg; 92.20.Td; 52.59.-f

1 Introduction

In nuclear medicine radionuclides are used for a variety of useful applications, such as diagnosis, therapy, prevention of many serious ailments and research to evaluate metabolic, physiologic and pathologic conditions of the human body. The successful production and usage of these radionuclides extends to oncology, cardiology and even psychiatry by imaging procedures where information about the function of every major organ/ tissue of the human body can be generated. A large number of radionuclides used in nuclear medicine are produced in cyclotrons, accelerators or in nuclear reactors, and production is an important and constantly evolving issue. In addition to this different radionuclides play significant roles in technological applications of importance to our daily life as well for scientific research [1,2]. Production cross sections for charged particles especially nuclear reactions on metals which are induced by protons are important in medical radioisotopes production [3,4]. To optimize the production routes, the charged particle induced cross-sections are desired. For the optimization of the radioisotope produced, a full knowledge of the excitation function is necessary, which helps to maximize the yield of the desired product and to minimize the radioactive impurities [5]. At present the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging technique is widely used for planning, early diagnosis of cancer and evaluation of the treatment response in patients with cancer, this imaging technique is used to studies diseases of heart, brain, thyroid etc. [6]. For a variety of the radioisotopes used in the PET technique, the excitation functions of proton induced by nuclear reactions were calculated using a Monte Carlo nuclear reaction simulation code TALYS 1.6 [7]. The obtained results were compared with the experimental data existing in the EXFOR [8].

2 Software and methods

Nuclear medicine uses a trace amount of radioactive substances called radiotracers that are typically injected into the bloodstream, inhaled or swallowed to provide diagnostic information that gives accurate and immediate diagnosis regarding the functioning of a specific organ in the human body or to treat a disease. It is used to form images of the bones, thyroid, liver, heart, and many other organs and also helps in treating diseased organs and certain types of cancer tumours.

Calculations based on nuclear reaction models play an important role in the development of reaction cross sections [6]. In this work the excitation Function calculations were carried out with nuclear reaction simulation code TALYS1.6. TALYS is a Monte Carlo code. TALYS was initially develpoed in 1998, when it was decided to implement the combined knowledge of nuclear reactions into one single software package which integrates the pre-equilibrium, direct, optical model, statistical and fission nuclear reaction models and for all the open reaction channels it gives prediction in one calculation scheme.

The TALYS code is a nuclear reaction computer program which simulates basically all types of nuclear reactions, it runs on Linux operation system and is written in the FORTRAN programming language. One of the possible outcomes of using a Monte Carlo method for nuclear data evaluation is that a series of correlations can be extracted from the previous results. The objective and vision of its construction was to provide a complete and accurate simulation of nuclear reactions that involve neutrons, photons, protons, deuterons, tritons, 3He, and alpha particles in the 1 keV-200 MeV energy range, with some exceptions. The code’s data was based on the reference input parameter library through an optimal combination of reliable nuclear models, resilience and ease of use [7,9].

The theory of excitation functions for production of medical radioisotopes are obtained with proton induced reactions (p,2n) for some radioisotopes used in medicine that are important for the development of improved nuclear reaction theory and for many medical applications were calculated by use TALYS 1.6 code. The calculation for nuclear reactions, are usually employed in cases where there is a shortage of experimental data or there are other controversies. Moreover, it ensures the internal consistency of the data, and also allows us to predict and extrapolate the experimental data [3].

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animals use.

3 Result and Discussions

Excitation functions via proton induced reactions are important for many medical applications and for development of improved nuclear reaction theory. In the present work, the calculated excitation functions for production of medical radioisotopes with proton induced nuclear reactions 56Fe(p,2n)55Co, 58Fe(p,2n)57Co, 111Cd(p,2n)110In, 112Cd(p,2n)111In, 125Te(p,2n)124I, 126Te(p,2n)125I, 68Zn(p,2n)67Ga are carried out using Monte Carlo simulation code TALYS 1.6. The calculated results are shown in Figures 1-7 together with the experimental data existing in the EXFOR library. Additionally, the half-life, and decay data of produced radioisotopes in this study are shown in Table 1, as well as the calculated the threshold energy (E-threshold) and the Q-value of the reactions calculated by the TALYS code.

Figure 1 Excitation function of the 56Fe(p, 2n)55Co nuclear reaction.
Figure 1

Excitation function of the 56Fe(p, 2n)55Co nuclear reaction.

Figure 2 Excitation function of the 58Fe(p, 2n)57Co nuclear reaction.
Figure 2

Excitation function of the 58Fe(p, 2n)57Co nuclear reaction.

Figure 3 Excitation function of the 111Cd(p, 2n)110In nuclear reaction.
Figure 3

Excitation function of the 111Cd(p, 2n)110In nuclear reaction.

Figure 4 Excitation function of the 112Cd(p, 2n)111In nuclear reaction.
Figure 4

Excitation function of the 112Cd(p, 2n)111In nuclear reaction.

Figure 5 Excitation function of the 125Te(p, 2n)124I nuclear reaction.
Figure 5

Excitation function of the 125Te(p, 2n)124I nuclear reaction.

Figure 6 Excitation function of the 126Te(p, 2n)125I nuclear reaction.
Figure 6

Excitation function of the 126Te(p, 2n)125I nuclear reaction.

Figure 7 Excitation function of the 68Zn(p, 2n)67Ga nuclear reaction.
Figure 7

Excitation function of the 68Zn(p, 2n)67Ga nuclear reaction.

Table 1

Decay data of the product radioisotopes [1,10,11] and the calculated E-threshold energy and Q-value.

Reaction productHalf lifeMode of decay (%)Eγ (keV)Iγ (%)E-threshold MeV)Q-value (MeV)
55Co17.6 hβ+ (77)477.220.215.7087-15.4308
EC (23)931.175.0
1408.516.9
57Co271.8 dEC(100)122.0685.611.8660-11.6632
136.510.68
110In69.1 mEC (100)657.7698.011.7417-11.636
111In2.83 dEC(100)171.2890.011.1379-11.0386
245.3994.0
124I4.18 dβ+ (22)602.760.510.5957-10.5109
EC (78)1691.010.4
125I60.1 dEC (100)35.56.710.1625-10.0818
67Ga3.26 dEC(100)93.3139.212.1593-11.9816
300.216.8

3.1 Cobalt Radioisotopes Production

55Co and 57Co are two important radioisotopes of cobalt. The first one is used in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) to detect of cancer and other diseases such as cardiac and cerebral disease. In the late 1990s the most important application of 55Co was developed, in the field of imaging neuronal damage from a stroke or traumatic injury. 57Co is applied in various studies as a radioactive tracer. 57Co with Vitamin B 12 (albumin) labeled is used in diagnostic kits to study anemia, 57Co is a useful Mossbauer radioisotope, its use as a calibration standard for gamma-spectrometers and single photon emission tomography (SPECT) are its most general use. It is also used in medicine to help detect cancerous tumors and as a component in medical equipment studying the chemical properties of various materials or testing the response of Gamma cameras [12,13,14,15]. By using TALYS 1.6 code, the excitation function of proton-induced were calculated for the reactions 56Fe(p,2n)55Co, 58Fe(p,2n)57Co and compared with the available experimental data in EXFOR library as shown in Figures 1 and 2 at proton energies up to 50 MeV. As noted the best energy range for production is from 18 to 35 MeV and from 14 to 28 MeV for produced radioisotopes 55Co and 57Co respectively.

3.2 Indium Radioisotopes Production

110In and 111In are indium’s radioisotopes used in specialized diagnostic applications, e.g. brain studies, infection and colon transit studies. They are used as a radioactive tracer in nuclear medicine in a chelate form, as a cerebrospinal fluid tracer. It also used as a white blood cell labeling agent (also called indium-111 white blood cell scan) and as an antibody label. Indium-111 oxine is also useful for labelling blood cell components. Other applications like labelling of platelets for thrombus detection and labelled leukocytes for localization of the inflammation, also leukocyte kinetics. Used with Ga-67 for soft tissue infection detection and osteomyelitis detection, white blood cell imaging (also called indium-111 white blood cell scan), cellular dosimetry, myocardial scans, treatment of leukemia, imaging tumors [20,21,22,23,24]. Excitation functions of the proton-induced at energies up to 50 MeV activities on 111Cd and 112Cd via the two reactions 111Cd(p,2n)110In, 112Cd(p,2n)111In were calculated by TALYS 1.6 code to obtained radioisotopes 110In and 111In respectively, the comparison of experimental and calculated results of reactions 111Cd(p,2n)110In, 112Cd(p,2n)111In are represented in Figures 3 and 4. The best production range for each of 110In and 111In is 12–30 MeV.

3.3 Iodine Radioisotopes Production

124I is the only long-life positron emitter isotope of iodine, which can be used both for diagnosis and therapy and remains the most frequently used radionuclides for thyroid imaging. 124I used in PET applications and it is attracting increasing interest for long-term clinical studies. With availability high quality of PET technology there is role in thyroid cancer imaging, as well as promising applications in neurology and oncology. Because of 124I long half -life (4.18 d), stability, and radiation emissions, this permitted to use in several applications in oncological and nononcological fields.

125I is a low energy gamma emitter, it can be used for a variety of applications. 125I is a versatile isotope that is becoming more diffuse in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. It is also included in in-vitro diagnostic kits (radioimmunoassay), as a source for bone densitometry devices and therapeutic seed used in prostate cancer treatment. It is used in radiation therapy to treat brain tumors, Lung Cancer, uveal melanomas, Eye Plaques [10,32,33,34]. To discuss the theoretical calculated results of the excitation functions of two iodine radioisotopes 124I and 125I mentioned above, via 125Te(p,2n)124I, 126Te(p,2n)125I reactions, we present Figures 5 and 6 that show the comparison of the current calculated results for the excitation functions by using TALYS 1.6 with the experimental data from EXFOR library. The energy range of proton was selected between 10 and 90 MeV in Figure 5 for 125Te(p,2n)124I reaction and between 10 and 100 in Figure 6126Te(p,2n)125I reaction to make a comparison with the experimental data reported in the literature. The most appropriate production range for 124I and 125I using 125Te(p,2n)124I, 126Te(p,2n)125I nuclear reaction is 12–30 MeV.

3.4 Gallium Radioisotope Production

67Ga is used to find and treat certain diseases or to study the function of the body’s organs. 67Ga used in the imaging of lymphoma tumours, useful for detection of inflammatory disease especially of soft tissue, and sites of inflammation such as chronic infections and abscess. and also septic arthritis, and cellulitis, spinal osteomyelitis, ulcerative colitis, interstitial nephritis, in addition to localization of source of fever in cases of fever of unknown origin (FUO) and other diseases.

Localization of inflammatory foci in postoperative patients considered as one of the most uses of 67Ga, also in patients who present with fever of undetermined origin. On the other hand, Gallium-67 citrate is used to detect types of cancer such as Hodgkin’s disease, lymphoma, bronchial carcinoma and lung cancer. Excitation functions of the proton-induced at energies up to 100 MeV activities on 68Zn via reaction 68Zn(p,2n)67Ga were calculated by TALYS 1.6 code to obtained radioisotopes 67Ga [37,38,39,40] The calculated and experimental excitation function of 68Zn(p,2n)67Ga reaction have been plotted in Figure 7. The most appropriate production range for 67Ga using 68Zn(p,2n)67Ga nuclear reaction is 12–28 MeV.

4 Standard Deviation

Standard deviation is the measure of spread in the statistics of a set of data from its mean. For the excitation function obtained in the current work for the radioisotopes used in nuclear medicine, 55Co, 57Co, 110In, 111In, 124I, 125I and 67Ga via proton induced, the standard deviation were calculated by using the formula:

s=∑(X−X¯)2n−1(1)

Where x is one of value of data, x is the average of all values in data, n is the number of values in the data. The results of the Standard deviation are listed in Table 2.

Table 2

The mean (average) value, variance and standard deviation.

ReactionsMinimum valueMaximum valueMean valuevarianceStandard deviation
56Fe(p,2n)55Co082.429716.32126473.501420.91653
58Fe(p,2n)57Co0592.94586.9419724507.23156.5478
111Cd(p,2n)110In0951.152194.663776993.74277.4775
112Cd(p,2n)111In01019.87222.8956100455.7316.9475
125Te(p,2n)124I01064.95158.788371113.42266.671
126Te(p,2n)125I01108.63166.762281499.32285.4809
68Zn(p,2n)67Ga0689.042106.379834017.69184.4388

5 Conclusion

In this work, the calculated excitation functions of 56Fe(p,2n)55Co, 58Fe(p,2n)57Co, 111Cd(p,2n)110In, 112Cd(p,2n)111In, 125Te(p,2n)124I, 126Te(p,2n)125I, 68Zn(p,2n)67Ga reactions have been carried out using nuclear reaction model TALYS 1.6. The calculations are in a good agreement with the experimental results, which were all were taken from the EXFOR library, except as seen in Figure 7, some of the experimental data is higher in the peaked region by about 25%, this could be due to the older experimental technique used in this measurement. The resulting radioisotopes 55Co, 57Co, 110In, 111In, 124I, 125I and 67Ga have important and wide applications in nuclear medicine, and according to the results were shown in Figures 1-7 the small extent of energy so it can be produced by small sized cyclotrons.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-02-15
Accepted: 2018-04-18
Published Online: 2018-08-20

© 2018 Susan Shukur Noori, İskender Akkurt, Nurdan Karpuz Demir, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. The effect of CuO modification for a TiO2 nanotube confined CeO2 catalyst on the catalytic combustion of butane
  3. The preparation and antibacterial activity of cellulose/ZnO composite: a review
  4. Linde Type A and nano magnetite/NaA zeolites: cytotoxicity and doxorubicin loading efficiency
  5. Performance and thermal decomposition analysis of foaming agent NPL-10 for use in heavy oil recovery by steam injection
  6. Spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV, 1H and 13C NMR) insights, electronic profiling and DFT computations on ({(E)-[3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-phenylpropylidene] amino}oxy)(4-nitrophenyl)methanone, an imidazole-bearing anti-Candida agent
  7. A Simplistic Preliminary Assessment of Ginstling-Brounstein Model for Solid Spherical Particles in the Context of a Diffusion-Controlled Synthesis
  8. M-Polynomials And Topological Indices Of Zigzag And Rhombic Benzenoid Systems
  9. Photochemical Transformation of some 3-benzyloxy-2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-4Hchromen-4-ones: A Remote Substituent Effect
  10. Dynamic Changes of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Ligustrum lucidum During Fruit Growth
  11. Studies on the flammability of polypropylene/ammonium polyphosphate and montmorillonite by using the cone calorimeter test
  12. DSC, FT-IR, NIR, NIR-PCA and NIR-ANOVA for determination of chemical stability of diuretic drugs: impact of excipients
  13. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Zilla spinosa and Hammada elegans Against Carbon Tetrachlorideinduced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
  14. Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. fabricated ZnO nano falcates and its photocatalytic and dose dependent in vitro bio-activity
  15. Organic biocides hosted in layered double hydroxides: enhancing antimicrobial activity
  16. Experimental study on the regulation of the cholinergic pathway in renal macrophages by microRNA-132 to alleviate inflammatory response
  17. Synthesis, characterization, in-vitro antimicrobial properties, molecular docking and DFT studies of 3-{(E)-[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)imino]methyl} naphthalen-2-ol and Heteroleptic Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes
  18. M-Polynomials and Topological Indices of Dominating David Derived Networks
  19. Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Surface Water Due to Leachate from the Municipal Dumpsite by Pollution Index: A Case Study from Ndawuse River, Abuja, Nigeria
  20. Analysis of Bowel Diseases from Blood Serum by Autofluorescence and Atomic Force Microscopy Techniques
  21. Hydrographic parameters and distribution of dissolved Cu, Ni, Zn and nutrients near Jeddah desalination plant
  22. Relationships between diatoms and environmental variables in industrial water biotopes of Trzuskawica S.A. (Poland)
  23. Optimum Conversion of Major Ginsenoside Rb1 to Minor Ginsenoside Rg3(S) by Pulsed Electric Field-Assisted Acid Hydrolysis Treatment
  24. Antioxidant, Anti-microbial Properties and Chemical Composition of Cumin Essential Oils Extracted by Three Methods
  25. Regulatory mechanism of ulinastatin on autophagy of macrophages and renal tubular epithelial cells
  26. Investigation of the sustained-release mechanism of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose skeleton type Acipimox tablets
  27. Bio-accumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina) along Arabian Gulf, Saudi Coast
  28. Dynamic Change of Secondary Metabolites and spectrum-effect relationship of Malus halliana Koehne flowers during blooming
  29. Lipids constituents from Gardenia aqualla Stapf & Hutch
  30. Effect of using microwaves for catalysts preparation on the catalytic acetalization of glycerol with furfural to obtain fuel additives
  31. Effect of Humic Acid on the Degradation of Methylene Blue by Peroxymonosulfate
  32. Serum containing drugs of Gua Lou Xie Bai decoction (GLXB-D) can inhibit TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in A549 Cells
  33. Antiulcer Activity of Different Extracts of Anvillea garcinii and Isolation of Two New Secondary Metabolites
  34. Analysis of Metabolites in Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz Dry Red Wines from Shanxi by 1H NMR Spectroscopy Combined with Pattern Recognition Analysis
  35. Can water temperature impact litter decomposition under pollution of copper and zinc mixture
  36. Released from ZrO2/SiO2 coating resveratrol inhibits senescence and oxidative stress of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASC)
  37. Validated thin-layer chromatographic method for alternative and simultaneous determination of two anti-gout agents in their fixed dose combinations
  38. Fast removal of pollutants from vehicle emissions during cold-start stage
  39. Review Article
  40. Catalytic activities of heterogeneous catalysts obtained by copolymerization of metal-containing 2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate
  41. Antibiotic Residue in the Aquatic Environment: Status in Africa
  42. Regular Articles
  43. Mercury fractionation in gypsum using temperature desorption and mass spectrometric detection
  44. Phytosynthetic Ag doped ZnO nanoparticles: Semiconducting green remediators
  45. Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Induced by SMAD4 Activation in Invasive Growth Hormone-Secreting Adenomas
  46. Physicochemical properties of stabilized sewage sludge admixtures by modified steel slag
  47. In Vitro Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activity of Cydonia oblonga flower petals, leaf and fruit pellet ethanolic extracts. Docking simulation of the active flavonoids on anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2
  48. Synthesis and Characterization of Pd exchanged MMT Clay for Mizoroki-Heck Reaction
  49. A new selective, and sensitive method for the determination of lixivaptan, a vasopressin 2 (V2)-receptor antagonist, in mouse plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study
  50. Anti-EGFL7 antibodies inhibit rat prolactinoma MMQ cells proliferation and PRL secretion
  51. Density functional theory calculations, vibration spectral analysis and molecular docking of the antimicrobial agent 6-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-5-ethyl-2-{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl] sulfanyl}pyrimidin-4(3H)-one
  52. Effect of Nano Zeolite on the Transformation of Cadmium Speciation and Its Uptake by Tobacco in Cadmium-contaminated Soil
  53. Effects and Mechanisms of Jinniu Capsule on Methamphetamine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Rats
  54. Calculating the Degree-based Topological Indices of Dendrimers
  55. Efficient optimization and mineralization of UV absorbers: A comparative investigation with Fenton and UV/H2O2
  56. Metabolites of Tryptophane and Phenylalanine as Markers of Small Bowel Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
  57. Adsorption and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water through the aggregation of graphene oxide
  58. The role of NR2C2 in the prolactinomas
  59. Chromium removal from industrial wastewater using Phyllostachys pubescens biomass loaded Cu-S nanospheres
  60. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  61. Preparation of Calcium Fluoride using Phosphogypsum by Orthogonal Experiment
  62. The mechanism of antibacterial activity of corylifolinin against three clinical bacteria from Psoralen corylifolia L
  63. 2-formyl-3,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)phenyl benzoate in Electrochemical Dry Cell
  64. Electro-photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin using calcium titanate
  65. Effect of Malus halliana Koehne Polysaccharides on Functional Constipation
  66. Structural Properties and Nonlinear Optical Responses of Halogenated Compounds: A DFT Investigation on Molecular Modelling
  67. DMFDMA catalyzed synthesis of 2-((Dimethylamino)methylene)-3,4-dihydro-9-arylacridin-1(2H)-ones and their derivatives: in-vitro antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant evaluations
  68. Production of Methanol as a Fuel Energy from CO2 Present in Polluted Seawater - A Photocatalytic Outlook
  69. Study of different extraction methods on finger print and fatty acid of raw beef fat using fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  70. Determination of trace fluoroquinolones in water solutions and in medicinal preparations by conventional and synchronous fluorescence spectrometry
  71. Extraction and determination of flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius
  72. Therapeutic Application of Zinc and Vanadium Complexes against Diabetes Mellitus a Coronary Disease: A review
  73. Study of calcined eggshell as potential catalyst for biodiesel formation using used cooking oil
  74. Manganese oxalates - structure-based Insights
  75. Topological Indices of H-Naphtalenic Nanosheet
  76. Long-Term Dissolution of Glass Fibers in Water Described by Dissolving Cylinder Zero-Order Kinetic Model: Mass Loss and Radius Reduction
  77. Topological study of the para-line graphs of certain pentacene via topological indices
  78. A brief insight into the prediction of water vapor transmissibility in highly impermeable hybrid nanocomposites based on bromobutyl/epichlorohydrin rubber blends
  79. Comparative sulfite assay by voltammetry using Pt electrodes, photometry and titrimetry: Application to cider, vinegar and sugar analysis
  80. MicroRNA delivery mediated by PEGylated polyethylenimine for prostate cancer therapy
  81. Reversible Fluorescent Turn-on Sensors for Fe3+ based on a Receptor Composed of Tri-oxygen Atoms of Amide Groups in Water
  82. Sonocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution using Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under mechanical agitation
  83. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  84. Production and Analysis of Recycled Ammonium Perrhenate from CMSX-4 superalloys
  85. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  86. New phosphorus biofertilizers from renewable raw materials in the aspect of cadmium and lead contents in soil and plants
  87. Survey of content of cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, sodium and zinc in chamomile and green tea leaves by electrothermal or flame atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry
  88. Biogas digestate – benefits and risks for soil fertility and crop quality – an evaluation of grain maize response
  89. A numerical analysis of heat transfer in a cross-current heat exchanger with controlled and newly designed air flows
  90. Freshwater green macroalgae as a biosorbent of Cr(III) ions
  91. The main influencing factors of soil mechanical characteristics of the gravity erosion environment in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river
  92. Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions
  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
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  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
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  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
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  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0085
Keywords for this article
Excitation functions; proton induced; TALYS 1.6 nuclear reaction simulation code
Creative Commons
BY-NC-ND 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. The effect of CuO modification for a TiO2 nanotube confined CeO2 catalyst on the catalytic combustion of butane
  3. The preparation and antibacterial activity of cellulose/ZnO composite: a review
  4. Linde Type A and nano magnetite/NaA zeolites: cytotoxicity and doxorubicin loading efficiency
  5. Performance and thermal decomposition analysis of foaming agent NPL-10 for use in heavy oil recovery by steam injection
  6. Spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV, 1H and 13C NMR) insights, electronic profiling and DFT computations on ({(E)-[3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-phenylpropylidene] amino}oxy)(4-nitrophenyl)methanone, an imidazole-bearing anti-Candida agent
  7. A Simplistic Preliminary Assessment of Ginstling-Brounstein Model for Solid Spherical Particles in the Context of a Diffusion-Controlled Synthesis
  8. M-Polynomials And Topological Indices Of Zigzag And Rhombic Benzenoid Systems
  9. Photochemical Transformation of some 3-benzyloxy-2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-4Hchromen-4-ones: A Remote Substituent Effect
  10. Dynamic Changes of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Ligustrum lucidum During Fruit Growth
  11. Studies on the flammability of polypropylene/ammonium polyphosphate and montmorillonite by using the cone calorimeter test
  12. DSC, FT-IR, NIR, NIR-PCA and NIR-ANOVA for determination of chemical stability of diuretic drugs: impact of excipients
  13. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Zilla spinosa and Hammada elegans Against Carbon Tetrachlorideinduced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
  14. Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. fabricated ZnO nano falcates and its photocatalytic and dose dependent in vitro bio-activity
  15. Organic biocides hosted in layered double hydroxides: enhancing antimicrobial activity
  16. Experimental study on the regulation of the cholinergic pathway in renal macrophages by microRNA-132 to alleviate inflammatory response
  17. Synthesis, characterization, in-vitro antimicrobial properties, molecular docking and DFT studies of 3-{(E)-[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)imino]methyl} naphthalen-2-ol and Heteroleptic Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes
  18. M-Polynomials and Topological Indices of Dominating David Derived Networks
  19. Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Surface Water Due to Leachate from the Municipal Dumpsite by Pollution Index: A Case Study from Ndawuse River, Abuja, Nigeria
  20. Analysis of Bowel Diseases from Blood Serum by Autofluorescence and Atomic Force Microscopy Techniques
  21. Hydrographic parameters and distribution of dissolved Cu, Ni, Zn and nutrients near Jeddah desalination plant
  22. Relationships between diatoms and environmental variables in industrial water biotopes of Trzuskawica S.A. (Poland)
  23. Optimum Conversion of Major Ginsenoside Rb1 to Minor Ginsenoside Rg3(S) by Pulsed Electric Field-Assisted Acid Hydrolysis Treatment
  24. Antioxidant, Anti-microbial Properties and Chemical Composition of Cumin Essential Oils Extracted by Three Methods
  25. Regulatory mechanism of ulinastatin on autophagy of macrophages and renal tubular epithelial cells
  26. Investigation of the sustained-release mechanism of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose skeleton type Acipimox tablets
  27. Bio-accumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina) along Arabian Gulf, Saudi Coast
  28. Dynamic Change of Secondary Metabolites and spectrum-effect relationship of Malus halliana Koehne flowers during blooming
  29. Lipids constituents from Gardenia aqualla Stapf & Hutch
  30. Effect of using microwaves for catalysts preparation on the catalytic acetalization of glycerol with furfural to obtain fuel additives
  31. Effect of Humic Acid on the Degradation of Methylene Blue by Peroxymonosulfate
  32. Serum containing drugs of Gua Lou Xie Bai decoction (GLXB-D) can inhibit TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in A549 Cells
  33. Antiulcer Activity of Different Extracts of Anvillea garcinii and Isolation of Two New Secondary Metabolites
  34. Analysis of Metabolites in Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz Dry Red Wines from Shanxi by 1H NMR Spectroscopy Combined with Pattern Recognition Analysis
  35. Can water temperature impact litter decomposition under pollution of copper and zinc mixture
  36. Released from ZrO2/SiO2 coating resveratrol inhibits senescence and oxidative stress of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASC)
  37. Validated thin-layer chromatographic method for alternative and simultaneous determination of two anti-gout agents in their fixed dose combinations
  38. Fast removal of pollutants from vehicle emissions during cold-start stage
  39. Review Article
  40. Catalytic activities of heterogeneous catalysts obtained by copolymerization of metal-containing 2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate
  41. Antibiotic Residue in the Aquatic Environment: Status in Africa
  42. Regular Articles
  43. Mercury fractionation in gypsum using temperature desorption and mass spectrometric detection
  44. Phytosynthetic Ag doped ZnO nanoparticles: Semiconducting green remediators
  45. Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Induced by SMAD4 Activation in Invasive Growth Hormone-Secreting Adenomas
  46. Physicochemical properties of stabilized sewage sludge admixtures by modified steel slag
  47. In Vitro Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activity of Cydonia oblonga flower petals, leaf and fruit pellet ethanolic extracts. Docking simulation of the active flavonoids on anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2
  48. Synthesis and Characterization of Pd exchanged MMT Clay for Mizoroki-Heck Reaction
  49. A new selective, and sensitive method for the determination of lixivaptan, a vasopressin 2 (V2)-receptor antagonist, in mouse plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study
  50. Anti-EGFL7 antibodies inhibit rat prolactinoma MMQ cells proliferation and PRL secretion
  51. Density functional theory calculations, vibration spectral analysis and molecular docking of the antimicrobial agent 6-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-5-ethyl-2-{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl] sulfanyl}pyrimidin-4(3H)-one
  52. Effect of Nano Zeolite on the Transformation of Cadmium Speciation and Its Uptake by Tobacco in Cadmium-contaminated Soil
  53. Effects and Mechanisms of Jinniu Capsule on Methamphetamine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Rats
  54. Calculating the Degree-based Topological Indices of Dendrimers
  55. Efficient optimization and mineralization of UV absorbers: A comparative investigation with Fenton and UV/H2O2
  56. Metabolites of Tryptophane and Phenylalanine as Markers of Small Bowel Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
  57. Adsorption and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water through the aggregation of graphene oxide
  58. The role of NR2C2 in the prolactinomas
  59. Chromium removal from industrial wastewater using Phyllostachys pubescens biomass loaded Cu-S nanospheres
  60. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  61. Preparation of Calcium Fluoride using Phosphogypsum by Orthogonal Experiment
  62. The mechanism of antibacterial activity of corylifolinin against three clinical bacteria from Psoralen corylifolia L
  63. 2-formyl-3,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)phenyl benzoate in Electrochemical Dry Cell
  64. Electro-photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin using calcium titanate
  65. Effect of Malus halliana Koehne Polysaccharides on Functional Constipation
  66. Structural Properties and Nonlinear Optical Responses of Halogenated Compounds: A DFT Investigation on Molecular Modelling
  67. DMFDMA catalyzed synthesis of 2-((Dimethylamino)methylene)-3,4-dihydro-9-arylacridin-1(2H)-ones and their derivatives: in-vitro antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant evaluations
  68. Production of Methanol as a Fuel Energy from CO2 Present in Polluted Seawater - A Photocatalytic Outlook
  69. Study of different extraction methods on finger print and fatty acid of raw beef fat using fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  70. Determination of trace fluoroquinolones in water solutions and in medicinal preparations by conventional and synchronous fluorescence spectrometry
  71. Extraction and determination of flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius
  72. Therapeutic Application of Zinc and Vanadium Complexes against Diabetes Mellitus a Coronary Disease: A review
  73. Study of calcined eggshell as potential catalyst for biodiesel formation using used cooking oil
  74. Manganese oxalates - structure-based Insights
  75. Topological Indices of H-Naphtalenic Nanosheet
  76. Long-Term Dissolution of Glass Fibers in Water Described by Dissolving Cylinder Zero-Order Kinetic Model: Mass Loss and Radius Reduction
  77. Topological study of the para-line graphs of certain pentacene via topological indices
  78. A brief insight into the prediction of water vapor transmissibility in highly impermeable hybrid nanocomposites based on bromobutyl/epichlorohydrin rubber blends
  79. Comparative sulfite assay by voltammetry using Pt electrodes, photometry and titrimetry: Application to cider, vinegar and sugar analysis
  80. MicroRNA delivery mediated by PEGylated polyethylenimine for prostate cancer therapy
  81. Reversible Fluorescent Turn-on Sensors for Fe3+ based on a Receptor Composed of Tri-oxygen Atoms of Amide Groups in Water
  82. Sonocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution using Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under mechanical agitation
  83. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  84. Production and Analysis of Recycled Ammonium Perrhenate from CMSX-4 superalloys
  85. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  86. New phosphorus biofertilizers from renewable raw materials in the aspect of cadmium and lead contents in soil and plants
  87. Survey of content of cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, sodium and zinc in chamomile and green tea leaves by electrothermal or flame atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry
  88. Biogas digestate – benefits and risks for soil fertility and crop quality – an evaluation of grain maize response
  89. A numerical analysis of heat transfer in a cross-current heat exchanger with controlled and newly designed air flows
  90. Freshwater green macroalgae as a biosorbent of Cr(III) ions
  91. The main influencing factors of soil mechanical characteristics of the gravity erosion environment in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river
  92. Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions
  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
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